FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Stack, RW Elias, EM Fetch, JM Miller, JD Joppa, LR AF Stack, RW Elias, EM Fetch, JM Miller, JD Joppa, LR TI Fusarium head blight reaction of langdon durum - Triticum dicoccoides chromosome substitution lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TETRAPLOID WHEAT; GRAIN PROTEIN; SPRING WHEAT; RESISTANCE; TRAITS; GENES; LOCATION; SCAB AB Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a serious disease problem on durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in the USA. To date, the resistance to FHB available in hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum L.) sources has not been transferred successfully to tetraploid durum. In the 1980s, USDA geneticist L.R. Joppa produced a set of disomic lines [LDN(DIC)] derived from wild emmer (T. turgidum L. var. dicoccoides). Each line had a different pair of chromosomes from T. dicoccoides substituted for the corresponding 'Langdon' durum chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if any of the LDN(DIC) lines showed useful levels of resistance to FHB. We tested these lines for FHB response by inoculation with F. graminearum in the greenhouse. Inoculation was accomplished via the single spikelet method, in which a droplet of conidiospore suspension is placed into one spikelet per spike followed by mist-high humidity for 3 d to establish infection. After 21 d, spikes were scored for extent of FHB symptoms and the average disease severity of the lines compared. A low disease severity score in this test indicated the presence of resistance to FHB in that line. Each test was replicated and the tests were done five times. In each test, some lines differed significantly. One line, LDN(DIC-3A), was consistently less susceptible and another line, LDN(DIC-2A), was consistently more susceptible than the parent Langdon durum, which itself showed an intermediate FHB reaction. Several other LDN(DIC) lines showed a trend either for increased or reduced susceptibility to FHB. Since each line differs by a single chromosome pair, the results suggest that genes affecting FHB resistance are present on several different T. dicoccoides or Langdon durum chromosomes. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. USDA ARS, No Crops Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Stack, RW (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 35 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500044 ER PT J AU Kidwell, KK Shelton, GB Demacon, VL Morris, CF Engle, DA Burns, JW Line, RF Konzak, CF Hatchett, JH AF Kidwell, KK Shelton, GB Demacon, VL Morris, CF Engle, DA Burns, JW Line, RF Konzak, CF Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Zak' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, Pullman, WA USA. USDA ARS, PSERU, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Kidwell, KK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 661 EP 662 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500051 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Davis, FM AF Williams, WP Davis, FM TI Registration of maize germplasm line mp716 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 671 EP 672 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500064 ER PT J AU Brick, MA Ogg, JB Miklas, PN Schwartz, HF Judson, F AF Brick, MA Ogg, JB Miklas, PN Schwartz, HF Judson, F TI Registration of three early maturity anasazi-type common bean germplasms with resistance to Bean common mosaic virus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Fruita Res Stn, Fruita, CO 81521 USA. RP Brick, MA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 672 EP 672 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500065 ER PT J AU Lewellen, RT AF Lewellen, RT TI Registration of sugarbeet germplasm CR09-1,with dual resistance to Cercospora and rhizomania SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Prod Res, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Lewellen, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Prod Res, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 672 EP 673 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500066 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Kelly, JD AF Miklas, PN Kelly, JD TI Registration of two cranberry bean germplasm lines resistant to bean common mosaic and necrosis potyviruses: USCR-7 and USCR-9 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Vet & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vet & Forage Crop Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 1 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 673 EP 674 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500067 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Hang, AN Kelly, JD Strausbaugh, CA Forster, RL AF Miklas, PN Hang, AN Kelly, JD Strausbaugh, CA Forster, RL TI Registration of three kidney bean germplasm lines resistant to bean common mosaic and necrosis potyviruses: USLK-2 light red kidney, USDK-4 dark red kidney, and USWK-6 white kidney SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Veg & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Idaho, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Veg & Forage Crop Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 674 EP 675 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500068 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Dewey, DR AF Jensen, KB Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Dewey, DR TI Registration of Leymus hybrid-1 wildrye germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 675 EP 676 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 525UY UT WOS:000174093500070 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA AF Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA TI Physiological characterization and genetic engineering of Pseudomonas corrugata for medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis from Triacylglycerols SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLY(HYDROXYALKANOATES); OLEOVORANS; BACTERIAL; TRANSFORMATION; TAXONOMY; CLONING; OIL AB Pseudomonas belonging to the rRNA-DNA homology group I produce medium-chain-length (mcl)-polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). We show that P. corrugata, a member of this group, accumulates 0.5-1.0 g of mcl-PHA/L of culture when grown on glucose (Gl) or oleic acid (01). The predominant monomers of Gl-PHA and O1-PHA are P-hydroxydecanoate and P-hydroxyoctanoate, respectively. The molecular masses and polydispersity of P. corrugata PHAs are higher than those typically found with other Pseudomonas. We electrotransformed P. corrugata with a plasmid pCN51lip-1 carrying Pseudmonas lipase genes to generate strain III 111-1. The recombinant strain grew on intact triacylglycerols (TAGs) to 1.9-2.7 g of cell-dry-weight/L of culture. The yields and the predominant repeat-units of PHAs obtained from the lard- and tallow-grown III 111-1 were similar to those of O1-PHA from wild-type cells. In contrast to other Pseudomonas species, P. corrugata III 111-1 grown on TAGs at temperatures up to 36degreesC was not significantly affected with regard to cell yields, amounts of PHA produced, and the repeat unit compositions of the polymer. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 3 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1007/s00284-001-0086-5 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 520ZM UT WOS:000173813700007 PM 11821927 ER PT J AU Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Young, CR Harvey, RB AF Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Young, CR Harvey, RB TI Inoculation of chicks with viable non-colonizing strains of Campylobacter jejuni: Evaluation of protection against a colonizing strain SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIBRONECTIN-BINDING PROTEIN; ORAL VACCINATION; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; COLONIZATION; EFFICACY; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOGENICITY; VACCINES; DISEASE; SAFETY AB We have treated chicks with viable non-colonizing mutant strains of Campylobacter jejuni to test these as a possible vaccine. We found that intramuscular inoculation with and without adjuvant, and with or without a concomitant oral dose of non-colonizing strains, failed to provoke protective immunity. C1 ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ziprin, RL (reprint author), ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 3 BP 221 EP 223 DI 10.1007/s00284-001-0088-3 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 520ZM UT WOS:000173813700012 PM 11821932 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Plant sterols and blood lipid levels SO CURRENT OPINION IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND METABOLIC CARE LA English DT Article ID MILDLY HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS; STANOL ESTER MARGARINE; ENRICHED MARGARINES; SITOSTANOL-ESTER; ABSORPTION; REDUCTION; CONSUMPTION AB Plant sterols have recently been recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Panel for use with the more traditional approaches of limiting saturated fat and cholesterol intakes, maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in regular exercise, as a non-pharmacological approach to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Recent data confirm the original observation that approximately 1.6 g of plant sterol esters per day results in a maximal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering of approximately 10%. Few side-effects of plant sterols have been reported, with the exception of decreased levels of circulating carotenoids. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1363-1950 J9 CURR OPIN CLIN NUTR JI Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care PD MAR PY 2002 VL 5 IS 2 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1097/00075197-200203000-00005 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 525NC UT WOS:000174077000005 PM 11844980 ER PT J AU Van Oostveldt, K Paape, MJ Dosogne, H Burvenich, C AF Van Oostveldt, K Paape, MJ Dosogne, H Burvenich, C TI Effect of apoptosis on phagocytosis, respiratory burst and CD18 adhesion receptor expression of bovine neutrophils SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; FACTOR-ALPHA; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; BLOOD NEUTROPHILS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; DEFENSE; MACROPHAGES; COWS; INTERLEUKIN-1-ALPHA AB Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) play an important role in intramammary defense against infections by Escherichia coli. During mastitis, PMN are confronted with various inflammatory mediators that can modulate their function. In severely diseased cows, increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (TNF-alpha) are detected in plasma. Binding of LPS to membrane bound CD 14 molecules on monocytes cause release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha. Because apoptosis of PMN promotes resolution of inflammation and because the LPS and TNF-alpha response in milk and blood is related to the severity of E. coli mastitis, the effect on apoptosis of bovine PMN of increased concentrations LPS and TNF-alpha was studied together with the functionality of apoptotic PMN. Bovine PMN apoptosis, as determined with annexin-V was induced with high concentrations of either LPS (1000 and 10,000 ng/mL) or TNF-alpha (10,000 ng/mL) in whole blood following a 6 h incubation at 37 C. The apoptosis inducing effect of LPS on PMN was not inhibited following coculture with either anti-bovine TNF-alpha or anti-ovine CD14 monoclonal antibodies. When compared to controls, apoptotic PMN had a similar level of CD 18 expression but lacked phagocytic and respiratory burst activity. This is the first study reporting the effects of apoptosis on bovine PMN function. These functional impairments in apoptotic PMN could be important in contributing to the establishment of intramammary infection. Well functioning PMN could finally determine the severity of mastitis following an invasion of bacteria in the mammary gland. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Burvenich, C (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. NR 43 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 37 EP 50 AR PII S7039-7240(01)00115-1 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00115-1 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 543QQ UT WOS:000175113000003 PM 11900963 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Chalmers, AT AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Chalmers, AT TI Land use and flow regime effects on phosphorus chemical dynamics in the fluvial sediment of the Winooski River, Vermont SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE phosphate; bioavailability; hydrological conditions; confluence; land use ID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS; SOIL TEST; RUNOFF; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; EROSION; BASINS; PAPER AB In the last century, fourfold increase in phosphorus (P) loadings to Lake Champlain. Vermont (VT). USA. have led to nuisance levels of algal growth occurring, more often, To better understand the transport. storage. and cycling of within the lake's catchment. we examined the Chemistry. bioavailability and processes controlling sediment P release to waters of the Winooski River. VT, the largest tributary to Lake Champlain. Iron-oxide strip P (algal-bioavailable P) of the river, sediments adjacent to agricultural land (3.6 mg kg(-1)) as greater (P < 0.05) than adjacent to forested land (2.4 mg kg(-1)). When compared among flow regimes. impoundment (731 mg kg(-1)) and reservoir sediments (803 mg kg(-1)) had greater total P concentrations than river sediment (462 mg kg(-1)). This was attributed to more lines (< 63 mum) in impoundments and reservoirs (64%) than in river sediments (33%), which also decreased the ability of impoundment-sediments to release P to solution and thereby be a sink for P. Although land use and flow regime influenced whether Winooski River sediments acted as a sink oil Source of P to Lake Champlain. long-term remedial strategies Cor the catchment should Continue to focus on decreasing P losses in agricultural and urban runoff. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USGS, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 477 EP 487 AR PII S0925-8574(01)00108-2 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00108-2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 555TZ UT WOS:000175810500007 ER PT J AU Bogran, CE Heinz, KM Ciomperlik, MA AF Bogran, CE Heinz, KM Ciomperlik, MA TI Interspecific competition among insect parasitoids: Field experiments with whiteflies as hosts in cotton SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autoparasitoid; biological control; community composition; heteronomous hyperparasitoid; interspecific interactions; parasitoid; resource allocation patterns ID ENCARSIA-PERGANDIELLA HYMENOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; MEALYBUG PHENACOCCUS-MANIHOTI; CALIFORNIA RED SCALE; INTRAGUILD PREDATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EXOTIC PARASITOIDS; APHYTIS-MELINUS; RASTROCOCCUS-INVADENS AB Manipulative field experiments assessing the importance of interspecific competition on the dynamics of parasitoid populations and the impact of multiple parasitoids on host populations are virtually absent from the ecological literature. We report findings from such experiments assessing competitive interactions among three species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aplielinidae) of the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a pestiferous species of worldwide importance. The parasitoids used in the study (Encarsia pergandiella Howard, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, and Encarsia formosa Gahan) encompass the range of life histories found within Aphelinidae, and they exhibit a high degree of niche overlap. The objectives of our studies were ( I) to investigate the occurrence of interspecific competition among the whitefly parasitoids, (2) to quantify shifts in resource utilization patterns as influenced by experimental manipulations of the parasitoid assemblage and (3) to assess the impact of interspecific competition on the ability of the parasitoids to suppress their host populations. Field cages enclosing cotton plants were inoculated with whitefly by releasing adults at either a high or a low rate followed by releases of all possible combinations of the parasitoid species (including a no-parasitoid release control). The treatments were replicated three and four times each in 1996 and 1997. The presence of interspecific competitors reduced population growth rates of E. formosa and E. pergandiella but not the population growth rate of E. mundus. The spatial distribution of parasitism by E. pergandiella along the vertical axis of cotton plants differed in the multiple species treatments compared to the single species treatments. Changes in parasitoid activity in the presence of competitors may reduce potentially adverse effects of competition and promote species coexistence. Only releases of E. formosa together with E. pergandiella resulted in lower levels of host mortality than would be expected based on observed mortality by individual species. Our results demonstrate competitive interactions among three parasitoids of B. argentifolii under field manipulations but indicate that, in most cases, competitive interactions among parasitoids do not affect host population suppression. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, Biol Control Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, APHIS PPQ, Mission Plant Protect Ctr, Mission, TX 78573 USA. RP Bogran, CE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, Biol Control Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 96 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 653 EP 668 DI 10.2307/3071871 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 523QY UT WOS:000173967500008 ER PT J AU Drewa, PB Platt, WJ Moser, EB AF Drewa, PB Platt, WJ Moser, EB TI Fire effects on resprouting of shrubs in headwaters of southeastern longleaf pine savannas SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE bogs; downslope seepages; fire frequency; fire season; fire temperature; Florida; Louisiana; rhizomes; root crowns; shrubs; upslope savannas ID PRESCRIBED FIRE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOREST; FLORIDA; ECOSYSTEMS; GROWTH; SEASON; GRASS; REGENERATION; COMMUNITIES AB Woody plants in fire-frequented ecosystems commonly resprout from underground organs after fires. Responses to variation in characteristics of fire regimes may be a function of plant physiological status or fire intensity. Although these hypotheses have been explored for trees in southeastern longleaf pine (Pines palustris) savannas, responses of other life forms and stages have not been studied. We examined effects of fire season and frequency, geography, habitat, and underground organ morphology on resprouting of shrubs. In 1994, we located replicated sites, each containing two habitats, upslope savannas and downslope seepages, in Louisiana and Florida. Each site, which contained quadrats located along transects within a 30 X 60 m plot, was burned either during the dormant or growing season and then reburned similarly two years later. Maximum fire temperatures were measured, and densities of shrub stems were censused in quadrats before and after fires. Shrubs collectively resprouted more following dormant than growing-season fires, regardless of habitat or geographic region. After repeated dormant-season fires, collective densities in seepages of both regions and densities of root-crown-bearing shrubs in Florida seepages were greater than those initially and after repeated growing-season fires. Shrub responses were generally unrelated to fire temperatures, supporting the hypothesis that resprouting of shrubs may be more dependent on their physiological status at the time of fires. There was, nonetheless, an inverse relationship between collective and root-crown-bearing shrub densities following repeated fires and maximum fire temperatures in Florida seepages. Anthropogenic dormant-season fires over many decades may have resulted in increases in shrub densities in longleaf pine savannas, especially seepages. Repeated growing-season fires, however, neither increased nor reduced densities of established shrubs. Long-term shifts in characteristics of fire regimes, even in fire-frequented habitats, may produce effects that are not reversible in the short term (<10 yr) by simply reintroducing prescribed fires that resemble those that occurred naturally during the growing season. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Drewa, PB (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM pdrewa@nmsu.edu NR 105 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 14 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 755 EP 767 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 523QY UT WOS:000173967500016 ER PT J AU Cohen, WB Spies, TA Alig, RJ Oetter, DR Maiersperger, TK Fiorella, M AF Cohen, WB Spies, TA Alig, RJ Oetter, DR Maiersperger, TK Fiorella, M TI Characterizing 23 years (1972-95) of stand replacement disturbance in western Oregon forests with Landsat imagery SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE forest disturbance; Landsat; forest management; remote sensing; change detection; province; ownership ID THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; LANDSCAPE PATTERNS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; COAST RANGE; DEFORESTATION; TRANSFORMATION; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; SCALE; AGE AB In western Oregon, forest ecosystem processes are greatly affected by patterns of stand replacement disturbance. A spatially explicit characterization of clear-cut logging and wildfire is a prerequisite to understanding the causes and consequences of disturbance in this region. We analyzed stand replacement disturbance over 4.6 million forested hectares of three major provinces in western Oregon between 1972 and 1995, contrasting the relative amounts of wildfire and harvest in each province and comparing harvest statistics among the dominant land ownership categories. Clear-cut harvest and wildfire occurred over 19.9% and 0.7% of the study area, respectively. The moist Coast Range Province (CRP) was dominated by private industrial (PI) ownerships and had the greatest concentration of cutting. The relatively dry Klamath Mountains Province (KMP) and the climatically moderate Western Cascades Province (WCP) were dominated by public landowners and had lower concentrations of cutting and larger amounts of wildfire than the CRP. Rates of harvest over time generally followed similar trends across landowners; it was lowest in the early 1970s, peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and then decreased to near 1970s levels by the mid-1990s. PI landowners had harvest rates that were about two and one-half times as high as public owners throughout the study period. Public and private nonindustrial (PNI) owners tended to have relatively small cutting units that remained spatially dispersed throughout the study period, whereas the PI owners had larger individual cutting units that tended toward spatial aggregation over time. Comparing the managed disturbance regimes with historical wild disturbance regimes can help us to understand the relative impact of management regimes on ecosystems. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forestry Sci Lab 020, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Cohen, WB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 47 TC 142 Z9 152 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD MAR PY 2002 VL 5 IS 2 BP 122 EP 137 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0060-X PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 549DN UT WOS:000175429400002 ER PT J AU Franklin, RP Kinde, H Jay, MT Kramer, LD Green, EGN Chiles, RE Ostlund, E Husted, S Smith, J Parker, MD AF Franklin, RP Kinde, H Jay, MT Kramer, LD Green, EGN Chiles, RE Ostlund, E Husted, S Smith, J Parker, MD TI Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from California SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ENCEPHALITIS AB A yearling quarter horse, which was raised in southern California, received routine vaccinations for prevention of infection by Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV). One week later, severe neurologic signs developed, and the horse was humanely destroyed. A vaccine-related encephalomyelitis was later suspected. A final diagnosis of EEEV infection was established on the basis of acute onset of the neurologic signs, histopathologic and serologic testing, and isolation and molecular characterization of EEEV from brain tissue. The vaccine was extensively tested for viral inactivation. Nucleotide sequences from the vaccine and the virus isolated in the affected horse were also compared. In California, arboviral encephalomyelitides are rarely reported, and EEEV infection has not previously been documented. This report describes the occurrence of EEEV infection in the horse and the investigation to determine the source of infection, which was not definitively identified. C1 Giacopuzzi & Assoc Equine Hosp, Somis, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA USA. US Army Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, MD USA. RP Franklin, RP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Serv, POB 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 283 EP 288 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 531UC UT WOS:000174434800009 PM 11927026 ER PT J AU Leskey, TC Prokopy, RJ AF Leskey, TC Prokopy, RJ TI Developing a branch-mimicking trap for adult plum curculios SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Conotrachelus nenuphar; Curculionidae; IPM; monitoring; traps; visual stimuli ID APPLE ORCHARDS; CONOTRACHELUS-NENUPHAR; SPRING MIGRATION; COLEOPTERA; PREFERENCE; BEHAVIOR; ODOR AB We conducted field and semi-field experiments to determine the most visually stimulating and acceptable version of a branch-mimicking trap (PVC cylinder topped with an inverted screen funnel) to capture adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) foraging within canopies of host trees. Cylinder traps (25 cm tall x 6 cm diam) coated with different colors of gloss or flat latex paint captured similar numbers of feral adults in field tests. Tall cylinder traps (50 cm tall x 6 cm diam) captured significantly more feral adults in field tests in 1999 than cylinder traps of lesser height and/or different diameter, and significantly more released adults arrived at traps with these dimensions compared to cylinder traps of lesser height in semi-field tests. In field and semi-field tests, respectively, significantly more adults were captured by and numerically more adults arrived at tall cylinder traps (50 cm tall x 6 cm diam) attached in an upright, standard position to a horizontal limb than attached at angles of 45degrees, 90degrees, 135degrees, or 180degrees to horizontal limbs. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leskey, TC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 102 IS 3 BP 253 EP 259 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00946.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 579GH UT WOS:000177169900005 ER PT J AU Vargas, RI Miller, NW Prokopy, RJ AF Vargas, RI Miller, NW Prokopy, RJ TI Attraction and feeding responses of Mediterranean fruit fly and a natural enemy to protein baits laced with two novel toxins, phloxine B and spinosad SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; natural enemy; attraction; feeding; protein baits; phloxine B; spinosad; malathion; Fopius arisanus ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA FLIES; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; MALATHION; CALIFORNIA; SPRAY; ODOR AB Studies were conducted to determine attraction and feeding propensity of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), to different protein bait mixtures with and without the insecticides malathion, spinosad, and phloxine B. Protein baits were more attractive to females than to males. Protein-starved females responded more than protein-fed females. The type of protein (USB(R) yeast hydrolysate enzymatic, Mazoferm(R)E802, Nu-Lure(R)Insect Bait, or Provesta(R) 621 autolyzed yeast extract) in the bait had a major influence on C. capitata attraction, which was strongest to fresh Provesta. Aged baits (four day-old) were not as attractive as fresh baits. In feeding propensity studies, highest response was observed for USB protein. On the basis of attraction and feeding responses Provesta (attraction and feeding) and USB (feeding) outperformed the standard Nu-Lure. Protein-starved flies were much more likely to feed on protein compared to protein-fed flies. For protein-starved flies, a mixture of Provesta and malathion repelled fruit flies, compared to a mixture of Provesta and spinosad or phloxine B. This was not the case with protein-fed flies. The wasp Fopius arisanus (Sonan), one of C. capitata's primary natural enemies in Hawaii, would not consume protein baits. Our studies suggest that spinosad or phloxine B, with low contact toxicity, mixed with protein baits offers a more environmentally friendly choice for control of C. capitata and conservation of F. arisanus, whereby the nontarget effects of broad spectrum contact poisons such as malathion can be avoided. Presumably, due to greater selectivity with spinosad and phloxine B bait treatments, the host would be killed, but not the natural enemy. C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Vargas, RI (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 33 TC 49 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 102 IS 3 BP 273 EP 282 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00948.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 579GH UT WOS:000177169900007 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JE Bloem, S AF Carpenter, JE Bloem, S TI Interaction between insect strain and artificial diet in diamondback moth development and reproduction SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE semi-synthetic diet; Plutella xylostella; diamondback moth; laboratory adaptation ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; GROWTH; PLUTELLIDAE; RESISTANCE AB The economical production of physiologically and behaviorally competent diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is critical to most research and control programs against this insect. Although a few laboratory-adapted colonies are currently maintained on artificial diets, the establishment and adaptation of feral DBM onto semi-synthetic diets is often difficult. Understanding the interactions between insect strain and diet may be critical to the process of laboratory adaptation as well as to the successful use of laboratory-reared insects in the field. As such, the objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between several DBM colonies/strains and different natural and semi-synthetic diets. Specifically, we examined the effect of different diets on the length of development, percent survival, adult weight, female fecundity, and adult longevity for two feral and one laboratory-adapted strain of DBM. Significant interactions were observed between diet and laboratory-adapted and feral strains, and also between diet and different feral strains with respect to many of the growth and development parameters tested. Therefore, the performance of one strain of DBM on a particular diet was not necessarily predicted by the performance of another DBM strain on the same diet. However, the soy-based diet developed and reported herein performed well for all three DBM strains tested. In future efforts to colonize feral DBM, we suggest that researchers assay different diet formulations in order to identify a semi-synthetic diet that is most suitable for the particular DBM strain under consideration. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Florida, NFREC, USDA, APHIS,NBCI, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM jcarpent@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 23 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 102 IS 3 BP 283 EP 294 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00949.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 579GH UT WOS:000177169900008 ER PT J AU Curriero, FC Hohn, ME Liebhold, AM Lele, SR AF Curriero, FC Hohn, ME Liebhold, AM Lele, SR TI A statistical evaluation of non-ergodic variogram estimators SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE covariogram; correlogram; kriging; simulation; median-polish; robust variogram estimator ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; SPATIAL PATTERN; LYMANTRIIDAE; DEFOLIATION; VARIANCE AB Geostatistics is a set of statistical techniques that is increasingly used to characterize spatial dependence in spatially referenced ecological data. A common feature of geostatistics is predicting values at unsampled locations from nearby samples using the kriging algorithm. Modeling spatial dependence in sampled data is necessary before kriging and is usually accomplished with the variogram and its traditional estimator. Other types of estimators, known as non-ergodic estimators, have been used in ecological applications. Non-ergodic estimators were originally suggested as a method of choice when sampled data are preferentially located and exhibit a skewed frequency distribution. Preferentially located samples can occur, for example, when areas with high values are sampled more intensely than other areas. In earlier studies the visual appearance of variograms from traditional and non-ergodic estimators were compared. Here we evaluate the estimators' relative performance in prediction. We also show algebraically that a non-ergodic version of the variogram is equivalent to the traditional variogram estimator. Simulations, designed to investigate the effects of data skewness and preferential sampling on variogram estimation and kriging, showed the traditional variogram estimator outperforms the non-ergodic estimators under these conditions. We also analyzed data on carabid beetle abundance, which exhibited large-scale spatial variability (trend) and a skewed frequency distribution. Detrending data followed by robust estimation of the residual variogram is demonstrated to be a successful alternative to the non-ergodic approach. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. W Virginia Geol & Econ Survey, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Math Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada. RP Curriero, FC (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 9 IS 1 BP 89 EP 110 DI 10.1023/A:1013771109591 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 512FC UT WOS:000173309600006 ER PT J AU Manning, BA Fendorf, SE Bostick, B Suarez, DL AF Manning, BA Fendorf, SE Bostick, B Suarez, DL TI Arsenic(III) oxidation and arsenic(V) adsorption reactions on synthetic birnessite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; NA-RICH BIRNESSITE; HEXAGONAL BIRNESSITE; MANGANESE; SPECTROSCOPY; GROUNDWATER; SPECIATION; AS(III); SOILS AB The oxidation of arsenite (As(III) by manganese oxide is an important reaction in both the natural cycling of As and the development of remediation technology for lowering the concentration of dissolved As(III) in drinking water. This study used both a conventional stirred reaction apparatus and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to investigate the reactions of As(III) and As(V) with synthetic birnessite (MnO2). Stirred reactor experiments indicate that As(III) is oxidized by MnO2 followed by the adsorption of the As(V) reaction product on the MnO2 solid phase. The As(V)-Mn interatomic distance determined by EXAFS analysis for both As(III)- and As(V)treated MnO2 was 3.22Angstrom, giving evidence for the formation of As(V) adsorption complexes on MnO2 crystallite surfaces. The most likely As(V)-MnO2 complex is a bidentate binuclear corner sharing (bridged) complex occurring at MnO2 crystallite edges and interlayer domains. In the As(III)treated MnO2 systems, reductive dissolution of the MnO2 solid during the oxidation of As(III) caused an increase in the adsorption of As(V) when compared with As(V)-treated MnO2. This suggested that As(III) oxidation caused a surface alteration, creating fresh reaction sites for As(V) on MnO2 surfaces. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Manning, BA (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. NR 41 TC 301 Z9 327 U1 26 U2 164 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 5 BP 976 EP 981 DI 10.1021/es0110170 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 526NK UT WOS:000174136400038 PM 11918029 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM Christopherson, DM Shuler, TR AF Klevay, LM Christopherson, DM Shuler, TR TI Lead in hair and gasoline SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEDICINE C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 141 EP 142 AR PII S1382-6689(01)00095-3 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(01)00095-3 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 524LH UT WOS:000174014400009 PM 21782595 ER PT J AU Bjurlin, MA Bloomer, S Haas, MJ AF Bjurlin, MA Bloomer, S Haas, MJ TI Identification of carboxylesterase activities of commercial triacylglycerol hydrolase (lipase) preparations SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha-naphthyl acetate; carboxylesterase; commercial lipase preparations; lipase screening; zymography ID CANDIDA-RUGOSA LIPASE; SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; ZYMOGRAPHY; SUBSTRATE; PROTEINS; ESTERS; ELECTROPHORESIS; QUANTITATION; ISOENZYMES AB The carboxylesterase activities of 34 commercial lipase preparations (CLP), from bacterial, fungal, and mammalian sources, were characterized by isoelectric focusing and nonreducing SDS-PAGE followed by alpha-naphthyl acetate zymography. Substantial differences in both the numbers of stained proteins and the enzymatic activity banding patterns were seen, even among preparations from the same organism, indicating a great heterogeneity of enzyme activities in commercial lipase preparations. CLP displayed between 1 and 16 carboxylesterase activity bands of discrete isoelectric points, many of which were not detected by silver stain. Most carboxylesterase bands did not display lipase activity: although 26 CLP contained carboxylesterase bands with isoelectric points identical to previously documented lipase activity bands, there were many more carboxylesterase bands than lipase bands. Conversely, twenty CLIP lacked carboxylesterase activity at one or more isoelectric points previously shown to exhibit lipase activity. Only in 11 CLP did all electrofocused lipase bands also display carboxylesterase activity. Few carboxylesterase bands (0-4) were detected after nonreducing SDS-PAGE and alpha-naphthyl acetate zymography. About half of these were undetectable by silver stain, suggesting high activities. The range of apparent molecular mass (AMM) of active carboxylesterases was 24-67 kDa, lower than the AMM of protease activities present in these lipase preparations, indicating that most esterase activities were not caused by the proteases in the preparations. Seven preparations demonstrated carboxylesterase activity at the same AMM as proteases. C1 Land O Lakes Inc, Strateg Technol Dev Sect, St Paul, MN 55164 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Biol Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Philosophy, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Bloomer, S (reprint author), Land O Lakes Inc, Strateg Technol Dev Sect, POB 641-1, St Paul, MN 55164 USA. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 143 EP 155 DI 10.1002/1438-9312(200203)104:3<143::AID-EJLT143>3.3.CO;2-E PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 537FG UT WOS:000174747700002 ER PT J AU Yen, ST Lin, BH AF Yen, ST Lin, BH TI Beverage consumption among US children and adolescents: full-information and quasi maximum-likelihood estimation of a censored system SO EUROPEAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE censoring; microdata; milk; soft drinks ID YOUNG ADULTHOOD; PROBIT MODELS; CONSEQUENCES; OVERWEIGHT; REGRESSION; CHILDHOOD; EQUATIONS; OBESITY; HEALTH AB Milk, soft drink and juice consumption is investigated for children and adolescents in the USA. Full-information maximum likelihood estimator (FIML) and parsimonious quasi maximum-likelihood (QML) alternative are used to estimate a censored system of beverage equations. The QML estimator is found to be an acceptable alternative to the FIML estimator for the empirical application considered. We find displacement of milk by soft drinks as a child or adolescent grows older. Income, TV watching, gender, race, and other demographic variables also play significant roles in determining beverage consumption. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Agr Econ, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Yen, ST (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Agr Econ, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0165-1587 J9 EUR REV AGRIC ECON JI Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1 BP 85 EP 103 DI 10.1093/erae/29.1.85 PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 531CZ UT WOS:000174399600005 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC Frohne, PS Papiernik, SK Yang, CH Crowley, DE AF Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC Frohne, PS Papiernik, SK Yang, CH Crowley, DE TI Microbial diversity along a transect of agronomic zones SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil quality; microbial community structure; phospholipid fatty acid; microbial biomass; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; ammonia oxidizers; and ammonia monooxygenase ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; AMMONIA-OXIDIZING BACTERIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITIES; CLASS PROTEOBACTERIA; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; BETA-SUBDIVISION; FATTY-ACIDS AB The diversity of microbial communities constitutes a critical component of good soil-management practices. To characterize the effects of different management practices, molecular indicators such as phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were used to analyze bacterial community structure and diversity from four eastern Washington State soils. Samples from four sites were collected representing a transect of high-precipitation to low-precipitation areas that covered different agronomic zones with different management and cropping practices. Biomass amounts estimated from extractable PLFA were significantly higher in the no-till (NT) soil than in the conventional-till (CT) soil. Similarities among the different 16S rDNA DGGE band profiles were analyzed quantitatively using correspondence analysis and this confirmed that the CT soil was the most dissimilar soil. DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from the four soils revealed two identical bands, indicating little effect of agronomic practices and precipitation on these species. A second set of primers. specific for amoA (ammonia monooxygenase) genes, was used to examine ammonia oxidizers in the samples. Six banding patterns (clusters) from amplified rDNA restriction analysis of 16S rDNA fragments were observed after restriction analysis with HinfI. Sequencing of these clones revealed the presence of only Nitrosospira-like sequences. Analysis of the sequences showed that ammonia oxidizers from the NT soil were more diverse compared to those from the CT and conservation reserve program soils. Our data showed that management and agronomic practices had more impact on bacterial community structure than annual precipitation. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; Crowley, David/C-1216-2014 OI Crowley, David/0000-0002-1805-8599 NR 53 TC 68 Z9 81 U1 4 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 39 IS 3 BP 183 EP 191 AR PII S0168-6496(01)00211-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(01)00211-2 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 553EX UT WOS:000175663800002 PM 19709198 ER PT J AU Briceno, RD Eberhard, WG Vilardi, JC Liedo, P Shelly, TE AF Briceno, RD Eberhard, WG Vilardi, JC Liedo, P Shelly, TE TI Variation in the intermittent buzzing songs of male medflies (Diptera : Tephritidae) associated with geography, mass-rearing, and courtship success SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE courtship sounds; medfly; geographic differences ID FRUIT-FLY; DROSOPHILA; CHARACTERS AB Many aspects of the temporal pattern of sounds produced during the intermittent buzzing displays of pre-copulatory courtship by male medflies varied between wild flies from Costa Rica, Argentina, and Hawaii, and between mass-reared flies from Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, and Hawaii. There were no consistent differences when mass-reared strains were compared with the wild strains from the area where they originated in Costa Rica, Argentina and Hawaii. Buzzing sounds produced prior to successful mounting attempts did not differ consistently from those preceding unsuccessful mounts in flies from Costa Rica and Argentina. In strains from all sites, however, courtships in which buzzes were interrupted were more likely not to result in mounting of the female. There was a weak tendency for interruptions to be more common in mass-reared strains. C1 Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Jose, Costa Rica. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Biol, Lab Genet Poblac, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Colegio Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. USDA ARS, Honolulu, HI 96804 USA. RP Briceno, RD (reprint author), Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, Ciudad Univ, San Jose, Costa Rica. RI Liedo, Pablo/E-9313-2010 OI Liedo, Pablo/0000-0002-0004-1721 NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 32 EP 40 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0032:VITIBS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200003 ER PT J AU Jang, EB AF Jang, EB TI Physiology of mating behavior in mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae): Chemoreception and male accessory gland fluids in female post-mating behavior SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE medfly; Ceratitis capitata; mating behavior; pheromone; host odors; accessory glands ID OLFACTORY-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES; VOLATILES; FLIES AB Studies on behavior of tephritid fruit flies have historically focused on the interaction of external stimuli such as temperature, semiochemicals, seasonality, etc., or the interactions of flies between and among species for an number of observed behaviors such as mating, pheromone calling and oviposition. While descriptive behaviors represent much of what we know about these pest species, less is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms which function in priming or modulation of the observed behaviors. In the Mediterranean fruit fly, virgin females are preferentially attracted to the volatile male pheromone over host fruit odors. This behavior switches as a result of mating. Factors from the male accessory gland have been shown to facilitate the switch suggesting a male role in modulation of female olfactory-driven behaviors. Other physiological factors are likely to further influence the degree to which female behaviors are influenced. C1 USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 89 EP 93 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0089:POMBIM]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200010 ER PT J AU McInnis, DO Rendon, P Komatsu, J AF McInnis, DO Rendon, P Komatsu, J TI Mating and remating of medflies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Guatemala: Individual fly marking in field cages SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE sterile insect technique; wild flies; courtship behavior; copulation; sperm transfer; refractory period ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; FLIES DIPTERA; STERILE; BEHAVIOR; HAWAII AB The sterile insect technique (SIT) depends critically upon the ability of sterilized, released males to locate and mate with wild females. The overall efficiency of the method also depends upon the relative frequencies of remating by wild females following first matings to laboratory or wild males. Using a newly devised technique that individually marks the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a field cage study was undertaken in a Guatemala coffee orchard to record individual fly mating behaviors between each of several laboratory strain and coffee-reared wild flies. Five laboratory strains were tested- a genetic sexing strain examined in sex ratios between 50%-100% sterile males, two standard bisexual strains, and two F1 hybrid strains. The marking technique revealed a substantial amount of information on individual fly mating and remating. Wild male flies significantly outcompeted each of the lab strains in the first matings with both wild and lab females. Approx. 22% and 3% of wild males and females, respectively, remated in the field cages during two consecutive morning observation periods, while 4-8% of lab males, and 2-8% of lab females remated, respectively. Male flies from each lab strain averaged significantly shorter copulation times than wild males. Female flies, either lab or wild, tended to remate more often if they first mated to a lab male, but the differences were not statistically significant. An index was devised to provide a measure of relative male mating quality. Wild males tended to have higher individual index values than lab strain males. Average values of the latter ranged from ca. half to roughly equal that of wild males. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Methods Dev Sect, Guatemala City, Guatemala. RP McInnis, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, 2727 Woodlawn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 126 EP 137 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0126:MAROMD]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200014 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE Kennelly, SS McInnis, DO AF Shelly, TE Kennelly, SS McInnis, DO TI Effect of adult diet on signaling activity, mate attraction, and mating success in male mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE medfly; Ceratitis capitata; adult diet; mate attraction; signaling ID COURTSHIP SUCCESS; FLY; COSTS; DROSOPHILA; BEHAVIOR; RESERVES; FOOD AB Field experiments were performed to examine the effect of adult diet on calling activity, female attraction, and mating success in male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In all tests, comparisons were drawn between males fed sugar only ("protein-deprived" males) and males fed a protein-sugar mixture ("protein-fed" males), In tests of long-distance attraction, aggregations consisting of protein-deprived males exclusively or protein-fed males exclusively were established in a coffee field, and females were released from a central release point. Protein-fed and protein-deprived males displayed similar calling levels, but approximately twice as many female sightings were recorded at groups of protein-fed males than at groups of protein-deprived males. A second test of female attraction compared single groups of protein-deprived and protein-fed males within the canopy of a field-caged host plant. As before, calling activity did not vary with diet, and in this case numbers of female sightings were also similar between aggregations of protein-fed vs. protein-deprived males. In mating trials conducted on field-caged host plants, protein-fed males achieved significantly more matings than protein-deprived males, These results are compared with other recent studies on the nutritional ecology of male Mediterranean fruit flies. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 150 EP 155 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0150:EOADOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200017 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Higbee, BS AF Landolt, PJ Higbee, BS TI Both sexes of the true armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) trapped with the feeding attractant composed of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID XESTIA-C-NIGRUM; PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; LACANOBIA-SUBJUNCTA; MAMESTRA-CONFIGURATA; CALLING BEHAVIOR; PHOTOPERIOD AB Male and female true armyworm moths, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), were captured in traps baited with the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol and placed near fields of corn (Zea mays). In a comparison of these chemicals presented individually and together, significantly greater numbers of moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol, compared to traps baited with acetic acid alone or traps baited with 3-methyl-1-butanol alone. Eighty percent of the female true armyworm moths captured in September in traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol were unmated and immature (no eggs and with considerable fat body). The remaining 20% of those females captured were mated and had some ovarian development, These results demonstrate attraction of male and female true armyworm moths to the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol and provide a new means of trapping females of this species. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 182 EP 185 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0182:BSOTTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200021 ER PT J AU Pratt, PD Rayachhetry, MB Van, TK Center, TD AF Pratt, PD Rayachhetry, MB Van, TK Center, TD TI Field-based rates of population increase for Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pratt, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 286 EP 287 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0286:FBROPI]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 545DD UT WOS:000175200200040 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Feldman, SF Dutko, TJ Petersen, HD Stanker, L AF Beier, RC Feldman, SF Dutko, TJ Petersen, HD Stanker, L TI Immunoassay and HPLC detection of halofuginone in chicken liver samples obtained from commercial slaughterhouses: A combined study SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE broilers; chicken liver tissue; coccidiostat; ELISA; food residue monitoring; HPLC; immunoassay; slaughterhouse ID MONOCLONAL-BASED IMMUNOASSAY; RESIDUES; SERUM AB Halofuginone (Hal) is a feed additive used worldwide to prevent coccidiosis in commercial poultry production. The current regulatory method for determining the action level of Hal residues in poultry involves measuring parent Hal in liver tissue by HPLC. A competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for Hal was evaluated with respect to HPLC in determining Hal in 473 samples of chicken liver tissue obtained from commercial poultry slaughterhouses. Chicken liver samples were divided, and analyzed by both the US Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service's (FSIS's) regulatory method, and by the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service's (ARS's) cELISA method described here. The lower level of detection for Hal was 50 ppb by the FSIS HPLC method and 38 ppb by the ARS cELISA method. The lower cutoff limit for this study was 50 ppb as mandated by FSIS SOP. There was good agreement in the results obtained by HPLC and cELISA. In addition, the cELISA method does not require the use of organic solvents. These data clearly demonstrate that the cELISA method could be used as a screening method for the analysis of Hal in chicken liver tissue. If the cELISA had been used as a screening tool in this study, then only six samples ( greater than or equal to100 and < 160 ppb) out of the 473 samples analyzed would have required further analysis by HPLC. The organic solvent waste (over 100 l) generated by the HPLC method would have then been reduced to approximately 1.272 l, a considerable time and cost savings in waste management. C1 ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Food Safety Inspect Serv, USDA, St Louis, MO 63120 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1080/0954010220137646 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA 557HE UT WOS:000175902400003 ER PT J AU Wang, CH Diderrich, V Kliebenstein, J Patton, S Zimmerman, J Hallam, A Bush, E Faulkner, C McCord, R AF Wang, CH Diderrich, V Kliebenstein, J Patton, S Zimmerman, J Hallam, A Bush, E Faulkner, C McCord, R TI Toxoplasma gondii levels in swine operations: differences due to technology choice and impact on costs of production SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article ID SEROPREVALENCE; INFECTION AB Human toxoplasmosis is an infection that has multiple sources: consumption of pork and lamb, water, and handling cat litter and garden soil. While some are, many are not related to livestock production methods. Therefore, there are weak market signals to farmers to change pig production systems, even when there are clear data indicating that pig confinement systems significantly lower the probability of pork being contaminated with the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. We investigated cost differences for pig production systems. While confinement buildings are more expensive, these costs are offset by the greater feed and bedding costs in non-confinement production. There is a "slight cost advantage" of $0.31 per hundred weight for pigs produced in a confinement system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comparat Med, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Monitoring Syst, APHIS, US, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Kliebenstein, J (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Econ, 178 Heady Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0956-7135(01)00083-4 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 521RT UT WOS:000173855900007 ER PT J AU Blumberg, J Cappellano, K AF Blumberg, J Cappellano, K TI Phytochemical research at Tufts Nutrition SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Tufts Univ, Hean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Hean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 56 IS 3 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 534QV UT WOS:000174598900009 ER PT J AU Falk, B AF Falk, B TI Wood-framed building deconstruction - A source of lumber for construction SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Adv Housing Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Falk, B (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Adv Housing Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 8 EP 15 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 534BQ UT WOS:000174565100001 ER PT J AU Grgurevich, S Boothby, T Manseck, H Burroughs, C Cegelka, S Bernecker, C Ritter, MA AF Grgurevich, S Boothby, T Manseck, H Burroughs, C Cegelka, S Bernecker, C Ritter, MA TI A comparative study of wood highway sound barriers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Prototype designs for wood highway sound barriers meeting the multiple criteria of structural integrity, acoustic effectiveness, durability, and potential for public acceptance have been developed. Existing installations of wood sound barriers were reviewed and measurements conducted in the field to estimate acoustic insertion losses. A complete matrix of design options for wood barriers was developed into a set of 35-mm slides along, with several concrete designs, and presented in a controlled test to a group of human subjects for evaluation. Results of this testing showed that the wood barrier designs present an acceptable appearance, both to the driver and to the community behind the barrier. Moreover, the tests indicate a preference for moderate relief treatment, or a variety of design elements that are simple in plan layout and panel orientation. The results of the human subject and acoustic testing have been incorporated into a modified design matrix of wood barriers with common details, allowing for a systematic approach to the design of several types of sound barriers. A prototype barrier was built and its acoustic insertion loss measured with horizontal gaps between panels, without gaps and without a T-top, and without gaps with a T-top. C1 USN Acad, Publ Works Dept, Div Engn, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Architectural Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Anderson Bjornstad Kane & Jacobs, Anchorage, AK USA. Lighting Educ Consultants, Exton, PA 19341 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Grgurevich, S (reprint author), USN Acad, Publ Works Dept, Div Engn, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 35 EP 43 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 534BQ UT WOS:000174565100004 ER PT J AU Bowe, SA Smith, RL Kline, DE BowE', SA AF Bowe, SA Smith, RL Kline, DE BowE', SA TI A segmental analysis of current and future scanning and optimizing technology in the hardwood sawmill industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A nationwide survey of advanced scanning; and optimizing technology in the hardwood sawmill industry was conducted in the fall of 1999. Three specific hardwood sawmill technologies were examined that included current edger-optimizer systems, future edger-optimizer systems, and future automated grading systems. The objectives of the research were to determine differences between user groups for advanced scanning and optimizing technologies and to identify company expectations of these technologies. Three comparison groupings were used including company size, sawmill technology, and National Hardwood Lumber Association affiliation. These objectives were chosen because timely information for this technology was not available. The survey consisted of a mail questionnaire sent to over 2,000 hardwood sawmills. Adoption decision factors for scanning and optimizing technologies were rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale. Improved raw material recovery and increased lumber revenues were the two most highly rated factors for both current edger-optimizer and future edger-optimizer systems. Accuracy of grading and system lifespan were the most highly rated factors for automated grading systems. Responding companies expressed concern over the high initial cost of such technology; however, a short return on investment outweighed the high initial cost issue in many cases. For those that have adopted advanced scanning and optimizing technology, production-related issues were the driving factors. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Sch Nat Resources, Russell Labs 120, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Ctr Forest Prod Mkt & Management, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Sta, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Bowe, SA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Sch Nat Resources, Russell Labs 120, 1630 LInden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 68 EP 76 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 534BQ UT WOS:000174565100008 ER PT J AU Schmidt, EL Murphy, TP Cheeks, CN Ross, AS Chiu, TS Williams, RS AF Schmidt, EL Murphy, TP Cheeks, CN Ross, AS Chiu, TS Williams, RS TI Comparisons of interlaboratory swellometer testing of two water-repellent preservative formulations for millwork SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Water-repellency of preservative formulations used in the millwork industry has long been evaluated by measurement of the dimensional changes in wood treated and then submerged in water according to guidelines published by the millwork industry. Perceptions that this "swellometer" test was highly variable led to a round-robin test of one solvent-borne and one waterborne commercial formulation by five independent laboratories in order to assess the variation in results among labs. These data were then used to address the sample size needed to achieve a 90 percent confidence level in the mean water-repellent value. The standard deviation for both formulations was near 25 percent of the mean for all labs. The range in average water-repellent values from the labs was approximately 10 percentage units. Not surprisingly, parent boards for swellometer samples were the main source of variation. The data analyses suggested that 12 (for waterborne) or 18 (for solvent-borne) individual test wafers would be needed to provide a 90 percent confidence that an average result from any single lab would be within 5 percentage units of an overall average value from five independent labs using the same sample materials. The new Window and Door Manufacturers' Association standard reflects this allowance by establishing the lower limit of water repellency at 55 percent. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Aspen Res Corp, St Paul, MN 55112 USA. Kop Coal Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA. Timber Prod Inspect Inc, Conyers, GA 30207 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Schmidt, EL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2004 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 82 EP 84 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 534BQ UT WOS:000174565100010 ER PT J AU Brown, SJ Fellers, JP Shippy, TD Richardson, EA Maxwell, M Stuart, JJ Denell, RE AF Brown, SJ Fellers, JP Shippy, TD Richardson, EA Maxwell, M Stuart, JJ Denell, RE TI Sequence of the Tribolium castaneum Homeotic complex: The region corresponding to the Drosophila melanogaster Antennapedia complex SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID COMBS REDUCED GENE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; HOX CLUSTER; BITHORAX COMPLEX; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; HOMEOBOX GENES; ABDOMINAL-A; 5' END; ORTHOLOG; EVOLUTION AB The homeotic selector genes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, are located in a single cluster. We have sequenced the region containing the homeotic selector genes required for proper development of the head and anterior thorax, which is the counterpart of the ANTC in Drosophila. This 280-kb interval contains eight homeodomain-encoding genes, including single orthologs of the Drosophila genes labial, proboscipedia, Deformed, Sex combs reduced, fushi tarazu, and Antennapedia, as well as two orthologs of zerknullt. These genes are all oriented in the same direction, as are the Hox genes of amphioxus, mice, and humans. Although each transcription unit is similar to its Drosophila counterpart in size, the Tribolium genes contain fewer introns (with the exception of two zerknullt genes), produce shorter mRNAs, and encode smaller proteins. Unlike the ANTC, this region of the Tribolium HOMC contains no additional genes. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM sjbrown@ksu.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD029594-11, R01 HD029594] NR 53 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU GENETICS SOCIETY AMERICA PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE AVE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0016-6731 EI 1943-2631 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD MAR PY 2002 VL 160 IS 3 BP 1067 EP 1074 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 537ZY UT WOS:000174790600020 PM 11901122 ER PT J AU Lennon, JJ Kunin, WE Corne, S Carver, S Van Hees, WWS AF Lennon, JJ Kunin, WE Corne, S Carver, S Van Hees, WWS TI Are Alaskan trees found in locally more favourable sites in marginal areas? SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE core; forest; habitat selection; macroecology; range margin; species distributions; tree distributions ID DISTURBANCE; RANGE; USA AB Aim Species generally become rarer and more patchily distributed as the margins of their ranges are approached. We predicted that in such marginal sites, tree species would tend to occur where some key environmental factors are at particularly favourable levels, compensating in part for the low overall suitability of marginal sites. Location The article considers the spatial distributions of trees in Southeast Alaska (the Alaskan 'panhandle'). Methods We quantified range marginality using spatial distributions of eight tree species across more than one thousand surveyed sites in Southeast Alaska. For each species we derived a site core/margin index using a three-dimensional trend surface generated from logistic regression on site coordinates. For each species, the relationships between the environmental factors slope, aspect and site marginality were then compared for occupied and unoccupied sets of sites. Results We found that site slope is important for more Alaskan tree species than aspect. Three out of eight had a significant core/margin by occupied/unoccupied interaction, tending to be present in significantly shallower-sloped (more favourable) sites in the marginal areas than the simple core/margin trend predicted. For site aspect, one species had a significant interaction, selecting potentially more favourable northerly aspects in marginal areas. A finer-scale analysis based on the same data came to the same overall conclusions. Conclusions There is evidence that several tree species in Alaska tend to occur in especially favourable sites in marginal areas. In these marginal areas, these species amplify habitat preferences shown in core areas. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Lennon, JJ (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Lennon, Jack/F-2475-2011 NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00279.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 536PR UT WOS:000174711600002 ER PT J AU Reed, HC Landolt, PJ AF Reed, HC Landolt, PJ TI Trap response of Michigan social wasps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) to the feeding attractants acetic acid, isobutanol, and heptyl butyrate. SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID YELLOWJACKETS HYMENOPTERA; VOLATILES; FERMENTATION AB Nine species of social wasps were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate and combinations of acetic acid and either isobutanol or heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula rufa species group were captured in traps (Vespula acadica (Sladen), Vespula consobrina (Saussure), Vespula vidua (Saussure)). They responded similarly, with attraction only to heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula vulgaris species group were also captured in traps (Vespula vulgaris (L.), Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, Vespula maculifrons (Buyyson)). They responded similarly, with attraction primarily to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.), was attracted to acetic acid and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fabr.), was attracted to isobutanol, and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. These results add to our understanding of how to target various species of social wasps with chemical lures. C1 Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Reed, HC (reprint author), Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 7777 S Lewis Dr, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD SPR-SUM PY 2002 VL 35 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 699PY UT WOS:000184066200013 ER PT J AU Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH Ignoffo, CM Goodman, CL AF Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH Ignoffo, CM Goodman, CL TI Insect cells and their potential as stabilization barriers for DNA of multiple and single nucleopolyhedroviruses against ultraviolet-B-simulated sunlight inactivation SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE UV-B irradiation; baculovirus inactivation; insect cells ID PHOTO-REACTIVATION; PYRIMIDINE DIMERS; ENHANCED SURVIVAL; CHAIN ELONGATION; CABBAGE-LOOPER; UV DAMAGE; LIGHT; LINES; PHOTOREACTIVATION; RADIATION AB A cell line from Trichoplusia ni (TN-CL1) infected with the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV-HPP) and a cell line from Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1) infected with the Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV/BrCL2) were subjected to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation at a predetermined level of exposure that would inactivate greater than 95% of the virus suspended in the liquid. The working hypothesis was that the homologous insect cells would utilize their inherent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair mechanism(s) to prevent, repair, or at least mitigate the damaging effects of UV-B light on viral DNA synthesis. We attempted to determine this by using infected cell., that were subjected to UV-B irradiation at different postinoculation periods under two experimental conditions of exposure: (1) shielded, and (2) nonshielded. Of the two cell lines infected with their respective homologous viruses, the virus from TN-CL1 cells was the least sensitive to UV-B light because the extracellular virus (ECV) and occlusion body (OB) levels of virus-infected TN-CL1 cells were higher than those of the virus-infected BCIRL-HZ-AM1 cells. Production of ECV and OB from both cell lines was lower in the exposed, nonshielded treatment than in the exposed, shielded treatment. However. AcMNPV-HPP was produced in enough quantity to indicate that TN-CL1 might impart a level of protection to the virus against UV light. C1 USDA, ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbus, MO 65203 USA. RP Grasela, JJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence Rd,Res Pk, Columbus, MO 65203 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 173 EP 177 PG 5 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 552KA UT WOS:000175618500008 ER PT J AU Cermak, SC Isbell, TA AF Cermak, SC Isbell, TA TI Pilot-plant distillation of meadowfoam fatty acids SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE meadowfoam fatty acids; pilot plant; distillation; molecular still; centrifugal molecular distillation; decolorization ID MOLECULAR DISTILLATION; ESTOLIDES; OIL AB Crude meadowfoam fatty acids, which are mainly long chain monoenes, Delta-5 C20, were separated using a Myers 15 pilot plant centrifugal molecular distillation unit to give a distillate that was light in color (Gardner Color = 1). One of the problems with crude meadowfoam fatty acids is the color (Gardner Color = 18). The optimal distillation conditions were explored by varying the rotor temperature, degas temperature, rotor preheat, and flow rate onto the rotor. As the conditions were varied, the distillate was monitored for color, fatty acid composition, and mass split between distillate and residue. At very high rotor temperatures, the color of the distillate and the fatty acid composition deteriorated, but the same split was observed as with a low rotor temperature. All the variable conditions played a vital role in conducting a successful distillation. In most cases, direct correlations existed between temperatures and amounts of different fatty acids. The optimum conditions were determined through the course of numerous trials and used to distill a large quantity (95 1 of meadowfoam fatty acid), (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cermak, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 15 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 AR PII S0926-6690(01)00105-4 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00105-4 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 524YM UT WOS:000174040500007 ER PT J AU Mosqueda, J McElwain, TF Stiller, D Palmer, GH AF Mosqueda, J McElwain, TF Stiller, D Palmer, GH TI Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 and rhoptry-associated protein 1 are expressed in sporozoites, and specific antibodies inhibit sporozoite attachment to erythrocytes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HOST-CELL INVASION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; BIGEMINA; EPITOPES; CATTLE; IMMUNODOMINANT; IDENTIFICATION; APICOMPLEXA AB We examined Babesia bovis sporozoites for the expression of two molecules, merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1) and rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1), that are postulated to be involved in the invasion of host erythrocytes. Both MSA-1 and RAP-1 were transcribed and expressed in infectious sporozoites. Importantly, monospecific MSA-1 and RAP-I antisera each inhibited sporozoite invasion of erythrocytes in vitro. This is the first identification of antigens expressed in Babesia sp. sporozoites and establishes that, at least in part, sporozoites and merozoites share common targets of antibody mediated inhibition of erythrocyte invasion. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, ARS, Inst Anim Dis Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, ARS, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Mosqueda, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 35 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 70 IS 3 BP 1599 EP 1603 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.3.1599-1603.2002 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 522EQ UT WOS:000173883100070 PM 11854249 ER PT J AU He, H Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW AF He, H Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW TI Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a new P450 gene, CYP319A1, from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cDNA; cytochrome P450; pseudogene ID CYTOCHROME-P450 GENE; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA; HOUSE-FLY; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; PSEUDOGENES; STRAIN; CYP6A1; FAMILY AB We have isolated and sequenced a novel P450 gene (CYP319A1) from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The CYP319A1 cDNA encodes a protein of 531 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 60.9 k. It contains all highly conserved motifs characteristic of P450 enzymes. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence with other CYP members shows that the CYP319A1 is more closely related to CYP4 family, but its overall identity to the CYP4 family is less than 40%. Therefore, it was assigned to a new P450 family by the P450 nomenclature committee. A pseudogene which shares high homology with the CYP319A1 was identified. Analysis of genomic sequence of the pseudogene indicated that the pseudogene contains two additional DNA inserts in the coding region, which disrupt the open reading frame. RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP319A1 is expressed in both susceptible and acaricide-resistant ticks. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Vet Entomol Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, USDA, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), ARS, Vet Entomol Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 32 IS 3 BP 303 EP 309 AR PII S0965-1748(01)00091-1 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00091-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 524GD UT WOS:000174004000008 PM 11804802 ER PT J AU Wang, D Wilson, C Shannon, MC AF Wang, D Wilson, C Shannon, MC TI Interpretation of salinity and irrigation effects on soybean canopy reflectance in visible and near-infrared spectrum domain SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT; REMOTE ESTIMATION; SOIL-SALINITY; LEAVES; MORPHOLOGY; INDEXES; PLANTS AB Soil and water salinity can reduce plant growth, affecting yield and quality of agricultural and horticultural crops. This study was designed to measure canopy spectral reflectance of soybean plants under different salinity and irrigation treatments (drip, sprinkler, and furrow), and to relate the reflectance characteristics to salinity-induced alterations in leaf chlorophyll, specific leaf mass, and above-ground biomass. Soybean canopy reflectance was measured with a hand-held Cropscan multispectral radiometer in the visible ( 460-710 nm) and near-infrared (NIR; 810-950 nm) spectrum domain. Canopy reflectance in the NIR was significantly and consistently reduced by the salinity treatment. The reduction was attributed to increases in specific leaf mass caused by salinity, and can be delineated with the simple ratio vegetation index ( SRVI), with 660 and 830 nm as the most sensitive waveband combination. Reflectance in the visible domain did not show a salinity effect nor any correlation to leaf chlorophyll changes from salinity stress. Canopy reflectance in NIR showed the most salinity effect under furrow irrigation where the soybeans were subjected to the most cumulative salinity stress. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dwang@soils.umn.edu NR 25 TC 31 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 5 BP 811 EP 824 DI 10.1080/01431160110070717 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 526GR UT WOS:000174122400001 ER PT J AU Wanjura, DF Upchurch, DR AF Wanjura, DF Upchurch, DR TI Water status response of corn and cotton to altered irrigation SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CANOPY TEMPERATURE; STRESS; WHEAT AB Water is a primary limiting factor to crop production and thus crop water status is essential information for management decisions. Corn and cotton were grown in the field under two constant water regimes. The low water level (WL) was 0.66xPET (potential evapotranspiration) in corn and rainfall for cotton. The high water level (WH) was 1.0xPET for both crops. Two transient water treatments in each crop began as the two constant water level treatments but then the water inputs were reversed and the change in water status was monitored. When the transient water treatments were initiated, corn was at the V14 and V16 growth stages in the WL and WH treatments, respectively, and cotton was 2 weeks past first bloom for both water levels. The purpose of the experiment was to compare the sensitivity of leaf water potential (LWP) and crop canopy temperature to changes in irrigation rate. The transient water treatment of each crop that relieved water stress (TLH) changed from WL to WH and the treatment which induced water stress changed from WH to WL (THL). The LWP values of the transient water treatments reversed 5 and 8 days after reversing water input rates to corn in 1998 and 1999, respectively, and after 3 days in both years for cotton. A reversal in canopy temperatures, expressed as the amount of daily time that the temperature was above 28degreesC (DST), was not detected between the TLH and THL treatments of corn after 25 days in 1998 or after 13 days in 1999. The DST values of the cotton transient water treatments reversed after 4 days in 1998 and 5 days in 1999, when the values of THL became greater than for TLH. Corn tassels, which apparently transpire less than leaves, were forming at the beginning of the transient water treatments and their presence in the view of the infrared thermocouples may have reduced the apparent radiometric temperature difference between the transient water treatments. During the water status adjustment period following the initiation of the transient water treatments, there were significant linear relationships between LWP and DST in cotton in both years but only in 1998 in corn. Cotton canopy temperature could be used to rapidly monitor an entire field in contrast to LWP which accurately measures plant water status but cannot provide automated measurements across a large area. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Res Lab, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. EM dwanjura@lbk.ars.usda.gov NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0342-7188 EI 1432-1319 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 45 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s00271-001-0049-4 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 541QR UT WOS:000174995700001 ER PT J AU Gadbury, GL Iyer, HK Schreuder, HT AF Gadbury, GL Iyer, HK Schreuder, HT TI An adaptive analysis of covariance using tree-structured regression SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE classification and regression trees; nonparametric; permutation test; tree AB In this article, we propose an adaptive procedure for testing for the effect of a factor of interest in the presence of one or more confounding variables in observational studies. It is especially relevant for applications where the factor of interest has a suspected causal relationship with a response. This procedure is not tied to linear modeling or normal distribution theory, and it offers a valuable alternative to traditional methods. It is suitable for applications where a factor of interest is categorical and the response is continuous. Confounding variables may be continuous or categorical. The method is comprised or two basic steps that are performed in sequence. First, confounding variables alone (i.e., without the factor of interest) are used to group observations into subsets. These subsets have the property that, when restricted to a subset, there is little or no remaining variation in the response that is attributable to the confounding variables, We then test for the factor of interest within each subset of observations. We propose to implement the first step using a technique that is generally referred to as tree-structured regression. We use a nonparametric permutation procedure to carry out the second step, The proposed method is illustrated through an analysis of a U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service data set and all air pollution data set. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Math & Stat, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Gadbury, GL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Math & Stat, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 7 IS 1 BP 42 EP 57 DI 10.1198/108571102317475053 PG 16 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 525UF UT WOS:000174091900003 ER PT J AU Arrayet, JL Oberbauer, AM Famula, TR Garnett, I Oltjen, JW Imhoof, J Kehrli, ME Graham, TW AF Arrayet, JL Oberbauer, AM Famula, TR Garnett, I Oltjen, JW Imhoof, J Kehrli, ME Graham, TW TI Growth of Holstein calves from birth to 90 days: The influence of dietary zinc and BLAD status SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calves; cattle diseases; growth; zinc ID LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; DAIRY HEIFERS; FIRST LACTATION; MILK-YIELD; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; PROTEIN; CATTLE; AGE; PERFORMANCE AB The main objective of this study was to describe Holstein neonatal growth and development as influenced by dietary zinc supplementation and the CD18 genotype, both of which may affect immune competence. Holstein calves (n = 421), after being fed colostrum, were brought to a calf facility, randomly assigned to one of four zinc supplementation groups (control at 40 mg Zn/kg DM or the control diet supplemented with an additional 60 mg Zn/kg DM provided as either zinc sulfate, zinc lysine, or zinc methionine), weighed, and measured for morphometric growth parameters. Measurements were repeated at 30, 60, and 90 d. Calves were also genotyped for the presence of the mutant D128G CD18 allele, which, if present in two copies, causes bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Zinc supplementation above 40 mg Zn/kg DM, regardless of the chemical form, did not accelerate growth (P > 0.25). Further, overall calf growth performance was not suppressed or improved (P > 0.4) in calves heterozygous at the CD18 locus relative to calves homozygous for the normal CD18 allele, although genotype negatively affected some morphometric measurements (P < 0.05). Using these data, quadratic models of early growth were generated as a preliminary step to develop growth criteria that will allow producers, veterinarians, and animal scientists to identify poor growth performance early in neonatal life. Such criteria provide the basis for tools to improve economic performance. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Vet Consulting Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50014 USA. RP Graham, TW (reprint author), 1124 Pistachio Court, Davis, CA USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 545 EP 552 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200001 PM 11890391 ER PT J AU Rumph, JM Koch, RM Gregory, KE Cundiff, LV Van Vleck, LD AF Rumph, JM Koch, RM Gregory, KE Cundiff, LV Van Vleck, LD TI Comparison of models for estimation of genetic parameters for mature weight of Hereford cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; growth; heritability; maternal effects ID ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; YEARLING WEIGHT; ANGUS CATTLE; MUSCLE SCORE; BEEF-COWS; GROWTH; SELECTION; SIZE; MILK AB Genetic parameters of mature weight are needed for effective selection and genetic evaluation. Data for estimating these parameters were collected from 1963 to 1985 and consisted of 32,018 mature weight records of 4,175 Hereford cows that were in one control and three selection lines that had been selected for weaning weight, for yearling weight, or for an index combining yearling weight and muscle score for 22 yr. Several models and subsets of the data were considered. The mature weight records consisted of a maximum of three seasonal weights taken each year, at brand clipping (February and March), before breeding (May and June), and at palpation (August and September). Heritability estimates were high (0.49 to 0.86) for all models considered, which suggests that selection to change mature weight could be effective. The model that best fit the data included maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects in addition to direct genetic and direct permanent environmental effects. Estimates of direct heritability with this model ranged from 0.53 to 0.79, estimates of maternal heritability ranged from 0.09 to 0.21, and estimates of the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects ranged from -0.16 to -0.67 for subsets of the data based on time of year that mature weight was measured. For the same subsets, estimates of the proportions of variance due to direct permanent environment and maternal permanent environment ranged from 0.00 to 0.09 and 0.00 to 0.06, respectively. Using a similar model that combined all records and included an added fixed effect of season of measurement of mature weight, direct heritability, maternal heritability, genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects, proportion of variance due to direct permanent environmental effects, and proportion of variance due to maternal permanent environmental effects were estimated to be 0.69, 0.13, -0.65, 0.00, and 0.04, respectively. Mature weight is a highly heritable trait that could be included in selection programs and maternal effects should not be ignored when analyzing mature weight data. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rumph, JM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 583 EP 590 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200006 PM 11892677 ER PT J AU Piva, A Prandini, A Fiorentini, L Morlacchini, M Galvano, F Luchansky, JB AF Piva, A Prandini, A Fiorentini, L Morlacchini, M Galvano, F Luchansky, JB TI Tributyrin and lactitol synergistically enhanced the trophic status of the intestinal mucosa and reduced histamine levels in the gut of nursery pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 92nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Animal-Science CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Anim Sci DE butyric acid; intestinal mucosa; lactitol; pigs ID CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; CRYPT DEPTH; COLONIC MUCOSA; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; VILLOUS HEIGHT; PERFORMANCE; PIGLETS; CECUM; RATS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB This study determined whether tributyrin and lactitol could synergistically facilitate the transition from milk to solid feed in nursery pigs. At 21 d after birth, 64 piglets were moved from the piggery to a production barn and fed a medicated diet. At 28 d after birth, the piglets were weighed and allotted into four groups and fed a standard nonmedicated diet (control) or the control diet with tributyrin (butanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester; 10 g/kg), or with lactitol (beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4) -D-sorbitol; 3 g/kg), or with tributyrin (10 g/kg) plus lactitol (3 g/kg). On d 0, 14, and 42 after being fed the control or experimental diets, the animals were weighed, and animal health, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined. On d 42, four piglets from each treatment were killed to measure the empty and full weight of the gut, as well as the weights of the liver and kidneys. The jejunum and cecum were sampled to analyze the luminal concentrations of lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids; and mono-, di-, and polyamines and to assess the mucosal status. Mortality after 42 d ranged from 19% for animals fed the control diet, to 6% for animals fed the tributyrin or lactitol diets, and to 0% for animals fed the tributyrin+lactitol diet. After 14 d, the ADG was 127% greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed the tributyrin+lactitol diet than in animals fed the control or tributyrin diets. After 42 d, animals fed the tributyrin+lactitol diet were heavier (P < 0.05) than animals fed the tributyrin diet. At slaughter, no differences (P > 0.05) in organ weights were observed. With the exception of animals fed the lactitol diet, wherein cecal lactic acid levels increased threefold (P < 0.01), the luminal concentrations of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids were not different (P > 0.05). Among the various amines analyzed, the only response (P < 0.05) was a 66 and 49% decrease in histamine levels in the jejunum and cecum, respectively, in animals fed the tributyrin+lactitol diet compared to the control diet. In the jejunum of animals fed the lactitol or tributyrin+lactitol diets, the length of the villi was increased by 12% (P < 0.05) compared to animals fed the control diet, whereas the tributyrin diet did not have any effect on the villi (P > 0.05). In the cecum, the depths of the crypts were reduced (P < 0.001) by 18% in animals fed the lactitol diet and 45% in animals fed the tributyrin or tributyrin+lactitol diets compared to animals fed the control diet. In conclusion, a diet containing tributyrin and lactitol as nutribiotics resulted in lower histamine levels in the jejunum and cecum, as well as longer jejunal villi and shallower cecal crypts. C1 Univ Bologna, DIMORFIPA, I-40064 Ozzano Dell Emilia, Italy. Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, ISAN, Fac Agr, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. Ctr Ric Zootecn & Ambiente, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. Univ Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento STAFA, I-89121 Reggio Di Calabria, Italy. USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Piva, A (reprint author), Univ Bologna, DIMORFIPA, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Dell Emilia, Italy. RI Galvano, Fabio/F-8122-2010; OI FIORENTINI, Lucia/0000-0001-8783-3707; Galvano, Fabio/0000-0003-0644-0755; PRANDINI, ALDO/0000-0002-8650-8766 NR 46 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 670 EP 680 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200016 PM 11890403 ER PT J AU Spicer, LJ Chase, CC Rutter, LM AF Spicer, LJ Chase, CC Rutter, LM TI Relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-I and genotype during the postpartum interval in beef cows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cows; follicles; genotypes; insulin-like growth factor; tropics ID BINDING-PROTEIN ACTIVITY; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; FOLLICULAR-GROWTH; ESTROUS-CYCLE; DAIRY-COWS; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; ENERGY-BALANCE AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genotype and week postpartum on serum concentrations of IGF-I, body condition score (BCS), BW, and ovarian function in beef cows. Cows from the following genotypes were utilized in two consecutive years: Angus (A x A; n = 9), Brahman (B x B; n = 10), Charolais (C x C; n = 12), Angus x Brahman (A x B; n = 22), Brahman x Charolais (B x C; n = 19) and Angus x Charolais (A x C; n = 2,4). Serum concentrations of IGF-I, BCS, and BW were determined between wk 2 and 9 postpartum. Rectal ultrasound was used to determine days postpartum to first medium (6 to 9 mm) and first large (greater than or equal to 10 mm) follicle. Averaged across genotype, BCS decreased (P < 0.05) from 5.0 +/- 0.1 on wk 3 to 4.8 +/- 0.1 on wk 6 postpartum, and BW decreased (P < 0.05) between wk 2 and 3 and again between wk 4 and 9 postpartum. Averaged over year and week postpartum, serum IGF-I concentrations were greatest (P < 0.05) in B x B cows (46 +/- 5 ng/mL) compared with all other genotypes; lowest in A x A (12 +/- 4 ng/mL), C x C (13 +/- 4 ng/mL), and A x C cows (18 +/- 3 ng/mL); and intermediate (P < 0.05) in A x B (28 +/- 3 ng/mL) and B x C (26 +/- 3 ng/mL) cows compared with all other genotypes. Serum IGF-I concentrations did not change (P > 0.10) with week postpartum in C x C, A x A, and A x C cows, but increased (P < 0.05) between wk 2 and 7 postpartum in B x C, A x B, and B x B cows. Average interval to first medium (16 +/- 2 d) and first large (35 +/- 2 d) follicle did not differ (P > 0.10) among genotypes. Serum IGF-I concentrations correlated with BCS (r = 0.53 to 0.72, P < 0.001) but not with days to first large follicle (r = -0.19 to -0.22, P > 0.10). Averaged across genotypes, cows that lost BCS postpartum had lower (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I concentrations. Cows that calved with adequate BCS (i.e., greater than or equal to 5) had greater (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I concentrations postpartum than cows that calved with inadequate BCS (i.e., < 5) but days to first large and medium follicle did not differ (P > 0.10). In conclusion, concentrations of IGF-I in serum differed among genotypes and were associated with BCS but not days to first large or medium follicle in postpartum beef cows. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Range Cattle Res & Educ Ctr, Ona, FL 33865 USA. RP Spicer, LJ (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 716 EP 722 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200021 PM 11890407 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK AF Vallet, JL Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK TI Interrelationships among conceptus size, uterine protein secretion, fetal erythropoiesis, and uterine capacity SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fetus; folic acid; iron; placenta; pregnancy ID LITTER SIZE; BINDING-PROTEIN; GESTATION; SWINE; PIGS; MEISHAN; UTERUS; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; ENVIRONMENT; SURVIVAL AB The interrelationships among d-11 conceptus size, d-105 placental weight, placental efficiency (the ability of the placenta to support fetal growth and development), fetal erythropoiesis, and uterine capacity were examined in 1/2 Meishan, 1/2 White crossbred gilts that were unilaterally ovariohysterectomized at 90 to 100 d of age. In Exp. 1, gilts were mated after at least one normal estrous cycle and then slaughtered at 105 d of gestation and number of fetuses and CL, placental weights, fetal weights, hematocrits, fetal plasma iron, and fetal plasma folate were measured. In Exp. 2, gilts were mated and plasma progesterone was measured on d 2 and 3 of gestation. On d 11, the length of the remaining uterine horn was recorded and the uterine horn was flushed with minimal essential medium. Number of CL, conceptus number, conceptus diameters, and total uterine flush retinol-binding protein (tRBP), acid phosphatase (tAP), and folate-binding protein (tFBP) were measured. Gilts were mated again and slaughtered at 105 d of pregnancy and the same traits measured in Group 1 were recorded. Plasma progesterone concentrations on d 2 and 3 were correlated with average conceptus diameter on d 11 (r = 0.60, P < 0.01, for each day). In contrast, tRBP (r = 0.49, P < 0.01), tAP (r = 0.53, P < 0.01), and tFBP (r = 0.51, P < 0.01) in uterine flushings on d 11 were only correlated with d-3 plasma progesterone concentrations. No correlations between d-11 average conceptus diameter or d-11 uterine length with d-105 uterine capacity were observed. Uterine capacity was negatively correlated with placental weight, fetal weight and fetal hematocrit (r = -0.36, P < 0.01; r = -0.44, P < 0.01; r = -0.32, P < 0.01; respectively). Hematocrits were correlated with fetal plasma iron (r = 0.50, P < 0.01) and folates (r = 0.44, P < 0.01). Hematocrit, plasma iron, and plasma folate were each correlated with residual fetal weights after adjusting for placental weight (a measure of placental efficiency), and accounted for 11% of the variation in this trait. These data suggest that conceptus diameter and uterine protein secretion on d 11 may be influenced by the onset of progesterone secretion by the CL, but do not support an influence of conceptus growth during early pregnancy on uterine capacity. These results also suggest that reducing placental and fetal weights will likely result in increased uterine capacity. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 6 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 729 EP 737 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200023 PM 11890409 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, T AF Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, T TI Relationships among heat production, body weight, and age in Finnsheep and Rambouillet ewes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; metabolic rate; sheep AB It was the objective of this study to quantify heat production across ages of Rambouillet and Finnsheep ewes and to evaluate the previous hypothesis that breed differences can be accounted for by scaling for proportion of mature body weight. Seventy-two Finnsheep and 55 Rambouillet ewes were sampled. Heat production was estimated based on individual animal gaseous exchange, which was determined from 55 through 71 h of the feed restriction. Heat production per unit BW decreased as sheep aged, and the breed-specific functions fit the data better than the pooled functions. The rate of decrease in heat production was greater in Finnsheep ewes until 37 wk of age. The rate of growth of Rambouillet ewes was greater than that of Finnsheep ewes over the first 52 wk of age, and Rambouillet ewes reached 95% of their mature BW at an earlier age (71 wk) than did Finnsheep ewes (113 wk). At any given age, Rambouillet ewes had achieved a greater proportion of their mature BW and had a lower heat production per unit BW than Finnsheep ewes. This study demonstrated the necessity of accounting for both age and breed when estimating metabolic rate in sheep. Furthermore, this study suggested that breed and age differences in metabolic rate could be accounted for by scaling for proportion of mature BW and that daily heat production per unit BW (kcal/kg) of Finnsheep, Rambouillet, Suffolk, and Texel ewes can be described by the function f(BW, matBW) 59.5(e-0.797(BW/matBW)), where BW = body weight and matBW = mature body weight. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 825 EP 832 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 528HW UT WOS:000174239200035 PM 11890421 ER PT J AU Bird, CB Malone, B Rice, LG Ross, PF Eppley, R Abouzied, MM AF Bird, CB Malone, B Rice, LG Ross, PF Eppley, R Abouzied, MM TI Determination of total fumonisins in corn by competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; PULMONARY-EDEMA; SCREENINGS; ELISA; SWINE; FEED AB Fumonisins-mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species-have been shown to be the causative agent of diseases in horses and other domesticated animals as well as possible carcinogens in humans. A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD-ELISA) for the determination of total fumonisins (B-1, B-2, and B-3) in corn. The test portion was extracted with methanol-water (7 + 3), filtered, diluted, and tested on the CD-ELISA. Naturally and artificially contaminated corn test portions were sent to 13 collaborators in the United States. Naturally contaminated field test portions were prepared at 3 different levels. Artificially contaminated test portions were spiked at 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg total fumonisins (B-1, B-2, and B-3). Average recoveries of total fumonisins were 120, 100, and 90%, respectively. The relative standard deviations for repeatability ranged from 13.3 to 23.3% and the relative standard deviations for reproducibility ranged from 15.8 to 30.3% across all levels tested. HORRAT values, calculated for each individual sample, ranged from 1.24 to 1.94. This method demonstrated acceptable intra- and interlaboratory precision at the levels tested. C1 Neogen Corp, Lansing, MI 48912 USA. Trilogy Analyt Lab Inc, Washington, MO 63090 USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Bird, CB (reprint author), Neogen Corp, 620 Lesher Pl, Lansing, MI 48912 USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 404 EP 410 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 537XR UT WOS:000174785400014 PM 11990026 ER PT J AU Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR AF Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR TI Determination of the total nitrogen content of hard, semihard, and processed cheese by the Kjeldahl method: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE; MILK AB The objective of this collaborative study was to determine interlaboratory performance statistics for a modified and optimized version of AOAC Method 920.123 for the determination of the total nitrogen content of hard, semihard, and processed cheese by Kjeldahl analysis. Details included addressing the issues of material homogeneity, test portion size (1 g), quantitative transfer (weighing on to filter paper), ensuring system suitability (nitrogen recoveries), and using AOAC Method 991.20 as the basis for nitrogen analysis. Fifteen laboratories tested 18 pairs of blind duplicate cheese materials with a crude protein content between 18 and 36%. Materials represented hard, semihard, and processed commercial cheeses with a wide range of composition. Statistical performance parameters expressed as crude protein (nitrogen x 6.38), g/100 g, with invalid and outlier data removed were mean = 26.461, repeatability standard deviation (S-r) = 0.111, reproducibility standard deviation (S-R) 0.153, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) = 0.42%, reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) = 0.58%, repeatability (r) = 0.312, and reproducibility (R) = 0.428. The interlaboratory study results were acceptable and comparable to those for the milk Kjeldahl nitrogen method on a relative nitrogen basis. The Study Directors recommend that this modified method for the determination of total nitrogen in hard, semihard, and processed cheese by Kjeldahl analysis be adopted First Action as an improved method to replace Method 920.123. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA, Texas Milk Mkt Serv, Carrollton, TX 75006 USA. RP Lynch, JM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 445 EP 455 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 537XR UT WOS:000174785400019 PM 11990031 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Prueger, JH Hipps, LE AF Kustas, WP Prueger, JH Hipps, LE TI Impact of using different time-averaged inputs for estimating sensible heat flux of riparian vegetation using radiometric surface temperature SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAYER AB A riparian corridor along the Rio Grande dominated by the Eurasian tamarisk or salt cedar (Tamarix spp.) is being studied to determine water and energy exchange rates using eddy covariance instrumentation mounted on a 12-m tower. The potential of using remotely sensed data to extrapolate these local estimates of the heat fluxes to large sections of the Rio Grande basin is under investigation. In particular, remotely sensed (radiometric) surface temperature can be used to estimate partitioning of net radiation energy into sensible and latent heat fluxes from vegetated landscapes. An important issue that has not been addressed adequately in the application of radiometric surface temperature data is the effect of using different time-averaged quantities in heat transfer formulations. This study evaluates the impact on sensible heat flux estimation of using relatively short time-averaged (1 min) canopy temperatures measured from a fixed-head infrared radiometer with 1-, 10-, and 30-min time-averaged micrometeorological input data used in estimating the resistance to heat transfer. The results indicate that, with short time-averaged radiometric surface temperatures (essentially "instantaneous'' from a satellite), variations in sensible heat flux strongly correlate to fluctuations in net radiation conditions. Under near-constant net radiation input, natural perturbations in surface temperature also contribute to variations in sensible heat flux but are typically an order of magnitude smaller. The resulting implications for computed heat flux estimates using data from remotely sensing platforms and validation with flux tower measurements along riparian corridors are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, Ames, IA USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Soils Plants & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Bldg 007,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 41 IS 3 BP 319 EP 332 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0319:IOUDTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WR UT WOS:000174211400010 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA AF Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA TI Effect of electrical stimulation and feed withdrawal on broiler gastrointestinal content and intestinal pH, and intestinal breaking strength of broiler breeders SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE electrical stimulation; feed withdrawal; intestinal contents; pH; intestinal strength ID BREAST MEAT; OBJECTIVE TEXTURE; TENDERNESS; TIME; QUALITY; YIELD AB Commercial poultry processors that use electrical stimulation (ES) systems to accelerate rigor mortis for early cut-up and deboning of meat have suggested that theses systems also cause cloacal voiding of excreta during bleeding. Cloacal voiding would be advantageous to processors because it reduces available material for carcass contamination during evisceration. The present study used market-aged broilers and boiler breeders to evaluate effects of ES and feed withdrawal on gastrointestinal contents, intestinal tissue pH, and intestinal breaking strength. ES (200 V AC, 60 Hz pulsed 2 s on, 1 s off for 60 s) was found to have no effect on gastrointestinal tissue pH of broilers , Gastrointestinal contents for full-fed broilers were 2.6- to 3-fold greater (51 to 57g feces or ingesta), based on weight of filled intestines, than gastrointestinal contents of broilers held without feed. Intestinal breaking strength of roosters was 20 to 26% greater than intestinal breaking strength of hens, by as much as 160g (jejunal) to 200g (ileal). ES has no effect on viscera weight, ileal breaking strength, or jejunal breaking, with the exception of jejunal breaking strength for hens, which was 14% higher in ES hens (14%) was less than the strength difference observed between sexes (20 to 26%) and thus, would not provide a processing advantage. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Northcutt, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RL UT WOS:000179660700001 ER PT J AU Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA AF Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA TI Crop extraction load and efficiency of crop removal during manual evisceration of broilers: 2. Influence of age, gender, and direction of extraction SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE crop removal; gender; age; evisceration; broiler AB A series of experiments evaluated the influences of gender and age,,the directions of crop, extraction on the maximum load required for manual removal of the crop, and the, resulting incidence of crop's being removed intact. Male and female broilers at 5, 6, 7, And 8-wk of age were electrically stunned, bled,, scalded, and defeathered prior to. removal of the: crop through thoracic inlet toward the vent or avoiding the thoracic inlet by removal toward the head (n = 16 per gender, age, and direction). The maximum load required to remove the crop increased with age And body weight but at a slower rate than body weight. Values for males were 21 %, higher than those for females over the 4-wk period. When maximum load was adjusted. by,weight at slaughter, the gender difference was no longer significant. The maximum load required to extract the crop toward the head was 16 % less than through the thoracic inlets This difference was present for male and female broilers at each age sampled. Correlations between, live weight and maximum load were higher for crops pulled through the thoracic inlet (r = 0.78) than for those removed toward the head (r = 0.57) and also were higher for. crops removed intact (r = 0.84) than for those crops that broke (r = 0.66). Over the 5-to-8-wk period the incidence of crops removed intact that were-pulled through the thoracic inlet was 69% for females and 59% for males, compared to significantly higher incidences of intact crop removal obtained for crops removed toward the head, which were 92% for females and 98% for males. These results suggest that the maximun load toe. extract the crop increases at a slower irate than live weight for,both:female And male broilers from 5 to 8 wk of age. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Buhr, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 6 EP 12 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RL UT WOS:000179660700002 ER PT J AU Kidd, MT Zumwalt, CD Chamblee, DW Carden, ML Burnham, DJ AF Kidd, MT Zumwalt, CD Chamblee, DW Carden, ML Burnham, DJ TI Broiler growth and carcass responses to diets containing L-threonine versus diets containing threonine from intact protein sources SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE amino acid; broiler; threonine ID CHICKENS; LYSINE; AGE AB Threonine is typically the third limiting amino acid for broilers. Meeting the threonine minimum in least-cost formulation with crystalline L-threonine results in reduced dietary crude protein. This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary threonine from intact protein sources versus that of threonine from intact protein sources and crystalline L-threonine. Ross x Ross 308 broilers (1,440 of each sex) were randomized across 72 floor pens (40 birds/pen). The experimental design consisted of a 1 (sexes) x 6 (dietary threonine) factorial arrangement of treatments (12 treatments and 6 replications/treatment). Threonine treatments comprised 1) a control diet with no L-threonine 2) Diet 1 plus 136 g of L-threonine/ton; 3) Diet I plus 272 g of L-threonine/ton; 4) Diet 1 plus 409 g of L-threonine/ton; 8) Diet 1 plus 544 g of L-threonifie/ton; and 6) Diet 5 with a digestible threonine/lysine ratio of 0.65. All diets were formulated to the same minimum nutrient levels with no crude protein restriction. Dietary treatments were implemented from Days I to 20, 21 to 35 and 36 to 48.Growth responses were measured for each period and carcass responses were measured at Day 49. There were no significant threonine x sex interactions. Also, dietary threonine treatment differences did not occur for any parameter measured. Body weight gain, feed intake, and carcass parts weights were improved (P < 0.05) in male broilers versus female broilers, but female broilers had better (P < 0.05) feed conversion and livability. Although all treatment diets met adequate minimum levels of essential amino acids, treatment diets containing L-threonine had lower nutrient levels of isoleucine, arginine, valine, and tryptophan. Hence, the marginal increase of these less limiting amino acids in the control diet did not affect growth (Day 49) or carcass attributes,(Day 49). Formulation of diets to contain up to 544,g of L-thireonine/ton does not affect growth-or carcass attributes of commercial broilers. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Ajinomoto Heartland Inc, Chicago, IL 60631 USA. RP Kidd, MT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 83 EP 89 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RL UT WOS:000179660700011 ER PT J AU Dickens, JA Lyon, CE Buhr, RJ AF Dickens, JA Lyon, CE Buhr, RJ TI The effects of electrical stimulation during bleeding on shear values and cook loss of breast fillets from mature chickens deboned at two or twenty-four hours post-evisceration SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE electrical stimulation; broiler breeder hen; shear value; cook loss ID BROILER PECTORALIS; BIOCHEMICAL-CHANGES; MEAT TENDERNESS; MUSCLE; TEXTURE; RIGOR AB Poultry processors continually seek methods to decrease the aging time prior to removal of breast muscles while optimizing tenderness of the cooked meat. The ultimate goal is to debone the carcasses directly out of the chillers. Research efforts have focused on reducing the aging time for broilers, but almost none have been reported for mature chickens. Electrical stimulation of broiler carcasses during bleed-out affects the functional and textural properties of breast fillets, therefore a study was initiated to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation on the objective texture and cook loss of hen breast meat deboned 2 and 24 h post-evisceration. Birds were commercially processed, and the treated birds were electrically stimulated for 60 s with 200 V AC, 1 s on then 1 s off, during bleeding. When carcasses were removed from the chiller (2 h post-evisceration), the right fillets from electrically stimulated and non-stimulated birds were deboned, weighed, vacuum-bagged, and held at 4 C until the next morning. The carcass with the left fillet attached was held on ice for an additional 22 h. All breast fillets were then cooked and objectively evaluated for tenderness. Electrically stimulated fillets, deboned after a 2 h chill, required over 50% less force to shear and their cook loss was 1.8% less than the non-stimulated fillets. There were no significant differences due to treatment in shear values or cook losses for fillets deboned at 22 h postchill. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Dickens, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RL UT WOS:000179660700014 ER PT J AU Krogh, SN Zeisset, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG AF Krogh, SN Zeisset, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG TI Presence/absence of a keystone species as an indicator of rangeland health SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE banner-tailed kangaroo rat; Chihuahuan Desert; desertification; Dipodomys spectabilis; environmental indicators; degradation threshold ID TAILED KANGAROO RAT; DIPODOMYS-SPECTABILIS; DESERT; DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION; MOUNDS; SOIL AB We examined the relationship between a Chihuahuan Desert grassland keystone species (banner tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis) and several vegetation and soil indicators of rangeland health in order to define a threshold indicator value for irreversible change in ecosystem structure and function. The abundance of occupied and/or abandoned D. spectabilis burrow-mounds was assessed at 117 sites in south-central New Mexico where previous studies had reported vegetation cover and composition. The most robust indicator for presence/absence of D. spectabilis was shrub cover. D. spectabilis did not occur at sites with shrub cover > 20%. It was concluded that a threshold value of 20% shrub cover could be applied to assessment and monitoring of Chihuahuan Desert rangelands because higher shrub cover results in the local extinction of this keystone species. The combination of data on the presence/absence of a keystone species with vegetation and soil indicators provides a method for identifying thresholds of degradation that may be irreversible. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Geog, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Expt Stat Grad Program, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 513 EP 519 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0900 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 542QG UT WOS:000175055400011 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW AF Morrison, LW TI Island biogeography and metapopulation dynamics of Bahamian ants SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Bahamas; Formicidae; hurricane; species turnover ID SPECIES TURNOVER; EQUILIBRIUM-THEORY; VASCULAR PLANTS; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; EXTINCTION; MACARTHUR; SYSTEM; RATES AB Aim I examined the island biogeography and metapopulation dynamics of ants inhabiting two archipelagos of small Bahamian islands. Of particular interest were measurement and comparison of turnover rates, examination of variation in relative population abundances, and the effect of a hurricane force disturbance on the ant fauna of these small islands. Location Archipelagos of small islands in the central Exumas and near the northeast coast of Andros, Bahamas. Methods Ants occupying small islands were surveyed using tuna and honey baits. I surveyed ninety-three islands in the Exumas in 1998 and fifty-eight islands at Andros in 1999, to compare with earlier surveys in both regions. The proportions of baits occupied were used as a measure of relative population abundance. A subset of seventeen small islands in the Exumas was surveyed in 1999 in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd. Results Mean annual relative turnover rates were low: <2.5% year(-1) on a per island basis, and <7% year(-1) on a per species basis. Rates of immigration and extinction were similar, although immigrations exceeded extinctions in some comparisons. Relative population abundances of the two most common ant species varied inversely with each other. One species revealed a strong positive correlation with recent rainfall, whereas another varied strongly inversely. No extinctions of ants occurred on the seventeen small islands surveyed after Hurricane Floyd. Main conclusions Ants were found to be ubiquitous in this system, occurring on almost all vegetated islands. Ant populations were persistent over the period of study, and species rarely became extinct or colonized islands. The few instances of turnover observed appeared to occur randomly with respect to physical island characteristics. The correlational data suggest an interaction of interspecific competition and precipitation affect relative population abundances. Ants were found to be resistant to hurricane-force disturbances. In the short term (one decade), the ant fauna of these islands appears to be in a state of static equilibrium, although non-equilibrial dynamics may better characterize the system over longer time periods (several decades). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Biol Sci, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 46 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 29 IS 3 BP 387 EP 394 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00683.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 546AX UT WOS:000175250700007 ER PT J AU Gries, G Schaefer, PW Gries, R Fan, YB Higashiura, Y Tanaka, B AF Gries, G Schaefer, PW Gries, R Fan, YB Higashiura, Y Tanaka, B TI 2-Methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene: Sex pheromone of allopatric Lymantria lucescens and L-serva SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantriidae; Lymantria lucescens; Lymantria serva; sex pheromone; reproductive isolation; 2-methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene; (+)-disparlure; (-)-disparlure; (+)-monachalure; (-)-monachalure; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2methyloctadecane; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane; (7R,8S)-cis7,8-epoxy-octadecane; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane ID GYPSY-MOTH; COMMUNICATION; COMPONENTS; NUN AB Our objective was to identify the sex pheromone of Lymantria lucescens and Lymantria serva (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), whose larvae defoliate, respectively, Quercus spp. in temperate regions and Ficus spp. in the subtropics. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) detection analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed one EAD active compound produced by female L. lucescens and by female L. serva. This was identified as 2-methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene (2me-Z7-18Hy) by retention index calculations on DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210 columns and by comparative GC-mass spectrometric (MS) and GC-EAD analyses of the insect-produced candidate pheromone and synthetic 2me-Z7-18Hy. In field experiments, traps baited with 2me-Z7-18Hy captured male L. lucescens near Toyota City, Japan, and male L. serva in Taipei, Taiwan, Allopatric distribution of L. lucescens and L. serva seems to allow both species to use the same sex pheromone without compromising its specificity. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Environm Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Taiwan Forestry Res Inst, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Tokyo Univ Pharm & Life Sci, Ecol Lab, Tokyo 1920392, Japan. Toyota Yahagi River Inst, Aichi 4710025, Japan. RP Gries, G (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Environm Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 469 EP 478 AR UNSP 0098--331/02/0300-0460/0 DI 10.1023/A:1014579725967 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 536UJ UT WOS:000174720000002 PM 11944825 ER PT J AU Staples, JK Krall, BS Bartelt, RJ Whitman, DW AF Staples, JK Krall, BS Bartelt, RJ Whitman, DW TI Chemical defense in the plant bug Lopidea robiniae (Uhler) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aldehydes; alcohols; chemical defense; Heteroptera; Miridae; Lopidea robiniae; Robinia pseudoacacia; (E)-2-hexenal; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol; (E)2-octenal; (E)-2-octen-1-ol; (E)-2-heptenal; (Z)-3-octen-1-ol ID VERBASCI MEYER HETEROPTERA; SEX-PHEROMONE; MULLEIN BUG; RICE BUG; SECRETION; MIRIDAE; CHEMISTRY; COREIDAE; ADULTS; PYRRHOCORIDAE AB Secretions from the metathoracic glands (MTG) of the black locust bug. Lopidea robiniae (Uhler) (Heteroptera: Miridae) contained six major compounds, including (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol (E)-2-heptenal, and (Z)-3-octen-1-ol. Males and females did not differ significantly in the relative compositions of identified compounds. In feeding trials, six bird species [robin (Turdus migratorious), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), starting (Sturnus vulgaris), and house wren (Troglodytes aedon)] demonstrated feeding aversions towards L. robiniae, implying that black locust bugs are chemically defended. Bugs discharged the liquid contents of their MTG when attacked, thereby producing a strong and distinct odor. Some birds immediately ejected bugs out of their mouth after biting them, suggesting that the MTG secretion was a deterrent. C1 Illinois State Univ, Behav Ecol Evolut & Systemat Sect, Normal, IL 61790 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitman, DW (reprint author), Illinois State Univ, Behav Ecol Evolut & Systemat Sect, 4120 Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61790 USA. NR 58 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 601 EP 615 AR UNSP 0098-0331/02/0300-0601/0 DI 10.1023/A:1014552414580 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 536UJ UT WOS:000174720000013 PM 11944836 ER PT J AU Showler, AT AF Showler, AT TI Effects of water deficit stress, shade, weed competition, and kaolin particle film on selected foliar free amino acid accumulations in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; free amino acids; water deficit; kaolin; weed competition; plant stress ID DIFFERENT GROWTH-STAGES; PLANTS; PROLINE; RESPONSES; CHLOROPLASTS; ARGININE; PATTERN AB Leaves of cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., stressed by water deficit, reduced daylight, and weed competition, or treated with a kaolin wettable powder formulation were analyzed for levels of 17 free amino acids (FAAs) using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Water deficit stress resulted in heightened free proline levels (49.9-fold, P < 0.001) that were correlated with diffusive resistance (seconds per centimeter). Five other FAAs increased, and the amounts of total free essential (for insect growth and development) amino acids and total FAAs also increased (P &LE; 0.05). Cotton grown in 50% shade accumulated significantly more free arginine than control plants. In a small-plot weed competition assay, four FAAs increased and three FAAs decreased in association with weed competition, but because free proline levels were not altered and free arginine levels increased, other stresses aside from water deficit, possibly including shading by tall weeds, appear to have caused the changes. In a small-plot kaolin particle film assay, five FAAs were lower in cotton foliage sprayed weekly with kaolin. Because free proline was unaffected and free arginine was lower, it is possible that kaolin's reflectivity heightened light reception. The responses of free proline and arginine to the treatments used in these assays demonstrate that types and degrees of some stresses to cotton can be characterized by accumulations of certain FAAs. The study also demonstrates how some FAA levels can indicate degrees of cotton stress resulting from weed competition and from kaolin particle film application. Porometry and leaf water potential measurements assisted in corroborating some findings of the study. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Showler, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 201, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 631 EP 651 AR UNSP 0098-0331/02/0300-0631/0 DI 10.1023/A:1014556515489 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 536UJ UT WOS:000174720000015 PM 11944838 ER PT J AU Batista, RB Grimm, CC Godshall, MA AF Batista, RB Grimm, CC Godshall, MA TI Semiquantitative determination of short-chain fatty acids in cane and beet sugars SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; HEADSPACE; CHEESE; MS C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Sugar Proc Res Inst Inc, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Grimm, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM cgrimm@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU PRESTON PUBL INC PI NILES PA 6600 W TOUHY AVE, NILES, IL 60714-4588 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 127 EP 132 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 534ZP UT WOS:000174619900003 PM 11954649 ER PT J AU Karasin, AI Landgraf, J Swenson, S Erickson, G Goyal, S Woodruff, M Scherba, G Anderson, G Olsen, CW AF Karasin, AI Landgraf, J Swenson, S Erickson, G Goyal, S Woodruff, M Scherba, G Anderson, G Olsen, CW TI Genetic characterization of H1N2 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs throughout the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; SWINE; JAPAN; REASSORTMENT AB An H1N2 influenza A virus was isolated from a pig in the United States for the first time in 1999 (A. I. Karasin, G. A. Anderson, and C. W. Olsen, J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:2453-2456, 2000). H1N2 viruses have been isolated subsequently from pigs in many states. Phylogenetic analyses of eight such viruses isolated from pigs in Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio, Iowa, and North Carolina during 2000 to 2001 showed that these viruses are all of the same reassortant genotype as that of the initial H1N2 isolate from 1999. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Rollins Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Raleigh, NC USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Vet Med, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ImmTech Biol, LLC, Bucyrus, KS USA. RP Olsen, CW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 91 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 40 IS 3 BP 1073 EP 1079 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.3.1073-1079.2002 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 528HP UT WOS:000174238600059 PM 11880444 ER PT J AU Schijven, JF Simunek, J AF Schijven, JF Simunek, J TI Kinetic modeling of virus transport at the field scale SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE virus removal; virus transport; MS2; PRD1; water treatment; artificial recharge ID BACTERIOPHAGE PRD1; POROUS-MEDIA; AQUIFER; REMOVAL; PARAMETERS; FILTRATION; RECOVERY; WATER; SAND; SOIL AB Bacteriophage removal by soil passage in two field studies was re-analyzed with the goal to investigate differences between one- and two-dimensional modeling approaches, differences between one- and two-site kinetic sorption models, and the role of heterogeneities in the soil properties. The first study involved removal of bacteriophages MS2 and PRD1 by dune recharge, while the second study represented removal of MS2 by deep well injection. In both studies, removal was higher during the first meters of soil passage than thereafter. The software packages HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS-2D, which simulate water flow and solute transport in one- and two-dimensional variably saturated porous media, respectively, were used. The two codes were modified by incorporating reversible adsorption to two types of kinetic sites. Tracer concentrations were used first to calibrate flow and transport parameters of both models before analyzing transport of bacteriophages. The one-dimensional one-site model did not fully describe the tails of the measured breakthrough curves of MS2 and PRDI from the dune recharge study. While the one-dimensional one-site model predicted a sudden decrease in virus concentrations immediately after tire peaks, measured data displayed much smoother decline and tailing. The one-dimensional two-site model simulated the overall behavior of the breakthrough curves very well. The two-dimensional one-site model predicted a more gradual decrease in virus concentrations after the peaks than the one-dimensional one-site model, but not as good as the one-dimensional two-site model. The dimensionality of the problem hence can partly explain the smooth decrease in concentration after peak breakthrough. The two-dimensional two-site model provided the best results. Values for k(att2) and k(det2) could not be determined at the last two of four monitoring wells, thus suggesting that either a second type of kinetic sites is present in the first few meters of dune passage and not beyond the second monitoring well, or that effects of soil heterogeneity and dimensionality of the problem overshadowed this process. Variations between single collector efficiencies were relatively small, whereas collision efficiencies varied greatly. This implies that the nonlinear removal of MS2 and PRD1 is mainly caused by variations in interactions between grain and virus surfaces rather than by physical heterogeneity of the porous medium. Similarly, a two-site model performed better than the one-site model in describing MS2 concentrations for the deep well injection study. However, the concentration data were too sparse in this study to have much confidence in the fitted parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Microbiol Lab Hlth Protect, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schijven, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Microbiol Lab Hlth Protect, POB 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM Jack.Schijven@rivm.nl; Jsimunek@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; OI Schijven, Jack/0000-0002-9327-1584 NR 26 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 113 EP 135 AR PII S0169-7722(01)00188-7 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00188-7 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 535XZ UT WOS:000174672800005 PM 12000089 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Qi, PX Brown, EM Cooke, PH Tunick, MH Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ AF Farrell, HM Qi, PX Brown, EM Cooke, PH Tunick, MH Wickham, ED Unruh, JJ TI Molten globule structures in milk proteins: Implications for potential new structure-function relationships SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biologically Active Peptides CY JUL, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Milk Protein & Enzyme Nomenclature Comm DE casein structure; whey proteins; protein folding; spectroscopy of proteins ID BOVINE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN; PURIFIED KAPPA-CASEIN; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PARTICLE SIZES; STATE AB Recent advances in the field of protein chemistry have significantly enhanced our understanding of the possible intermediates that may occur during protein folding and unfolding. In particular, studies on alpha-lactalbumin have led to the theory that the molten globule state may be a possible intermediate in the folding of many proteins. The molten globule state is characterized by a somewhat compact structure, a higher degree of hydration and side chain flexibility, a significant amount of native secondary structure but little tertiary folds, and the ability to react with chaperones. Purified alpha(s1)- kappa-caseins share many of these same properties; these caseins may thus occur naturally in a molten globule-like state with defined, persistent structures. The caseins appear to have defined secondary structures and to proceed to quaternary structures without tertiary folds. This process may be explained, in part, by comparison with the architectural concepts of tensegrity. By taking advantage of this "new view" of protein folding, and applying these concepts to dairy proteins, it may be possible to generate new and useful forms of proteins for the food ingredient market. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 31 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 459 EP 471 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 536UK UT WOS:000174720100001 PM 11949847 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Welis, SJ Wagner, BA AF Stabel, JR Welis, SJ Wagner, BA TI Relationships between fecal culture, ELISA, and bulk tank milk test results for Johne's disease in US dairy herds SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Johne's disease; dairy cows; diagnostics ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; BOVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS; ECONOMIC-LOSSES; CATTLE; DIAGNOSIS AB Objectives were to estimate percentages of seropositive herds with cows shedding Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in feces and milk, and to estimate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of an ELISA relative to fecal culture. Dairy cows (n = 712) were randomly selected from 61 herds previously identified by ELISA as positive for Johne's disease. Fecal and bulk tank milk samples (n = 52 of 61 herds) were obtained from 10 states in the United States. Fecal samples were processed by a double centrifugation, double decontamination culture procedure. Milk samples were processed for both culture and DNA analysis by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 24 herds with at least three cows that had tested ELISA-positive, 79% were also culture-positive, compared with 18 of 37 herds with one or two ELISA-positive cows. Both fecal-culture and ELISA results were available on 651 cows; only 25% of cows that were fecal-culture positive also tested positive by ELISA and over 6% of cows that were fecal-culture negative tested ELISA-positive. Milk samples all cultured negative, but analysis of milk samples by PCR resulted in 68% of herds positive for M. paratuberculosis DNA including 24 of 31 herds with positive fecal cultures and 11 of 2 1 herds with negative fecal cultures. Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA compared with fecal culture is lower than previously reported and perhaps best used in screening herds because of limited efficacy to predict infection in individual cows. In addition, contamination of bulk tank milk samples with M.! paratuberculosis does occur in seropositive herds, even in some with negative fecal cultures. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, CEAH, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 525 EP 531 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 536UK UT WOS:000174720100009 PM 11949855 ER PT J AU Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME Reinhardt, TA AF Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME Reinhardt, TA TI Decreased neutrophil function as a cause of retained placenta in dairy cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemotaxis; interleukin-8; periparturient dairy cow; retained placenta ID PARTUM LEUKOCYTIC ACTIVITY; INTERLEUKIN-8; COWS; EXPRESSION; CHEMOATTRACTANT; ASSOCIATION; CHEMOTAXIS; CYTOKINES; PREGNANCY; TOLERANCE AB It is unclear why some cows fail to expel the placenta following calving. One theory suggests the fetal placenta must be recognized as "foreign" tissue and rejected by the immune system after parturition to cause expulsion of the placenta. We hypothesized that impaired neutrophil function causes retained placenta (RP). We examined the ability of neutrophils to recognize fetal cotyledon tissue as assessed by a chemotaxis assay, which utilized a placental homogenate obtained from a spontaneously expelled placenta as the chemoattractant. Neutrophil killing ability was also estimated by determining myeloperoxidase activity in isolated neutrophils. Blood samples were obtained from 142 periparturient dairy cattle in two herds. Twenty cattle developed RP (14.1%). Neutrophils isolated from blood of cows with RP had significantly lower neutrophil function in both assays before calving, and this impaired function lasted for 1 to 2 wk after parturition. The addition of antibody directed against interleukin-8 (IL-8) to the cotyledon preparation used as a chemoattractant inhibited chemotaxis by 41%, suggesting that one of the chemoattractants present in the cotyledon at parturition is IL-8. At calving, plasma IL-8 concentration was lower in RP cows (51 +/- 12 pg/ml) than in cows expelling the placenta normally (134 +/- 11 pg/ml). From these data, we suggest that neutrophil function is a determining factor for the development of RP in dairy cattle. Also, depressed production of IL-8 may be a factor affecting neutrophil function in cows developing RP. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 33 TC 130 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 544 EP 550 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 536UK UT WOS:000174720100012 PM 11949858 ER PT J AU Dimitri, C AF Dimitri, C TI Contract evolution and institutional innovation: Marketing pacific-grown apples from 1890 to 1930 SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY LA English DT Article AB Between 1890 and 1930, the development of refrigerated rail transportation enabled a national U.S. apple industry to emerge. Apples were shipped over long distances, and sold in the terminal market on consignment or FOB, or in the auction market. There were frequent disputes over quality, caused by the long distances between buyers and sellers, the natural decline in apple quality over time, and because farmer and railroad moral hazard could accelerate quality deterioration. By 1930, apple transactions relied on government quality standards and inspection services. Evidence suggests that these institutions emerged in response to contract-enforcement and quality problems. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Dimitri, C (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St,NW,Room S5042, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 69 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0022-0507 J9 J ECON HIST JI J. Econ. Hist. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 62 IS 1 BP 189 EP 212 PG 24 WC Economics; History; History Of Social Sciences SC Business & Economics; History; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 541TL UT WOS:000175000500008 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Condron, LM Mahieu, N Brookes, PC Poulton, PR Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Condron, LM Mahieu, N Brookes, PC Poulton, PR Sharpley, AN TI Analysis of potentially mobile phosphorus in arable soils using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd European Symposium on NMR in Soil Sciences CY MAR, 2000 CL TECHNICAL UNIV MUNICH, FREISING WEIHENSTEPHAN, GERMANY HO TECHNICAL UNIV MUNICH ID AL-27 MAS NMR; PHOSPHATE SPECIATION; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; P-31 NMR; SPECTROSCOPY; SOLUBILITY; CHEMISTRY AB In many intensive agroecosystems continued inputs of phosphorus (P) over many years can significantly increase soil P concentrations and the risk of P loss to surface waters. For this study we used solid-state P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, highpower decoupling with magic angle spinning (HPDec-MAS) NMR, and cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR to determine the chemical nature of potentially mobile P associated with aluminum (M) and calcium (Ca) in selected arable soils. Three soils with a range of bicarbonate-extractable Olsen P concentrations (40-102 mg P kg(-1)) were obtained from a long-term field experiment on continuous root crops at Rothamsted, UK, established in 1843 (sampled 1958). This soil has a threshold or change point at 59 mg Olsen P kg-1, above which potentially, mobile P (as determined by extraction with water or 0.01 M CaCl2) increases much more per unit increase in Olsen P than below this point. Results showed that CaCl2 and water preferentially extracted Al-P and Ca-P forms, respectively, from the soils. Comparison among the different soils also indicated that potentially mobile P above the threshold was largely present as a combination of soluble and loosely adsorbed (protonated-cross polarized) P forms largely associated with Ca, such as monetite (CaHPO4) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H(2)O), and some Al-associated P as wavellite. The finding, of this study demonstrate that solid-state NMR has the potential to provide accurate information on the chemical nature of soil P species and their potential mobility. C1 Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. Univ London, Dept Chem, London E1 4NS, England. IACR, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), AgRes Ltd, Invermay Agr Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. RI Condron, Leo/E-9458-2013; OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 26 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 450 EP 456 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600010 PM 11931433 ER PT J AU Turner, BL McKelvie, ID AF Turner, BL McKelvie, ID TI A novel technique for the pre-concentration and extraction of inositol hexakisphosphate from soil extracts with determination by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd European Symposium on NMR in Soil Sciences CY MAR, 2000 CL TECHNICAL UNIV MUNICH, FREISING WEIHENSTEPHAN, GERMANY HO TECHNICAL UNIV MUNICH ID DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; HEXAPHOSPHATE; SPECTROSCOPY; SAMPLES; PH AB Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is often the dominant form of soil organic phosphorus (P), but is rarely investigated because of the analytical difficulties encountered in its extraction. separation. and detection in environmental samples. In particular, recent advances in the study of soil organic P with P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has e been of limited use for the study of IP6, because the technique does not discriminate between IP6 and other forms of P. This was addressed by des eloping a novel analytical procedure using the retentive properties of gel-filtration gels for IP6, which allows the combined selective extraction and pre-concentration of IP6 from soil extracts with determination by P-31 NMR. While the technique is still in the developmental stage, the results demonstrate that the gel does not interfere with P-31 NMR analysis and retains IP6 to concentrations well above those required to give clear spectral signals. The technique has considerable potential for application to the study of IP6 in soil extracts and water samples and, with development, could help to answer fundamental questions regarding the dynamics of organic P in the environment. C1 Monash Univ, Water Studies Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Turner, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RI McKelvie, Ian/A-1382-2008; Turner, Benjamin/E-5940-2011; OI Turner, Benjamin/0000-0002-6585-0722; McKelvie, Ian/0000-0003-1199-180X NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 466 EP 470 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600012 PM 11931435 ER PT J AU Sharpe, RR Harper, LA AF Sharpe, RR Harper, LA TI Nitrous oxide and ammonia fluxes in a soybean field irrigated with swine effluent SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MANURE-AMENDED SOIL; ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; CATTLE SLURRY; DENITRIFICATION; VOLATILIZATION; PLANT; EMISSIONS; SURFACE; LEAVES; TEMPERATURE AB In the United States, swine (Sus scrofa) operations produce more than 14 Tg of manure each year. About 30% of this manure is stored in anaerobic lagoons before application to land. While land application of manure supplies nutrients for crop production, it may lead to gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Our objectives were to quantify gaseous fluxes of NH3 and N2O from effluent applications under field conditions. Three applications of swine effluent were applied to soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr. 'Brim'] and gaseous fluxes were determined from gas concentration profiles and the flux-gradient gas transport technique. About 12% of ammonium (NH4-N) in the effluent was lost through drift or secondary volatilization of NH3 during irrigation. An additional 23% was volatilized within 48 h of application. Under conditions of low windspeed and with the wind blowing from the lagoon to the field, atmospheric concentrations of NH3 increased and the crop absorbed NH3 at the rate of 1.2 kg NH3 ha(-1) d(-1), which was 22 to 33% of the NH3 emitted from the lagoon during these periods. Nitrous oxide emissions were low before effluent applications (0.016 g N2O-N ha(-1) d(-1)) and increased to 25 to 38 g N2O-N ha(-1) d(-1) after irrigation. Total N2O emissions during the measurement period were 4.1 kg N2O-N ha(-1), which was about 1.5% of total N applied. The large losses of NH3 and N2O illustrate the difficulty of basing effluent irrigation schedules on N concentrations and that NH3 emissions can significantly contribute to N enrichment of the environment. C1 USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM rsharpe@arches.uga.edu NR 44 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 524 EP 532 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600020 PM 11931443 ER PT J AU Yu, M Gao, Q Shaffer, MJ AF Yu, M Gao, Q Shaffer, MJ TI Simulating interactive effects of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, carbon dioxide elevation and climatic change on legume growth SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH; PLANT-GROWTH; GAS-EXCHANGE; FIELD; RESPONSES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPIRATION; ECOSYSTEMS; ENRICHMENT AB The underlying mechanisms of interaction between the symbiotic nitrogen-fixation process and main physiological processes, such as assimilation, nutrient allocation, and structural growth, as well as effects of nitrogen fixation on plant responses to global change, are important and still open to more investigation. Appropriate models have not been adequately developed. A dynamic ecophysiological model was developed in this study for a legume plant [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growing in northern China. The model synthesized symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the main physiological processes under variable atmospheric CO2 concentration and climatic conditions, and emphasized the interactive effects of these processes on seasonal biomass dynamics of the plant. Experimental measurements of ecophysiological quantities obtained in a CO2 enrichment experiment on Soybean plants, were used to parameterize and validate the model. The results indicated that the model simulated the experiments with reasonable accuracy. The R-2 values between simulations and observations are 0.94, 0.95, and 0.86 for total biomass, green biomass, and nodule biomass, respectively. The simulations for various combinations of atmospheric CO2 concentration, precipitation, and temperature. with or without nitrogen fixation, showed that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, precipitation, and efficiency of nitrogen fixation all have positive effects on biomass accumulation. On the other hand, an increased temperature induced lower rates of biomass accumulation under semi-arid conditions. In general, factors with positive effects on plant growth tended to promote each other in the simulation range, except the relationship between CO2 concentration and climatic factors. Because of the enhanced water use efficiency, with a higher CO2 concentration, more significant effects of CO2 concentration were associated with a worse (dryer and warmer in this study) climate. C1 Beijing Normal Univ, Key Lab Environm Change & Nat Disasters, Inst Resources Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Gao, Q (reprint author), Beijing Normal Univ, Key Lab Environm Change & Nat Disasters, Inst Resources Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 634 EP 641 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600033 PM 11931456 ER PT J AU Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Mackey, BE AF Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Mackey, BE TI Fate and efficacy of polyacrylamide applied in furrow irrigation: Full-advance and continuous treatments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL; ADSORPTION; POLYMERS; EROSION; WATER; INFILTRATION; DESORPTION; SURFACES; RUNOFF AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to 400 000 irrigated hectares annually in the USA to control irrigation-induced erosion, yet the fate of dissolved PAM applied in irrigation water is not well documented. We determined the fate of PAM added to furrow streams under two treatments: Initial-10, 10 mg L-1 PAM product applied only during the initial hours of the irrigation, and Cont-1, 1.0 mg L-1 PAM product applied continuously during the entire irrigation. The study measured PAM concentrations in 167-m-long PAM-treated furrow streams and along a 530-m tail ditch that received this runoff. Soil was Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) with 1.5% slope. Samples were taken at three times during the irrigations, both during and after PAM application. Polyacrylamide was adsorbed to soil and removed from solution as the streams traversed the soil-lined channels. The removal rate increased with stream sediment concentration. Stream sediment concentrations were higher when PAM concentrations were <2 mg L-1 a.i., for early irrigations, and when untreated tributary flows combined with the stream. In these cases, PAM concentration decreased to undetectable levels over the flow lengths used in this study. When inflows contained >6 mg L-1 PAM a.i., stream sediment concentrations were minimal and PAM concentrations did not change down the furrow, though they decreased to undetectable levels within 0.5 h after application ceased. One percent of applied PAM was lost in tail-ditch runoff. This loss could have been eliminated by treating only the furrow advance or not treating the last two irrigations. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Lentz, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 661 EP 670 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600037 PM 11931460 ER PT J AU Paramasivam, S Alva, AK Fares, A Sajwan, KS AF Paramasivam, S Alva, AK Fares, A Sajwan, KS TI Fate of nitrate and bromide in an unsaturated zone of a sandy soil under citrus production SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AMMONIUM-NITRATE; NITROGEN; WATER; MOVEMENT; TRANSPORT; FERTIGATION; MANAGEMENT; ALDICARB; QUALITY; PROFILE AB Understanding water and nutrient transport through the soil profile is important for efficient irrigation and nutrient management to minimize excess nutrient leaching below the rootzone. We applied four rates of N (28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha(-1); equivalent to one-fourth of annual N rates being evaluated in this study for bearing citrus trees), and 80 kg Br- ha(-1) to a sandy Entisol with >25-yr-old citrus trees to (i) determine the temporal changes in NO3-N and Br- distribution down the soil profile (2.4 m), and (ii) evaluate the measured concentrations of NO3-N and Br- at various depths with those predicted by the Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model (LEACHM). Nitrate N and Br- concentrations approached the background levels by 42 and 214 d, respectively. Model-predicted volumetric water content and concentrations of NO3-N and Br- at various depths within the entire soil profile were very close to measured values. The LEACHM data showed that 21 to 36% of applied fertilizer N leached below the root zone, while tree uptake accounted for 40 to 53%. Results of this study enhance our understanding of N dynamics in these sandy soils, and provide better evaluation of N and irrigation management to improve uptake efficiency, reduce N losses, and minimize the risk of ground water nitrate contamination from soils highly vulnerable to nutrient leaching. C1 Savannah State Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Sci & Biotechnol Res, Savannah, GA 30404 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Savannah State Univ, CMESBR, Savannah, GA 30404 USA. RP Paramasivam, S (reprint author), Savannah State Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Sci & Biotechnol Res, POB 20600, Savannah, GA 30404 USA. NR 52 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 671 EP 681 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600038 PM 11931461 ER PT J AU Davis, LG Punke, ML Hall, RL Fillmore, M Willis, SC AF Davis, LG Punke, ML Hall, RL Fillmore, M Willis, SC TI A late Pleistocene occupation on the southern coast of Oregon SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC COAST AB Geoarchaeological research on the southern coast of Oregon brought to light archaeological evidence of early human occupation in the late Pleistocene. Indian Sands (35CU67) lies on a highly eroded deflated headland on the Oregon coast where previous surveys had found and dated surficial cultural materials as early as 8250 b.p. (uncalibrated radiocarbon years). Prior to excavation of Indian Sands, sediment and stratigraphic analysis, along with radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates, established the existence of late Pleistocene deposits. The excavations confirmed the presence of buried cultural deposits containing lithic artifacts, charcoal, and fire-cracked rock. Dispersed charcoal from the floor of an artifact-bearing level was dated to 10,430 b.p., more than 2000 (14)C years older than any other Oregon coastal site. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Davis, LG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Waldo 238, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM loren.davis@oregonstate.edu NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 0093-4690 J9 J FIELD ARCHAEOL JI J. Field Archaeol. PD SPR-SUM PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.2307/3181482 PG 10 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 824AO UT WOS:000221655900002 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Schaefer, RR AF Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Schaefer, RR TI Does the availability of artificial cavities affect cavity excavation rates in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers? SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cavity excavation; cavity-tree cluster; lobolly pine; longleaf pine; management; Picoides borealis ID MORTALITY; TREES; TEXAS AB Rates of cavity excavation by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) were examined from 1983 to 1999 on the Angelina National Forest in east Texas. We compared the race of natural cavity excavation between 1983 and 1990 (before artificial cavities were available) with the rate of cavity excavation between 1992 and 1999, a period when artificial cavities were regularly installed within active woodpecker cavity-tree clusters. Our comparison was restricted to cavity-tree clusters in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and loblolly (P taeda)-shortleaf (P echinata) pine habitats where woodpecker groups were present for the entire period between 1983 and 1999. Excavation rate of new cavities was significantly higher in longleaf pine habitat when artificial cavities were not available than during the subsequent period when artificial cavities were provided in all active cavity-tree clusters. In loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat, we did not detect a significant difference in the rate of new cavity excavation between he periods before and after the use of artificial cavities. We attribute the difference in results between habitats to a relative scarcity of cavities in loblolly-shortleaf pine sites due to a higher bark beetle-induced cavity tree mortality. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, USDA Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, USDA Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 73 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 547ZB UT WOS:000175362000002 ER PT J AU Powell, HDW Hejl, SJ Six, DL AF Powell, HDW Hejl, SJ Six, DL TI Measuring woodpecker food: a simple method for comparing wood-boring beetle abundance among fire-killed trees SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Buprestidae; Cerambycidae; estimating food availability; forest fire; Picidae ID CERAMBYCIDAE; COLEOPTERA; ECOLOGY; PINE AB Measurements of food availability for avian insectivores are desirable, but are complicated by the range of microhabitats insects occupy and the difficulty of comparing non-standard techniques across studies. We describe an efficient method for sampling wood-boring beetle larvae, an important food of many woodpeckers, beneath the bark of fire-killed trees. The method involves taking two 225-cm(2) bark samples from each tree, and provides enough information to rank most trees by relative wood-borer abundance. At two sites in the northern Rocky Mountains, we tested the reliability of this method by comparing its results to those of a more intensive sampling scheme. For 65 trees of four species, we collected eight bark samples at two different heights, 1.7 m and 6 m, and compared correlations between the smaller, ground-based sampling scheme (two bark samples) and the larger, eight-sample effort. With one exception, correlations for individual tree species ranged from 0.79 to 0.95, indicating that the smaller sample gave rankings of insect abundance comparable to those of the larger sample. Correlation strengths differed between sites, suggesting that the larger sample Could be employed at future sites to fine-rune the smaller sampling scheme. Correlations for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) at one site were very low, suggesting that wood-borers may colonize ponderosa pine in a manner different from the other tree species studied. The strong correlations produced by this test indicate that, with limited effort and training, even small field crews (e.g., two workers) can use this method to rank the foraging resources contained in dead trees. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mountain Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Powell, HDW (reprint author), High Desert Ecol Res Inst, 15 SW Colorado Ave,Suite 300, Bend, OR 97702 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 73 IS 2 BP 130 EP 140 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 547ZB UT WOS:000175362000003 ER PT J AU Sharma, RR Demirci, A Beuchat, LR Fett, WF AF Sharma, RR Demirci, A Beuchat, LR Fett, WF TI Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on inoculated alfalfa seeds with ozonated water and heat treatment SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID OF-THE-ART; OZONE; SPROUTS AB Alfalfa seeds inoculated with a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were immersed in water containing 4, 8, 10, and 21 ppm of ozone for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 min at 4degreesC. Direct ozone sparging of seeds in water was used as an alternative mode of ozone treatment. Ozone-sparged seeds were also subsequently exposed to heat treatment at 40, 50, and 60degreesC for 3 h. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 on untreated and treated seeds were determined by spread plating diluted samples on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 50 mug/ml of nalidixic acid. Since E. coli O157:H7 was released from inoculated seeds during treatment with ozone, the rate of release of cells from inoculated seeds soaked in 0.1% peptone water for up to 64 min was also determined. The overall reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on seeds treated with ozonated water without continuous sparging ranged from 0.40 to 1.75 log(10) CFU/g (59.6 to 98.2%), whereas reductions for control seeds were 0.32 to 1.03 log(10) CFU/g (51.7 to 90.5%). Treatment with higher ozone concentrations enhanced inactivation, but contact time longer than 8 min did not result in significantly higher reductions (P > 0.05). For seeds treated by ozone sparging, a 1.12-log(10) CFU/g (92.1%) reduction was achieved using a 2-min contact time, and a 2.21-log(10) CFU/g (99.4%) reduction was achieved with a 64-min contact time. The corresponding reductions for control seeds were 0.71 log(10) CFU/g (79.5%) and 2.21 log(10) CFU/g (99.4%), respectively, Treatment of ozone-sparged seeds at 60degreesC for 3 h reduced the population to an undetectable level by direct plating (4 to 4.8 log(10) CFU/g), although survivors were detected by enrichment. Ozone did not have a detrimental effect on seed germination percentage. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Life Consortium, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Plant Sci & Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Demirci, A (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 18 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 447 EP 451 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900002 PM 11899041 ER PT J AU Suslow, TV Wu, JC Fett, WF Harris, LJ AF Suslow, TV Wu, JC Fett, WF Harris, LJ TI Detection and elimination of Salmonella Mbandaka from naturally contaminated alfalfa seed by treatment with heat or calcium hypochlorite SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SPROUTS; PRODUCE; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; EFFICACY; CHLORINE AB In 1999. consumption of alfalfa sprouts contaminated with Salmonella Mbandaka led to a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis. In this study, the implicated alfalfa seed lot (no. 8119) was confirmed to be contaminated with Salmonella Mbandaka at a detection frequency of approximately 72% per replicated 100 g of seed. The sensitivity of detection was improved by a combination of nonselective and selective enrichment of 5.0 ml of germination effluent, followed by immunomagnetic separation. Detection of low levels of viable cells with nonselective enrichment. employed to enhance the recovery of stressed or injured cells, was facilitated by the application of Salmonella-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). With PCR assays, Salmonella Mbandaka was detectable on seed stored at 5degreesC for at least 11 months, but at an increasingly diminishing frequency. Using conventional techniques, viable populations were detected in the seed germination effluent from seeds stored for up to 8 months, Seed treatments with buffered (to pH 7) and unbuffered solutions of calcium hypochlorite, providing approximately 2,000 and 20,000 ppm of free chlorine, for 10 min were equally effective in eliminating viable populations of Salmonella Mbandaka. However, aqueous heat treatments at up to 85degreesC for 1 min did not eliminate the naturally occurring contaminant from the seed. Reductions of > 15% in germination were observed following heat treatments of 65degreesC for 6 min or 70degreesC for greater than or equal to4 min. On the basis of these results. aqueous heat treatments alone do not appear to be a viable alternative to hyperchlorination as an effective method to eliminate Salmonella from alfalfa seed. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Suslow, TV (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Harris, Linda/B-5030-2011 OI Harris, Linda/0000-0002-1911-752X NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 14 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 452 EP 458 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900003 PM 11899042 ER PT J AU Wachtel, MR Charkowski, AO AF Wachtel, MR Charkowski, AO TI Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BOVINE FECES AB Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant's lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant's cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 X 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4degreesC: EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by > 15 logs on the second day of storage at 4degreesC. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (similar to10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4degreesC or 25degreesC for 20 h resulted in 100% contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25degreesC, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4degreesC, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25degreesC for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Inst Plant Sci, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Food Safety & Hlth Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wachtel, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Inst Plant Sci, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Bldg 002,Room 117,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 465 EP 470 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900005 PM 11899044 ER PT J AU Wachtel, MR Whitehand, LC Mandrell, RE AF Wachtel, MR Whitehand, LC Mandrell, RE TI Prevalence of Escherichia coli associated with a cabbage crop inadvertently irrigated with partially treated sewage wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BOVINE FECES; O157-H7; WATER; SURVIVAL AB Preharvest contamination of field crops may have many sources, including feces, soil, and irrigation water. In March 2000, a sewage spill released unchlorinated tertiary-treated effluent into a creek used to irrigate commercial produce. A field of young cabbage transplants was irrigated with creek water as the contaminated water flowed past this land. Cabbage samples were taken from plots within this field, and Escherichia coli was isolated from the roots of these plants but not from the edible portion of the cabbage. No E. coli was isolated from water samples or from control samples taken from a nearby cabbage field watered with chlorinated municipal water, The cabbage field under study had not been fertilized with manure for at least 2 years prior to the contamination incident. Six different E. coli serotypes were identified, although none of them proved to be pathogenic. These serotypes were separated into five groups by a RiboPrinter: the resulting groups correlated well with the serotypes and the locations in the field from which these strains were isolated. We previously found that certain nonpathogenic E. coli strains displayed lower levels of adherence to lettuce seedling roots in a hydroponic adherence assay, The E. coli field strains displayed variable patterns of adherence to lettuce seedlings: strain MW421 showed significantly lower root and shoot adherence levels than did the other field strains, while strains MW423 and MW425 showed significantly higher root and shoot adherence levels. These data suggest that water quality is of paramount importance for the food safety of growing crops. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Inst Plant Sci, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Food Safety & Hlth Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Biomed Serv, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wachtel, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Inst Plant Sci, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Bldg 002,Room 117,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 471 EP 475 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900006 PM 11899045 ER PT J AU Williams-Campbell, AM Jay, JM AF Williams-Campbell, AM Jay, JM TI Effects of diacetyl and carbon dioxide on spoilage microflora in ground beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MEAT SPOILAGE; GROWTH; FERMENTATION AB The effect of CO, and diacetyl, alone or in combination, on spoilage microflora in ground beef was determined. Ground beef was treated with 20, 30, or 40% CO2 for 22 days (study I); 20, 50, or 100 mug/g diacetyl for 26 days (study II); or a combination of 20% CO2 and 100 mug/g diacetyl for 40 days (study III). Antimicrobial effectiveness was determined by aerobic plate counts (log(10) CFU/g) using plate count agar (total aerobic bacteria), deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) Lactobacillus agar (gram-positive bacteria), MacConkey agar (gram-negative bacteria), pH, and informal organoleptic assessments (by appearance and by odor). In study I, total bacteria and pH increased by day 4 in control meat samples. For all CO2 levels, gram-negative bacteria decreased and gram-positive bacteria increased compared with untreated controls. The pH remained constant for CO2-treated meat. Control samples had an off-odor and a brown appearance, while CO2-treated samples had no off-odor but did have a brown appearance. For samples treated with diacetyl (study II), spoilage was evident by day 7 for samples treated with 0, 20, and 50 mug/g diacetyl for all parameters examined. Ground beef treated with 100 mug/g diacetyl was spoiled on day 12. Diacetyl was detected (by odor) in samples that were treated with 100 mug/g diacetyl and had a brown appearance. Meat samples treated with the combination of CO2 and diacetyl (study III) showed that the addition of diacetyl did not have an additive effect on microbial growth. Combination-treated meat maintained a red appearance and no off-odor. Diacetyl and CO2 could be used in combination to maintain a red color and inhibit spoilage microorganisms. C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Williams-Campbell, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, ANRI, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM08167-15] NR 25 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 523 EP 527 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900013 PM 11899051 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH Novak, JS AF Sommers, CH Novak, JS TI Radiation resistance of virulence plasmid-containing and plasmid-less Yersinia enterocolitica SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IRRADIATION; PORK; TEMPERATURE; ORGANISMS; SAFETY; GROWTH AB Yersinia enterocolitica, a foodborne pathogen, can be eliminated from meat by ionizing radiation. Y. enterocolitica sometimes contains a 70-kb virulence plasmid that encodes genes for a type III secretion channel and host immune suppression factors. The radiation resistance of virulence plasmid-containing and plasmid-less Y. enterocolitica was determined. Four Y. enterocolitica serotypes containing (i) the large virulence plasmid, and (ii) their plasmid-less derivatives were inoculated into raw ground pork, which was then vacuum packed and irradiated at 4degreesC to doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 kGy. The D-10-value, the radiation dose required to reduce the number of viable Y. enterocolitica by 90%, was not dependent on the presence or absence of the virulence plasmid, but it did differ among the four Y. enterocolitica serotypes. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 556 EP 559 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900019 PM 11899057 ER PT J AU Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Farrington, LA Nisbet, DJ AF Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Farrington, LA Nisbet, DJ TI Determination of MICs of streptomycin for resistant Salmonella isolates in swine and poultry using a micro-broth dilution system SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; DRUG-RESISTANCE; ANIMALS; TYPHIMURIUM; ENGLAND; WALES; BACTERIA; AGENTS; HUMANS AB The MICs of streptomycin for Salmonella isolates from swine and poultry were determined by a micro-broth dilution technique. The Salmonella isolates were recovered from the lymph nodes and cecal contents of market-age swine and from the cecal contents of poultry at the time of slaughter and were found by disk diffusion to be resistant to 10 mug of streptomycin. MIC testing was carried out with the Sensititre susceptibility system for streptomycin, which uses a microwell concentration gradient of 16 to 800 mug/ml. Results indicated that >80% of the swine isolates had MICs of less than or equal to64 mug/ml, while 51% of poultry isolates exhibited MICs of greater than or equal to128 mug/ml. The highest MICs observed in swine and poultry were 256 and 800 mug/ml, respectively. Replicate tests performed on 12 of the isolates chosen at random indicated a 100% correlation between runs. Advantages of this system include easily read results and precoated wells. Disadvantages include the cost and the inability to test concentrations of streptomycin other than those in the wells. We found this micro-broth dilution commercial test kit to provide a relatively quick and easy testing procedure for the determination of streptomycin resistance in Salmonella. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Serv, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Grady Hlth Syst, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Edrington, TS (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Serv, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 563 EP 566 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900021 PM 11899059 ER PT J AU Luchansky, JB Porto, ACS Wallace, FM Call, JE AF Luchansky, JB Porto, ACS Wallace, FM Call, JE TI Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters: Comparison of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service product composite enrichment method, the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) product composite rinse method, and the USDA-ARS package rinse method SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 23-27, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Inst Food Technol AB This study compared three methods for the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from commercially prepared and vacuum-packaged frankfurters that were inoculated with a five-strain mixture of this pathogen at averages of 22 and 20,133 CFU per package over three trials. The presence and levels of the pathogen were determined by (i) the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) product composite enrichment method, involving the selective enrichment of a 25-g composite of product and the subsequent plating of this product onto selective agar plates; (ii) the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) product composite rinse method, involving the rinsing of a 25-g composite of product with 0.1% peptone water and the subsequent plating of a portion of the rinse fluid directly onto selective agar plates; and (iii) the USDA-ARS package rinse method, involving the use of 25 ml of 0.1% peptone water to rinse the entire contents of a package and the subsequent plating of a portion of the rinse fluid directly onto selective agar plates. For packages inoculated with 20,133 CFU, L. monocytogenes was recovered at a frequency (percentage of packages positive) of 100% by each of the three methods. The pathogen was recovered at efficiencies (percentages of recovery of L. monocytogenes) of 43 and 94% with the USDA-ARS product rinse method and the USDA-ARS package rinse method, respectively. For packages inoculated with 22 CFU. L. monocytogenes was recovered at frequencies of 17, 10, and 100% by the USDA-FSIS product composite enrichment method. the USDA-ARS product composite rinse method, and the USDA-ARS package rinse method, respectively. The pathogen was recovered at efficiencies of 20 and 95% with the USDA-ARS product composite rinse method and the USDA-ARS package rinse method, respectively. In a related study, the USDA-ARS package rinse method was the only method that detected the pathogen in 60 packages from each of five brands of frankfurters purchased from local grocery stores. These data establish that the USDA-ARS package rinse method is markedly more sensitive, as well as demonstrably more rapid and facile, than either the approved USDA-FSIS product composite enrichment method or the USDA-ARS product composite rinse method in determining the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes and establishing the levels of the pathogen that may be on the surface of ready-to-eat foods such as frankfurters. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. RP Luchansky, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 10 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 567 EP 570 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900022 PM 11899951 ER PT J AU Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB AF Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB TI Reduction of spoilage microorganisms in fresh beef using hydrodynamic pressure processing SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB Hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) was investigated as a technology to reduce spoilage microorganisms found in fresh beef. In two separate studies (studies 1 and 2), retail ground beef and beef roasts were purchased (day 0). The roasts were divided into stew pieces (30 to 40 g). All meat samples, including control samples, were stored at 5degreesC for 20 h in a plastic film. After storage, designated samples were treated with HDP. In study 3, ground beef was treated with HDP (day 0) and stored aerobically (5degreesC) for 14 days with control samples. Each meat type was vacuum-packaged for HDP (100 g binary explosive, steel shock wave container). The pHs and the aerobic plate counts (log(10) CFU/g) were measured on day 0 (studies 1 and 2) and on days 0, 7, and 14 (study 3) for control samples and for HDP-treated samples. There was no pH difference between control and HDP-treated meat types (studies 1 and 2); HDP reduced bacteria in both meat types in study 1 (2 log) and study 2 (1.5 log) on day 0. In study 3, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in pH between control meat (8.2) and HDP-treated meat (5.6) after storage, There was an immediate reduction (1.5 log) of microorganisms following HDP (day 0) and a 4.5-log difference between control samples (9 log) and HDP-treated samples (4.5) after 14 days of storage. With HDP, it is possible to reduce spoilage microorganisms found in or on different meat types (ground beef versus stew pieces), which could extend the shelf life of meat products. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Williams-Campbell, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Bldg 201,Room 2, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 571 EP 574 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 528RN UT WOS:000174256900023 PM 11899060 ER PT J AU Shaw, PE Lebrun, M Ducamp, MN Jordan, MJ Goodner, KL AF Shaw, PE Lebrun, M Ducamp, MN Jordan, MJ Goodner, KL TI Pineapple juice concentrated by osmotic evaporation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS; OSMOSIS AB Pasteurized pineapple juice was concentrated by osmotic evaporation to produce a 51 degreesBrix concentrate that was reconstituted to single strength juice for evaluation. Headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) showed that the concentrate retained an average of 62% of the volatile components present in the initial juice. A sensory panel preferred initial juice over reconstituted concentrate, and noted a decrease in desirable flavor top notes as well as development of some processed flavor in the concentrate. Similar HSGC analysis of four other commercial juice samples showed a wide range of quantitative values for volatile components, with the initial juice being similar to the weakest of these commercial juices. Analysis of concentrated juice extracts permitted identification of additional less-volatile components not monitored directly by HSGC of the juice. Relatively low levels of these components were also present in the initial juice. Although this nonthermally produced concentrate retains more volatile components than when traditional thermal processing methods are used, addition of aqueous aroma to the concentrate may be required for satisfactory flavor. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S,NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2002.tb01006.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 533DY UT WOS:000174515200004 ER PT J AU Strange, ED Onwulata, CI AF Strange, ED Onwulata, CI TI Effect of particle size on the water sorption properties of cereal fibers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT BRAN; FOOD FIBERS; ADSORPTION; QUALITY; BREAD; DRY AB Six particle size fractions were prepared by grinding and sieving stabilized hard red wheat bran, oat fiber, and corn bran. Water adsorption indices (WAIs) and effective diffusion coefficients (D-eff) were measured for all size fractions. WAI's of wheat bran decreased with particle size. WAI's of oat bran increased as particle size decreased and the WAI's of corn bran fractions did not vary as much as the other fibers. The De's of wheat increased, of oat decreased, and of corn were about the same as the particle size decreased. The wheat D-eff was less than that of corn which was less than that of oats. Monolayer moisture content and bulk moisture content at high A(w) were determined from moisture sorption isotherms measured on the smallest particles. There was no difference in the monolayer moistures but both corn and wheat brans adsorbed much more water at high A(w) than did the oat bran. Effect of particle size on water sorption and, by inference, some types of functionality cannot be generalized and must be determined for each type of fiber. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermain Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2002.tb01008.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 533DY UT WOS:000174515200006 ER PT J AU Yoon, KS Oscar, TP AF Yoon, KS Oscar, TP TI Survival of Salmonella typhimurium on sterile ground chicken breast patties after washing with salt and phosphates and during refrigerated and frozen storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella typhimurium; survival; injury; frozen chicken; phosphates ID TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SKIN; CARCASSES; MICROORGANISMS; CHEMICALS; POULTRY; TISSUE AB This study investigated the effects of 10%(w/v) salt,trisodium phosphate (TSP),sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) washes on removal of attached Salmonella typhimurium from sterile chicken breast patties, as well as on their injury and survival in a refrigerator for 16 d, in a -20degreesC freezer for 10 mo, and after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. S. typhimurium were grown on chicken patties at 20degreesC for 20 h, washed, and enumerated by plating on selective and nonselective media. Salt and phosphates washing significantly lowered the survival populations of attached S. typhimurium on patties, but did not cause any significant sublethal injury of attached S. typhimurium, irrespective of storage treatments. The TSP washes showed superior effects of removing and inactivating S. typhimurium compared to other washing treatments. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Human Ecol, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. ARS, USDA, Princess Anne, MD USA. RP Yoon, KS (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Human Ecol, 2103 Trigg Hall,Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 67 IS 2 BP 772 EP 775 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10674.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 540DA UT WOS:000174912200054 ER PT J AU Miles, PD AF Miles, PD TI Mapmaking made easy SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Miles, PD (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522YN UT WOS:000173924700004 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Skog, KE AF Haynes, RW Skog, KE TI The Fifth Resources Planning Act Timber Assessment: A critical tool for sound stewardship SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; industry; sustainable forestry AB For the past century, national assessments of supply-and-demand trends for timber have helped shape perceptions of future commodity consumption and have guided forest policy. Trends and projections since 1952 consistently have shown rising forest products consumption and changing sources of timber supplies. The current assessment envisions forest products consumption rising 42 percent by 2050 and marked shifts in the extent and location of domestic and imported supplies. Prospective shifts include a temporary near-term decline in US roundwood harvest and an increase in share of consumption from imports. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 8 EP 12 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522YN UT WOS:000173924700006 ER PT J AU Ince, PJ Durbak, I AF Ince, PJ Durbak, I TI Pulpwood supply and demand: Development in the south, little growth elsewhere SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; industry; paper; pulp; timber AB This long-range outlook derives from analysis of pulp and paper markets and pulpwood demands for wood panels. The analysis projects modest increases in pulpwood demand beyond 2010, with decelerating growth in paper and paperboard consumption; increased demand for pulpwood in wood panels; increased imports of pulp, paper, and paperboard; and little additional growth in paper recovery for recycling. Results point to expanded pulpwood markets, particularly for softwoods in the US South, but to limited expansion of pulpwood markets elsewhere in the United States. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ince, PJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522YN UT WOS:000173924700008 ER PT J AU Alig, R Mills, J Butler, B AF Alig, R Mills, J Butler, B TI Private timberlands: Growing demands, shrinking land base SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; industry; inventory; nonindustrial private forestland; timber AB By 2050, US timberland area is projected to be about 3 percent smaller than today due to increasing demands for urban and related land uses from another 126 million people. An increasing area of southern planted pine will be accompanied by a reduction in the area of upland hardwoods. Hardwoods will continue to dominate the forested landscape in the South. Plantation growth rates will increase by 38 percent, and plantation fiber output will increase by 289 percent to reach 61 percent of private softwood removals volume. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA USA. RP Alig, R (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522YN UT WOS:000173924700010 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW AF Haynes, RW TI Forest management in the 21st century - Changing numbers, changing context SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; industry; sustainable forestry AB Results from the fifth Resources Planning Act (RPA) Timber Assessment suggest that we face a future nearly the reverse of that anticipated in the Forest Service's first post-World War II assessment completed five decades ago, with a growing abundance of softwoods but a regionally restricted supply of hardwoods. Both the bulk of the softwood harvest expansion and the set of limitations in hardwood supply are in the US South. Assessment results also provide insights on trends in some measures of sustainable forest management, timber supply complexities in western forest health issues on public lands, the impacts of forest fragmentation, and the preeminence of private lands in national timber supply. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 5 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 38 EP 43 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522YN UT WOS:000173924700011 ER PT J AU Genito, D Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN AF Genito, D Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN TI Response of stream macro invertebrates to agricultural land cover in a small watershed SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; RIVER CONTINUUM; NEW-ZEALAND; QUALITY; FLOW; ECOSYSTEMS AB We conducted a three-year study of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community of a rural, central-Pennsylvania, upland watershed (7.3 km(2)) with subwatersheds affected by a gradient of agricultural land use (87% forest to 96% managed agriculture). Macroinvertebrate samples were collected at 16 sites on first- to third-order streams within the watershed in May or June. Nitrate concentrations and habitat quality were also determined at these sites. The taxonomic richness of sensitive macroinvertebrates (mayflies and caddisflies) was lower in streams draining subwatersheds with high percentage agricultural land cover compared to low. Habitat quality decreased as percentage agricultural land cover increased. Nitrate concentration increased with percentage agricultural land cover for the three years of study but was only correlated with habitat quality in one year. Our data suggest that a high percentage of agricultural land cover reduced the number of sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa and produced a macroinvertebrate community composition that reflected altered stream habitat. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Genito, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 22 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663874 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 520LK UT WOS:000173783200013 ER PT J AU Masler, EP AF Masler, EP TI Aminopeptidases in Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus redivivus: detection using peptide and non-peptide substrates SO JOURNAL OF HELMINTHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASCARIS-SUUM MUSCLE; NEUROPEPTIDES; NEMATODE; IDENTIFICATION; ENDOPEPTIDASE; METABOLISM; EVOLUTION; FAMILY; GENE; AF1 AB Aminopeptidase activities were detected in extracts of the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus redivivus using the aminoacyl substrate L-alanine-4-nitroanilide. The activities exhibited similarities in Km (C. elegans = 2.22 mM; P. redivivus = 2.09 mM) and specific activity (C. elegans = 1.38+/-0.43 mAU min(-1) mug(-1); P. redivivus, 1.23+/-0.18 mAU min(-1) mug(-1)). Each is inhibited competitively by amastatin (C. elegans IC50 = 0.46 muM; P. redivivus IC50 = 15.90 muM) and non-competitively by leuhistin (C. elegans IC50 = 3.00 muM; P. redivivus IC50 = 37.35 muM). The bioactive peptides adipokinetic hormone and substance P decrease the apparent aminopeptidase activities of each extract suggesting that the peptides compete with the Ala-pNA as substrates. With each extract, adipokinetic hormone appeared to be the more effective substrate. Digestion of adipokinetic hormone by C. elegans and P. redivivus extracts in the presence and absence of 1 mM amastatin produced distinct chromatographic profiles that suggest different digestion patterns for the two species. However, amastatin had clear effects on chromatographic profiles from each species indicating that an aminopeptidase is involved in the digestion of the peptide substrates. The data presented indicate that extracts of free-living nematodes are capable of metabolizing peptide hormones, and that this metabolism involves substrate-selective aminopeptidases. C1 ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-149X J9 J HELMINTHOL JI J. Helminthol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 76 IS 1 BP 45 EP 52 DI 10.1079/JOH200193 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 526XZ UT WOS:000174156300007 PM 12018195 ER PT J AU Kohel, RJ Stelly, DM Yu, J AF Kohel, RJ Stelly, DM Yu, J TI Tests of six cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) mutants for association with aneuploids SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article AB Genetic mutants are useful tools for basic and applied research to elucidate the developmental and regulatory processes of the cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Their value is enhanced with knowledge of their location in the genome. The results of aneuploid tests used to locate mutant loci on specific chromosomes in G. hirsutum L. are reported. Thirty-four monosomes and telosomes, representing 18 of the 26 chromosomes, were used in combination with six mutants that were associated with nine loci. The mutant loci were glandless stem and boll (gl(1)gl(6)), immature fiber (im), Ligon lintless-2 (Li-2), methylation (me), nonpinking (np(1)np(2)), and Raimondal (Ra1Ra2). We found that im was associated with chromosome 3 that contains linkage group VI (accessory involucre and frego bract); Li-2 was associated with chromosome 18 that contains linkage group XVI (open bud and yellow pollen-2); and me was associated with chromosome 9. The remaining three mutants were not associated with the aneuploids in the tests. Knowledge of these chromosome assignments provides a valuable reference for specific studies of mutants and for further genome mapping efforts. C1 USDA ARS, Agr Res Serv, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Germplasm Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Soil Crop Sci Dept, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kohel, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Agr Res Serv, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Germplasm Res Unit, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. OI Stelly, David/0000-0002-3468-4119 NR 16 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 93 IS 2 BP 130 EP 132 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.2.130 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 574KK UT WOS:000176888300008 PM 12140273 ER PT J AU Keppel, G Lee, SW Hodgskiss, PD AF Keppel, G Lee, SW Hodgskiss, PD TI Evidence for long isolation among populations of a Pacific cycad: Genetic diversity and differentiation in Cycas seemannii A.Br. (Cycadaceae) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID ALLOZYME DIVERSITY; MATING SYSTEM; ZAMIACEAE; DISTANCE; PINE; FLOW AB The genetic structure of Cycas seemannii A.Br. (Cycadaceae), sampled throughout its range in Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga, was studied using starch-gel electrophoresis. Twenty enzyme loci in 13 enzyme systems were examined. Low genetic diversity within populations (A = 1.2, P = 21.3, H-o = 0.047, and H-e = 0.057) and a high degree of differentiation among populations (F-ST = 0.594) were found. This, together with low gene flow estimates, suggests genetic drift by isolation to have been most critical to the current genetic structure of the species. Inbreeding may occur to some extent (F-IS = 0.165). The decline in abundance of C. seemannii, coupled with the low level of genetic diversity, suggest that conservation strategies are urgently needed. C1 Univ S Pacific, Sch Pure & Appl Sci, Dept Biol, Suva, Fiji. Korea Forest Res Inst, Kwonsun Ku, Suwon 441350, South Korea. USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. RP Keppel, G (reprint author), Univ S Pacific, Sch Pure & Appl Sci, Dept Biol, Room N224, Suva, Fiji. RI Keppel, Gunnar/B-3364-2015; Keppel, Gunnar/F-3767-2013 OI Keppel, Gunnar/0000-0001-7092-6149 NR 64 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 93 IS 2 BP 133 EP 139 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.2.133 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 574KK UT WOS:000176888300009 PM 12140274 ER PT J AU Matthews, KR Knapp, RA Pope, KL AF Matthews, KR Knapp, RA Pope, KL TI Garter snake distributions in high-elevation aquatic ecosystems: Is there a link with declining amphibian populations and nonnative trout introductions? SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA LAKES; YELLOW-LEGGED FROG; RANA-MUSCOSA; FISH INTRODUCTIONS; CALIFORNIA; SENSITIVITY; STABILITY; DIETS; USA AB The dramatic amphibian population declines reported worldwide likely have important effects on their predators. In the Sierra Nevada, where amphibian declines are well documented and some are closely tied to the introduction of nonnative trout, the mountain garter snake, Thamnophis elegans elegans, preys predominately on amphibians. We surveyed 2103 high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada, quantified the distributional relationship between the mountain garter snake and anuran amphibians (Pseudacris regilla, Rana muscosa, and Bufo spp.) and Used this information to evaluate the possibility that amphibian declines lead to declines of garter snakes. We observed a strong association between amphibian presence and garter snake presence. The probability of finding snakes in lakes with amphibians was 30 times greater than in lakes without amphibians. Lakes with snakes had higher numbers of amphibians within 1 km (mean = 4018.8) than did lakes without snakes (mean = 642.1). On a landscape scale, in Kings Canyon National Park (where 40%. of larger lakes contain normative trout) amphibians were found in 52% of lakes, and 62 garter snakes were found in 33 of the 1059 lakes surveyed. In contrast, in the John Muir Wilderness (JMW; where 80% of larger lakes contain nonnative trout), amphibians were found in 19% of lakes, and no snakes were found in any of the 1044 lakes surveyed. Based on these data, we suggest that the introduction of nonnative trout has led not only to the decline of amphibians but also to the decline of garter snakes. This study supports the hypothesis that the presence of amphibians is a prerequisite for garter snake persistence in high-elevation portions of the Sierra Nevada and that the introduction of trout into an ecosystem can have serious effects, not just on their prey but also on other predators in the ecosystem. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RP Matthews, KR (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 48 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 21 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1 BP 16 EP 22 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0016:GSDIHE]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 530HJ UT WOS:000174352000003 ER PT J AU Wallerstein, NP Alonso, CV Bennett, SJ Thorne, CR AF Wallerstein, NP Alonso, CV Bennett, SJ Thorne, CR TI Surface wave forces acting on submerged logs SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE surface water; timber; drag; submerging ID RIVERS AB Drag forces exerted on cylindrical simulated logs by flowing water are measured in a laboratory flume. Drag coefficient values calculated from these data are presented for a range of log submergence and slenderness values. Drag coefficients for large submergence values are consistent with those previously published. However, at submergence values less than eight element diameters, the observed drag coefficients are consistently higher than those previously published. This discrepancy is due to the additional drag created by stationary surface waves which causes the drag coefficient to increase considerably when a log is positioned near the free surface. This phenomenon, which has not been accounted for in previous studies on large woody debris, is shown to depend on log slenderness, submergence, and Froude number. C1 Bioengn Grp, Salem, MA 01970 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Wallerstein, NP (reprint author), Bioengn Grp, 18 Commercial St, Salem, MA 01970 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 3 BP 349 EP 353 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:3(349) PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 525BA UT WOS:000174046300012 ER PT J AU Jacques, D Simunek, J Timmerman, A Feyen, J AF Jacques, D Simunek, J Timmerman, A Feyen, J TI Calibration of Richards' and convection-dispersion equations to field-scale water flow and solute transport under rainfall conditions SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE parameter optimization; numerical modeling; unsaturated zone; water and solute transport ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; STEADY-STATE; CHLORIDE TRANSPORT; UNSATURATED SOIL; STRUCTURED SOILS; IRRIGATED FIELD; MASS-TRANSFER AB In this paper, the applicability of Richards' equation for water flow and the convection-dispersion equation for solute transport is evaluated to model field-scale flow and transport under natural boundary conditions by using detailed experimental data and inverse optimization. The data consisted of depth-averaged time series of water content. pressure head and resident solute concentration data measured several times a day during 384 d. In a first approach, effective parameters are estimated using the time series for one depth and assuming a homogeneous soil profile. In a second approach, all time series were used simultaneously to estimate the parameters of a multi-layered soil profile. Water flow was described by the Richards' equation and solute transport either by the equilibrium convection-dispersion (CDE) or the physical non-equilibrium convection-dispersion (MIM) equation. To represent the dynamics of the water content and pressure head data, the multi-layered soil profile approach gave better results. Fitted soil hydraulic parameters were comparable with parameters obtained with other methods on the same soil. At larger depths, both the CDE- and MIM-models gave acceptable descriptions of the observed breakthrough data, although the MIM performed somewhat better in the tailing part. Both models underestimated significantly the fast breakthrough. To describe the breakthrough curves at the first depth, only the MIM with a mixing layer close to the soil surface gave acceptable results. Starting from an initial value problem with solutes homogeneously distributed over the mobile and immobile water phase was preferable compared to the incorporation of a small layer with only mobile water near the soil surface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Jacques, D (reprint author), CEN SCK, Studiecentrum Kernenergie Waste & Disposal, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009; OI Jacques, Diederik/0000-0001-9393-2963 NR 60 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 259 IS 1-4 BP 15 EP 31 AR PII S0022-1694(01)00591-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00591-1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 523JL UT WOS:000173950200002 ER PT J AU Schopf, LR Hoffmann, KF Cheever, AW Urban, JF Wynn, TA AF Schopf, LR Hoffmann, KF Cheever, AW Urban, JF Wynn, TA TI IL-10 is critical for host resistance and survival during gastrointestinal helminth infection SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION; CYTOKINE GENE-EXPRESSION; TRICHURIS-MURIS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; TNF-ALPHA; EXPERIMENTAL ENDOTOXEMIA; GRANULOMA-FORMATION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII AB Resistance to many intestinal nematodes is dependent on the induction of polarized type 2 cytokine responses, whereas type 1 responses can exacerbate these infections. The contributions of IL-4 and IL-13 to the development of resistance have been well described for a variety of intestinal parasites; however, the role of IL-10 has not been previously investigated. In this study we infected IL-10-, IL-10/IL-4-, IL-10/IL-12-, IL-4-, and IL-12-deficient mice with Trichuris muris to determine whether IL-10 contributes to the development of immunity. Interestingly, T. muris-infected IL-10-, IL-4-, and IL-10/IL-4-deficient mice failed to expel the parasite, and animals deficient in IL-10 displayed marked morbidity and mortality. In contrast, double IL-10/IL-12-deficient mice were completely resistant and mounted a highly polarized type 2 cytokine response, demonstrating that the increased susceptibility of IL-10-deficient mice was dependent on IL-12. Further study suggested that the susceptibility of IL-10- and IL-10/IL-4-deficient mice was probably attributable to a marked increase in type 1 cytokine production in those animals. The mortality observed in T. muris-infected IL-10- and IL-10/IL-4-deficient mice correlated with increased inflammation, loss of Paneth cells, and absence of mucus in the cecum. Interestingly, survival was enhanced in T. muris-infected IL-10/IL-4-deficient mice if a broad spectrum antibiotic was administered, suggesting that an outgrowth of opportunistic bacteria was contributing to the high degree of morbidity and mortality. Overall, these studies reveal a critical role for IL-10 in the polarization of Th2 responses, development of resistance during T. muris infection, and maintenance of barrier function in the colon. C1 NIAID, Schistosomiasis Immunol & Pathol Unit, Immunobiol Sect, Parasit Dis Lab,NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Biomed Res Inst, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Urban, JF (reprint author), NIAID, Schistosomiasis Immunol & Pathol Unit, Immunobiol Sect, Parasit Dis Lab,NIH, Bldg 4,Room 126, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Wynn, Thomas/C-2797-2011; OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 57 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 168 IS 5 BP 2383 EP 2392 PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 524AR UT WOS:000173990200039 PM 11859129 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI Gaugler, R AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI Gaugler, R TI Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Heterorhabditis; mass culture; nematode; production; Steinernema ID INSECT PATHOGENIC NEMATODES; BLACK CUTWORM LEPIDOPTERA; HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA; STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; PHOTORHABDUS-LUMINESCENS; INFECTIVE JUVENILES; MASS-PRODUCTION; LIQUID CULTURE; INOCULUM SIZE; PARASITIC NEMATODES AB Entomopathogenic nematodes (genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) kill insects with the aid of mutualistic bacteria. The nematode-bacteria complex is mass produced for use as biopesticides using in vivo or in vitro methods, i.e., solid or liquid fermentation. In vivo production (culture in live insect hosts) is low technology, has low startup costs, and resulting nematode quality is high, yet cost efficiency is low. In vitro solid culture, i.e., growing the nematodes and bacteria on crumbled polyurethane foam, offers an intermediate level of technology and costs. In vivo production and solid culture may be improved through innovations in mechanization and streamlining. In vitro liquid culture is the most cost-efficient production method but requires the largest startup capital and nematode quality may be reduced. Liquid culture may be improved through progress in media development, nematode recovery, and bioreactor design. A variety of formulations is available to facilitate nematode storage and application. C1 USDA ARS, SAA, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAA, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RI Gaugler, Randy/K-3898-2013 NR 111 TC 62 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 26 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1038/sj/jim/7000230 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 529KZ UT WOS:000174299800003 PM 12074087 ER PT J AU Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Foglia, TA AF Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Foglia, TA TI The synthesis of short- and medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) mixtures from glucose- or alkanoic acid-grown Pseudomonas oleovorans SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudomonas oleovorans; poly(hydroxyalkanoates); PHA mixtures; fatty acids ID BACTERIAL POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC ACIDS; ALCALIGENES-EUTROPHUS; UNSATURATED MONOMERS; SYNTHASE GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; COPOLYESTERS; POLYESTERS AB Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-778 accumulated mixtures of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and medium-chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (mcl-PHAs) when grown on glucose, octanoic acid or oleic acid, whereas growth on nonanoic acid or undecanoic acid resulted in copolymers of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB- co-HV). Acetone fractionation verified the presence of PHB/mcl-PHA mixtures. The acetone-insoluble (AIS) fractions of the polymers derived from glucose (PHA-glucose), octanoic acid (PHA-octanoic) and oleic acid (PHA-oleic) were exclusively PHB while the acetone-soluble (AS) fractions contained mcl-PHA composed of differing ratios of 3-hydroxy-acid monomer units, which ranged in chain length from 6 to 14 carbon atoms. In contrast, both the AIS and AS fractions from the polymers derived from nonanoic acid (PHA-nonanoic) and undecanoic acid (PHA-undecanoic) were composed of comparable ratios of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). The unfractionated PHA-glucose, PHA-octanoic and PHA-oleic polymers had melting temperatures (T-m) between 177 and 179degreesC, enthalpies of fusion (>H-f) of 20 cal/g and glass transition temperatures (T-g) of 3-4degreesC. This was due to the large PHB content in the polymer mixtures. On the other hand, the PHA-nonanoic and PHA-undecanoic polymers had thermal properties that supported their copolymer nature. In both cases, the T-m values were 161degreesC, >H-f values were 7 cal/g and T-g values were - 3degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ashby, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1038/sj/jim/7000231 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 529KZ UT WOS:000174299800004 PM 12074088 ER PT J AU Burns, SN Teal, PEA Meer, RKV Nation, JL Vogt, JT AF Burns, SN Teal, PEA Meer, RKV Nation, JL Vogt, JT TI Identification and action of juvenile hormone III from sexually mature alate females of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; female alates; flight; dealation; corpora allata; juvenile hormone III; precocene II ID DIVISION-OF-LABOR; HONEY-BEES; BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS; APIS-MELLIFERA; EUSOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; DOMINANCE BEHAVIOR; BUMBLEBEE WORKERS; POLYGYNE COLONIES; HEMOLYMPH TITERS AB Analysis of extracts of hemolymph obtained from sexually mature alate females of Solenopsis invicta from monogyne colonies resulted in identification of juvenile hormone III (JH III). The average amount of JH III was 0.32 +/- 0.04 pmol /mumol of hemolymph. Topical application of 0.038 pmol of JH III was sufficient to stimulate alates to shed their wings in the presence of the queen. The time in which alates were induced to dealate decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of JH III from 0.038 to 3.8 pmol. However, higher JH III concentrations deviated from linearity and did not reach dealation times comparable with those that occur after mating flights. Thus, it appears that the mechanism of dealation that occurs when female alates are out of the influence of their queen is different from the one associated with mating flights. Application of 0.42 mumol of precocene II inhibited dealation of alates in queenless colonies. However, this inhibition was reversed after applying 38 pmol JH III to precocene-treated alates. The sizes of corpora allata (CA) from sexuals treated with JH III did not differ from those of controls. However, the sizes of CA were reduced in alates treated with precocene II. The results indicated that JH was important to dealation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1700 SW 23 Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 54 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 3 BP 357 EP 365 AR PII S0022-1910(02)00055-0 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00055-0 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 561BB UT WOS:000176115300011 ER PT J AU Becnel, JJ Jeyaprakash, A Hoy, MA Shapiro, A AF Becnel, JJ Jeyaprakash, A Hoy, MA Shapiro, A TI Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian species from the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acari; Metaseiulus occidentalis; Microsporidia; Unikaryonidae; Oligosporidium ID PERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT; SPORULATION SEQUENCE; LONG PCR; PARASITE; AMPLIFICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; PATHOLOGY; TAXONOMY; PATHOGEN; DIPTERA AB A new microsporidian species is described from the predatory mite Metaseiulus (formerly Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). The ultrastructure of this new species is presented together with the first molecular characterization for a microsporidium of mites. All stages of this new microsporidium are haplokaryotic and develop in direct contact with the host-cell cytoplasm. Sporogony is disporoblastic and spores are formed in eggs, immature stages, and adults of M, occidentalis. There are two morphological classes of spores, one with a short polar filament (3-5 coils) that measured 2.53 x 1.68 mum and one with a longer polar filament (8-9 coils) that measured 3.14 x 1.77 mum. Horizontal transmission of this new species occurs by cannibalism of eggs and other stages and perhaps involves the spores with the long polar filament. Spores with the short polar filament may play a role in autoinfection and vertical (transovarial) transmission that is highly efficient in transferring the microsporidium from adults to progeny. Analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA indicated that this species from M. occidentalis is most closely related to the Nosemal/Vairimorpha clade of microsporidia. A conflict between the morphological and molecular data is discussed. The species is compared to previously described microsporidia of arachnids resulting in creation of Oligosporidium occidentalis n. sp. in the family Unikaryonidae. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. EM jbecnel@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu NR 33 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 EI 1096-0805 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 79 IS 3 BP 163 EP 172 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00032-0 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00032-0 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589ZH UT WOS:000177791300004 PM 12133705 ER PT J AU Castillo, A Infante, F Barrera, JF Carta, L Vega, FE AF Castillo, A Infante, F Barrera, JF Carta, L Vega, FE TI First field report of a nematode (Tylenchida : Sphaerularioidea) attacking the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in the Americas SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 El Colegion Fronter Sur, ECOSUR, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Castillo, A (reprint author), El Colegion Fronter Sur, ECOSUR, Currectera Antiguo Aeropuerto,Km 2-5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. RI Barrera, Juan/E-2212-2012; Alfredo, Castillo/B-5491-2016; OI Barrera, Juan/0000-0002-8488-7782; Alfredo, Castillo/0000-0003-1452-0026; Infante, Francisco/0000-0002-7419-7606; Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 79 IS 3 BP 199 EP 202 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00024-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00024-1 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589ZH UT WOS:000177791300009 PM 12133710 ER PT J AU Corella, D Guillen, M Saiz, C Portoles, O Sabater, A Folch, J Ordovas, JM AF Corella, D Guillen, M Saiz, C Portoles, O Sabater, A Folch, J Ordovas, JM TI Associations of LPL and APOC3 gene polymorphisms on plasma lipids in a Mediterranean population: interaction with tobacco smoking and the APOE locus SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein lipase; apolipoprotein C-III; lipids; gene-environmental interaction ID LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE GENE; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-C-III; EUROPEAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; HDL-CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; CIII GENE; ARTERY DISEASE AB We conducted a cross-sectional study in a Spanish population (n = 1,029) to investigate associations between the LPL and APOC3 gene loci (LPLHindIII, LPL-S447X, and APOC3-SstI) and plasma lipid levels and their interaction with APOE polymorphisms and smoking. Carriers of the H- or the X447 allele had higher levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and lower levels of TG, after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol, smoking, exercise, and education (P < 0.01). The APOC3 polymorphism presented additive effects to the LPL variants on TG and HDL C levels in men, and on TG in women. The most and the least favorable haplotype combinations were H-/X447/S1 and H+/S447/S2, respectively. These combinations accounted for 7% and 5% of the variation in HDL-C and TG in men, and 3% and 4% in women. There was a significant interaction between APOE and LPL variants and HDL-C levels in both genders (P < 0.05). The increases in HDL-C observed for the rare alleles were higher in epsilon4 than in epsilon3 subjects, and absent in epsilon2 individuals. This effect was modulated by smoking (interaction HindIII-APOF-smoking, P = 0.019), indicating that smoking abolished the increase in HDL-C levels observed in epsilon4/H- subjects. Understanding this gene-gene-environmental interaction may facilitate preventive interventions to reduce coronary artery disease risk.-Corella, D., M. Guillen, C. Saiz, O. Portoles, A. Sabater, J. Folch, and J. M. Ordovas. Associations of LPL and APOC3 gene polymorphisms on plasma lipids in a Mediterranean population: interaction with tobacco smoking and the APOE locus. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Valencia, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Genet & Mol Epidemiol Unit, Valencia, Spain. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 73 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3 BP 416 EP 427 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 534ZT UT WOS:000174620200008 PM 11893778 ER PT J AU Han, SN Leka, LS Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Schaefer, EJ Meydani, SN AF Han, SN Leka, LS Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Schaefer, EJ Meydani, SN TI Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dietary fat; hydrogenated fat; immune response; inflammatory response; human ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CYTOKINES; PLASMA; ACIDS; MICE; INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AB Consumption of diets high in hydrogenated fat/ trans fatty acids has been shown to have an adverse affect on lipoprotein profiles with respect to cardiovascular disease risk. Dietary fat and cholesterol play an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses shown to be involved in atherogenesis. We investigated the effects of diets containing hydrogenated fat on cellular immune response and production of inflammatory cytokines in human subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol levels (LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dl). In a double blind crossover study, 19 subjects consumed three diets, 30% of calories as fat, of which two thirds were provided as soybean oil, soybean oil-based stick margarine, or butter for 32 days, each in a randomized order. Production of proinflammatory mediators, prostaglandin (PG) E-2, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and production of IL-2 were determined. Production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha was significantly higher after consumption of stick margarine diet compared with soybean oil diet. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production correlated positively with ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (r = 0.499, P < 0.00 1 and r = 0.29 1, P = 0.04, respectively). There was no significant difference in DTH response, lymphocyte proliferation, or levels of IL-2 and PGE(2) produced among three groups. Our results indicate that consumption of a diet high in hydrogenated fat does not adversely affect cellular immunity but increases production of inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Tufts Univ, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54727] NR 49 TC 141 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 14 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3 BP 445 EP 452 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 534ZT UT WOS:000174620200011 PM 11893781 ER PT J AU Temeyer, KB Soileau, LC Pruett, JH AF Temeyer, KB Soileau, LC Pruett, JH TI Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding Pso o II, a mite group II allergen of the sheep scab mite (Acari : Psoroptidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sheep scab mite; psoroptic scabies; mite group II allergens ID HOUSE-DUST MITE; DER-F-II; LEPIDOGLYPHUS-DESTRUCTOR; DERMATOPHAGOIDES-PTERONYSSINUS; OVIS ACARINA; TYROPHAGUS-PUTRESCENTIAE; CROSS-REACTIVITY; P-II; PROTEINS; SITES AB Psoroptes ovis (Hering), the sheep scab mite, is responsible for psoroptic scabies of cattle and sheep. Reverse translation of 30 N-terminal amino acids of the major P. ovis allergen, previously chosen as a candidate immunogen and identified as a 16 kDa protein yielded a degenerate sequence used to design oligodeoxynucleotide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Use of the PCR primers with a P. ovis cDNA library succeeded in amplification of a 90 bp cDNA gene fragment that was cloned, sequenced, and used to select unique sequencing/PCR primers. Primer walking generated overlapping subclones which yielded the 588 nucleotide consensus sequence of the cDNA encoding the 143 amino acid P. ovis allergen precursor. Nucleotide and translated sequences of the cDNA were compared with sequences in GenBank and found to be homologous to mite group II allergens Lep d II (formerly Lep d I) of Lepidoglyphus destructor Schrank, Der fII of Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, Der p II of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart), Tyr p II of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), Eur m II of Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman) and Gly d II of Glycophagus domesticus (De Geer). The mature P. ovis allergen is composed of 126 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 13,468 Da, three disulfide bonds, and pI of 6.06 with one potential o-glycosylation site at Thr116. We designate the P. ovis 16 kDa protein as Pso o II in conformity with nomenclature for mite group II allergens. C1 Agr Res Serv, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Temeyer, KB (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2 BP 384 EP 391 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.2.384 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 600BX UT WOS:000178371700018 PM 11931040 ER PT J AU Yu, LSL Reed, SA Golden, MH AF Yu, LSL Reed, SA Golden, MH TI Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in apple cider SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE apple cider; Escherichia coli O157 : H7; minimum detectable number; sensitivity; specificity; time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay ID FOOD SAMPLES; BEEF; ENUMERATION; SURVIVAL AB An immunoassay based on immuomagnetic separation and time-resolved fluorometry was developed for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider. The time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay (TRFIA) uses a polyclonal antibody bound to immuomagnetic heads as the capture antibody and the same antibody labeled with europium as the detection antibody. Cell suspensions of 10(1) to 10(8) E. coli O157:H7 and K-12 organisms per ml were used to test the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. The sensitivity of the assay was 10(3) E. coli O157:H7 cells with no cross-reaction with K-12. Pure cultures of E. coli O157:H7 (10(1) to 10(5) CFU/ml) in apple cider could be detected within 6 h. including 4 h for incubation in modified EC broth with novobiocin and 2 h for the immunoassay. When apple cider was spiked with 1 to 10(3) CFU/ml of E. coli O157:H7 and 10(6) CFU/ml of K-12, our data show that the high level of K-12 in apple cider did not impede the detection of low levels of O157:H7. The minimum detectable numbers of cells present in the initial inoculum were 10(2) and 10(1) CFU/ml after 4- and 6-h enrichment. The TRFIA provides a rapid and sensitive means of detecting E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Yu, LSL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM lyu@arserre.gov NR 22 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD MAR PY 2002 VL 49 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00352-9 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 519ZG UT WOS:000173754900006 PM 11777583 ER PT J AU Zuckerman, H Berry, BW Eastridge, JS Solomon, MB AF Zuckerman, H Berry, BW Eastridge, JS Solomon, MB TI Shear force mapping: A tool for tenderness measurement SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID BEEF TENDERNESS; MEAT AB A shear mapping method (SMM) was developed and evaluated for examining objectively the effectiveness of tenderization processes for meat. One-centimeter square cross section samples were cut parallel to the muscle fiber orientation across the complete cross sectional area of cooked strip loin steaks. Each sample was assigned a coordinate reference grid code that identified ("mapped") its location within the steak. Shear force measurements within steaks were evaluated using the SMM procedure before and after applying the hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) tenderization process. The less tender the region within a control steak, the more it was tenderized after applying HDP, and HDP tenderization resulted in improved uniformity of tenderness. The suggested SMM method has the potential to minimize variations in technique among scientists and institutions and provides a tool for screening and testing the efficiency of tenderization processes by evaluating a larger proportion. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, FTSL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, FTSL, Bldg 201, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2002.tb00316.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 531TQ UT WOS:000174433700001 ER PT J AU Che, YS Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT AF Che, YS Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT TI Phomadecalins A-D and phomapentenone A: New bioactive metabolites from Phoma sp NRRL 25697, a fungal colonist of Hypoxylon stromata SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SCLEROTIA; PR-TOXIN; ANTIFUNGAL; MYCOPARASITE AB Five new natural products, phomadecalins A-D (1-4) and phomapentenone A (5), have been obtained from cultures of Phoma sp. (NRRL 25697), a fungal colonist isolated from the stromata of Hypoxylon sp. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through a series of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 1-4 display activity against Gram-positive bacteria. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61606 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Che, Yongsheng/D-9840-2017 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 399 EP 402 DI 10.1021/np010519o PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 535CJ UT WOS:000174627400032 PM 11908990 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF Roberts, DP AF Meyer, SLF Roberts, DP TI Combinations of biocontrol agents for management of plant-parasitic nematodes and soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biocontrol; combination; fungi; microbe; nematode ID NUCLEATION-ACTIVE BACTERIA; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; SUPPRESS TAKE-ALL; DAMPING-OFF; FUSARIUM-WILT; VERTICILLIUM-CHLAMYDOSPORIUM; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA AB Numerous microbes are antagonistic to plant-parasitic nematodes and soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi, but few of these organisms are commercially available for management of these pathogens. Inconsistent performance of applied biocontrol agents has proven to be a primary obstacle to the development of successful commercial products. One of the strategies for overcoming inconsistent performance is to combine the disease-suppressive activity of two (or more) beneficial microbes in a biocontrol preparation. Such combinations have potential for more extensive colonization of the rhizosphere, more consistent expression of beneficial traits under a broad range of soil conditions, and antagonism to a larger number of plant pests or pathogens than strains applied individually. Conversely, microbes applied in combination also may have antagonistic interactions with each other. Increased, decreased, and unaltered suppression of the target pathogen or pest has been observed when biocontrol microbes have been applied in combination. Unfortunately, the ecological basis for increased or decreased suppression has not been determined in many cases and needs further consideration. The complexity of interactions involved in the application of multiple organisms for biological control has slowed progress toward development of successful formulations. However, this approach has potential for overcoming some of the efficacy problems that occur with application of individual biocontrol agents. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 165B,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM meyerf@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 89 TC 53 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UR UT WOS:000180648200001 PM 19265899 ER PT J AU Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS Thomas, PE Crosslin, JM Boydston, RA AF Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS Thomas, PE Crosslin, JM Boydston, RA TI Eliminating tobacco rattle virus from viruliferous Paratrichodorus allius and establishing a new virus-vector combination SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; corky ringspot disease; potato; scotch spearmint; tobacco; tobacco rattle virus ID CORKY RINGSPOT; RESISTANT; DISEASE; POTATO; TUBERS AB A reliable method to eliminate tobacco rattle virus (TRV) from viruliferous Paratrichodorus allius populations was developed. This virus is vectored by P. allius in the Pacific Northwest and causes corky ringspot disease (CRS) of potato The viruliferous nematodes that were reared on 'Vernema' alfalfa or `770' scotch spearmint for at least 3 months did not transmit TRV to 'Samsun NN" tobacco, a suitable indicator plant, and did not cause CRS symptoms on 'Russet Norkotah' tubers. A new isolate of TRV was introduced into a nonviruliferous population of P. allius. First, tobacco plants were inoculated with a field population of P. allius that transmitted an isolate of TRV that caused severe symptoms on potato. The tobacco roots were then washed free from the soil and dipped in 0.525% sodium hypochlorite to remove the initial nematode inoculum. After the disinfected tobacco plants recovered and began to grow, the virus-free population of P, allius was introduced around the root system to acquire the new virus isolate from tobacco roots. The newly established combination caused CRS symptoms on 'Russet Norkotah' that were characteristic of the more virulent virus isolate, indicating that the virus-free P. allius population had reacquired virus. C1 Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Mojtahedi, H (reprint author), Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 24106 Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 34 IS 1 BP 66 EP 69 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UR UT WOS:000180648200012 PM 19265910 ER PT J AU Welch, RM AF Welch, RM TI Breeding strategies for biofortified staple plant foods to reduce micronutrient malnutrition globally SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE micronutrient malnutrition; trace minerals; agricultural productivity; bioavailability; sustainability ID BIOAVAILABILITY; ENRICHMENT; IP6 AB One sustainable agricultural approach to reducing micronutrient malnutrition among people at highest risk (i.e., resource-poor women, infants and children) globally is to enrich major staple food crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, beans and cassava) with micronutrients through plant-breeding strategies. These target groups are dependent on these staples for their sustenance. Available research has demonstrated that micronutrient-enrichment traits are available within the genomes of these major staple food crops that could allow for substantial increases in the levels of Fe, Zn and provitamin A carotenoids (as well as other nutrients and health-promoting factors) without negatively impacting crop yield. Furthermore, Fe- and Zn-dense seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to soils deficient in these nutrients ensuring their adoption by farmers in these regions once they are developed. Importantly, micronutrient bioavailability issues must be addressed when using a plant-breeding approach to eliminating micronutrient malnutrition. The reduction of antinutrient substances that inhibit micronutrient bioavailability or the increase in substances that promote micronutrient bioavailability from staple plant foods are both options that could be pursued in breeding programs, although care needs to be taken not to compromise agronomic performance and sufficient attention paid to possible beneficial roles of compounds which reduce the bioavailability of trace minerals. The time has come to invest in agricultural technologies to find sustainable solutions to micronutrient malnutrition. Plant breeding is one such technology that should be adopted by the world's agricultural community and that should be supported by the world's nutrition and health communities. C1 ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 27 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 495S EP 499S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800029 PM 11880578 ER PT J AU Raboy, V AF Raboy, V TI Progress in breeding low phytate crops SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE low-phytic acid mutations; phosphorus; mineral nutrition; plant breeding ID PHYTIC ACID; PHOSPHORUS; PERFORMANCE; GRAIN; MAIZE; CORN AB Populations that depend on grains and legumes as staple foods consume diets rich in phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexkisphosphate), the storage form of phosphorus in seeds. This compound binds tightly to important mineral nutrients such as iron and zinc, forming salts that are largely excreted. This phenomenon can contribute to mineral depletion and deficiency. As one approach to solving this and environmental problems associated with seed-derived dietary phytic acid, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and others have isolated cereal and legume low-phytic acid mutations and have used these to breed first-generation low-phytate hybrids, cultivars and lines of maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and soybean (Glycine max). Seed phytic acid is reduced in these crops by 50-95%. The progress in the genetics, breeding and nutritional evaluation of low-phytate crops are reviewed in this article. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Raboy, V (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 25 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 503S EP 505S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800031 PM 11880580 ER PT J AU King, JC AF King, JC TI Evaluating the impact of plant biofortification on human nutrition SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE bioavailability; human nutrition; efficacy trials; nutrition interventions ID EXTRINSIC LABELS; ZINC-ABSORPTION; BIOAVAILABILITY; IRON AB An evaluation of the efficacy of biofortified foods for improving human nutrition and health requires both laboratory- and community-based trials. A three-step process is proposed. First, tests of nutrient bioavailability should be conducted in the laboratory. Various genotypes of modified foods may be screened for bioavailability using in vitro cell-culture systems or experimental animals before testing in humans. Second, comprehensive feeding trials are conducted to test the efficacy of the biofortified food for improving the nutrition and health of target populations. These trials are generally done for several weeks or months, and they involve measuring a comprehensive set of endpoints. If efficacy is demonstrated in the feeding trial, the third step, a community-based trial, is planned. This final trial involves evaluating the nutritional, health, agricultural, societal, environmental and economic effects of the biofortified food in the community. A multidisciplinary team including consumers, policy-makers, health leaders, as well as scientists is required for successful completion of the community trial. C1 Univ Calif Davis, ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 511S EP 513S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800033 PM 11880582 ER PT J AU Krinsky, NI AF Krinsky, NI TI Possible biologic mechanisms for a protective role of xanthophylls SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2001 Annual Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE lutein; zeaxanthin; age-related macular degeneration; antioxidation ID MACULAR PIGMENT DENSITY; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; LIPID-MEMBRANES; BETA-CAROTENE; LUTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT; ZEAXANTHIN; IDENTIFICATION; SERUM AB This contribution surveys the evidence linking the presence of the two xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, to a protective role in the macular region of the retina. Although the evidence is still associative in nature, it is biologically plausible, and may be resolved with additional intervention trials. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, USDA,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Krinsky, NI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, USDA,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 35 TC 68 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 540S EP 542S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800040 PM 11880589 ER PT J AU Berhow, MA Vaughn, SF Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Woods, EJ Rundell, M Naschansky, KJ Bartolini, S Wagner, ED Plewa, MJ AF Berhow, MA Vaughn, SF Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Woods, EJ Rundell, M Naschansky, KJ Bartolini, S Wagner, ED Plewa, MJ TI Separation, analysis and bioassay of phytochemicals found in soybeans: Isoflavones and saponins. SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 592S EP 593S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800102 ER PT J AU Wong, WW Jahoor, F Smith, EO Ellis, KJ AF Wong, WW Jahoor, F Smith, EO Ellis, KJ TI Potential benefits of soy isoflavones against hypertension and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 613S EP 613S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527ML UT WOS:000174189800164 ER PT J AU Matheson, D Spranger, K Saxe, A AF Matheson, D Spranger, K Saxe, A TI Preschool children's perceptions of food and their food experiences SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE preschool children; play-based nutrition education; mixed methods ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; NUTRITION; PREFERENCES; ADOLESCENTS; EDUCATION; ADIPOSITY; TRACKING; CONTEXT AB Objective: Developmental theory suggests that children learn from their experiences. However, little is known about preschool children's interpretation of their daily food experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the criteria preschool children use to classify foods and their interpretation of their daily food experiences. Design: Semistructured interviews and observations of children's play in toy kitchens were conducted with children enrolled in public preschool programs. Subjects: Data were collected over a 2-year period. During the first year of the study, observations and interviews were collected from 24 children. Interviews with an additional 79 children were conducted the following year. Variables Measured: The variables measured included the children's criteria for food classification and their play behaviors in a toy kitchen. Results: The children relied primarily on physical characteristics such as color, shape, and texture to classify foods. The activities that children demonstrated during play sessions included meal planning, food preparation, table preparation, serving food, eating, and cleaning. Pattern coding of the observational data revealed variability in (1) boys' and girls' kitchen play, (2) children's food selection and preparation methods and postmeal clean-up activities, and (3) children's responses to picky eating. Implications: These data may be used to develop a play-based nutrition education program. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. Pfizer Inc, New York, NY 10017 USA. Food & Nutr Serv, USDA, Western Reg, San Francisco, CA 94108 USA. RP Matheson, D (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford Ctr Res Dis Prevent, 1000 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 12 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60073-0 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 540KP UT WOS:000174928400004 PM 12047815 ER PT J AU Levine, E Olander, C Lefebvre, C Cusick, P Biesiadecki, L McGoldrick, D AF Levine, E Olander, C Lefebvre, C Cusick, P Biesiadecki, L McGoldrick, D TI The Team Nutrition pilot study: Lessons learned from implementing a comprehensive school-based intervention SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH CATCH; RESOURCE TEACHERS; ADOLESCENT TRIAL; EDUCATION; PROGRAM; OUTCOMES; CURRICULUM; MINNESOTA; CHILD; FRUIT AB Team Nutrition (TN) is an educational and promotional initiative developed by the US Department of Agriculture to change children's eating behaviors through social marketing techniques. This article reports on the process evaluation of a TN pilot project targeting students in kindergarten to grade 4 and systematically documents the implementation experience. Even with a very short start-up period, schools implemented most components of this multichannel nutrition intervention and formed new, supportive relationships with local media and community partners. School teachers and administrators, along with foodservice professionals, generally expressed support for and satisfaction with TN, citing the positive experience and gains for students. The lessons learned from this study highlight the management and organizational issues involved in a comprehensive intervention. These include the importance of local coordinators to support and create a bridge between teachers and cafeteria staff and to forge links with key external partners. To function effectively, coordinators themselves may need training in coalition building and working with media. Relationships formed with parents, local businesses, other educational institutions, health organizations, and the media offer promise for helping to sustain nutrition education efforts. The TN process evaluation identified multiple ideas for pursuing these partnerships more successfully. C1 Food & Nutr Serv, USDA, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. Prospect Associates, Silver Spring, MD 20901 USA. Natl Conf State Legislatures, Washington, DC 20001 USA. Campaign Tobacco Free Children, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Olander, C (reprint author), Food & Nutr Serv, USDA, 3101 Pk Ctr Dr, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 34 IS 2 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60076-6 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 540KP UT WOS:000174928400007 PM 12047818 ER PT J AU Gaston, NW Munroe, SG AF Gaston, NW Munroe, SG TI Directory of nutrition and aging Websites SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, USDA, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. Meredith Coll, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Gaston, NW (reprint author), Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, USDA, 3101 Pk Ctr Dr,Rm 1034, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 34 SU 1 BP S59 EP S64 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60313-8 PG 6 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 541XC UT WOS:000175010500010 ER PT J AU Gerrior, SA AF Gerrior, SA TI The nutrient and anthropometric status of physically active and inactive older adults SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE older adult; physical activity; nutrient needs ID NUTRITION AB Objective: To assess nutrient intake, anthropometrics, and biochemical indicators in physically active and inactive older adults. Design: A cross-sectional sample of older adults who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94, was divided into two groups based on activity level. Participants/Setting: A national sample of men (n = 1876) and women (n = 2009) 65 years of age and older who reported diet and exercise information and were medically examined. Main Outcome Measures: Association of activity level with nutrients, anthropometrics, and biochemistries. Analysis: Means were calculated for each of the variables observed by activity category. T tests were used to determine if the differences in the means were statistically significant at P <.05. Results: Older adults reported intakes of food energy, calcium, magnesium, and zinc below recommendation. Nutrient intakes and anthropometrics for active and inactive women were similar; those for active and inactive men differed significantly for many nutrients and for anthropometrics associated with activity. Conclusions and Implications: Inadequate intakes of food energy and micronutrients are of concern because of the metabolic stresses associated with activity. Future research is needed to determine the impact of increased physical activity on nutrient needs and body composition in the elderly. C1 Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, USDA, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. RP Gerrior, SA (reprint author), Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, USDA, 3101 Pk Ctr Dr,Rm 1080, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 34 SU 1 BP S5 EP S13 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60305-9 PG 9 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 541XC UT WOS:000175010500002 PM 12047823 ER PT J AU Guthrie, JF Lin, BH AF Guthrie, JF Lin, BH TI Overview of the diets of lower- and higher-income elderly and their food assistance options SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE elderly; low income; dietary intakes; food security; food and nutrition assistance ID INSECURITY AB With the elderly becoming an ever-larger proportion of the American population, their dietary well-being is of increasing concern. In particular, lower-income elderly may face special challenges in maintaining a healthful diet. This group makes up a sizeable proportion of the elderly population; we estimate that almost 1 in 5 (19%) of the elderly have household incomes at or below 130% of the federal poverty level, the income level that generally qualifies a household to participate in the federal Food Stamp Program. Here we examine the dietary intakes and related behaviors, as well as the food security status, of lower- and higher-income elderly and review major US government food and nutrition assistance programs that can be of benefit to the elderly, particularly those of low income. Our subjects are individuals 60 years of age and over, living in community (noninstitutionalized) settings. Data on dietary intakes and behaviors were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-96. Food security data were obtained from the 1999 Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted by the US Census Bureau. For both the CSFII and the CPS, sampling weights were used to generate nationally representative estimates. We found that lower-income elderly consume significantly fewer calories than higher-income elderly, fewer servings of major Food Guide Pyramid food groups, and most nutrients. Approximately 6% of elderly households report some degree of food insecurity. Although food and nutrition assistance programs can benefit elderly individuals, many do not participate. Many lower-income elderly also face physiological and social obstacles to obtaining a healthful diet. How best to meet these varied needs is a challenge for nutrition educators, researchers, and policy makers. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, FANRP, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Guthrie, JF (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, FANRP, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1499-4046 J9 J NUTR EDUC BEHAV JI J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 34 SU 1 BP S31 EP S41 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60309-6 PG 11 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 541XC UT WOS:000175010500006 PM 12047827 ER PT J AU Dolnikowski, GG Sun, ZY Grusak, MA Peterson, JW Booth, SL AF Dolnikowski, GG Sun, ZY Grusak, MA Peterson, JW Booth, SL TI HPLC and GC/MS determination of deuterated vitamin K (phylloquinone) in human serum after ingestion of deuterium-labeled broccoli SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vitamin K; stable isotope; phylloquinone; absorption ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PLASMA; FOODS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; VEGETABLES; PREGNANCY; ADULTS AB The ability to intrinsically label plant constituents with stable isotopes has the potential to advance the study of vitamin K-absorption and metabolism in humans. Broccoli, a primary food source of phylloquinone (VK-1), was grown hydroponically using 31 atom % deuterium oxide in order to label VK-1 within the food matrix. Deuterium-labeled broccoli (115 g; 168 mug VK-1) was fed to one male subject in a single serving. Multiple serum samples were drawn throughout the subsequent 24-hr period, Reversed-phase HPLC was used to extract and purify VK-l in both broccoli and serum. Ion abundances of the deuterium-labeled and unlabeled (endo.-enous) VK-I were determined using GC/MS in negative chemical ionization mode. No sample derivatization was required. Endogenous VK-1 produced isotopomers from m/z 450 to m/z 453. The labeled VK-1 isotopomers in the broccoli were from m/z 4521 to m/z 467, with the most abundant isotopomer being m/z 458 (14.1% of total labeled VK-1). The GC/MS chroinatograms from serum revealed both endogenous VK-1 and VK-1 derived from the deuterium-labeled broccoli. The profile of labeled VK-1 isotopomers in serum was identical to the VK-1 isotopomer profile in labeled broccoli, indicating that no deuterium was lost due to exchange either in the body or in sample preparation. At 4 hr following broccoli intake, there was an 81.1% enrichment of phylloquinone in serum; labeled VK-1 was no Ion-er detectable in serum at 24 hr. Use of isotope labeled vegetables enables one to discriminate exogenous intake of VK-1 from endogenous pools and ultimately to determine bioavailability of VK-1 from foods. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 3 BP 168 EP 174 AR PII S0955-2863(01)00210-8 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00210-8 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 533PP UT WOS:000174539700005 ER PT J AU Klein, CJ Moser-Veillon, PB Schweitzer, A Douglass, LW Reynolds, HN Patterson, KY Veillon, C AF Klein, CJ Moser-Veillon, PB Schweitzer, A Douglass, LW Reynolds, HN Patterson, KY Veillon, C TI Magnesium, calcium, zinc, and nitrogen loss in trauma patients during continuous renal replacement therapy SO JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION LA English DT Review ID CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; CONTINUOUS VENOVENOUS HEMOFILTRATION; REGIONAL CITRATE ANTICOAGULATION; HEAD-INJURED PATIENTS; CONTINUOUS ARTERIOVENOUS HEMODIAFILTRATION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS EFFICIENCY; INTENSIVE-CARE PATIENTS; HERMAN-AWARD-LECTURE; AMINO-ACID LOSSES AB Background: Whether standard nutrition support is sufficient to compensate for mineral loss during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is not known. Methods: Adult men with traumatic injuries were recruited; one-half of recruits required CRRT for acute renal failure. All urine and effluent (from CRRT) were collected for 72 hours. Urine, effluent, and dialysate were analyzed for magnesium, calcium, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrometry. Urea nitrogen in blood, urine, and effluent were determined by measuring conductivity changes after the addition of urease. Blood was analyzed for magnesium and calcium as part of routine care. Intake was calculated from orders and intake records. Results: Patients receiving CRRT (n = 6) lost 23.9 +/- 3.1 mmol/d (mean +/- SEM) of magnesium and 69.8 +/- 2.7 mmol/d of calcium compared with 10.2 +/- 1.2 mmol/d and 2.9 +/- 2.5 mmol/d, respectively, lost in patients not in acute renal failure (n = 6; p <.01). Zinc intake was significantly greater than loss in both groups (p <.03). Urea nitrogen excretion did not differ between groups. Serum magnesium was 0.75 +/- 0.04 mmol/L for CRRT patients, significantly lower than the 0.90 +/- 0.03 mmol/L for control patients (p <.01). Total blood calcium was below normal in both groups; ionized calcium was below normal in CRRT patients. Conclusions: CRRT caused significant loss of magnesium and calcium, necessitating administration of more magnesium and calcium than was provided in standard parenteral nutrition formulas. However, additional zinc was not required. CRRT removed amounts of urea nitrogen similar to amounts removed by normally functioning kidneys. C1 R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Ctr, Div Crit Care Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Lipid Clin, Baltimore, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Klein, CJ (reprint author), CNSD, Life Sci Res Off, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RI Klein, Catherine/F-3940-2011 NR 163 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARENTERAL & ENTERAL NUTRITION PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON STREET SUITE 412, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 0148-6071 J9 JPEN-PARENTER ENTER JI J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 26 IS 2 BP 77 EP 92 DI 10.1177/014860710202600277 PG 16 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 524EU UT WOS:000174000200002 PM 11871740 ER PT J AU Garza, JJ Shew, SB Keshen, TH Dzakovic, A Jahoor, F Jaksic, T AF Garza, JJ Shew, SB Keshen, TH Dzakovic, A Jahoor, F Jaksic, T TI Energy expenditure in ill premature neonates SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the American-Pediatic-Surgical-Association CY MAY 20-23, 2001 CL NAPLES, FLORIDA SP Amer Pediatr Surg Assoc DE premature; neonatal; energy expenditure; critical illness; metabolism ID INDIRECT CALORIMETRY; PRETERM INFANTS; CO2 AB Background/Purpose: The energy needs of critically ill premature neonates undergoing surgery remain to be defined. Results of studies in adults would suggest that these neonates should have markedly increased energy expenditures. To test this hypothesis, a recently validated stable isotopic technique was used to measure accurately the resting energy expenditure (REE) of critically ill premature neonates before and after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation. Methods: Six ventilated, fully total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed, premature neonates (24.5+/-0.6 weeks' gestational age) were studied at day of life 7.5+/-0.7, immediately before and 16+/-3.7 hours after standard PDA ligation. REE was measured with a primed continuous infusion of (NaHCO3)-C-13, and breath samples were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy. Serum CRP and cortisol concentrations also were obtained. Statistical analyses were made by paired sample t tests and linear regression. Results: The resting energy expenditures pre- and post-PDA ligation were 37.2+/-9.6 and 34.8+/-10.1 kcal/kg/d (not significant, P=.61). Only preoperative energy expenditure significantly (P<.01) predicted postoperative energy expenditure (R-2=88.0%). Pre- and postoperative determinations of CRP were 2.1&PLUSMN;1.5 and 7.1&PLUSMN;4.2 mg/dL (not significant, P=.34), and cortisol levels were 14.1&PLUSMN;2.3 and 14.9&PLUSMN;2.1 μg/dL (not significant, P=.52). Conclusions: Thus, critically ill premature neonates do not have elevated REE, and, further, there is no increase in REE evident the first day after surgery. This suggests that routine allotments of excess calories are not necessary either pre-or postoperatively in critically ill premature neonates. Given the high interindividual variability in REE, actual measurement is prudent if protracted nutritional support is required. J Pediatr Surg 37:289-293. Copyright (C) 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Div Pediat Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Surg, USDA ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Surg, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Jaksic, T (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Div Pediat Surg, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-3468 J9 J PEDIATR SURG JI J. Pediatr. Surg. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 289 EP 293 DI 10.1053/jpsu.2002.30821 PG 5 WC Pediatrics; Surgery SC Pediatrics; Surgery GA 526ZZ UT WOS:000174160700003 PM 11877636 ER PT J AU Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK Short, RE Haferkamp, MR AF Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK Short, RE Haferkamp, MR TI Intensive-early stocking for yearling cattle in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grazing management; beef cattle; protein supplementation ID PERFORMANCE; VEGETATION; RANGELAND AB A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate grazing strategies for production of growing cattle during summer on Northern Great Plains rangeland. Crossbred yearling steers (N = 123 per year, avg initial weight = 275 kg) were allotted to I of 2 treatments replicated in 3 pastures. Treatments were season-long grazing of pastures at recommended stocking rates assuming a 4-month grazing period or intensive-early grazing of pastures stocked at the same rate assuming only a 2-month grazing season. Precipitation in 1993 was 169% of normal resulting in greater forage quality than in other years and no differences were observed in weight gains between treatments during 1993. In 1994 and 1995, steers in the intensive-early stocked pastures gained less weight during the 2 months of grazing than did those in the season-long stocked pastures; however, gain per hectare was greater in the intensive-early stocked pastures. Intensive-early stocking with growing steers may be a viable means to overcome limited forage quality during late summer in the Northern Great Plains and to maximize forage utilization in years of abundant forage. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Grings, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 55 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.2307/4003348 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537RG UT WOS:000174772900005 ER PT J AU Booth, DT AF Booth, DT TI Seed longevity and seeding strategies affect sagebrush revegetation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Wyoming big sagebrush; fourwing saltbush; reclamation; fallow; early seral species; pioneer plants; ecological restoration; soil erosion ID WYOMING BIG SAGEBRUSH; MINED LANDS; GERMINATION AB Three hypotheses were tested relating to Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle and Young) revegetation on coal-mined land in Wyoming: (1) that fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.) seeded > 2.2 kg pure live seed (pIs)/ha would exclude sagebrush, (2) the contrasting view that the saltbush, as a "pioneer plant", facilitated sagebrush stand development [by promoting beneficial soil microbiological activity], and (3) that sagebrush stand development would be greater on fresh-stripped, than on stored, topsoil. The hypotheses were tested by comparing stand development on field plots: 1) seeded to sagebrush in February 1992, and March 1993; 2) fallowed in 1992, and sagebrush seeded in March 1993; 3) seeded to 'Wytana' fourwing saltbush in November, 1991, with sagebrush over-seeded in March, 1993, and; 4) no seeding. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split plots of stored and fresh-stripped topsoil and with 3 replications. New sagebrush were detected annually through 4 post-seeding spring counts. Seed efficiency was affected by seeding strategy, but efficiency, density, and height were not affected by topsoil source. Proximity to saltbush did not affect sagebrush heights. The results imply that a 'Wytana' density less than or equal to 5 seedlings/m(2) is unlikely to deter or promote development of the sagebrush stand, but it will significantly increase total-shrub seed efficiency and density. Seeding strategies, particularly pre-sowing fallow and mixed-species seedings, will likely have a greater influence on sagebrush revegetation than will topsoil source when topsoils are handled as they were in this study. C1 USDA ARS, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Booth, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 55 IS 2 BP 188 EP 193 DI 10.2307/4003355 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537RG UT WOS:000174772900012 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD Blank, RR AF Young, JA Clements, CD Blank, RR TI Herbicide residues and perennial grass on establishment perennial pepperweed sites SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Chlorsulfuron; tall wheatgrass; saline/alkaline soils AB Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.) is a creeping rooted exotic weed that has infested native hay meadows, riparian areas and agronomic fields throughout the western United States. This highly invasive species causes major losses in forage quality and creates numerous management problems. On many sites infested with perennial pepperweed, a near mono-culture exist. Sustainable suppression programs require the establishment of a competitive perennial species. You can not establish seedlings of a perennial competitive species without some initial substantial reduction in perennial pepperweed stands through weed control. Because tillage is not feasible with this creeping rooted species, herbicidal weed control is the primary option. Experience has shown, that the massive and extensive root system of perennial pepperweed can not be completely eliminated with one application of a herbicide. This means that repeated applications of a selective herbicide are required after the perennial seedlings of a competitive species are established. Perennial pepperweed is a broadleaf species that is some what susceptible to applications of 2,4-D. Therefore, the choice revegetation species is limited to a perennial grass that is resistant to 2,4-D applications at low rates as a seedlings and moderate rates once established. The saline/alkaline nature of the soils where perennial pepperweed is often found limit the adapted perennial grasses to tall wheatgrass (Elytriga elongata [Host] Nevski). The herbicide chlorsulfuron has been shown to be more effective in initially controlling perennial pepperweed than 2,4-D. We determined that applications of chlorsulfuron at rates sufficient to control perennial pepperweed resulted in herbicidal residues that severely reduced or eliminated the establishment of tall wheatgrass seedlings. Application of 2,4-D at flower budding for perennial pepperweed (June), followed by seeding tall wheatgrass in the fall (October), and application of low rates of 2,4-D over the wheatgrass seedlings the next spring (May), gave the best grass seedling establishment and suppression of the perennial weed. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 55 IS 2 BP 194 EP 196 DI 10.2307/4003356 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537RG UT WOS:000174772900013 ER PT J AU Eneboe, EJ Sowell, BF Heitschmidt, RK Karl, MG Haferkamp, MR AF Eneboe, EJ Sowell, BF Heitschmidt, RK Karl, MG Haferkamp, MR TI Drought and grazing: IV. Blue grama and western wheatgrass SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; Pascopyrum smithii; production; rainout shelter; rest; water potential ID 2 TUSSOCK GRASSES; JAPANESE BROME; SOIL-WATER; DEFOLIATION; RESPONSES; PRAIRIE; TERM AB An understanding of the impacts of grazing during and following drought on rangeland ecosystems is critical for developing effective drought management strategies. This study was designed to examine the effects of drought and grazing on blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K) Lag. ex Griffiths] and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. (Love)] tiller growth dynamics. Research was conducted from 1993 to 1996 at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory located near Miles City, Mont. An automated rainout shelter was used during 1994 to impose a severe late spring to early fall (May to October) drought on 6 of twelve, 5- x 10-m non-weighing lysimeters. Twice replicated grazing treatments were: 1) grazed both the year of (1994) and the year after (1995) drought; 2) grazed the year of and rested the year after drought; and 3) no grazing either year. Drought had minimal impact on tiller relative growth rates of plants grazed twice, although it reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) rates of axillary tiller emergence for blue grama (79%) and western wheatgrass (91%). Defoliation periodically increased relative growth rates (P less than or equal to 0.05) and tiller emergence (P less than or equal to 0.01) of both species. Neither drought nor grazing affected tiller densities or tiller replacement rates of either species nor did they affect productivity of blue grama. Drought, however, reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) productivity of western wheatgrass 50% in 1994 whereas grazing reduced productivity (P less than or equal to 0.01) by 46% in 1994 and 69% in 1995. Moderate stocking levels (40-50% utilization) during and after drought did not adversely affect the sustainability of these dominant native grasses. C1 Mont State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Eneboe, EJ (reprint author), Mont State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 55 IS 2 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.2307/4003357 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537RG UT WOS:000174772900014 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Humphrey, JS Tillman, EA Phares, KO Hatcher, JE AF Avery, ML Humphrey, JS Tillman, EA Phares, KO Hatcher, JE TI Dispersing vulture roosts on communication towers SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cathartes aura; communication tower; Coragyps atratus; effigy; roost dispersal; vultures AB Communication towers provide attractive roost sites for Black (Coragyps atratus) and Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura). The birds' roosting activity creates problems, however, for tower operators, nearby businesses, and adjacent homeowners. To alleviate these problems, at six sites in northern Florida we evaluated the effectiveness of suspending vulture carcasses or taxidermic effigies from towers to disperse vulture roosts. In each case, vulture numbers decreased immediately after installation of the stimulus, and roosts declined 93-100% within nine days. The effect was independent of the composition of the roost and occurred regardless of which vulture species was used as the carcass or effigy. At one site, the roost was substantially reduced using a commercial plastic goose decoy painted to resemble a Turkey Vulture. At three sites, the deterrent effect persisted up to 5 mo even after the carcass or effigy was removed from the tower. Hanging a vulture carcass, taxidermic effigy or even an artificial decoy, from a tower creates an unfavorable roosting environment for vultures and offers a simple, effective means to manage problem-roost situations. C1 Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Florida State Directors Off, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. EM Michael.L.Avery@aphis.usda.gov NR 12 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 540DC UT WOS:000174912500008 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Dabney, S Schultz, R AF Lowrance, R Dabney, S Schultz, R TI Improving water and soil quality with conservation buffers SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN BUFFERS C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 2 BP 36A EP 43A PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 563PR UT WOS:000176265200016 ER PT J AU Popp, J Hoag, D Ascough, J AF Popp, J Hoag, D Ascough, J TI Targeting soil-conservation policies for sustainabitity: New empirical evidence SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE resource management; soil conservation; soil quality; sustainability ID QUALITY; PRODUCTIVITY; SYSTEMS; EROSION AB Sustainable resource management is one of the most complex concerns today. Society has spent billions of dollars conserving soils in production, yet it is unclear whether these efforts buy sustainability, or even what sustainability is. Further study about which soils need conservation merits consideration. We use a simulation model, regression, and optimization analysis to examine the sustainability of resource management in objective, measurable ways. Soil quality, represented by a new index, and other nonirrigated corn production data are placed into a dynamic model to identify: 1) the conditions where soil conservation is efficient, and 2) under what definitions conservation is sustainable. Results show that decisions to use or conserve soil and the impacts of these decisions are highly dependent upon soil type and how sustainability is defined. In general, while soil conservation slowed degradation on erodible soils, it seemed to be more effective and economically efficient the better the initial quality of the soil. This calls into question whether U.S. conservation policy that focuses on marginal soils supports sustainability. Economic research was undertaken to study which soils might best be targeted for conservation, using economic and sustainability criteria. An economic model of nonirrigated corn production was created to determine-under requirements of maintaining a certain level of production or maintaining soil quality-if, when, and where it was best to apply conservation practices. Results show that decisions to use or conserve soil and the impacts of these decisions are highly dependent upon the characteristics of the soil and how sustainability is defined. In general, white soil conservation slowed degradation on erodible soils, it seemed to be more effective and economically efficient the better the initial soil quality. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, ARS, NPA Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Popp, J (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 2 BP 66 EP 74 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 563PR UT WOS:000176265200021 ER PT J AU Owens, LB Starr, GC Lightell, DL AF Owens, LB Starr, GC Lightell, DL TI Total organic carbon losses in subsurface flow under two management practices SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE carbon concentrations; carbon transport; groundwater; subsurface flow ID NITRATE LEVELS; STREAM WATER; NITROGEN; GROUNDWATER; TRANSPORT; SOIL; ADSORPTION; CATCHMENTS; NUTRIENTS; PASTURES AB Greenhouse gases and global warming have become major topics. Much of the greenhouse gas discussion has dealt with carbon dioxide (CO2) and methods to sequester or store atmospheric carbon in soils and forests. The entire carbon cycle needs to be studied to better understand the overall process. The major carbon transformations are loss of CO2 to the atmosphere or the storage of carbon in sinks such as soil. Although it is a minor pathway, carbon leached through the soil and into groundwater needs to be quantified. Numerous carbon studies have been performed, but concentrations and losses of total organic carbon (TOC) moving through a soil profile have received little attention. Therefore, this study was to assess TOC levels in subsurface flow under two management practices. TOC was determined monthly in the percolate from large Soil blocks, called lysimeters, (2.4 m [8 ft] deep) with undisturbed soils under row crops. Most of the TOC concentrations in the percolate ranged from 0.5 to 6.0 mg/L with the corn/soybean-rye rotation. Developed springs in two rotational grazing systems were sampled for 10 years. TOC concentrations in the groundwater from the spring flow developments had less variability than in the lysimeter percolate. Most TOC values from these pasture systems were in a concentration range of 1 to 3 mg/L. Annual averages of TOC transport were similar for the lysimeter percolate and groundwater springs, ranging from 3.7 to 6.o kg/ha (3-3 to 5.4 lb/ac). C1 USDA, ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Plant, Orono, ME USA. RP Owens, LB (reprint author), USDA, ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 2 BP 74 EP 81 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 563PR UT WOS:000176265200022 ER PT J AU Bowman, RA Anderson, RL AF Bowman, RA Anderson, RL TI Conservation Reserve Program: Effects on soil organic carbon and preservation when converting back to cropland in northeastern Colorado SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestration; crop biomass; native sod; soil organic matter; wheat/fallow ID QUACKGRASS ELYTRIGIA-REPENS; GREAT PLAINS; HERBICIDES; GRASSLAND; FALLOW; WHEAT AB Information on the potential for carbon sequestration from the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and knowledge concerning the fate of accrued carbon on sod takeout and recropping to a wheat-based rotation are essential. We conducted two separate field studies in northeastern Colorado to quantify the soil organic carbon (SOC) changes after various amounts of time in the CRP program, and to assess problems associated with converting CRP grass to cropland and the potential for loss of accrued SOC with different tillage systems. For our first objective, we assessed six CRP sites, with three sites showing increased SOC content over the adjacent winter wheat/summer fallow sites, and three sites showing no differences. In the conversion study, systems with little or no tillage yielded more winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain than systems with tillage because of more available soil water at planting time. Furthermore, SOC loss was less with no-till and reduced-till (herbicides plus one tillage) systems than by conventional tillage with numerous sweep plow operations. Thus, NT and reduced-till systems designed to control perennial CRP grasses will enable producers to maintain some of the gains in SOC when CRP land is converted to cropland. C1 USDA, ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. USDA, ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD USA. RP Bowman, RA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 563PR UT WOS:000176265200029 ER PT J AU Van Zant, RS Conway, JM Seale, JL AF Van Zant, RS Conway, JM Seale, JL TI A moderate carbohydrate and fat diet does not impair strength performance in moderately trained males SO JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS LA English DT Article DE exercise; dietary carbohydrates; dietary fats ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE FIBERS; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; HIGH-INTENSITY; EXERCISE PERFORMANCE; GLYCOGEN DEPLETION; ANAEROBIC EXERCISE; LOADING REGIMEN; MANIPULATION; ENDURANCE AB Background. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of varied levels of dietary carbohydrate and fat intake on exercise training and high intensity exercise performance in moderately strength trained, aerobic trained and untrained males. Methods. Subjects (6 strength trained, 6 aerobically trained serving as an active control group, 6 sedentary) consumed isoenergetic diets considered either high CHO/low fat (HC/LF: total energy 62% CHO, 20% fat, 18% protein) or moderate CHO and fat (MC/MF: total energy 42% CHO, 40% fat, 18% protein) in a randomly assigned crossover design. Each dietary treatment was three weeks in length. Prior to the study and following each dietary treatment, muscular strength and endurance was determined (isokinetic knee extension and flexion, standard concentric free weight bench press). Results. No differences as a result of the dietary treatment were seen in isokinetic peak torque, total work production, single repetition maximum (1 RM) bench press, or number of bench press repetitions at 80% 1 RM. Self-reported exercise log data showed no dietary effect on the subject's ability to maintain training level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that varying dietary macronutrient content (HC/LF or MC/MF) had no effect on exercise training or stength exercise performance in moderately trained (aerobic and strength) or sedentary males. C1 Univ Findlay, Dept Phys Therapy, Findlay, OH 45840 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Van Zant, RS (reprint author), Univ Findlay, Dept Phys Therapy, 1000 N Main St, Findlay, OH 45840 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA PI TURIN PA CORSO BRAMANTE 83-85 INT JOURNALS DEPT., 10126 TURIN, ITALY SN 0022-4707 J9 J SPORT MED PHYS FIT JI J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 541KG UT WOS:000174983300006 PM 11832872 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Clouser, DF AF Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Clouser, DF TI Effect of concurrent infections on persistence and shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; concurrent infection; persistent infection ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PIGS; CORONAVIRUS; STRAINS; SWINE; DIAGNOSIS; SOW AB Objective: To determine the duration of persistence and shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) for pigs inoculated with one or both viruses. Methods: Pigs were allocated to three principal groups (Principal Groups A, B, and C: four pigs per group). They were inoculated with PRRSV (Principal Groups B and C) at 14 +/- 2 days old (Day 0) and with TGEV (Principal Groups A and C) on Day 13. On Day 28 and at or about 14-day intervals (up to and including Day 83), a group of two age-matched, naive pigs were placed in contact with each Principal Group for an interval of 10 days. Samples obtained at selected intervals from both principals and contacts were tested for PRRSV (sera and lung lavage samples) and TGEV (rectal swabs). Sera were also tested for antibody to both viruses. Results: Contact transmission of PRRSV and TGEV was detected for 56 and 15 days, respectively. A longer interval of infection with PRRSV (up to 121 days) was detected when samples from principals were tested using a nested-set polymerase chain reaction. Concurrent infection with PRRSV and TGEV did not enhance clinical effects, shedding, or persistence of either virus. Implications: Pigs infected with PRRSV and TGEV should be kept isolated for more than 8 and 2 weeks, respectively, to reduce the chance for virus transmission. Concurrent infection with TGEV and PRRSV is likely to have little or no effect on subsequent shedding or persistence of either virus. C1 ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1537-209X J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 10 IS 2 BP 67 EP 73 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 522JK UT WOS:000173892700006 ER PT J AU Ziegler, P Sharp, R Hughes, V Evans, W San Khoo, C AF Ziegler, P Sharp, R Hughes, V Evans, W San Khoo, C TI Nutritional status of teenage female competitive figure skaters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; DELAYED MENARCHE; BALLET DANCERS; GYMNASTS; RUNNERS; YOUNG; RECOMMENDATIONS; SUPPLEMENTS; INDIVIDUALS; AMENORRHEA AB Objective To assess the nutritional status of female competitive figure skaters during preseason, competitive season, and off-season. Subjects Eighteen female competitive figure skaters, age range 14 to 16 years, from the New England region. Statistics Data was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, Duncan Multiple Range Tests, one sample t tests, and confidence intervals. Design Nutrient intakes were determined from 3-day diet records. Body composition was assessed through heights, weights, and underwater weighing. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of selected indexes of nutritional status. Results Height and weight did not differ significantly among the seasons. Body fat was 1.1 kg higher off-season compared with preseason. Energy intake over the 3 seasons did not vary significantly (mean preseason: 1,678 kcal/day: competitive season, 1,630 kcal/day; off-season: 1,673 kcal/ day) (P>.05). During the competitive season 78%, 50%, and 44%, of the skaters had intakes less than 67% of RDA for folate, iron, and calcium, respectively. Most of the biochemical indexes of nutritional status were within normal limits. Conclusions The result., indicate that teenage female skaters have relatively low energy intake and inadequate intakes of certain nutrients, which may account for some of the observed seasonal variations in blood markers of nutritional status. These findings point to the need for nutrition education for these athletes, especially during their competitive season when nutritional status may be compromised. C1 Gerber Prod Co, Summit, NJ 07901 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Hlth & Human Performance, Human Performance Lab, Ames, IA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging Nutr, Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Nutr Metab & Exercise Lab, N Little Rock, AR USA. Campbell Soup Co, Nutr & Hlth, Camden, NJ USA. RP Ziegler, P (reprint author), Gerber Prod Co, 560 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ 07901 USA. OI Sharp, Rick/0000-0002-4637-6156 NR 54 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 102 IS 3 BP 374 EP 379 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90086-6 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 531AN UT WOS:000174392600015 PM 11902370 ER PT J AU Biresaw, G Erhan, SM AF Biresaw, G Erhan, SM TI Solid lubricant formulations containing starch-soybean oil composites SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ball-on-flat; coefficient of friction; Fantesk (TM); friction force; purified food-grade starch; sheet metal forming; soybean oil; starch-oil composites; sucrose; wear ID STEAM JET COOKING; FILMS AB Starch-oil composites comprising purified food-grade corn starch (PFGS) and soybean oil (SBO) were investigated as potential ingredients for water-based solid lubricant formulations. Current solid lubricants are almost exclusively petroleum-based and are used for protecting sheet metal and/or as sheet metal forming lubricants. Starch-oil composites are preferred ingredients for formulating solid lubricants because they are based on renewable and abundantly available raw materials and also have superior environmental and health characteristics. Steel sheets coated with the PFGS-SBO containing solid lubricant were evaluated for boundary coefficient of friction (COF) and wear properties using ball-on-flat test geometry. The COF was highly dependent on the SBO to PFGS ratio in the composite. In the absence of SBO, the COF was high (similar to0.8) and decreased sharply with increasing SBO content to a minimum value of 0.07. Wear evaluation showed no scratches or lubricant transfer on the ball. There were also no wear tracks observed on the flat sheet before or after the solid lubricant was washed off. It was concluded that water-based solid lubricants formulated with the PFGS-SBO starch-oil composite have acceptable friction and wear properties and should be evaluated further for use in sheet metal forming. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Biresaw, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 79 IS 3 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0476-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 533ZV UT WOS:000174560900015 ER PT J AU Gulen, H Arora, R Kuden, A Krebs, SL Postman, J AF Gulen, H Arora, R Kuden, A Krebs, SL Postman, J TI Peroxidase isozyme profiles in compatible and incompatible pear-quince graft combinations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cydonia oblonga; grafting; incompatibility; Pyrus communis AB The similarity or differences of peroxidase isozymes in rootstocks and scions may influence their graft compatibility. This study was conducted to identify peroxidase isozymes that may be used as markers to predict compatibility between pear (Pyrus communis L.) and various quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) clones. 'Bartlett' (BT) and 'Beurre Hardy' (BH) pear cultivars are known to form incompatible and compatible grafts, respectively, with quince rootstocks. The two pear scion cultivars were budded on 'quince A' (QA), 'quince BA-29% and 15 selected quince clones from Turkey. Bark and cambial tissues were taken from nonbudded rootstocks and scions, and 4 cm above and below the graft union for peroxidase isozyme analysis performed by starch gel electrophoresis. Isoperoxidase analyses were also performed on samples from the graft unions collected 12 months after grafting. Many isozyme bands were observed commonly in the two scions; however, one anodal peroxidase A was detected in BH (compatible scion) but not in BT (incompatible scion) samples. This isoperoxidase was also detected in QA, Quince BA-29, and nine of the Turkish quince clones. Another isoperoxidase, band B, was detected in BH but not in BT or any of the rootstocks. However, the compatible (BH/QA) and moderately compatible (BT/BA-29) graft union tissues contained bands A and B whereas incompatible graft union tissues (BT/QA) lacked both. Graft union samples involving BT and five Turkish quince clones (705, 609-2, 702, 804, and 806) had both 'A' and 'B' isoperoxidases while one or both of these bands were absent in nonbudded graft partners. Field observations of 3.5 year-old grafts of BT and Turkish quince clones revealed that the vegetative growth (vigor) of BT scion was significantly greater, when grafted on these five clones, than that in graft combinations with other clones. We suggest that matching of isoperoxidase 'A' in quince rootstocks and BH pear scion may be associated with a compatible graft combination. Additionally, presence of isoperoxidases 'A' and 'B' in the graft union tissues may be used as an indicator to predict a compatible graft between BT and quince rootstocks. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Hort, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Uludag Univ, Dept Hort, Bursa, Turkey. Cukurova Univ, Dept Hort, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. David G Leach Res Stn Holden Arboretum, Madison, OH 44057 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Arora, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Hort, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 152 EP 157 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200001 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Prado, E Erez, A McFerson, J Puterka, GJ AF Glenn, DM Prado, E Erez, A McFerson, J Puterka, GJ TI A reflective, processed-kaolin particle film affects fruit temperature, radiation reflection, and solar injury in apple SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus sylvestris var. domestica; heat stress; fruit quality; fruit temperature; sunburn; ultraviolet radiation; infrared radiation ID QUALITY; RED AB Particle film technology is a new tool for tree fruit production systems. Trials were performed in Santiago, Chile, and Washington and West Virginia to evaluate the effect of particle film treatments, on apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit temperature and the incidence of solar injury. Fruit surface temperature was reduced by the application of reflective particles and the amount of temperature reduction was proportional to the amount of particle residue on the fruit surface. Effective solar injury suppression was achieved with spray applications of 45 to 56 kg.ha(-1) of a reflective, processed-kaolin particle film material in concentrations rainging from 3% to 12% in some of the locations. The timing of application to suppress solar injury was not clearly defined. The processed-kaolin particle film material was highly reflective to the ultraviolet wavelengths and this characteristic may be important in reducing solar injury to both fruit and leaves. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Inst Invest Agropecuarias, Ctr Reg Invest, Santiago, Chile. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Hort, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Washington Tree Fruit Res Commiss, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM mglenn@afrs.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 188 EP 193 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200007 ER PT J AU Ferguson, L Poss, JA Grattan, SR Grieve, CM Wang, D Wilson, C Donovan, TJ Chao, CT AF Ferguson, L Poss, JA Grattan, SR Grieve, CM Wang, D Wilson, C Donovan, TJ Chao, CT TI Pistachio rootstocks influence scion growth and ion relations under salinity and boron stress SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biomass production; chlorophyll; foliar injury; ion relations; Pistacia vera; salt tolerance; trunk diameter ID CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; TOLERANCE; POTASSIUM; CULTIVARS; CHLORIDE AB Performance of 'Kerman' pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees on three rootstocks (P. atlantica Desf.,P. integerrima Stewart and IUCB-1', a A atlantica X A integerrima hybrid) was evaluated with 2-year-old trees grown in sand-tank lysimeters under combined SO42- and Cl- salinity and boron (B) stress for 6 months. Four salinity treatments were imposed by irrigating the plants with water at electrical conductivity (ECiw) of 3.5, 8.7,12, or 16 dS.m(-1) each containing B at 10 mg.L-1. Growth of 'Kerman' was evaluated based on increase in total leaf area, increase in trunk diameter, and total above-ground biomass production. All growth parameters decreased as salinity increased, but were not significant until ECiw exceeded 12 dS.m(-1). However, growth of 'Kerman' on A atlantica and 'UCB-1' was considerably better than on P. integerrima at 16 dS.m(-1). The onset and severity of foliar injury differed among scions and treatments and was attributed primarily to B toxicity, rather than the effects of salinity. Concentrations of B in injured leaf tissue ranged from 1000 to 2500 mg.kg(-1). Leaf injury decreased with increasing salinity, although leaf B was not significantly reduced suggesting an internal synergistic interaction between B and other mineral nutrients. However for A vera on A integerrima, the highest level of salinity produced the greatest injury, possibly as a combination of B plus Cl- and/or Na+ toxicity. Leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll concentration of A vera, determined by steady-state porometry, were also reduced to a greater degree by combined salinity and B when budded on A integerrima than on the other two rootstocks. C1 Univ Calif, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), Univ Calif, Kearney Agr Ctr, 9240 S Riverbend, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 194 EP 199 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200008 ER PT J AU Anchondo, JA Wall, MM Gutschick, VP Smith, DW AF Anchondo, JA Wall, MM Gutschick, VP Smith, DW TI Growth and yield of iron-deficient chile peppers in sand culture SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum; plant nutrition; mineral nutrition ID PHOTO-CHEMICAL CAPACITY; LIMITING FACTORS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NUTRITION; PLANTS; STRESS; RATES AB Growth and yield responses of 'New Mexico 64' and 'NuMex R Naky' chile pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Longum Group)] to four Fe levels were studied under sand culture. A balanced nutrient solution total nutrient concentration <2 mmol.L-1) was recirculated continuously to plants potted in acid-washed sand from the seedling stage to red fruit harvest. Plants received 1, 3, 10 or 30 μM Fe as ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate). Plant growth was determined by leaf area, specific leaf area [(SLA), leaf area per unit dry weight of leaves], instantaneous leaf photosynthetic rates, and dry matter partitioning. Low Fe (1 or 3 μM Fe) in the nutrient solution was associated with lower relative growth rates (RGR), increased SLA, and higher root to shoot ratios (3 μM Fe plants only) at final harvest. High Fe levels (10 or 30 μM Fe) in the nutrient solution were associated with an increased yield of red fruit and total plant dry matter. RGR of low-Fe young chile plants was reduced before any chlorotic symptoms appeared. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Univ Stat Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Wall, MM (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 205 EP 210 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200010 ER PT J AU Scorza, R Bassi, D Liverani, A AF Scorza, R Bassi, D Liverani, A TI Genetic interactions of pillar (columnar), compact, and dwarf peach tree genotypes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; growth habit; weeping; peach breeding ID GROWTH HABIT; RESPONSES; DENSITY; YIELD AB A study was conducted to determine genetic control of the columnar or pillar (PI) growth habit,and to evaluate the effects of interactions of various genes that influence peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] growth habit. The PI habit (brbr) examined in this study was inherited as a monogenic trait expressing incomplete dominance. The heterozygous Brbr derived from crosses between standard (ST) and PI genotypes was recognized as an upright (UP) tree with narrower branch angles than ST trees but wider than PI trees. The combination of brbr and brachytic dwarf (DW) (dwdw) produced dwarf-pillar (DWPI) trees. The effects of the heterozygous Brbr in combination with dw, and/or compact (CT) (Ct) could not be recognized by visual observation. Compact pillar (CTPI) trees resulted from the expression of Ct brbr. These trees were distinguished from globe-shaped (GL) trees (Ct_Brbr) by the more upright growth habit of the CTPI trees. This genetic study highlights the genetic plasticity of tree growth habit in peach. The investigation of novel growth habits extends our concept of the peach tree. Some growth habits such as PI may have commercial potential for high-density peach production systems. Others, such as DWPI and CTPI may have potential as ornamentals. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ Milan, Dept Prod Vegetale, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Ist Sperimentale Frutticoltura, Sez Forli, I-47100 Forli, Italy. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 254 EP 261 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200017 ER PT J AU Ryder, EJ AF Ryder, EJ TI Inheritance and interactions of necrotic, mottled, and resistant reactions to lettuce mosaic virus in lettuce SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa; resistance; mottling; seed transmission; green peach aphid; Myzus persicae; epistasis AB Segregation data from crosses between necrotic and mottled lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) parents showed that a single gene controls the difference in type of reaction to lettuce mosaic virus: necrosis is dominant to mottled. Segregation data from crosses between resistant and necrotic parents differed, depending on the necrotic parent. In crosses with the necrotic cultivar Prizehead, there were two independent genes, one controlling necrotic vs. mottled and the other resistant vs. susceptible. In a cross with the necrotic cultivar Maikonig, resistance was epistatic to necrotic, suggesting a second necrotic allele. Crosses among necrotic cultivars indicated a single gene for the necrotic reaction, with the possibility of more than one necrotic allele. Necrotic alleles identified are named Necrotic-I-m and Necrotic-I-p. C1 ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Ryder, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 127 IS 2 BP 279 EP 283 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 522MM UT WOS:000173901200020 ER PT J AU Huston, CL Wittum, TE Love, BC Keen, JE AF Huston, CL Wittum, TE Love, BC Keen, JE TI Prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp in dairy herds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI J5; RESISTANT SALMONELLA; DUBLIN INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; CALVES; CALIFORNIA; FECES; FARMS AB Objective To estimate prevalence of Salmonella spp in Ohio dairy farms and to identify potential risk factors for fecal shedding of salmonellae. Design-Cross-sectional study. Sample Population-105 Ohio dairy farms. Procedure-Individual fecal samples from all mature cows in study herds were tested for Salmonella spp by use of standard bacteriologic culture procedures. Herds were identified as infected if at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Information regarding herd characteristics, management practices, and health history were collected. Potential risk factors for herd-level Salmonella infection were identified. Results-in 31% of the study herds (95% confidence interval, 22 to 40%), at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Six percent of 7,776 fecal samples contained Salmonella organisms; prevalence within infected herds ranged from < 1 to 97%. Herd size, use of free stalls for lactating and nonlactating cows, and use of straw bedding in nonlactating cows were significantly associated with fecal shedding of Salmonella spp, as determined by use of univariate analysis. By use of multivariate analysis, large herds were more likely to be infected than smaller herds; however, no other factors were associated with Salmonella infection after adjustment for herd size. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Subclinical shedding of Salmonella spp is common in Ohio dairy herds, although we could not identify specific interventions that may influence the prevalence of Salmonella spp on dairy farms. It appears that large herd size and intensive management may provide an environment conducive to Salmonella shedding and chronic dairy herd infection. C1 Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, Anim Diagnost Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wittum, TE (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 28 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 220 IS 5 BP 645 EP 649 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.220.645 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 524YH UT WOS:000174040100021 PM 12418525 ER PT J AU Kaneene, JB VanderKlok, M Bruning-Fann, CS Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Schmitt, SM Miller, R AF Kaneene, JB VanderKlok, M Bruning-Fann, CS Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Schmitt, SM Miller, R TI Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cervids on privately owned ranches SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; TUBERCULOSIS AB Objective-To determine prevalence of tuberculosis caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis in cervids on privately owned ranches in northeastern lower Michigan. Design-Epidemiologic survey. Animals-Cervids on 96 privately owned ranches. Procedures-A combination of slaughter and skin tuberculin testing was used to collect data, Infection with M bovis was confirmed by use of standard necropsy and bacteriologic culture techniques. Results-Cervids with tuberculosis were detected on 1 of the 96 ranches. The apparent prevalence of tuberculosis in cervids from the 96 ranches was 1.1 cases/100 cervids (21 cases/1,867 cervids tested). For the ranch with infected cervids, prevalence of infection with M bovis was 12.1 cases/100 cervids (21 cases/174 cervids tested). No obvious gross lesions were seen in 8 of 21 white-tailed deer and 1 coyote with culture-confirmed M bovis infection. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The lack of visible lesions in a substantial proportion of infected animals should be taken into consideration in studies involving detection and prevalence of tuberculosis. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan Dept Agr, Anim Ind Div, Vet Serv, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Vet Serv, USDA, APHIS, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Wildlife Dis Lab, Rose Lake Wildlife Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Kaneene, JB (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 220 IS 5 BP 656 EP 659 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.220.656 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 524YH UT WOS:000174040100023 PM 12418527 ER PT J AU Griffin, BR Davis, KB Darwish, A Straus, DL AF Griffin, BR Davis, KB Darwish, A Straus, DL TI Effect of exposure to potassium permanganate on stress indicators in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID AXIAL MUSCLE; MANGANESE; DIGESTION; LIVER AB Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to 1X (0.44 mg/L), 3X (1.32 mg/L), or 5X (2.19 mg/L) the recommended therapeutic concentrations of waterborne potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for 36 h to determine the toxicity of the chemical. The fish were observed for 14 d after exposure. Gill, liver, and blood samples were collected before exposure, at 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure, and at 48-h intervals for 14 d thereafter. Analysis of homogenized gill tissue showed a transient increase in manganese content that quickly disappeared once exposure was discontinued. Fish exposed to the 3X and 5X concentrations of KMnO4 experienced 9 and 50.6% mortality, respectively. Plasma cortisol was elevated more than ten-fold at the 5X concentration. Both plasma chloride and osmolality were significantly reduced at the 3X and 5X concentrations but were unchanged at the I X. Packed cell volumes (PCV) of whole blood rose significantly in response to 3X and 5X concentrations of KMnO4. Mortality may have been the result of blood electrolyte depletion as indicated by increased PCVs, loss of chloride, and reduced osmolality. All stress indicators measured, except PCV at the 5X concentration, were indistinguishable from unexposed controls within 48 h after exposure was discontinued. At the 1X concentration (the concentration most like that employed in a disease treatment) no changes were observed in any stress indicators measured suggesting that KMnO4 may be safely used as a disease therapeutant for channel catfish. C1 ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Griffin, BR (reprint author), ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RI Straus, David/A-9218-2009 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00472.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 537CG UT WOS:000174739500001 ER PT J AU Glahn, JF Dorr, BS AF Glahn, JF Dorr, BS TI Captive double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings and its influence on single-batch cropping production SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DELTA REGION; MISSISSIPPI; DEPREDATION AB We studied the effects of captive double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus inventories from research ponds with and without alternative prey during the years 1998-2000. In 1998, predation by two groups of captive cormorants on ponds without alternative prey produced inventory reductions relative to a control pond that were equivalent to 10.2 (516 g) and 10.5 (608 g) catfish/bird per d. In 1999 and 2000 individual cormorants foraging on 0.02-ha pond halves for 10 d (500 cormorant d/ha) stocked with both catfish and golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas produced inventory reductions at harvest (7.5 mo after predation occurred) averaging approximately 7 and 9 catfish/bird per d, respectively. In 1999, two ponds averaged a 30% reduction in fish inventoried and a 23% loss in biomass from ponds stocked at 12,355 fish/ha using a single batch cropping system. Production losses from predation were not apparent at a third pond where disease reduced the catfish population by more than 50%. In contrast, two ponds with more modest disease problems in 2000 had additive predation losses that exceeded those observed in 1999. Observations of cormorants foraging during 1999 and 2000 suggested that differences in catfish predation between these years may have been related to less shiner utilization by cormorants in 2000. However, based on availability, there was no preference for shiners over catfish (Chesson's alpha <0.41) in either year, although shiners were a more readily manipulated prey. Despite the possible moderating effects of alternative prey utilization, we conclude that cormorants can cause significant economic losses to catfish at harvest. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Dorr, BS (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Dorr, Brian/0000-0001-6857-8560 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0893-8849 EI 1749-7345 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00482.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 537CG UT WOS:000174739500011 ER PT J AU Wiegers, AL AF Wiegers, AL TI The age of competence: an update on the international laboratory accreditation scene for veterinary testing laboratories SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB Many changes have recently taken place in the world of laboratory accreditation. These changes include the increased use of voluntary standards in lieu of regulations, a move towards harmonization (equivalent results using voluntary standards) over standardization (using the same procedures or regulations), and an increased focus on competence, which includes the competence of laboratories to conduct testing, the competence of accreditation bodies to operate accreditation programs, the competence of bodies such as the National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation (NACLA) to recognize accreditation bodies as meeting the requirements of relevant standards, and the competence of organizations providing services to the accreditation process, such as the operation of proficiency testing programs. To describe these changes, a brief and general description of the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation accreditation scheme is provided, including an update on relevant decisions and activities in the United States and a description of the organization and activities of the newly formed NACLA. Following this discussion, with emphasis on veterinary testing, is an overview of several national and international organizations, including accreditation bodies, that promote harmonization, standardization, and analytical excellence. Also outlined are relevant activities of these organizations, an overview of some of the standards and guidelines they produce, and a description of how such organizations interact with each other and with laboratories seeking recognition for competence. Next is a brief discussion of recent developments and trends in laboratory accreditation, the impact of these developments, and the costs and benefits of accreditation to laboratories. Suggestions to veterinary laboratories for formulating strategy for keeping Current with developments in accreditation and for determining quality goals are included. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, APHIS, VS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, APHIS, VS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wiegers, AL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, APHIS, VS, 1800 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 89 EP 96 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 535WP UT WOS:000174669600001 PM 11939345 ER PT J AU Carman, S Josephson, G McEwen, B Maxie, G Antochi, M Eernisse, K Nayar, G Halbur, P Erickson, G Nilsson, E AF Carman, S Josephson, G McEwen, B Maxie, G Antochi, M Eernisse, K Nayar, G Halbur, P Erickson, G Nilsson, E TI Field validation of a commercial blocking ELISA to differentiate antibody to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus and to identify TGEV-infected swine herds SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID COMPETITION ELISA; PIGS; PREVALENCE AB A commercially available blocking ELISA was analyzed for its ability to identify antibodies to porcine coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV] or porcine respiratory coronavirus [PRCV]), to differentiate antibodies to TGEV and PRCV, and to identify TGEV-infected herds. Nine sera from uninfected pigs, 34 sera from 16 pigs experimentally infected with TGEV, and sera from 10 pigs experimentally infected with PRCV were evaluated using both the TGEV/PRCV blocking ELISA and a virus neutralization (VN) assay. The ELISA was not consistently effective in identifying pigs experimentally infected with TGEV until 21 days postinfection. Sera from 100 commercial swine herds (1,783 sera; median 15 per herd) were similarly evaluated using both tests. Thirty of these commercial herds had a clinical history of TGEV infection and a positive TGEV fluorescent antibody test recorded at necropsy within the last 35 months, while 70 herds had no history of clinical TGEV infection. The blocking ELISA and the VN showed good agreement (kappa 0.84) for the detection of porcine coronavirus antibody (TGEV or PRCV). The sensitivity (0.933) of the ELISA to identify TGEV-infected herds was good when considered on a herd basis. The ELISA was also highly specific (0.943) for the detection of TGEV-infected herds when the test results were evaluated on a herd basis. When sera from specific age groups were compared, the ELISA identified a greater proportion (0.83) of pigs in herds with TGEV antibody when suckling piglets were used. In repeatability experiments, the ELISA gave consistent results when the same sera were evaluated on different days (kappa 0.889) and when sera were evaluated before and after heating (kappa 0.888). The blocking ELISA was determined to be useful for herd monitoring programs and could be used alone without parallel use of the VN assay for the assessment of large swine populations for the detection of TGEV-infectcd herds. C1 Univ Guelph, Hlth Anim Lab, Lab Serv Div, Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada. USDA, APHIS, NVSL, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Manitoba Agr, Vet Serv, Winnipeg, MB R3T 556, Canada. Iowa State Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Rollins Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. Svanova Biotech, S-75183 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Carman, S (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Hlth Anim Lab, Lab Serv Div, Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 97 EP 105 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 535WP UT WOS:000174669600002 PM 11939346 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Cutlip, RC AF Hamir, AN Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Cutlip, RC TI Neuroaxonal dystrophy in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Iowa SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PRION PROTEIN; FIXED BRAIN; SCRAPIE AB During a 12-month period (1998-1999), microscopic evidence of neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) in medullae oblongata of raccoons (Procyon lotor) was observed in 17/39 (47% prevalence in adults) from Iowa, USA. Three of the animals were kits (<3 months), 26 were between 1 and 2 years, and 10 were over 7 years. Lesions were not seen in the medullae of the 3 kits. In young adults, the lesions were mild and were seen in 7 animals. More severe lesions were present in the 10 older raccoons. Grossly, the brains were unremarkable. Microscopically, NAD was confined to the dorsal caudal medulla, where certain nuclei (predominantly gracilis and cuneate) were bilaterally affected. Severely affected animals had vacuolar degeneration of neurons or neuronal loss and extensive areas of spongiosis. Tests for the presence of PrPres in the brain were negative. Spongiotic areas often contained axonal spheroids. Degenerate neurons and axons occasionally contained amphophilic periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular material. There was a paucity of inflammatory cells in the affected areas. Since lesions were not present in kits, were either absent or mild in young adults, and were severe in older raccoons, the findings may be related to advancing age. Neuroaxonal dystrophy has not been previously reported in raccoons. Retrospective examination of raccoon brains from the eastern and northwestern areas of the country revealed very low prevalence of NAD. Because of the apparently high prevalence of this condition at this geographic location, factors other than age (genetic, nutritional, and/or environmental) may influence this degenerative process in the brains of raccoons in Iowa. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Vet Labs Agcy, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Chaplin, Melanie/C-7218-2011; Stack, Michael/C-7590-2011 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 175 EP 178 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 535WP UT WOS:000174669600017 PM 11939344 ER PT J AU Blanco, JM Gee, GF Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM AF Blanco, JM Gee, GF Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM TI Producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: Treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE spermatozoa; artificial insemination; avian; raptor; captive breeding; genetic management ID ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION; SPERMATOZOA; POULTRY AB Wild raptors brought into an ex situ environment often have poor semen quality that is further compromised by urine contamination. Generally, it is believed that in birds, artificial insemination into the cloaca or caudal vagina of females requires large doses of high-quality spermatozoa to maximize fertility. In an effort to define and overcome some of the challenges associated with reproduction in wild raptors, the objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the frequency, impact, and remediation of urine contamination in fresh ejaculates for the purpose of maintaining sperm motility and viability in vitro, and 2) develop a deep insemination method that allows low numbers of washed sperm to be placed directly into the magnum to increase the probability of producing fertilized eggs. The species evaluated include golden eagle (Aquila chrysoetos), imperial eagle (A. adalberti), Bonelli's eagle (Hiernaetus fasciatus), and peregrine, falcon (Falco peregrinus). Semen samples were collected and pooled by species, and a minimum of 25 pooled ejaculates per species were evaluated for urine contamination, pH, sperm viability, and sperm motility; the samples were either unwashed or washed in neutral (pH 7.0) or alkaline (pH 8.0) modified Lake's diluent. Female golden eagles and peregrine falcons were inseminated via transjunctional, intramagnal insemination with washed spermatozoa from urine-contaminated samples. Urine contamination occurred in 36.8 +/- 12.8% (mean +/- SEM) golden eagle, 43.1 +/- 9.1% imperial eagle, 28.7 +/- 16.1% Bonelli's eagle, and 48.2 +/- 17.3% peregrine falcon ejaculates. The pH in urine-contaminated semen samples ranged from 6.48 +/- 0.3 to 6.86 +/- 0.2, and in noncontaminated samples it ranged from from 7.17 +/- 0.1 to 7.56 +/- 0.1. Sperm viability and motility were reduced (P < 0.05) in all species for unwashed vs. washed sperm after 30 min incubation at room temperature. Two peregrine falcon chicks and one golden eagle chick hatched after intramagnal insemination. This study demonstrates that urine contamination, a common and lethal acidifier in manually collected raptor ejaculates, can be circumvented by immediate, gentle seminal washing. Furthermore, these processed sperm, when deposited by transjunctional intramagnal insemination, can produce live young. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Product Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Smithsonian Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. Ctr Studies Iberian Raptors, Toledo 45671, Spain. RP Blanco, JM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Product Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 589QH UT WOS:000177771200001 PM 12216788 ER PT J AU Shilton, CM Smith, DA Woods, LW Crawshaw, GJ Lehmkuhl, HD AF Shilton, CM Smith, DA Woods, LW Crawshaw, GJ Lehmkuhl, HD TI Adenoviral infection in captive moose (Alces alces) in Canada SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; moose; adenovirus; vasculitis; enteritis ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; CATTLE AB Adenoviral infection was associated with hemorrhagic enteritis, serosal hemorrhages, and severe pulmonary edema in six captive moose (Alces alces) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: an adult female moose and three calves in 1985 and two calves in 1998. Adenoviral disease was suspected based on histological findings of systemic vasculitis and widespread thrombosis associated with amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in endothelial cells. Diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antiserum to bovine adenovirus type 5, transmission electron microscopic identification of viral particles consistent in morphology with adenovirus within nuclei of pulmonary endothelial cells in an affected calf, and virus isolation. The restriction pattern of virus isolated from the lung of one of the calves indicated that the virus was identical to a recently characterized adenovirus in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California. The moose adenovirus reported here may have been endemic in the captive moose herd, or infection may have resulted from either direct or indirect contact with other species of captive or wild cervids. This is the first report of adenoviral infection in moose and of the presence of adenoviral disease in a cervid in Canada. C1 Sch Vet Med, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab Syst, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, ON M1B 5K7, Canada. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Shilton, CM (reprint author), POB 441, Humpty Doo, NT 0836, Australia. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 589QH UT WOS:000177771200011 PM 12216797 ER PT J AU Fioretti, A Rosati, A Pieramati, C Van Vleck, LD AF Fioretti, A Rosati, A Pieramati, C Van Vleck, LD TI Effect of including inbreeding coefficients for animal and dam on estimates of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values for reproductive and growth traits of Piedmontese cattle SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heritability; beef cattle; Piedmontese; inbreeding; breeding value; genetic variance ID BEEF-CATTLE; MATRIX AB Effects of inbreeding of animal and dam on estimates of genetic parameters and predictions of breeding values for five productive and reproductive traits of Piedmontese cattle were studied. Traits were (a) age at first insemination, (b) age at first calving, (c) 120-day weight, (d) yearling weight of males, and (e) yearling weight of females. Data for animals born from 1970 to 1995 were used. inbreeding coefficients were computed using pedigree records back to 1900. A sire model was used for estimating genetic parameters and predicting breeding values. Two models were used for each trait. Model I included fixed effects of herd-year (for traits a, b, d, and e) or herd-year and sex-age of dam (trait c) and covariates for inbreeding coefficient of animal for traits a and b and inbreeding of animal and dam for traits c, d and e. Random effects were associated with sires and dams for traits c, d, and e. Model 2 did not include covariates for inbreeding. Inbreeding increased age at first insemination and calving and decreased 120-day and yearling weights of males and females. Inbreeding was not needed in the model for estimation of variance components or for prediction of breeding values for this population. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Assoc Italiana Allevatori, I-00162 Rome, Italy. Univ Perugia, Fac Med Vet, Dipartimento Tecnol & Biotecnol Prod Anim, I-06126 Perugia, Italy. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Fioretti, A (reprint author), Assoc Italiana Allevatori, Via Nomentana 134, I-00162 Rome, Italy. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 AR PII S0301-6226(01)00295-0 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 524PX UT WOS:000174023000003 ER PT J AU Rosati, A Van Vleck, LD AF Rosati, A Van Vleck, LD TI Estimation of genetic parameters for milk, fat, protein and mozzarella cheese production for the Italian river buffalo Bubalus bubalis population SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic correlation; selection; heritability; buffalo AB The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters for the Italian population of river buffaloes. Lactation records (10,663) for milk, fat, protein and mozzarella cheese production of river buffalo cows were analyzed by fitting a multiple trait animal model using restricted maximum likelihood. The number of cows with records was 3873 with 6842 animals in the relationship matrix. mozzarella cheese production per lactation was computed by considering milk yield, and fat and protein percentages. The average lactational yields of milk, fat, protein and calculated mozzarella (kg) and fat and protein percentages were 2286.8+/-492.1, 196.9+/-45.6, 104.7+/-21.7, 589.1+/-125.4, 8.59+/-0.85 and 4.55+/-0.28, respectively. Heritability estimates for milk, fat, protein and mozzarella yields and fat and protein percentages were 0.14, 0.11, 0.14, 0.13, 0.17 and 0.10, respectively. Though estimates of heritability are lower than for the same traits in dairy cattle, estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations between all traits show the possibility of developing a selection scheme to improve characteristics of milk for production of mozzarella cheese, the most important product of Italian buffaloes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 AIA, I-00162 Rome, Italy. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Rosati, A (reprint author), AIA, Via Nomentana 134, I-00162 Rome, Italy. NR 15 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 2 BP 185 EP 190 AR PII S0301-6226(01)00293-7 DI 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00293-7 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 524PX UT WOS:000174023000008 ER PT J AU Rockey, DD Scidmore, MA Bannantine, JP Brown, WJ AF Rockey, DD Scidmore, MA Bannantine, JP Brown, WJ TI Proteins in the chlamydial inclusion membrane SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Review DE Chlamydia; inclusion; intracellular pathogen; vacuole ID INFECTED-CELLS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; TRACHOMATIS INCA; HOST-CELL; PSITTACI; FUSION; ASSOCIATION; SECRETION; HUMANS AB The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that occupy a nonacidified vacuole (the inclusion) during their entire developmental cycle. Several proteins have recently been identified that are localized to the inclusion membrane. The following is a discussion of how inclusion membrane proteins might participate in the chlamydial developmental process. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rockey, DD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Bannantine, John/0000-0002-5692-7898 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI48769, R29AI42869] NR 43 TC 111 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3 BP 333 EP 340 AR PII S1286-4579(02)01546-0 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01546-0 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 539JT UT WOS:000174867300010 PM 11909744 ER PT J AU Ramakrishnan, AP Coleman, CE Meyer, SE Fairbanks, DJ AF Ramakrishnan, AP Coleman, CE Meyer, SE Fairbanks, DJ TI Microsatellite markers for Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum; microsatellites; multiplex PCR ID NORTH-AMERICA AB Bromus tectormn (cheatgrass) is a flourishing invasive weed in the western United States. The objective of our study is to characterize its genetic diversity. We made a B. tectorum genomic library in lambda phage and screened approximately 4000 clones for poly CA and poly CT dinucleotide repeats. Of 38 sequences with dinucleotide repeats isolated from the library, we designed primer sets for 18 loci. A preliminary screen of 40 individuals from four populations indicated that seven loci were polymorphic. These loci will be valuable for elucidation of cheatgrass genetic diversity and population structure. C1 US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2002 VL 2 IS 1 BP 22 EP 23 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00131.x PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 530YY UT WOS:000174388400008 ER PT J AU Rangel-Castro, JI Danell, E Pfeffer, PE AF Rangel-Castro, JI Danell, E Pfeffer, PE TI A C-13-NMR study of exudation and storage of carbohydrates and amino acids in the ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE arginine; chanterelle; mannitol; metabolism; mycorrhiza; trehalose ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; GLUCOSE-UTILIZATION; AGARICUS-BISPORUS; TREHALOSE PHOSPHORYLASE; METABOLISM; GROWTH; FUNGI; NMR; SPORES AB C-13-NMR analyses of Cantharellus cibarius growth media were performed. We found exudation of trehalose and mannitol, which may explain the phenomenon of reproducing Pseudomonas bacteria observed inside fruit bodies. Exudation varied with strain and environment. NMR analyses of stored C-13 was also performed. Trehalose, mannitol, and arginine were revealed. The mannitol pathway seems to play an important role for trehalose production in this species. This is the first study of the fate of the photosynthetically derived carbon in the highly appreciated edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus cibarius. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Mycol & Pathol, SLU, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Rangel-Castro, JI (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Mycol & Pathol, SLU, Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 2 BP 190 EP 199 DI 10.2307/3761795 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 535AM UT WOS:000174622000002 PM 21156488 ER PT J AU Lebel, T Castellano, MA AF Lebel, T Castellano, MA TI Type studies of sequestrate russulales II. Australian and New Zealand species related to Russula SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Basidiomycetes; mycorrhizal; taxonomy; truffle-like Russulales AB Nomenclatural types of the basionyms of species of sequestrate relatives of Russula from Australia and New Zealand were studied and original descriptions emended. Illustrations of microscopic characters are provided for the first time for many species. Several recombinations are proposed, including: (i) Arcangeliella crichtonii comb. nov. (= Cystangium crichionii), (ii) Arcangeliella hepaticus comb. nov. (= Elasmomyces hepaticus), (iii) Macowanites tomentosa comb. nov. (= Hydnangium tomentosum). C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lebel, T (reprint author), Royal Bot Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Ave, S Yarra, Vic 3141, Australia. OI Lebel, Teresa/0000-0002-8592-1102 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 2 BP 327 EP 354 DI 10.2307/3761811 PG 28 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 535AM UT WOS:000174622000018 PM 21156504 ER PT J AU Hanson, LE Howell, CR AF Hanson, LE Howell, CR TI Biocontrol efficacy and other characteristics of protoplast fusants between Trichoderma koningii and T-virens SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; FUSION; COTTON; ULTIMUM; STRAINS; HARZIANUM; PROGENY AB Several Trichoderma virens (syn. Gliocladium virens) strains have good biocontrol activity against Rhizoctonia solani on cotton but lack some of the commercially desirable characteristics found in other Trichoderma species. In an attempt to combine these desirable characteristics, we used a highly effective biocontrol strain of T. virens in protoplast fusions with a strain of T. koningii, which had good storage qualities, but little biocontrol efficacy. All fusants were morphologically similar to one of the parental species. However, when compared to the morphologically similar T. koningii parent, two fusants showed significantly better biocontrol activity against R. solani on cotton. In addition, one T. virens-like fusant gave significantly less control than the T. virens parent. Fusants also differed from the morphologically similar parent in the production of secondary metabolites. One fusant was obtained which maintained biocontrol activity during storage for up to a year. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Sugar Beet Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, SPARC, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hanson, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Sugar Beet Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 106 BP 321 EP 328 DI 10.1017/S0953756202005592 PN 3 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 564QQ UT WOS:000176325400009 ER PT J AU Checa, J Ramaley, AW Palm-Hernandez, ME Camara, MPS AF Checa, J Ramaley, AW Palm-Hernandez, ME Camara, MPS TI Paraphaeosphaeria barrii, a new species on Yucca schidigera from Mexico SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Paraphaeosphaeria barrii, a new species of the genus found on Agavaceae, is described from leaves of Yucca schidigera collected in Baja California, Mexico. The Coniothyrium anamorph is briefly described from cultured ascospores. This species was found to be most closely related to P. conglomerata, P. filamentosa, and P. quadriseptata all of which are from Agavaceae, produce 3 or 4 septate ascospores and pigmented, non-septate conidia from holoblastic, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells. C1 Univ Alcala de Henares, Dept Biol Vegetal, Madrid 288871, Spain. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, SBML, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Checa, J (reprint author), Univ Alcala de Henares, Dept Biol Vegetal, Madrid 288871, Spain. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 106 BP 375 EP 379 DI 10.1017/S0953756202005555 PN 3 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 564QQ UT WOS:000176325400016 ER PT J AU Ares, A AF Ares, A TI Changes through time in traits of poplar clones in selection trials SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE age-age correlations; Argentina; multitrait selection; poplar silviculture; Populus deltoides ID TRICHOCARPA X DELTOIDES; SHORT-ROTATION; HYBRID POPLARS; GROWTH; PLANTATION; NITROGEN; SYSTEM; FORM AB Growth, survival, stem characteristics, resistance to wind, and canker disease of 51 poplar clones were evaluated at age 9 and 10 years, and compared to measurements at age 3 in two trials on the Lower Valley of the Colorado River, Argentina. About 30% of the clones in both trials had large changes in growth rankings at age 9 and 10 compared to rankings at age 3. Canker incidence increased about 4-fold between age 3, and measurements at age 9 and 10. Stem form was in general satisfactory, and wind incidence was almost nil. In trial 1, clones 588-1, Conti 12, 582-41, and 582-5 occupied the upper positions in the growth rankings at age 3 and 10, and the clone 588-1 ranked first both in growth and canker incidence in 1998. Stem growth trajectories of clones with similar growth rates did not differ among clones with, and without canker disease. In trial 2, the range in growth among clones was narrower than in trial 1, and canker disease, although of minor incidence, was present in most clones at age 9. Some of the P. deltoides clones in the trials had similar growth, and less canker disease than the Euroamerican clones commonly grown in the region, but progressive canker incidence should be addressed with additional selection trials. C1 Univ Nacl Sur, Dept Agron, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Ares, A (reprint author), ARS, Dale Bumpers Res Ctr, USDA, 6883 S State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 105 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1015687708505 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 555FM UT WOS:000175783800003 ER PT J AU Sendak, PE AF Sendak, PE TI Timber marking costs in spruce-fir: Experience on the Penobscot Experimental Forest SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE timber marking; timber harvesting; spruce-fir; Maine AB In the application of partial harvests, time needs to be allocated to marking trees to be cut. On the Penobscot Experimental Forest located in Maine, eight major experimental treatments have been applied to northern conifer stands for more than 40 yr. Data recorded at the time of marking were used to estimate the time required to mark trees for harvest. A simple linear regression equation is presented that estimates labor hours per acre marked from data on volume marked per acre. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Sendak, PE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 19 IS 1 BP 22 EP 24 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581LY UT WOS:000177294900003 ER PT J AU Leak, WB Sendak, PE AF Leak, WB Sendak, PE TI Changes in species, grade, and structure over 48 years in a managed New England northern hardwood stand SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE tree grade; individual-tree selection; northern hardwoods AB Three individual-tree selection harvests over a 48 yr period in a northern hardwood stand in New Hampshire resulted in an increase in the percentage of volume in trees with grade 1 and 2 butt logs from 21% (1952) to 30% (2000) in beech and 40% (1952) to 65% (2000) in sugar maple and other hardwoods. By 2000, 90% of the volume was in tolerant species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Leak, WB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 9 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 19 IS 1 BP 25 EP 27 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581LY UT WOS:000177294900004 ER PT J AU Bull, EL Hayes, MP AF Bull, EL Hayes, MP TI Overwintering of Columbia spotted frogs in Northeastern Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COLD-SUBMERGED FROGS; HYPOTHERMIA AB We studied behavior and locations of overwintering Columbia spotted frogs in northeastern Oregon. We monitored 66 radio-tagged frogs as them moved to over-wintering sites during 1997-2000. Frogs used a diversity of overwintering sites, but all sites had an aquatic component including ice-covered ponds (44%), partially-frozen ponds (29%), lotic habitats (23%), and temporary backwaters and seeps (4%). The distance between the original point of frog capture in August-September and the overwintering site varied from 15 to 1200 m. Individuals in ponds were active all winter and remained in shallow water within 1 m of the shore, Frogs overwintering in ponds selected microhabitats with significantly higher water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations compared to other locations in the ponds. Movements during the overwintering period appeared to be linked to water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97859 USA. RP Bull, EL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97859 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 76 IS 2 BP 141 EP 147 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553GV UT WOS:000175667900004 ER PT J AU Carey, AB Colgan, W Trappe, JM Molina, R AF Carey, AB Colgan, W Trappe, JM Molina, R TI Effects of forest management on truffle abundance and squirrel diets SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; SMALL MAMMALS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WESTERN OREGON; SPOROCARP PRODUCTION; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; GLAUCOMYS-SABRINUS; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE AB Thinning and retention of biological legacies (large live, dead, and fallen trees and their associated biota) during clearcutting are two practices to promote development of late-seral at tributes in second-growth forests. We evaluated the effects of these practices on production of truffles and use of truffles as food by northern flying squirrels and Townsend's chipmunks in 55-65-yr-old Douglas-fir forests in the Pugget Trough of Washington. Truffles were collected at 6-wk intervals from March 1993 through December 1995. Feces were collected from flying squirrels and chipmunks in fall and spring. 1991-1995, and relative frequencies of truffle genera and vascular plant parts therein were determined. Mean standing crop biomass of truffles did not differ between thinned and legacy forests. However, dominant genera of truffles in the soil and in feces did. Truffles in soil and in flying squirrel diets were more diverse in legacy than in thinned forest. Gautieria, a consistently important component of flying squirrel diets, but not chipmunk diets, was more abundant in legacy than in thinned forest, Melanogaster, eaten by both chipmunks and flying squirrels, was more abundant in thinned than in legacy forest. as were vascular plants, Chipmunks consumed large amounts of vascular plant material. Flying squirrels also consumed plant parts in thinned forest, but they did not consume measurable amounts of plant materials in legacy forest. Flying squirrels consumed a greater diversity of truffles than we found with intensive random sampling. The ability of flying squirrels to find truffles, their propensity to ingest all species of truffles. their excretion of viable,pores. and their Aide travels makes them important in maintaining the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 54 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 18 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 76 IS 2 BP 148 EP 157 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553GV UT WOS:000175667900005 ER PT J AU Skinner, MW Sorrie, BA AF Skinner, MW Sorrie, BA TI Conservation and ecology of Lilium pyrophilum, a new species of Liliaceae from the Sandhills region of the Carolinas and Virginia. USA SO NOVON LA English DT Article DE fire dependence; Liliaceae; Lilium; long-leaf pine ecosystem; North Carolina; South Carolina; USA; Virginia AB Lilium pyrophilum M. W. Skinner & Sorrie is a new taxon from the Sandhills region of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. where it is known from 16 counties in the Carolinas and adjacent Virginia. It occurs within the longleaf pine ecosystem in sandy, wet to dry ecotonal situations such as streamheads, seeps, swampy streams, and wet maintained powerlines. Lilium pyrophilum is most closely allied to L. superbum but is allopatrically distributed and confined to a restricted habitat. Compared to L. superbum it blooms later. I, smaller. has fewer and smaller flowers with slightly longer tubes. and it has Shorter and relatively broader leaves that are ascending, and concentrated in fewer whorls toward the bottom of the stem. Frequent fires are essential for habitat maintenance ill natural settings. and thus the Latin epithet pyrophilum (= fire loving) is used for the new taxon. We suggest the common name Sandhills lily for this rare lily, and urge its fullest protection. C1 USDA, NRCS, Natl Plant Data Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 USA. RP Skinner, MW (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Natl Plant Data Ctr, POB 74490, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN PI ST LOUIS PA 2345 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA SN 1055-3177 J9 NOVON JI Novon PD SPR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 94 EP 105 DI 10.2307/3393247 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 541FT UT WOS:000174975100020 ER PT J AU Kahl, S Rosebrough, RW Elsasser, T AF Kahl, S Rosebrough, RW Elsasser, T TI Hepatic 5 ' deiodinase activity in the broiler chicken: Effects of diet and prior thyroid status SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chickens; thyroid; dietary fat; enzymes; deiodination; metabolism ID TRIIODOTHYRONINE T-3; RAT-LIVER; FATTY-ACIDS; THYROXINE; PROTEIN; 5'-DEIODINATION; INHIBITION; BODY AB Male, Shaver broiler chickens growing from 7 to 49 days of age were used in two experiments to demonstrate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and thyroid hormone deficiency-replenishment on 5'D activity. In the first experiment, birds were fed 18% CP +/- 1 g/kg methimazole (M) from 7-28 days and then an 18% CP diet 1 mg/kg T-3 for 8 days. The second experiment involved feeding three levels of CP (12, 18 24%) +/- 1 g/kg M from 7 to 28 days and an 18% CP from 28-49 days. Methimazole depressed both plasma T-3 and T-4. Although M depressed and supplemental T3 increased 5'D per grain of liver in the first experiment, M also increased the relative liver size. Thus, total T-3 productive capacity increased in the face of a decrease in specific activity. Again, in the second experiment, M depressed both T-3 and T-4. In addition, low a low protein diet also depressed T-4. Both CP and M affected 5'D activity in 28-day-old birds. In contrast, only the carry over effect of M was significant in 49-day-old birds. It is suggested from these studies that particular care must be taken in selecting a method to express 5'D activity. Permutations in the thyroid state alter the liver size of the bird, distorting values expressed per unit of liver weight. Values expressed per unit of protein may fail to account for the influence of changes in liver size on total 5'D activity. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 375 EP 383 AR PII S0271-5317(01)00388-8 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(01)00388-8 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 530UD UT WOS:000174376600012 ER PT J AU Puyau, MR Adolph, AL Vohra, FA Butte, NF AF Puyau, MR Adolph, AL Vohra, FA Butte, NF TI Validation and calibration of physical activity monitors in children SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE motion sensors; accelerometers; Computer Science and Applications Actigraph; Mini-Mitter Actiwatch ID CSA ACTIVITY MONITOR; COMPUTER-SCIENCE; VALIDITY; ACCELEROMETER; EXPENDITURE; HEALTH AB Objective: This study was designed to validate accelerometer-based activity monitors against energy expenditure (EE) in children: to compare monitor placement sites to field-test the monitors: and to establish sedentary. light, moderate, and vigorous threshold counts. Research Methods and Procedures: Computer Science and Applications Actigraph (CSA) and Mini-Mitter Actiwatch (MM) monitors. on the hip or lower leg, were validated and calibrated against 6-hour EE measurements by room respiration calorimetry, activity by microwave detector, and heart rate by telemetry in 26 children, 6 to 16 years old. During the 6 hours, the children performed structured activities, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), Nintendo, arts and crafts. aerobic warm-up, Tae Bo, treadmill walking and running. and games. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) computed as EE - RMR was regressed against counts to derive threshold counts. Results: The mean correlations between EE or AEE and counts were slightly higher for MM-hip (r = 0.78 +/- 0.06) and MM-leg (r = 0.80 +/- 0.05) than CSA-hip (r = 0.66 +/- 0.08) and CSA-leg (r = 0.73 +/- 0.07). CSA and MM performed similarly on the hip (inter-instrument r = 0.88) and on the lower leg (inter-instrument r = 0.89). Threshold counts for the CSA-hip were <800, <3200, <8200, and greater than or equal to8200 for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous categories, respectively. For the MM-hip. the threshold counts were <100, <900, <2200, and greater than or equal to2200, respectively. Discussion: The validation of the CSA and MM monitors against AEE and their calibration for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous thresholds certify these monitors as valid, useful devices for the assessment of physical activity in children. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RI Loureiro, Nuno/I-6400-2012 OI Loureiro, Nuno/0000-0002-1166-3219 NR 17 TC 565 Z9 573 U1 1 U2 52 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1038/oby.2002.24 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 530ZM UT WOS:000174389800005 PM 11886937 ER PT J AU Messina, FJ Durham, SL Richards, JH McArthur, ED AF Messina, FJ Durham, SL Richards, JH McArthur, ED TI Trade-off between plant growth and defense? A comparison of sagebrush populations SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata; relative growth rate; plant defense; herbivory; browsing tolerance ID ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; BIG SAGEBRUSH; SUBGENUS TRIDENTATAE; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; LIFE-HISTORY; HERBIVORY; TOLERANCE; EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; RESISTANCE AB We used ecotypic variation in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to examine potential trade-offs between inherent growth rate and tolerance or resistance to herbivory. Seeds were obtained from seven geographic populations, and 1, 120 seedlings were established in a common garden. In one set of plots, plants were subjected to five treatments: control, regular insecticide spray, moderate browsing, severe browsing, or moderate browsing plus insecticide. Plants in a second set of plots were all untreated, and were used to estimate ambient growth, flower production, and susceptibility to herbivorous insects. In the first growing season, population differences in relative growth rate produced approximately seven-fold variation in mean biomass. Two populations of basin big sagebrush (A. tridentata tridentata) and one population of mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata vaseyana) grew fastest; those of Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata wyomingensis) showed the slowest growth. Bi-weekly application of insecticide for two growing seasons had no effect on the growth of either browsed or unbrowsed plants. All populations showed compensatory 4, Growth (but not overcompensation) in response to browsing, but the degree of compensation was unrelated to inherent growth rate. Similarly, there was no consistent relationship between plant growth rate and flower production in the second growing season. Some insects colonized fast-growing populations more frequently than slow-growing ones, but patterns of insect colonization were species-specific. At the level of geographic populations and subspecies, we found little evidence of a built-in trade-off between inherent growth rate and the ability to tolerate or resist herbivory. Because population ranks for growth rate changed substantially between seasons, attempts to correlate growth and defense characters need to account for differences in the growth trajectories of perennial plants. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Messina, FJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 55 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 40 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2002 VL 131 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1007/s00442-001-0859-3 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 538QD UT WOS:000174825800006 ER PT J AU Sciacca, J Forbes, WM Ashton, FT Lombardini, E Gamble, HR Schad, GA AF Sciacca, J Forbes, WM Ashton, FT Lombardini, E Gamble, HR Schad, GA TI Response to carbon dioxide by the infective larvae of three species of parasitic nematodes SO PARASITOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE amphidial neurons; Ancylostoma caninum; Caenorhabditis elegans; haemonchus contortus; host-finding; Strongyloides stercoralis ID STRONGYLOIDES-STERCORALIS; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; THERMOSENSORY NEURONS; AMPHIDIAL NEURONS; THERMOTAXIS AB The response of infective third-stage larvae (U) of three species of parasitic nematodes, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stereoralis, and Haemonchus contortus to carbon dioxide (CO2) at physiological concentrations was investigated. L3 of the skin-penetrating species, A. caninum and S. stercoralis, were stimulated by CO2 at the concentration found in human breath (3.3-4%); these larvae responded by crawling actively, but not directionally. Crawling was not stimulated by breath passed through a CO2-removing 'scrubber' or by 'bench air'. Both A. caninum and S. stercoralis L3 stopped crawling when exposed to 5% CO2 for 1 min. L3 of A. caninum became active 9-14 min after exposure to 5% CO2 ended, but activity resumed more rapidly (10-15 s) if larvae were subsequently exposed to breath or breath through the scrubber. L3 of S. stercoralis resumed crawling 30-35 s after exposure to 5% CO2, but resumed crawling within a very few seconds when exposed to breath or breath through the scrubber. Thus, while 5% CO2 was inhibitory, lower concentrations of this gas stimulated L3 of both species. Apparently, exposing immobilized larvae to breath or breath through the scrubber causes the environmental CO2 concentration to drop to a level that is stimulatory. The L3 of H. contortits ceased crawling and coiled when exposed to human breath or to 1% CO2 but continued to move within the coil in both cases. The crawling response of the L3 of the two skin-penetrating species, A. caninum and S. stercoralis, to stimulation by CO, probably relates to their active host-finding behavior, while the cessation response elicited by CO2 in H. contortus larvae may relate to the fact that they rely on passive ingestion by a ruminant host. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schad, GA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 22662] NR 30 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 1383-5769 J9 PARASITOL INT JI Parasitol. Int. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 51 IS 1 BP 53 EP 62 AR PII S1383-5769(01)00105-2 DI 10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00105-2 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 530XW UT WOS:000174385100006 PM 11880227 ER PT J AU Hirase, K Molin, WT AF Hirase, K Molin, WT TI Differential cysteine synthase activity and alachlor susceptibility in five crops and six weed species SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; ZEA-MAYS-L; HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; GLUTATHIONE CONTENT; AMINO-ACIDS; METABOLISM; SORGHUM; SEEDLINGS; CORN AB Cysteine synthase (CS; EC 4.2.99.8) activities were compared among crops and grass weeds having different susceptibilities to alachlor. The order of alachlor tolerance of I I grass species from most to least was: corn much greater than barley = rice = wheat > sorghum = johnsongrass = broadleaf signalgrass > barnyardgrass = large crabgrass > green Foxtail = goosegrass, suggesting that corn was tolerant and all other species were susceptible to alachlor. In shoots, rice had the highest extractable CS activity (44.3 mumol/min/g fresh weight), and corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, johnsongrass, and broadleaf signalgrass had the second highest activity ranging between 20.6 and 26.4 mumol/min/g fresh weight. CS activity of large crabgrass, green foxtail, and goosegrass was relatively lower (15.5-18.1 mumol/min/g fresh weight), and barnyardgrass had the lowest CS activity (10.9 mumol/min/g fresh weight). Generally, levels of CS activities in roots were similar to those in shoots in each grass species. However, barley had root CS activity lower than that in shoots and green foxtail had root CS activity higher than that in shoots. Alachlor treatment (GR(50) concentrations) had no effect on extractable CS activity in shoots of corn, barley, sorghum, and barnyardgrass. Content of non-protein cysteine in shoots ranged between 60.1 and 131.5 nmol/g fresh weight, and was not largely different among the grass species except for green foxtail where it was high, i.e., 334.6 nmol/g fresh weight. Content of other nonprotein thiols was highest in corn (574.7 nmol/g fresh weight), which was tolerant to alachlor, and the contents were relatively low in other grass species which were susceptible. Alachlor susceptibility was more highly correlated to CS activity (R(2) = 0.514) in shoots than to the contents of cysteine (R(2) = 0.309) and to other thiols (R(2) = 0.025) in grass species susceptible to alachlor. In addition, CS activity in roots (R(2) = 0.159) was less correlated to the selectivity than shoots. These results indicate that CS activity in shoots could contribute to alachlor selectivity in grass species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hirase, K (reprint author), Mitsui Chem Inc, Life Sci Lab, 1144, Chiba 2970017, Japan. EM kangetsu.hirase@mitsui-chem.co.jp NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 72 IS 3 BP 169 EP 177 AR PII S0048-3575(02)00005-6 DI 10.1016/S0048-3575(02)00005-6 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 567RW UT WOS:000176499700005 ER PT J AU Bonilla, P Dvorak, J Mackill, D Deal, K Gregorio, G AF Bonilla, P Dvorak, J Mackill, D Deal, K Gregorio, G TI RFLP and SSLP mapping of salinity tolerance genes in chromosome 1 of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using recombinant inbred lines SO PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST LA English DT Article DE microsatellite; quantitative trait loci (QTL); rice; salinity tolerance ID SALT-STRESS; ORGANIZATION; POPULATION; MARKERS; WHEAT; MAP AB The study used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers to saturate the segment of chromosome I containing a major salt tolerance gone controlling the Na+/K+ ratio. RFLP and SSLP analyses Were conducted to construct linkage maps based on an F-8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population. The RFLP and SSLP linkage maps constructed in this study were found to be in the same order as published maps, implying the reliability of the constructed maps. The Integrated RFLP and SSLP linkage map had a total of 129.9 cM, with an average interval size of 6.8 cM. Two RFLP markers, C52903S and C1733S, with 10.1 and 22.6 cM distance, respectively, flanked the major gone, Saltol. A published RFLP-saturated molecular map based on an F-2 mapping population had a 5 cM interval between the two markers, C52903S and C1733S, which implies that the Saltol marker and the use of less than 80 RILs may be overestimating the distance between the two markers, and hence, the actual location of the salt tolerance gene. Two microsatellite markers, RM23 and RM140, flanked the Saltol gene with 16.4 and 10.1 cM distance, respectively. A common QTL for three quantitative traits (low Na+ absorption, high K+ absorption, and a low Na+/K+ absorption ratio) was observed from position 50 to 65 cM segment of the map with peak LOD score > 6.7. The Na+, K+ and the Na+/K+ absorption ratio QTLs accounted for 39.2, 43.9, and 43.2% of the phenotypic variation. RM140, a microsatellite marker, and C52903S, a RFLP marker, flanked the QTL peak within a 1.9 cM interval. C1 Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Philippine Rice Res Inst, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gregorio, G (reprint author), Int Rice Res Inst, DAPO Box 7777, Manila 1099, Philippines. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 12 TC 75 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 13 PU UNIV PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS PI LAGUNA PA COLLEGE AGRICULTURE, LAGUNA 4031, PHILIPPINES SN 0031-7454 J9 PHILIPP AGRIC SCI JI Philipp. Agric. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 68 EP 76 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 536MA UT WOS:000174702800008 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO Eason, G AF Burkey, KO Eason, G TI Ozone tolerance in snap bean is associated with elevated ascorbic acid in the leaf apoplast SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; PLANT-LEAVES; TRANSPORT; CULTIVARS; DEHYDROASCORBATE; SENSITIVITY; GLUTATHIONE; AMBIENT; SPINACH AB Ascorbic acid (AA) in the leaf apoplast has the potential to limit ozone injury by participating in reactions that detoxify ozone and reactive oxygen intermediates and thus prevent plasma membrane damage. Genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were compared in controlled environments and in open-top field chambers to assess the relationship between extracellular AA content and ozone tolerance. Vacuum infiltration methods were employed to separate leaf AA into extracellular and intracellular fractions. For plants grown in controlled environments at low ozone concentration (4 nmol mol(-1) ozone), leaf apoplast AA was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes (300-400 nmol g(-1) FW) compared with sensitive genotypes (approximately 50 nmol g(-1) FW), evidence that ozone tolerance is associated with elevated extracellular AA. For the open top chamber study, plants were grown in pots under charcoal-filtered air (CF) conditions and then either maintained under CF conditions (29 nmol mol(-1) ozone) or exposed to elevated ozone (67 nmol mol(-1) ozone). Following an 8-day treatment period, leaf apoplast AA was in the range of 100-190 mnol g(-1) FW for all genotypes, but no relationship was observed between apoplast AA content and ozone tolerance. The contrasting results in the two studies demonstrated a potential limitation in the interpretation of extracellular AA data. Apoplast AA levels presumably reflect the steady-state condition between supply from the cytoplasm and utilization within the cell wall. The capacity to detoxify ozone in the extracellular space may be underestimated under elevated ozone conditions where the dynamics of AA supply and utilization are not adequately represented by a steady-state measurement. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7631, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3 BP 387 EP 394 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140308.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 534XD UT WOS:000174614300008 ER PT J AU Kang, SC Ayers, JE DeWolf, ED Geiser, DM Kuldau, G Moorman, GW Mullins, E Uddin, W Correll, JC Deckert, G Lee, YH Lee, YW Martin, FN Subbarao, K AF Kang, SC Ayers, JE DeWolf, ED Geiser, DM Kuldau, G Moorman, GW Mullins, E Uddin, W Correll, JC Deckert, G Lee, YH Lee, YW Martin, FN Subbarao, K TI The internet-based fungal pathogen database: A proposed model SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amplified fragment length polymorphism; Fusarium; Magnaporthe grisea; microsatellites; mycotoxins ID GENE GENEALOGIES; POPULATION-GENETICS; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; SPECIES COMPLEX; CLONAL LINEAGES; AFLP ANALYSES; SP NOV.; FUSARIUM; RECOMBINATION AB A better understanding of the phenotypic and genetic diversity of significant agricultural pathogens and how their populations change in the field is critical for designing successful, long-term disease management strategies. Although efforts to determine the genetic diversity of plant pathogens have substantially increased in recent years, mainly due to the availability of various molecular tools, complementary efforts to archive and integrate the resulting data have been very limited. As a consequence, it is often difficult to compare the available data from various laboratories because the data have been generated by diverse tools, often preventing any direct comparisons, and are saved in a format that is unsuitable for comparative studies. The establishment of an internet-based database that cross-links the digitized genotypic and phenotypic information of individual pathogens at both the species and population levels may allow us to effectively address these problems by coordinating the generation of data and its subsequent archiving. We discuss the needs, benefits, and potential structure of such a database. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Codex Bioinformat Serv, San Diego, CA 92117 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Suwon 441744, South Korea. ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Calif, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Kang, SC (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM sxk55@psu.edu RI Geiser, David/J-9950-2013; OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835; Mullins, Ewen/0000-0003-3005-4264 NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 3 BP 232 EP 236 AR UNSP P-2002-0123-01O DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.232 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 525BY UT WOS:000174048400001 PM 18943993 ER PT J AU Vandemark, GJ Barker, BM Gritsenko, MA AF Vandemark, GJ Barker, BM Gritsenko, MA TI Quantifying Aphanomyces euteiches in alfalfa with a fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assay SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR; ROOT-ROT; DIFFERING LEVELS; RESISTANCE; PHYTOPHTHORA; PRODUCT; VIRUS AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using a set of specific primers and a dual-labeled probe (TaqMan) was developed to quantify the amount of Aphanomyces euteiches DNA in alfalfa plants exhibiting varying levels of disease severity. The study included isolates of race I and race 2 of A. euteiches. The assay also discriminated between alfalfa populations for resistance based on analysis of DNA extracted from bulked plant samples. Analysis of individual plants and bulked plant samples of standard check populations with both pathogen isolates resulted in Spearman rank correlations between pathogen DNA content and disease severity index ratings that were greater than 0.75 and highly significant (P<0.0005). In experiments with a race 1 isolate, the amount of pathogen DNA present in the resistant check WAPH-1 was significantly less than in the susceptible check Saranac. In experiments with a race 2 isolate, the amount of pathogen DNA in the resistant check WAPH-5 was significantly less than in either of the susceptible checks, Saranac and WAPH-1. Discrimination between commercial cultivars based on quantitative PCR analysis of bulked plant samples was similar to classification based on visual assessment of disease severity. C1 ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crops Prod Unit, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Washington State Univ, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Vandemark, GJ (reprint author), ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crops Prod Unit, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. OI Barker, Bridget/0000-0002-3439-4517 NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 3 BP 265 EP 272 AR UNSP P-2002-0116-01R DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.265 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 525BY UT WOS:000174048400005 PM 18943997 ER PT J AU Kinloch, BB Dupper, GE AF Kinloch, BB Dupper, GE TI Genetic specificity in the white pine-blister rust pathosystem SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUGAR PINE; MAJOR GENE; RESISTANCE AB Four of eight white pine species native to western North America surveyed for resistance to white pine blister rust by artificial inoculation showed classical hypersensitive reactions (HR) at frequencies ranging from very low to moderate. Mendelian segregation, indicating a single dominant allele for resistance (Cr3), was observed in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), as it was previously in sugar pine (P. lambertiana, Cr1) and western white pine (P. monticola, Cr2). HR was present at a relatively high frequency (19%) in one of five bulk seed lot sources of limber pine (P. flexilis), and was also presumed to be conditioned by a single gene locus, by analogy with the other three species. HR was not found in whitebark pine (P. albcaulis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), or Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), but population and sample sizes in these species may have been below the level of detection of alleles in low frequency. When challenged by (haploid) inocula from specific locations known to harbor virulence to Cr1 or Cr2, genotypes carrying these alleles and Cr3 reacted differentially, such that inoculum virulent to Cr1 was avirulcnt to Cr2, and inoculum virulent to Cr2 was avirulent to Cr1. Neither of these two inocula was capable of neutralizing Cr3. Although blister rust traditionally is considered an exotic disease in North America, these results, typical of classic gene-for-gene interactions, suggest that genetic memory of similar encounters in past epochs has been retained in this pathosystem. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. RP Kinloch, BB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 17 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 92 IS 3 BP 278 EP 280 AR UNSP P-2002-0117-02R DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.3.278 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 525BY UT WOS:000174048400007 PM 18943999 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Morgan, JA King, JY LeCain, D Milchunas, DG AF Mosier, AR Morgan, JA King, JY LeCain, D Milchunas, DG TI Soil-atmosphere exchange of CH4, CO2, NOx, and N2O in the Colorado shortgrass steppe under elevated CO2 SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE global change; grasslands; greenhouse gases ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; NITROUS-OXIDE FLUXES; TRACE GAS FLUXES; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; WATER RELATIONS; GRASSLAND; ECOSYSTEM; DENITRIFICATION; DECOMPOSITION; LIMITATION AB In late March 1997, an open-top-chamber (OTC) CO2 enrichment study was begun in the Colorado shortgrass steppe. The main objectives of the study were to determine the effect of elevated CO2 (similar to720 mumol mol(-1)) on plant production, photosynthesis, and water use of this mixed C-3/C-4 plant community, soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycling and the impact of changes induced by CO2 on trace gas exchange. From this study, we report here our weekly measurements of CO2, CH4, NOx and N2O fluxes within control (unchambered), ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 OTCs. Soil water and temperature were measured at each flux measurement time from early April 1997, year round, through October 2000. Even though both C-3 and C-4 plant biomass increased under elevated CO2 and soil moisture content was typically higher than under ambient CO2 conditions, none of the trace gas fluxes were significantly altered by CO2 enrichment. Over the 43 month period of observation NO x and N2O flux averaged 4.3 and 1.7 in ambient and 4.1 and 1.7 mug N m(-2) hr (-1) in elevated CO2 OTCs, respectively. NOx flux was negatively correlated to plant biomass production. Methane oxidation rates averaged -31 and -34 mug C m(-)2 hr(-1) and ecosystem respiration averaged 43 and 44 mg C m(-2) hr(-1) under ambient and elevated CO2, respectively, over the same time period. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, NREL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM amosier@lamar.colostate.edu RI King, Jennifer Y./I-5986-2015 OI King, Jennifer Y./0000-0003-3433-5952 NR 36 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 2002 VL 240 IS 2 BP 201 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1015783801324 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 559BU UT WOS:000176005400001 ER PT J AU Wells, CE Glenn, DM Eissenstat, DM AF Wells, CE Glenn, DM Eissenstat, DM TI Soil insects alter fine root demography in peach (Prunus persica) SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE minirhizotron; proportional hazards; root herbivory; root pigmentation; root turnover ID ION-EXCHANGE RESIN; BELOW-GROUND HERBIVORY; WESTERN CORN-ROOTWORM; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; PLANT; GROWTH; FOREST; MAIZE; BAGS AB Minirhizotrons were used to assess the effects of soil insect suppression on the demography of peach fine roots (<1 mm diameter) over two growing seasons. The experiment was conducted at the USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station in Kearneysville, WV, USA using six 15-year-old peach trees. Clear butyrate minirhizotrons were installed beneath each tree in April 1996. Soil drench treatments were applied around individual minirhizotron tubes at monthly intervals and consisted of 1 L of water or 250 muL of a broad-spectrum insecticide in 1 L of water. Roots were videotaped at 2- to 4-week intervals during the 1996 and 1997 growing seasons. Insecticide application was associated with a significant increase in fine root longevity: the median lifespans of insecticide-treated roots were 46-125 d longer than those of control roots. In addition, the development of brown pigmentation was significantly delayed in insecticide-treated roots. Insecticide application did not appear to increase soil fertility, as accumulation of NO3- , NH4+ , and PO42 - on mixed bed ion-exchange resin was similar in treated and untreated soil. These results suggest that interactions with below-ground insects can significantly influence root longevity and may alter the rate at which roots undergo developmental changes in anatomy and physiology. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Penn State Univ, Intercoll Grad Program Plant Physiol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Eissenstat, DM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM dme9@psu.edu NR 69 TC 41 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0140-7791 EI 1365-3040 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 431 EP 439 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00793.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 536LB UT WOS:000174700600008 ER PT J AU Tisserat, B Vaughn, SF Silman, R AF Tisserat, B Vaughn, SF Silman, R TI Influence of modified oxygen and carbon dioxide atmospheres on mint and thyme plant growth, morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in vitro SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE CO2 enrichment; Lamiaceae; Thymus sativa; Mentha sp.; thymol ID IN-VITRO AB Growth (fresh weight) and morphogenesis (production of leaves, roots and shoots) of mint (Mentha sp. L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) shoots were determined under atmospheres of 5%, 10%, 21%, 32%, or 43% O-2 with either 350 or 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2. Plants were grown in vitro on Murashige and Skoog salts, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar under a 16/8-h (day/night) photoperiod with a light intensity of 180 mumol s(-1) m(-2). Growth and morphogenesis responses varied considerably for the two plant species tested depending on the level of O-2 administered. Growth was considerably enhanced for both species under all O-2 levels tested when 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2 was added as compared to growth responses obtained at the same O-2 levels tested with 350 mumol mol(-1) CO2. Mint shoots exhibited high growth and morphogenesis responses for all O-2 levels tested with 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2. In contrast, thyme shoots exhibited enhanced growth and morphogenesis when cultured in greater than or equal to21 % O-2 with 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2 included compared to shoots cultured under lower O-2 levels. Essential oil compositions (1.e. monoterpene, piperitenone oxide from mint and aromatic phenol, thymol from thyme) were analyzed from CH2Cl2 extracts via gas chromatography from the shoot portion of plants grown at all O, levels. The highest levels of thymol were produced from thyme shoots cultured under 10% and 21% O-2 with 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2, and levels were considerably lower in shoots grown under either lower or higher O-2 levels. Higher levels of piperitenone oxide were obtained from mint cultures grown under greater than or equal to21 % O-2 with 10,000 mumol mol(-1) CO2 compared to that obtained with lower O-2 levels. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Tisserat, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD MAR PY 2002 VL 20 IS 10 BP 912 EP 916 DI 10.1007/s00299-001-0428-6 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 538DV UT WOS:000174799600005 ER PT J AU Windham, GL Williams, WP AF Windham, GL Williams, WP TI Evaluation of corn inbreds and advanced breeding lines for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in the field SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; maize; mycotoxin; resistance; Zea mays ID SUSCEPTIBLE MAIZE HYBRIDS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; KERNEL INFECTION; GENOTYPES RESISTANT; UNITED-STATES; REGISTRATION; ACCUMULATION; MYCOTOXINS; GERMPLASM; PROTEIN AB Eighteen corn inbred lines and advanced breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to aflatoxin contamination when artificially inoculated with Aspergillus flavus in 1998, 1999 (two tests), and 2000 at Mississippi State, MS, in field studies. The top ear of each plant was inoculated with the A. flavus isolate NRRL 3357 seven days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a plot had silks emerged) using the side-needle technique. Ears were harvested at kernel maturity approximately 63 days after midsilk and aflatoxin levels were measured using the Vicam AflaTest. Aflatoxin contamination in the inbreds was extremely high in 1998. Levels ranged from 139 to 21,090 ng/g. In 1999, aflatoxin contamination ranged from 17 to 1,070 ng/g in one test and 14 to 1,278 ng/g in another test. In 2000, aflatoxin levels ranged from 237 to 7,503 ng/g. Lines that supported lowest levels of aflatoxin contamination included Mp81:112, Mp92:673, Mp92:679, and Mp494. These lines provide potential new sources of resistance that can be used to move aflatoxin resistance into commercial corn hybrids. C1 ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Windham, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 232 EP 234 AR UNSP D-2002-0102-01R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.232 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 523KG UT WOS:000173952300006 ER PT J AU McAlpin, CE Wicklow, DT Horn, BW AF McAlpin, CE Wicklow, DT Horn, BW TI DNA fingerprinting analysis of vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus from a peanut field in Georgia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus bombycis; A. caelatus; A. nomius; A. pseudotamarii; A. tamarii; cluster analysis; corn; DNA profile; restriction fragments ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; PARASITICUS; POPULATION; ASSOCIATION; MORPHOLOGY; TAMARII AB The ability of species-specific DNA probe pAF28 to correctly match 75 strains of Aspergillus flavus isolated from a peanut field in Georgia with 1 of 44 distinct vegetative compatibility groupings (VCGs) was assessed. Multiple strains belonging to the same VCG typically produced identical DNA fingerprints, with the exception of VCG 17 and VCG 24, which contained strains that showed 83 and 87% similarity, respectively. A. flavus isolates sharing more than 80% of the fragments are recognized as belonging to the same DNA fingerprint group. Each VCG represented by a single isolate produced unique DNA fingerprints. The results provide further evidence that the pAF28 probe is able to distinguish A. flavus VCGs based on DNA fingerprints and can be used to predict the approximate number of VCGs in a sample population. The DNA probe also hybridized strongly and displayed multiple and distinct bands with other species in Aspergillus section Flavi: A. bombycis, A. caelatus, A. nomius, A. pseudotamarii, and A. tamarii. Although individual strains representing Aspergillus spp. in section Flavi produced DNA fingerprints with multiple bands, the banding patterns could not be used to classify these strains according to species. C1 ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, USDA, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP McAlpin, CE (reprint author), ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 254 EP 258 AR UNSP D-2001-1220-02R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.254 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 523KG UT WOS:000173952300010 ER PT J AU Hughes, G Gottwald, TR Levy, L AF Hughes, G Gottwald, TR Levy, L TI The use of hierarchical sampling in the surveillance program for Plum pox virus incidence in the United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE aphid vectors; Prunus; sharka; stone fruit ID PLANT-DISEASE INCIDENCE; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; AGGREGATED PATTERNS; SPATIAL HIERARCHY AB Plum pox virus (PPV) was first reported in North America in late 1999. As part of the eradication effort mounted in response to this finding, a Plum Pox Virus National Surveillance Program has been implemented in the United States. The survey method adopted for this program is a form of "group testing" that utilizes relationships between disease incidence at two levels in a spatial hierarchy, known as hierarchical sampling. Leaf material is collected from groups of four trees and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PPV infection without distinguishing between the individual trees in a group. PPV incidence at the scale of the individual tree is then calculated by means of a formula. Incidence data were collected during an initial survey conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture from nine PPV-infected orchards in the fall of 1999 and from an additional 11 PPV-infected orchards during the spring and summer of 2000. The pattern of PPV-infected trees at the within-group scale was weakly aggregated. As a result, an effective sample size of (v) over cap = 3.2, rather than the nominal group size of four, should be used in the formula to calculate an estimate of incidence at the scale of the individual tree from observations of incidence collected at the group scale. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. USDA APHIS PPQ, Ctr Plant Hlth Sci & Technol, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hughes, G (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 259 EP 263 AR UNSP D-2002-0118-01R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.259 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 523KG UT WOS:000173952300011 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA AF Kolmer, JA TI Virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina in the South Atlantic states in 1999 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; Puccinia recondita f. sp tritici; specific resistance genes ID UNITED-STATES; DIVERSITY; WHEAT AB Collections of Puccinia triticina were made from rust-infected wheat leaves in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1999 to examine if these states can be considered as a single epidemiological unit for virulence phenotypes of the wheat leaf rust pathogen. Single-uredinial isolates derived from the leaf rust collections were processed for identification of virulence phenotypes on seedling plants in greenhouse tests. Twenty-one virulence phenotypes from 253 isolates were described based on infection type to 16 Thatcher wheat lines near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. Virulence phenotype MBRK (virulent to leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr3ka, Lr11, Lr30, Lr10, Lr14a. and Lr18) was the most common phenotype in the region, at 38.7% of all isolates. Phenotype TLGF (virulent to Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr9, Lr11, Lr14a, and Lr18) was the second most common phenotype overall, at 33.8% of isolates. Twenty-nine isolates selected on the basis of seedling virulence phenotypes also were tested for virulence to adult wheat plants with the resistance genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr22b, and Lr34. In all, 23 isolates were avirulent to Lr12 and 26 isolates were virulent to Lr13. All isolates had fewer and smaller uredinia on the Thatcher line with Lr34 compared with Thatcher. The widespread occurrence of the predominant P. triticina virulence phenotypes throughout the region indicated that the South Atlantic states should be considered as a single epidemiological area for wheat leaf rust. Some virulence phenotypes which occurred at lower frequencies were found primarily in the Coastal Plain and mountains of North Carolina or in breeding plots in southern Georgia. Localized populations of P. triticina may develop in the South Atlantic region due to overwintering of leaf rust infections or specific selection by leaf rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 288 EP 291 AR UNSP D-2002-0104-01R DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.288 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 523KG UT WOS:000173952300016 ER PT J AU Villalobos, W Moreira, L Rivera, C Bottner, KD Lee, IM AF Villalobos, W. Moreira, L. Rivera, C. Bottner, K. D. Lee, I. -M. TI First Report of an Aster Yellows Subgroup 16SrI-B Phytoplasma Infecting Chayote in Costa Rica SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Villalobos, W.; Moreira, L.; Rivera, C.] Univ Costa Rica, Ctr Invest Biol Celular & Mol, San Pedro, Costa Rica. [Bottner, K. D.; Lee, I. -M.] USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Villalobos, W (reprint author), Univ Costa Rica, Ctr Invest Biol Celular & Mol, San Pedro, Costa Rica. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 BP 330 EP U25 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.330C PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UL UT WOS:000207421200014 ER PT J AU Blount, AR Pittman, RN Smith, BA Morgan, RN Dankers, W Sprenkel, RK Momol, MT AF Blount, A. R. Pittman, R. N. Smith, B. A. Morgan, R. N. Dankers, W. Sprenkel, R. K. Momol, M. T. TI First Report of Peanut stunt virus in Perennial Peanut in North Florida and Southern Georgia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Blount, A. R.] Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Marianna, FL 32446 USA. [Pittman, R. N.; Smith, B. A.] USDA ARS, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. [Morgan, R. N.] Univ Georgia, Cooperat Extens Serv, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. [Dankers, W.; Sprenkel, R. K.; Momol, M. T.] Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. RP Blount, AR (reprint author), Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Educ Ctr, 3925 Highway 71, Marianna, FL 32446 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.326C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UL UT WOS:000207421200002 ER PT J AU Gitaitis, R Wilson, J Walcott, R Sanders, H Hanna, W AF Gitaitis, R. Wilson, J. Walcott, R. Sanders, H. Hanna, W. TI Occurrence of Bacterial Stripe of Pearl Millet in Georgia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Gitaitis, R.; Sanders, H.] Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. [Wilson, J.; Hanna, W.] ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. [Walcott, R.] Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Gitaitis, R (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. OI Walcott, Ron/0000-0002-4583-5736 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 86 IS 3 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.326B PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UL UT WOS:000207421200003 ER PT J AU Sharopova, N McMullen, MD Schultz, L Schroeder, S Sanchez-Villeda, H Gardiner, J Bergstrom, D Houchins, K Melia-Hancock, S Musket, T Duru, N Polacco, M Edwards, K Ruff, T Register, JC Brouwer, C Thompson, R Velasco, R Chin, E Lee, M Woodman-Clikeman, W Long, MJ Liscum, E Cone, K Davis, G Coe, EH AF Sharopova, N McMullen, MD Schultz, L Schroeder, S Sanchez-Villeda, H Gardiner, J Bergstrom, D Houchins, K Melia-Hancock, S Musket, T Duru, N Polacco, M Edwards, K Ruff, T Register, JC Brouwer, C Thompson, R Velasco, R Chin, E Lee, M Woodman-Clikeman, W Long, MJ Liscum, E Cone, K Davis, G Coe, EH TI Development and mapping of SSR markers for maize SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic linkage map; microsatellite; simple sequence repeat ID COMPREHENSIVE GENETIC-MAP; MICROSATELLITE SEQUENCES; SEGREGATION DISTORTION; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RICH REGIONS; GENOME; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; LOCI AB Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have wide applicability for genetic analysis in crop plant improvement strategies. The objectives of this project were to isolate, characterize, and map a comprehensive set of SSR markers for maize (Zea mays L.). We developed 1051 novel SSR markers for maize from microsatellite-enriched libraries and by identification of microsatellite-containing sequences in public and private databases. Three mapping populations were used to derive map positions for 978 of these markers. The main mapping population was the intermated B73 x Mo17 (IBM) population. In mapping this intermated recombinant inbred line population, we have contributed to development of a new high-resolution map resource for maize. The primer sequences, original sequence sources, data on polymorphisms across 11 inbred lines, and map positions have been integrated with information on other public SSR markers and released through MaizeDB at URL:www.agron.missouri.edu. The maize research community now has the most detailed and comprehensive SSR marker set of any plant species. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Missouri Maize Project, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Bristol, Long Ashton Res Stn, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, D-50829 Cologne, Germany. Garst Seed Co, Slater, IA 50244 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP McMullen, MD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, 302 Curtis, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Liscum, Emmanuel/0000-0002-8672-9315 NR 36 TC 207 Z9 233 U1 3 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 463 EP 481 DI 10.1023/A:1014868625533 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 534UP UT WOS:000174606400004 PM 12004892 ER PT J AU Menz, MA Klein, RR Mullet, JE Obert, JA Unruh, NC Klein, PE AF Menz, MA Klein, RR Mullet, JE Obert, JA Unruh, NC Klein, PE TI A high-density genetic map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench based on 2926 AFLP (R), RFLP and SSR markers SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLP (R); RFLP; SSR markers; sorghum; genetic map ID LINKAGE-MAP; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GENOME MAP; CONSTRUCTION; POPULATION; BARLEY; MAIZE; CHROMOSOMES; SEQUENCE; PROBES AB Using AFLP technology and a recombinant inbred line population derived from the sorghum cross of BTx623 x IS3620C, a high-density genetic map of the sorghum genome was constructed. The 1713 cM map encompassed 2926 loci distributed on ten linkage groups; 2454 of those loci are AFLP products generated from either the EcoRI/MseI or PstI/MseI enzyme combinations. Among the non-AFLP markers, 136 are SSRs previously mapped in sorghum, and 203 are cDNA and genomic clones from rice, barley, oat, and maize. This latter group of markers has been mapped in various grass species and, as such, can serve as reference markers in comparative mapping. Of the nearly 3000 markers mapped, 692 comprised a LOD greater than or equal to3.0 framework map on which the remaining markers were placed with lower resolution (LOD <3.0). By comparing the map positions of the common grass markers in all sorghum maps reported to date, it was determined that these reference markers were essentially collinear in all published maps. Some clustering of the EcoRI/MseI AFLP markers was observed, possibly in centromeric regions. In general, however, the AFLP markers filled most of the gaps left by the RFLP/SSR markers demonstrating that AFLP technology is effective in providing excellent genome coverage. A web site, http://SorghumGenome.tamu.edu, has been created to provide all the necessary information to facilitate the use of this map and the 2590 PCR-based markers. Finally, we discuss how the information contained in this map is being integrated into a sorghum physical map for map-based gene isolation, comparative genome analysis, and as a source of sequence-ready clones for genome sequencing projects. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Klein, PE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 36 TC 126 Z9 158 U1 2 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 483 EP 499 DI 10.1023/A:1014831302392 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 534UP UT WOS:000174606400005 PM 11999830 ER PT J AU Kantety, RV La Rota, M Matthews, DE Sorrells, ME AF Kantety, RV La Rota, M Matthews, DE Sorrells, ME TI Data mining for simple sequence repeats in expressed sequence tags from barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EST; comparative genomics; comparative mapping; EST; EST clustering; SSR ID HEXAPLOID BREAD WHEAT; GENETIC DIVERSITY; ALLELE VARIATION; CAG/CTG REPEATS; LINKAGE MAP; DNA MARKERS; MICROSATELLITES; ESTS; TRINUCLEOTIDE; DINUCLEOTIDE AB Plant genomics projects involving model species and many agriculturally important crops are resulting in a rapidly increasing database of genomic and expressed DNA sequences. The publicly available collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from several grass species can be used in the analysis of both structural and functional relationships in these genomes. We analyzed over 260 000 EST sequences from five different cereals for their potential use in developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The frequency of SSR-containing ESTs (SSR-ESTs) in this collection varied from 1.5% for maize to 4.7% for rice. In addition, we identified several ESTs that are related to the SSR-ESTs by BLAST analysis. The SSR-ESTs and the related sequences were clustered within each species in order to reduce the redundancy and to produce a longer consensus sequence. The consensus and singleton sequences from each species were pooled and clustered to identify cross-species matches. Overall a reduction in the redundancy by 85% was observed when the resulting consensus and singleton sequences (3569) were compared to the total number of SSR-EST and related sequences analyzed (24 606). This information can be useful for the development of SSR markers that can amplify across the grass genera for comparative mapping and genetics. Functional analysis may reveal their role in plant metabolism and gene evolution. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Sorrells, ME (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, 252 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 43 TC 379 Z9 562 U1 9 U2 60 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 501 EP 510 DI 10.1023/A:1014875206165 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 534UP UT WOS:000174606400006 PM 11999831 ER PT J AU Morris, CF AF Morris, CF TI Puroindolines: the molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE friabilin; grain hardness; puroindoline; texture; wheat ID STARCH GRANULE PROTEIN; CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEM; KERNEL HARDNESS; BAKING QUALITY; ENDOSPERM SOFTNESS; CHROMOSOME 5D; SPRING WHEAT; FRIABILIN; SEQUENCE; TEXTURE AB The variation in grain hardness is the single most important trait that determines end-use quality of wheat. Grain texture classification is based primarily on either the resistance of kernels to crushing or the particle size distribution of ground grain or flour. Recently, the molecular genetic basis of grain hardness has become known, and it is the focus of this review. The puroindoline proteins a and b form the molecular basis of wheat grain hardness or texture. When both puroindolines are in their `functional' wild state, grain texture is soft. When either one of the puroindolines is absent or altered by mutation, then the result is hard texture. In the case of durum wheat which lacks puroindolines, the texture is very hard. Puroindolines represent the molecular-genetic basis of the Hardness locus on chromosome 5DS and the soft (Ha) and hard (ha) alleles present in hexaploid bread wheat varieties. To date, seven discrete hardness alleles have been described for wheat. All involve puroindoline a or b and have been designated Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b through Pinb-D1g. A direct role of a related protein, grain softness protein (as currently defined), in wheat grain texture has yet to be demonstrated. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, E-202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E,POB 646394, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 126 TC 279 Z9 337 U1 5 U2 43 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 633 EP 647 DI 10.1023/A:1014837431178 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 534UP UT WOS:000174606400016 PM 11999840 ER PT J AU Boyko, E Kalendar, R Korzun, V Fellers, J Korol, A Schulman, AH Gill, BS AF Boyko, E Kalendar, R Korzun, V Fellers, J Korol, A Schulman, AH Gill, BS TI A high-density cytogenetic map of the Aegilops tauschii genome incorporating retrotransposons and defense-related genes: insights into cereal chromosome structure and function SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bread wheat; microsatellites; molecular genetic map; negative and positive interference; resistance and defense-response genes; retrotransposons ID PLANT ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; DISEASE RESISTANCE GENES; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; PHYSICAL MAPS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; BARE-1 RETROTRANSPOSON; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS AB Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (2n=2x=14, DD) (syn. A. squarrosa L.; Triticum tauschii) is well known as the D-genome donor of bread wheat (T. aestivum, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD). Because of conserved synteny, a high-density map of the A. tauschii genome will be useful for breeding and genetics within the tribe Triticeae which besides bread wheat also includes barley and rye. We have placed 249 new loci onto a high-density integrated cytological and genetic map of A. tauschii for a total of 732 loci making it one of the most extensive maps produced to date for the Triticeae species. Of the mapped loci, 160 are defense-related genes. The retrotransposon marker system recently developed for cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was successfully applied to A. tauschii with the placement of 80 retrotransposon loci onto the map. A total of 50 microsatellite and ISSR loci were also added. Most of the retrotransposon loci, resistance (R), and defense-response (DR) genes are organized into clusters: retrotransposon clusters in the pericentromeric regions, R and DR gene clusters in distal/telomeric regions. Markers are non-randomly distributed with low density in the pericentromeric regions and marker clusters in the distal regions. A significant correlation between the physical density of markers (number of markers mapped to the chromosome segment/physical length of the same segment in mum) and recombination rate (genetic length of a chromosome segment/physical length of the same segment in mum) was demonstrated. Discrete regions of negative or positive interference (an excess or deficiency of crossovers in adjacent intervals relative to the expected rates on the assumption of no interference) was observed in most of the chromosomes. Surprisingly, pericentromeric regions showed negative interference. Islands with negative, positive and/or no interference were present in interstitial and distal regions. Most of the positive interference was restricted to the long arms. The model of chromosome structure and function in cereals with large genomes that emerges from these studies is discussed. C1 Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4024, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Plant Gen Lab, Viikki Bioctr, Helsinki 00014, Finland. Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res, D-06566 Gatersleben, Germany. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Haifa, Inst Evolut, IL-31905 Haifa, Israel. Agrifood Res Finland, Crops & Biotechnol, Jokioinen 31600, Finland. RP Gill, BS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4024, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM bsg@ksu.edu RI Schulman, Alan/A-9322-2011; Kalendar, Ruslan/D-9751-2012 OI Schulman, Alan/0000-0002-4126-6177; Kalendar, Ruslan/0000-0003-3986-2460 NR 84 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 767 EP 790 DI 10.1023/A:1014831511810 PG 24 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 534UP UT WOS:000174606400024 PM 11999849 ER PT J AU Kim, HJ Williams, MY Triplett, BA AF Kim, HJ Williams, MY Triplett, BA TI A novel expression assay system for fiber-specific promoters in developing cotton fibers SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE biolistic transformation; cotton fiber; cotton ovule culture; GUS promoter activity assay; transient assay ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; BARLEY ALEURONE LAYERS; HIGHER-PLANTS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; FIREFLY LUCIFERASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; MESSENGER-RNAS; ABSCISIC-ACID AB Cotton fibers are unicellular trichomes that differentiate from epidermal cells of developing cotton ovules. Cotton fibers are not only an economically important commodity, but they also are a good experimental model for studying plant cell elongation and wall biogenesis because of their fast elongation rate and high cellulose content. During fiber development, many genes are known to be transcriptionally regulated; however, because of the long periods required to regenerate transgenic cottons and the lack of suitable transient assay systems, progress in characterizing cotton fiber-specific promoters has been slow. We report an expression assay system for determining promoter activities in cotton fibers by using cotton ovule culture and biolistic transformation techniques. The conditions for bombardment into cotton ovules were optimized to enhance the transformation efficiency of the beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS) into fiber cells. GUS gene expression patterns, which are regulated by a developmentally regulated fiber-specific promoter in cultured ovules, were consistent With the levels of the transcripts in planta. As a result, we propose that this newly developed expression assay system in cultured cotton fiber can be used to identify cis elements involved with the developmental and hormonal regulation of fiber development and fiber-specific expression. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 44 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT SOC PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI ATHENS PA UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT BIOCHEMISTRY, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 7 EP 18 DI 10.1007/BF02801928 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 546ZU UT WOS:000175308000001 ER PT J AU Soulages, JL Kim, K Walters, C Cushman, JC AF Soulages, JL Kim, K Walters, C Cushman, JC TI Temperature-induced extended helix/random coil transitions in a group 1 late embryogenesis-abundant protein from soybean SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYPROLINE-II HELICES; COLD-REGULATED GENES; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FREEZING-TOLERANCE; ABSCISIC-ACID; LEA PROTEINS; ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS; WATER-DEFICIT; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; DEHYDRATION TOLERANCE AB Group 1 late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins are a subset of hydrophilins that are postulated to play important roles in protecting plant macromolecules from damage during freezing, desiccation, or osmotic stress. To better understand the putative functional roles of group 1 LEA proteins, we analyzed the structure of a group 1 LEA protein from soybean (Glycine max). Differential scanning calorimetry of the purified, recombinant protein demonstrated out the protein assumed a largely unstructured state in solution. In the presence of trifluoroethanol (50% [w/v]), the protein acquired a 30% alpha-helical content, indicating that the polypeptide is highly restricted to adopt alpha-helical Structures. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (1% [w/v]), 89% of the polypeptide chain adopted an alpha-helical structure. However, incubation with phospholipids showed no effect on the protein structure. Ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the protein existed in equilibrium between two conformational states. Ultraviolet absorption Spectroscopy Studies also showed that the protein became more hydrated upon heating. Furthermore, circular dichroism spectral measurements indicated that a minimum of 14% of amino acid residues existed in a solvent-exposed, left-handed extended helical or poly (L-proline)-type (PH) conformation at 20degreesC with the remainder of the protein being unstructured. The content of PH-like Structure increased as temperature was lowered. We hypothesize that by favoring the adoption of PH structure, instead of the formation of alpha-helical or beta-sheet structures, group 1 LEA proteins retain a high content of surface area available for interaction with the solvent. This feature could constitute the basis of a potential role of LEA proteins in preventing freezing, desiccation, or osmotic stress damage. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Noble Res Ctr 355, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Cushman, JC (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Noble Res Ctr 355, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM jcushman@unr.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 55622, R01 GM055622, R29 GM055622] NR 59 TC 78 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 3 BP 822 EP 832 DI 10.1104/pp.010521 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 544DD UT WOS:000175142200009 PM 11891239 ER PT J AU Whitelaw, CA Lyssenko, NN Chen, LW Zhou, DB Mattoo, AK Tucker, ML AF Whitelaw, CA Lyssenko, NN Chen, LW Zhou, DB Mattoo, AK Tucker, ML TI Delayed abscission and shorter internodes correlate with a reduction in the ethylene receptor LeETR1 transcript in transgenic tomato SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; RESPONSE GENE; MESSENGER-RNA; ETR1; FAMILY; TRANSFORMATION; REGULATORS; EXPRESSION; AUXIN AB Stable transformation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Ailsa Craig) plants with a construct containing the antisense sequence for the receiver domain and 3'-untranslated portion of the tomato ethylene receptor (LeETR1) under the control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter resulted in some expected and unexpected phenotypes. In addition to reduced LeETR1 transcript levels, the two most consistently observed phenotypes in the transgenic lines were delayed abscission and reduced plant size. Fruit coloration and softening were essentially unaffected, and all the seedlings from first generation seed displayed a normal triple response to ethylene. Two independent lines with a single copy of the transgene and reduced LeETR1 transcript accumulation were selected for detailed phenotypic analysis of second generation (R1) plants. Delayed abscission, shorter internode length, and reduced auxin movement all correlated with the presence of the transgene and the degree of reduced LeETR1 transcript accumulation. No significant differences were noted for fruit coloration or fruit softening on R1 plants and all seedlings from R1 and R2 seed displayed a normal triple response. LeETR2 transcript accumulation was only slightly reduced in the R1 plants compared with azygous plants, and LeETR3 (NR) transcript levels appeared to be unaffected by the transgene. We propose that ethylene signal transduction occurs through parallel paths that partially intersect to regulate shared ethylene responses. C1 USDA, Soybean Genomics Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tucker, ML (reprint author), USDA, Soybean Genomics Improvement Lab, Bldg 006,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Jones, Cathy/A-7135-2011; Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 OI Jones, Cathy/0000-0003-2844-2161; NR 32 TC 30 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 3 BP 978 EP 987 DI 10.1104/pp.010782 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 544DD UT WOS:000175142200023 PM 11891253 ER PT J AU Argenta, L Fan, XT Mattheis, J AF Argenta, L Fan, XT Mattheis, J TI Impact of watercore on gas permeance and incidence of internal disorders in 'Fuji' apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE watercore; gas exchange; carbon dioxide injury ID PLANT ORGANS; MATURITY; RESISTANCE; DIFFUSION; TISSUES AB The impacts of watercore on incidence of internal disorders and other physiological characteristics of 'Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh) were determined following short-term exposure at 20 degreesC in 20 kPa CO2 (high pCO(2)) or long-term storage at 0.5 degreesC in 0.5 kPa O-2 + 0.05 kPa CO2 (low pCO(2)) or 1.5 kPa O-2 + 3 kPa CO2 (medium pCO(2)). CO2-injury (brown-heart) occurred in apples exposed to high pCO(2) or medium pCO(2), but no internal disorders were observed in fruit held at 20 degreesC in air or 4 months at 0.5 degreesC in low pCO(2), regardless of watercore severity at harvest. Depending on harvest date anti orchard, the severity of CO2-injury was significantly correlated with watercore severity. Watercored tissue has a lower intercellular air space volume, reduced permeance to gas diffusion and increased internal pCO(2). Accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde occurred in watercored 'Fuji' apples even under ambient (21 kPa O-2,) conditions and this accumulation increased with watercore severity regardless of storage environment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 113 EP 122 AR PII S0925-5214(01)00137-5 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00137-5 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 538TB UT WOS:000174830200002 ER PT J AU Ikediala, JN Hansen, JD Tang, J Drake, SR Wang, S AF Ikediala, JN Hansen, JD Tang, J Drake, SR Wang, S TI Development of a saline water immersion technique with RF energy as a postharvest treatment against codling moth in cherries (vol 24, pg 25, 2002) SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction ID QUARANTINE TREATMENT; SWEET CHERRIES; INSECT CONTROL; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; APPLES; MORTALITY; PRODUCTS AB 'Sweetheart' sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) immersed in 0.15% saline water were treated with radio frequency (RF) energy. The dielectric and ionic conductivity properties of the immersion water and that of fruit were matched to obtain a relatively uniform temperature distribution within and among fruits during RF heating. With immersion in saline water of 0.15% NaCl, the mean temperature of the water and that of the cherries differed by less than or equal to0.6degreesC, while the maximum temperature variation within and among fruits determined within 1 min after RF treatment completion was <&PLUSMN;1.0&DEG;C of the set temperatures of 48 and 50&DEG;C. The saline water immersion technique helped overcome the markedly high temperature differential problem within and among fruits, normally associated with treatments in air (without immersion) during RF heating. More than 99% mortality of the 200-400 codling moth larvae or 589-624 eggs was obtained at 50&DEG;C when treated for between 7 and 10 min (heating 2-5 min and holding 5 min). Most quality parameters analyzed were better, or are comparable with methyl bromide fumigated fruit. Saline water-immersion treatment in RF may be used to overcome the problem of slow conventional hot air or water heating, as well as the non-uniformity of temperature associated with electromagnetic heating in air, for developing alternative quarantine treatment for fruits. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Wang, Shaojin/C-4968-2012; Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009 OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004 NR 39 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 207 EP + AR PII S0925-5214(02)00016-9 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00016-9 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 538TB UT WOS:000174830200012 ER PT J AU Lipkin, E Fulton, J Cheng, H Yonash, N Soller, M AF Lipkin, E Fulton, J Cheng, H Yonash, N Soller, M TI Quantitative trait locus mapping in chickens by selective DNA pooling with dinucleotide microsatellite markers by using purified DNA and fresh or frozen red blood cells as applied to marker-assisted selection SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait locus mapping; chicken; blood; microsatellite; selective DNA pooling ID SHADOW BANDS; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGNS; MAREKS-DISEASE; LINKAGE; MAP; PCR AB Many large, half-sib sire families are an integral component of chicken genetic improvement programs. These family structures include a sufficient number of individuals for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) at high statistical power. However, realizing this statistical power through individual or selective genotyping is yet too costly to be feasible under current genotyping methodologies. Genotyping costs can be greatly reduced through selective DNA pooling, involving densitometric estimates of marker allele frequencies in pooled DNA samples. When using dinucleotide microsatellite markers, however, such estimates are often confounded by overlapping "shadow" bands and can be confounded further by differential amplification of alleles. In the present study a shadow correction procedure provided accurate densitometric estimates of allele frequency for dinucleotide microsatellite markers in pools made from chicken purified DNA samples, fresh blood samples, and frozen-thawed blood samples. In a retrospective study, selective DNA pooling with thawed blood samples successfully identified two QTL previously shown by selective genotyping to affect resistance in chickens to Marek's disease. It is proposed that use of selective DNA pooling can provide relatively low-cost mapping and use in marker-assisted selection of QTL that affect production traits in chickens. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Genet, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. HyLine Int, Dept Res, Dallas Ctr, IA USA. ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI USA. RP Lipkin, E (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Genet, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 81 IS 3 BP 283 EP 292 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 529ER UT WOS:000174287500001 PM 11902402 ER PT J AU Cleghorn, DA Nablo, SV Ferro, DN Hagstrum, DW AF Cleghorn, DA Nablo, SV Ferro, DN Hagstrum, DW TI Electron beam treatment parameters for control of stored product insects SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Meeting on Radiation Processing (IMRP-12) CY MAR 25-30, 2001 CL AVIGNON, FRANCE DE disinfestation; fluidized bed transport AB The fluidized bed process (EBFB) has been evaluated for the disinfestation of cereal grains. The various life stages from egg to adult have been studied on the 225 kV pilot as a function of surface dose. Three of the most common pests were selected: the rice weevil (S. oryzae), the lesser grain borer (R. dominica) and the red flour beetle (T. castaneum). The major challenge to this process lies in those "protected" life-stages active deeply within the endosperm of the grain kernel. The rice weevil is such an internal feeder in which the larvae develop through several molts during several weeks before pupation and adult emergence. Product velocities up to 2000 m/min have been used for infested hard winter wheat at dose levels up to 1000 Gy. Detailed depth of penetration studies at three life stages of S. oryzae larvae were conducted at 225-700 kV and demonstrated effective mortality at 400 kV x 200 Gy. Mortality data are also presented for the radiation labile eggs of these insects as well as the (sterile) adults, which typically lived for several weeks before death. These results are compared with earlier Co-60 gamma-ray studies on these same insects. Based upon these studies, the effectiveness of the fluidized bed process employing self-shielded electron beam equipment for insect control in wheat/rice at sub-kilogray dose levels has been demonstrated. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Electron Proc Syst Inc, N Billerica, MA 01862 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Nablo, SV (reprint author), Electron Proc Syst Inc, Execut Pk Dr, N Billerica, MA 01862 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 63 IS 3-6 BP 575 EP 579 AR PII S0969-806X(01)00596-5 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(01)00596-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 535JT UT WOS:000174642000085 ER PT J AU McDowell, RM Jaworska, JS AF McDowell, RM Jaworska, JS TI Bayesian analysis and inference from QSAR predictive model results SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE Bayesian; CATABOL; QSAR; sensitivity; specificity AB QSAR models have been under development for decades but acceptance and utilization of model results have been slow, in part, because there is no widely accepted metric for assessing their reliability. We reapply a method commonly used in quantitative epidemiology and medical decision-making for evaluating the results of screening tests to assess reliability of a QSAR model. It quantifies the accuracy (expressed as sensitivity and specificity) of QSAR models as conditional probabilities of correct and incorrect classification of chemical characteristic, given a true characteristic. Using Bayes formula, these conditional probabilities are combined with prior information to generate a posterior distribution to determine the probability a specific chemical has a particular characteristic, given a model prediction. As an example, we apply this approach to evaluate the predictive reliability of a CATABOL model and base on it a "ready" and "not ready" biodegradability classification. Finally, we show how predictive capability of the model can be improved by sequential use of two models, the first one with high sensitivity and the second with high specificity. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Procter & Gamble Eurocor, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. RP McDowell, RM (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 4700 River Rd,Unit 117, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1080/10629360290002280 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000009 PM 12074380 ER PT J AU Kandel, W Massey, DS AF Kandel, W Massey, DS TI The culture of Mexican migration: A theoretical and empirical analysis SO SOCIAL FORCES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Many field investigators have observed the evolution of a "culture of migration"' in certain Mexican communities characterized by a high rate of out-migration to the U.S. Within such communities, international migration becomes so deeply rooted that the prospect of transnational movement becomes normative: young people "expect" to live and work in the U.S. at some point in their lives. Males, especially, come to see migration as a normal part of the life course, representing a marker of the transition to manhood, in addition to being a widely accepted vehicle for economic mobility. International migration is cultural in the sense that the aspiration to migrate is transmitted across generations and between people through social networks. In this article, we develop a formal theory of the culture of migration and test it using a special data set collected by the first author as well as data from the Mexican Migration Project. We show that children from families involved in U.S. migration are more likely to aspire to live and work in the U.S. and that these aspirations, in turn, influence their behavior, lowering the odds that they will continue in school, and raising the odds of their eventual out-migration to the U.S. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Kandel, W (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM wkandel@ers.usda.gov NR 25 TC 153 Z9 162 U1 0 U2 20 PU UNIV NORTH CAROLINA PRESS PI CHAPEL HILL PA BOX 2288, JOURNALS DEPT, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27515-2288 USA SN 0037-7732 J9 SOC FORCES JI Soc. Forces PD MAR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 981 EP 1004 DI 10.1353/sof.2002.0009 PG 24 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 531GH UT WOS:000174407300007 ER PT J AU Lebron I Suarez, DL Schaap, MG AF Lebron, I Suarez, DL Schaap, MG TI Soil pore size and geometry as a result of aggregate-size distribution and chemical composition SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thin sections; scanning electron microscopy; image analysis; undisturbed soil samples ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT; QUENCHING PROCESSES; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; ORGANIC-MATTER; RETENTION; FLOCCULATION; ADSORPTION; DOMAINS AB Soil pore size and pore geometry are important properties affecting soil hydraulic properties. Using scanning electron micrographs and image analysis, we quantified the actual pore-size distribution and pore shape in undisturbed soil cores. Aggregate-size distribution was also quantified for the same micrographs. For soils with similar texture, we observed a decrease both in the median aggregate size and in the aggregate-size distribution when the sodium content in the soil increased. We hypothesize that the decrease in the aggregate stability is caused by the weakening of the binding capacity of the cementing agents bonding the domains that form the aggregates. An equivalent decrease in the pore-size distribution was found with increasing sodium and pH. There was a significant correlation between median aggregate size and median pore size, but there was not a significant correlation between median pore diameter and soil texture. C1 USDA, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Lebron I (reprint author), USDA, Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM ilebron@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 167 IS 3 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1097/00010694-200203000-00001 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 533MX UT WOS:000174535200001 ER PT J AU Dontsova, KM Norton, LD AF Dontsova, KM Norton, LD TI Clay dispersion, infiltration, and erosion as influenced by exchangeable Ca and Mg SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface sealing; infiltration; erosion; clay dispersion; calcium; magnesium ID RED-BROWN EARTHS; ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; WATER INFILTRATION; MAGNESIUM SOILS; ORGANIC-MATTER; SODIC SOILS; CALCIUM; FLOCCULATION; SELECTIVITY AB Soils of the US Corn Belt often experience surface sealing, low infiltration, and erosion under rainfall, all of which result in economic loss. This study seeks to establish if high Mg content in these soils can have an adverse effect on soil structure, clay dispersability, water intake rate, and erosion as a result of the greater hydration radius of Mg compared with Ca. The study modified the Ca/Mg ratio from four soils of the Midwestern United States that varied in organic matter (OM) content, clay content, and clay mineralogy. After that, flocculation behavior of the clay fraction as well as infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall were examined. The Ca/Mg ratio had a significant effect on clay dispersion and surface sealing: for all soil clays, a negative linear relationship (R-2 = 0.82 to 0.99) was observed between the Mg percentage in solution and optical transmittance of clay suspension as an indicator of clay flocculation. In rainfall experiments, well structured Mg-treated soils registered final infiltration rates approximately half those of Ca-treated soils (2.7 mm h(-1) vs. 5.7 nun h(-1) for Blount loam soil and 16.8 m m h(-1) vs. 31.1 mm h(-1) for Catlin silt loam soil). Total infiltration decreased significantly as well. However, the effect was not significant for two less stable soils. Magnesium saturation increased final and total soil losses significantly for Blount loam and Fayette silty clay loam. Results indicate that high Mg can cause increased surface sealing and erosion in Midwestern soils. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Dontsova, KM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 36 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 17 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 167 IS 3 BP 184 EP 193 DI 10.1097/00010694-200203000-00003 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 533MX UT WOS:000174535200003 ER PT J AU Staley, TE AF Staley, TE TI Low-level liming affects early white clover nodulation but not root development in a small-volume acidic soil model system SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Trifolium repens L.; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii; soil pH; lime; root morphology; nodules ID RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI STRAINS; LOW-PH; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; TOLERANCE; SYMBIOSIS; GENES; EXPRESSION; SEEDLINGS; TRIFOLII; GROWTH AB Establishment, growth, and persistence of forage legumes on shallow, infertile, and acidic hill-land pasture soils, often because of the expense of optimal liming and fertilization, remains a problem. A better understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of symbiosis establishment in these soils, and its alleviation by minimal liming, could aid in the solution of this problem. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings were planted in two model systems (deepots or plates), utilizing an air-dried, nonsterile Ultisol limed from pH,, 4.71 (nil lime) to 4.99, and inoculated with effective rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii). Both model systems demonstrated the stimulatory effect of low-level liming (soil pH increase) on nodulation 14 days after planting (DAP) and before differences in shoot mass responses were apparent. Examination of roots grown in soil plates (similar to 1/5 volume of deepots) at 3, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 DAP revealed a significant (v = 0.90; P less than or equal to 0.05) nodulation response to soil pH, but only at 14 DAP. However, the consistent pattern of nodulation responses to soil pH, almost throughout the entire growth period, suggests that nodulation was being stimulated by low-level liming as early as 6 to 8 DAP. With the exception of small differences toward the end of the experiment (12-14 DAP), root development (total length, diameter, volume, surface area, tip, and fork number) was unaffected by soil pH. Root length, sorted into eight diameter classes, was similarly unresponsive to soil pH. Collectively, these results suggest that inhibition of symbiosis establishment in our soil plate model system occurs at the cellular (root hair and/or nodule primordium) level, rather than at the tissue (root) level. From a practical (field) perspective, our finding that the rhizobial level interacted with soil pH on nodulation intensity suggests that the development of either a more acidic soil-tolerant plant cultivar or rhizobial strain would lead to a more rapid and robust symbiosis in infertile, acidic soils. C1 USDA, ARS, NAA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Staley, TE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, NAA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM tstaley@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 167 IS 3 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1097/00010694-200203000-00006 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 533MX UT WOS:000174535200006 ER PT J AU Ding, G Novak, JM Amarasiriwardena, D Hunt, PG Xing, BS AF Ding, G Novak, JM Amarasiriwardena, D Hunt, PG Xing, BS TI Soil organic matter characteristics as affected by tillage management SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; C-13 CPMAS NMR; COASTAL-PLAIN SOILS; HUMIC ACIDS; SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; CROP ROTATIONS; SORPTION; CARBON; FRACTIONS AB Soil organic matter (SOM) is of primary importance for maintaining soil productivity, and agricultural management practices may significantly influence SOM chemical properties. I low,ever, how SOM chemical characteristics change with agricultural practices is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the impacts of tillage (conventional vs. conservation) management on the structural and compositional characteristics of SOM using cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) and total sideband suppression (TOSS) solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. We characterized both physically and chemically isolated SOM fractions from a Norfolk soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults) under long-term tillage management (20 yr). The solid-state (13)C NMR results indicated that humic acid (HA) from conventional tillage (CT, 0-5 cm) was less aliphatic and more aromatic than HA from conservation tillage (CnT). The aliphatic C content decreased with increasing depth (0-15 cm) for both CT and CnT treatments. The reverse trend was true for aromatic C content. Based on reactive/recalcitrant (O/R) peak ratio comparisons, HA was more reactive in the top soil (0-5 cm) under CnT than CT. Both soil organic C (SOC) and light fraction (LF) material were higher in the 0- to 5-cin soil of CnT than CT treatment. Our results show that long-term tillage management can significantly change the characteristics of both physical and chemical fractions of SOM. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Hampshire Coll, Sch Nat Sci, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. RP Xing, BS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM bx@pssci.umass.edu NR 51 TC 95 Z9 116 U1 7 U2 26 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 421 EP 429 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000012 ER PT J AU Vaughan, PJ AF Vaughan, PJ TI Evaluation of numerical techniques applied to soil solution speciation including cation exchange SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR EQUATIONS AB Most existing models of soil solution speciation utilize either Newton-Raphson or Picard iteration to obtain a numerical solution to the nonlinear set of algebraic equations expressing mole balance and charge balance of free ions for major species as well as cation exchange. A computer program was written to test speed and accuracy, of these and other methods. Picard iteration was fastest but produced a mean relative error (MRE) for mole and charge balance of 0.03 with no further convergence after a few iterations. A tensor (quadratic) method and two simplex methods converged to the correct result. The tensor method was preferable because the final result was more accurate; the rate of convergence was faster by 10 to 100 times, and convergence occurred for all compositions tested up to an ionic strength of 0.25. These results point out the value of testing various algorithms prior to implementation of speciation code applied to soils. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Vaughan, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 474 EP 478 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000018 ER PT J AU Glasener, KM Wagger, MG MacKown, CT Volk, RJ AF Glasener, KM Wagger, MG MacKown, CT Volk, RJ TI Contributions of shoot and root nitrogen-15 labeled legume nitrogen sources to a sequence of three cereal crops SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL LEGUMES; FERTILIZER N-15; COVER CROPS; SOILS; WHEAT; CORN; DECOMPOSITION; ALFALFA; FIELD; MINERALIZATION AB Legume mulches are important sources of N for cereal crop production, particularly for organic and resource-poor producers. A field study was conducted using a direct method to determine if the amount of N in cereal crops derived front either the shoots or roots of preceding tropical legume cover crops was affected by their chemical composition and mineralization potential. Desmodium ovalifolium Guill. & Perr. [ D. adscendens (Sw.) DC. and Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.], were grown in 6.0-m(2) microplots and foliar-labeled with 99 atom % N-15 urea. A cereal sequence of maize (Zea mays L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.)-maize followed the legumes. Cereal accumulation of legume N from either the shoot (shoot 4 leaf litter) or the root-soil sources was evaluated by spatially separating the legume N sources. This was achieved by interchanging surface applications of nonlabeled and N-15-labeled legume shoots with in situ N-15-labeled and nonlabeled legume roots. Initially the Desmodium shoot N source contained 316 kg N ha(-1) and roots contained 12.5 kg N ha(-1). Pueraria shoots and root N sources initially contained 262 and 14.8 kg N ha(-1), respectively. About 90 g kg(-1) of the initial N of each legume shoot was recovered in the total aboveground tissues from the three cereal crops, while 490 g kg(-1) of Desmodium and 280 g kg(-1) of Pueraria root-soil N sources were recovered. Of the 181 kg N ha(-1) accumulated aboveground by the cereal sequence, the contribution of shoot plus root-soil N sources was 200 g kg(-1) from Desmodium and 150 g kg(-1) front Pueraria. Cereal N was derived primarily from mineralization of soil organic matter present before the legumes and possibly from N deposition (precipitation and dry) occurring during the cereal crop sequence. After harvest of the last cereal crop, 13 and 180 g kg(-1) of the initial legume N was present as inorganic and organic N fractions, respectively, in the top 75 cut of soil. Even though Pueraria shoots had a lower C:N ratio and concentration of polyphenols than Desmodium shoots, the relative contributions of the shout N source were similar for both legumes. Decomposition of legume residues, particularly legume shoots, make a meaningful contribution to the N economy of cereal crops grown in the tropics. The legume cover crops (root + shoot) contributed nearly 280 g kg(-1) of the aboveground N in the first cereal crop and as much as 110 g kg(-1) of the N in the third crop during the 15-mo sequence of cereals. C1 Crop Sci Soc Amer, Amer Soc Agron, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Soil Sci Soc Amer, Washington, DC 20002 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Glasener, KM (reprint author), Crop Sci Soc Amer, Amer Soc Agron, 900 2nd St,NE,Suite 205, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 24 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 523 EP 530 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000024 ER PT J AU Ferguson, RB Hergert, GW Schepers, JS Gotway, CA Cahoon, JE Peterson, TA AF Ferguson, RB Hergert, GW Schepers, JS Gotway, CA Cahoon, JE Peterson, TA TI Site-specific nitrogen management of irrigated maize: Yield and soil residual nitrate effects SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZER; CORN; VARIABILITY AB Site-specific N management (SSNM) has been suggested as one means of further increasing the efficiency with which N fertilizers are used and reducing environmental impact. Field studies to evaluate the potential for SSNM to reduce NO3-N leaching from irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) were conducted from 1994 to 1997. Uniform management (UM) was compared with a SSNM strategy (variable rate technology, VRT) based on an existing N recommendation algorithm for maize using grid sampled soil organic matter and root zone soil residual NO3-N. A third treatment (reduced variable rate technology, RVRT) evaluated the potential for a reduced rate of N to adequately supply crop N demand when combined with variable rate application. Averaged across all site-years, there was no significant difference in the total amount of N applied, 142 kg N ha(-1) with UM, 141 kg N ha(-1) with VRT. Treatment mean grain yields ranged from 4.5 to 13.9 Mg ha(-1) and were influenced relatively little by treatment, with VRT yield significantly reduced compared with UM in two site-years, and UM yield significantly reduced compared with VRT in one site-year. Treatment mean soil residual NO3-N in the 0.9-m root zone ranged from 2.7 to 14.0 mg kg(-1), and was low (<6 mg kg(-1)) for eight site-years, with no effect of treatment on NO3-N concentration. For the five site-years with elevated NO3-N concentrations (>6 mg kg(-1)), there were no significant differences between UM and VRT treatments, while RVRT treatment reduced residual NO3-N for three site-years. We conclude that the spatial application of the existing recommendation algorithm developed for uniform application may be inappropriate, at least for these sites, and that unique recommendation equations for major soils and climatic regions may be necessary to achieve substantial increases in N-use efficiency. This study also suggests that improved recommendation algorithms may often need to be combined with methods (such as remote sensing) to detect crop N status at early, critical growth stages followed by carefully timed, spatially adjusted supplemental fertilization to achieve optimum N-use efficiency. C1 Univ Nebraska, S Cent Res & Extens Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA, Soil & Water Conservat Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Ferguson, RB (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, S Cent Res & Extens Ctr, Box 66, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 34 TC 87 Z9 124 U1 5 U2 30 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 544 EP 553 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000026 ER PT J AU D'Amore, DV Lynn, WC AF D'Amore, DV Lynn, WC TI Classification of forested histosols in southeast Alaska SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; PEAT; MINERALIZATION; NITROGEN; CANADA AB Organic soils are an important substrate for cycling carbon between terrestrial and atmospheric pools. The degree of decomposition of organic soil material influences the physical and chemical characteristics that control the carbon cycles in these soils. Although organic soils are abundant in southeast Alaska, little information is available on the state of decomposition or variability within organic soil mapping units. Determination of physical (fiber content) and chemical (sodium pyrophosphate extract color, SPEC) decomposition is used to classify organic soils and subsequently establish map units. The purpose of this study is to provide physical and chemical decomposition data to better characterize and classify, forested organic soils in southeast Alaska and to improve our understanding of the distribution of fiber within these soils. Fiber content and pyrophosphate color were determined on 115 samples from 23 organic soils from throughout the Tongass National Forest. These samples show that complexes of hemic and sapric suborders mapped in the Tongass Soil Survey are dominantly hemic. Some Fiber analyses differ considerably from statements in descriptions of established series in the Tongass Soil Survey. Physical decomposition of the fibers is in the hemic range, but chemical decomposition indicated by SPEC is sapric due to accumulation of soluble organic matter by water movement down steep slopes as well as in situ decomposition. Suborder classes provide a means to incorporate appropriate decomposition levels into existing soil series. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Survey Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP D'Amore, DV (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 554 EP 562 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000027 ER PT J AU McCracken, KL McDowell, WH Harter, RD Evans, CV AF McCracken, KL McDowell, WH Harter, RD Evans, CV TI Dissolved organic carbon retention in soils: Comparison of solution and soil measurements SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LOSS-ON-IGNITION; STREAM WATER; MATTER; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION AB Interactions between dissolved organic C (DOC) and mineral soils were examined in a laboratory column study. Specific emphasis was given to comparisons of soil and solution measurements of organic C (OC) retention in four soil parent materials. Soil columns were leached with one of three concentrations of forest floor (FF) leachate or distilled water every third day for 1 yr. The concentration of DOC in solution was analyzed before and after percolation through soil columns to assess net release or retention of DOC. Changes in soil chemical properties (pH, loss-on-ignition [LOI], extractable Al and Fe) following leaching were consistent with podzolization. Micromorphological investigation of the soil materials following leaching showed increased accumulation of organo-metallic coatings in materials treated with high concentrations of DOC relative to distilled water or low concentrations of DOC. The most dramatic changes in soil chemical properties were found in soils leached with high concentrations of DOC. Comparison of solution and soil measures of OC retention indicates that only similar to50% of the DOC lost front solution was measured as soil OC at the end of the experiment. This finding suggests that microbial decomposition Is a significant factor regulating OC concentrations in soils and that soil solution data alone do not yield a complete picture of soil OC dynamics. C1 USDA, NRCS, Walpole, NH 03608 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin Parkside, Dept Geol, Kenosha, WI 53141 USA. RP McCracken, KL (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, 11 Ind Pk Dr, Walpole, NH 03608 USA. EM kmccracken@nh.usda.gov RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 563 EP 568 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000028 ER PT J AU Schwab, EB Reeves, DW Burmester, CH Raper, RL AF Schwab, EB Reeves, DW Burmester, CH Raper, RL TI Conservation tillage systems for cotton in the Tennessee Valley SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT; PLACEMENT; YIELD; SOILS AB Yield reductions from Do-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) jeopardized adoption of conservation systems in the Tennessee Valley region of north Alabama in the early 1990s. We conducted a study from 1995 to 1999 on a Decatur silt loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults) to develop a practical conservation tillage system with competitive yields for the region. Treatments included a factorial combination of fall ridging (ridged and nonridged) and fall non-inversion deep tillage (none, in-row subsoiling, paratilling), along with spring strip tillage and conventional tillage (fall chisel-spring disk). All treatments, except conventional tillage, were established with a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. Tillage systems were evaluated for soil temperature, penetration resistance, a soil compaction index, soil water, plant population, and seed cotton yield. Paratilling reduced soil compaction index 29 and 31% compared with conventional tillage and no-tillage, respectively. Subsoiling reduced the compaction index 12 and 15% compared with conventional tillage and no-tillage, respectively. Soil water content was decreased with the fall paratilled and subsoiled conservation tillage systems, compared with conventional tillage and no-tillage, suggesting increased rooting. Fall non-inversion deep tillage, either paratilling or in-row subsoiling with a narrow-shanked subsoiler, resulted in the highest seed cotton yields; 16% greater than conventional tillage (2660 kg ha(-1)), and 10% greater than strict no-tillage (2810 kg ha(-1)) across a 4-yr duration. In this region, non-inversion deep tillage under the row in fall, coupled with a rye cover crop to produce adequate residue for moisture conservation and erosion control, is a highly competitive and practical conservation tillage system. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Dynam Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Reeves, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Dynam Res Unit, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 24 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 569 EP 577 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000029 ER PT J AU Li, H Lascano, RJ Booker, J Wilson, LT Bronson, KF Segarra, E AF Li, H Lascano, RJ Booker, J Wilson, LT Bronson, KF Segarra, E TI State-space description of field heterogeneity: Water and nitrogen use in cotton SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE POSITION; SOIL PROPERTIES; TILLAGE COTTON; GRAIN-YIELD; IRRIGATION; MANAGEMENT; PRODUCTIVITY; SYSTEM; GROWTH AB Field heterogeneity in soil texture and site elevation (SE) may affect crop water and N use. A 2-yr (1998-1999) study was conducted on the Texas High Plains to determine the interdependence between management (irrigation and N fertilization), soil heterogeneity (texture, soil water, and NO3-N) and topography, and their impact on cotton (Gossyplum hirsutum L.) lint yield and N uptake. Treatments were irrigation at 50 and 75% estimated cotton evapotranspiration (ET) and N rates at 0, 90, and 135 kg ha(-1). Soil water content (SWC), lint yield, N uptake, and N fertilizer recovery, measured as a function of management and space, were higher on low positions. Mixed model analysis showed that irrigation was significant on SWC, lint yield, and N uptake (P < 0.05) each year. The N treatment had no effect on lint yield or N uptake in 1998 because of high soil residual NO3-N, and the model residual was significant for all measured variables (P < 0.0001). Sand, SWC, lint yield, and N uptake were negatively correlated with SE (r greater than or equal to -0.64). In 1998, lint yield, SWC, clay, sand, and SE were cross correlated within 60 to 80 m. Multivariate state-space analysis showed that lint yield at position i was weighted on lint yield, SWC, clay, sand, and SE at previous position i - 1. It is concluded that 75% ET and N rate at 90 kg ha(-1) would be the basis to consider variable water and N rates related to field conditions, and the state-space model quantified spatial interdependence between irrigation, fertilization, and field heterogeneity. C1 Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Lubbock, TX 79403 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Lascano, RJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Wilson, Lloyd/E-9971-2011 NR 39 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 585 EP 595 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000031 ER PT J AU Liebig, MA Varvel, GE Doran, JW Wienhold, BJ AF Liebig, MA Varvel, GE Doran, JW Wienhold, BJ TI Crop sequence and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil properties in the Western Corn Belt SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON; ROTATION; MATTER; QUALITY; YIELD; MINERALIZATION; PARTICULATE; STABILITY AB Understanding long-term management effects on soil properties is necessary to determine the relative sustainability of cropping systems. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were measured in a long-term cropping system study in the Western Corn Belt. Properties were evaluated after 16 yr in four crop sequences [continuous corn (zea mays L.) (CC), corn-soybean [Glycine max. (L.)] (C-SB), corn-oat (Avena sativa L.) + clover (80% sweet clover [Melilotus officinalis L.] and 20% red clover [Trifolium pratense L.])-grain sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)-soybean (C-OCL-SG-SB), and corn-soybean-grain sorghum-oat + clover (C-SB-SG-OCL)] each at three N fertilization rates (ZERO, LOW, and HIGH) to a soil depth of 30.5 cm on a Sharpshurg silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudolls). Nitrogen fertilization had a greater impact on soil properties than crop sequence, with management effects most pronounced at 0 to 7.6 cm. Increased N rate resulted in greater organic C, total N, and particulate organic matter (POM), but lower soil pH. Increased N rate also reduced microbial biomass by similar to20% between the HIGH and ZERO N-rate treatments. The C-SB-SG-OCL sequence possessed more potentially mineralizable N (PMN) (57 vs. 46 kg ha(-1) for average of CC and C-SB) and a higher percentage of POM present as soil organic matter (17.1% for the C-SB-SG-OCL sequence vs. 13.9% for other sequences). Within the context of soil functions and cropping system performance, results from this study indicate the C-SB-SB-OCL sequence enhanced nutrient cycling efficiency, while N fertilization resulted in a trade-off between its positive effect on biological productivity and negative effect on nutrient cycling efficiency. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Liebig, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 47 TC 72 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 596 EP 601 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000032 ER PT J AU Kaye, JP Binkley, D Zou, XM Parrotta, JA AF Kaye, JP Binkley, D Zou, XM Parrotta, JA TI Non-labile soil (15)nitrogen retention beneath three tree species in a tropical plantation SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONIFEROUS FOREST SOIL; FERTILIZER NITROGEN; TEMPERATE FORESTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; RESIDUAL N-15; CASUARINA-EQUISETIFOLIA; LEUCAENA-LEUCOCEPHALA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; GROWING SEASONS; PINE ECOSYSTEM AB Soil organic matter is the largest sink for N additions to forests. Species composition may affect soil N retention by altering the amount or proportion of added N stored in non-labile organic pools. We measured N-15 tracer retention in labile and non-labile pools of surface (0-20 cm) mineral soils, 7 yr after the tracer was applied to a 9 yr-old Puerto Rican tree plantation with replicated stands of three species (two N-fixers, one Eucalyptus, Euc). Laboratory incubations (13 mo) with repeated leaching separated total soil N into labile (inorganic N leached) and non-labile (total N minus leached N) pools, and a labile C treatment tested linkages between C availability and N retention. We hypothesized that species composition would alter the amount and proportion of recovered tracer N in non-labile organic matter. Surface soils contained 45% of the tracer, but the amount retained in labile and non-labile pools was similar among species. In contrast, the proportion of recovered tracer in non-labile pools was greater in soils beneath N-fixers (75%) than Euc (62%). Labile C additions increased the size of the non-labile tracer N pool. We conclude that tree species composition may affect long-term soil N retention by altering the proportion of N in slow-turnover, non-labile pools. Plants may also alter soil N retention by renewing labile C pools; a continuous supply of labile C increased the transfer of N-15 into non-labile organic matter. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Terr Ecol Div, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Kaye, JP (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 69 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 612 EP 619 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000034 ER PT J AU Idol, TW Holzbaur, KA Pope, PE Ponder, F AF Idol, TW Holzbaur, KA Pope, PE Ponder, F TI Control-bag correction for forest floor litterbag contamination SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; DECOMPOSITION; SOIL AB Although contamination of litterbags by organic matter is potentially important, there are no standard methods to correct for it. Organic and mineral contamination of field-incubated forest floor litterbags was investigated using the standard ash-free dry mass (AFDM) correction and a correction based on increases in the mass of field-incubated litterbags filled with undecomposable control material. After 120 d, mineral contamination of Oi horizon litter averaged 5.2% of initial litter mass in stands ranging from 7 to 100 yr since cutting. There were no consistent changes in mineral contamination of Oe horizon litter. The mass of nylon control material increased by an average of 22% of initial litter mass after 120 d. Decomposition rates of Oi and Oe litter corrected using increases in control bag mass were significantly higher than uncorrected or AFDM-corrected rates. Forest stand age did not significantly affect mineral contamination, but mass gain after 120 d in the control bags was significantly higher in the 7-yr-old stand (32%) than in 13-, 32-, or 80- to 100-yr-old stands (17-20%). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Texas Dep Agr, Regulatory Div, Austin, TX 78711 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. RP Idol, TW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Hoagland Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 620 EP 623 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000035 ER PT J AU Vadas, PA Sims, JT AF Vadas, PA Sims, JT TI Predicting phosphorus desorption from Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS; KINETICS; PHOSPHATE; RUNOFF; SORPTION; OXALATE; RELEASE AB Pollution of surface waters by P from agricultural areas is a water quality issue in Delaware. The FHANTM 2.0 computer model can help identify areas with a high potential for P loss, but the model's representation of P desorption from soils to runoff waters needs reevaluation. The equation, P-d = K P-0 t(alpha) W-beta, has been proposed to predict such P desorption, but equations originally proposed to predict values for the constants K, alpha, and beta from the ratio of soil clay content/soil organic C content may not be accurate for Delaware soils. Therefore, we measured P desorption for 23 sandy Delaware soils for times of 5 to 180 min, water/soil ratios of 10 to 1000 L kg(-1), and three initial levels of soil desorbable P. Values for the constants K, alpha, and beta were calculated and related to soil properties. We found that K, alpha, and beta values were not well related to clay/OC, but were better related to the ratio of oxalate-extractable Fe/OC content (alpha) or the sum of oxalate extractable Fe and Al (beta and K). These results can be used to help refine the FHANTM 2.0 model in predicting P loss from agricultural areas in Delaware and similar landscapes in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, AMBL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Vadas, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, ANRI, AMBL, BARC E, B-163 Rm 5,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 623 EP 631 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000036 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW Reeves, JB Reeves, VB Follett, RF Kimble, JM AF McCarty, GW Reeves, JB Reeves, VB Follett, RF Kimble, JM TI Mid-infrared and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for soil carbon measurement SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE MORPHOLOGY; CARBOHYDRATE SYSTEMS; SAMPLE DILUTION; SPECTRA; WHEAT AB The ability to inventory soil C on landscapes is limited by the ability to rapidly measure soil C. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopic analysis in the near-infrared (NIR, 400-2500 nm) and mid-infrared (MIR, 2500-25000 nm) regions provides means for measurement of soil C. To assess the utility of spectroscopy for soil C analysis, we compared the ability to obtain information from these spectral regions to quantify total, organic, and inorganic C in samples representing 14 soil series collected over a large region in the west central United States. The soils temperature regimes ranged from thermic to frigid and the soil moisture regimes from udic to aridic. The soils ranged considerably in organic (0.23-98 g C kg(-1)) and inorganic C content (0.0-65.4 g CO3-C kg(-1)). These soil samples were analyzed with and without an acid treatment for removal of CO3. Both spectral regions contained substantial information on organic and inorganic C in soils studied and MIR analysis substantially outperformed NIR. The superior performance of the MIR region likely reflects higher quality of information for soil C in this region. The spectral signature of inorganic C was very strong relative to Soil organic C. The presence of CO3 reduced ability to quantify organic C using MIR as indicated by improved ability to measure organic C in acidified soil samples. The ability of MIR spectroscopy to quantify C in diverse soils collected over a large geographic region indicated that regional calibrations are feasible. C1 BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA, NRCS, Lincoln, NE USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Bldg 007,Room 201, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 233 Z9 254 U1 5 U2 78 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 640 EP 646 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 528ZF UT WOS:000174275000038 ER PT J AU Tapela, M Colvin, TS AF Tapela, M Colvin, TS TI Quantifying seedbed condition using soil physical properties SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bulk density; penetration resistance; moisture content; soil quality; tilth; soil condition ID LIMITING WATER RANGE; BULK-DENSITY; INDEX; COMPACTION; TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT; VALUES; GROWTH; TILTH; STATE AB Soil physical condition following tillage influences crop yield, but the desired condition cannot be adequately evaluated with current techniques. This study was conducted to determine a soil condition index (SCI) that could be used to select the type of implement needed to achieve an optimal seedbed with minimum energy input. Effects of bulk density, moisture content, and penetration resistance resulting from three tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow and moldboard plow), on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.) were studied. The experiment was conducted in Boone County, Ames, IA, on soils that are mostly Aquic Hapludolls, Typic Haplaquolls and Typic Hapludolls with slopes ranging from 0 to 5%. The results are from the 2000 season, which had normal weather conditions and yield levels for the Iowa state. The average corn grain yield at this site was 9.36 Mg/ha. At the V2 cor growth stage, the average dry biomass was 1.34 g per plant. The soil physical properties were normalized with respect to reference values and combined via multiple regression analysis against corn biomass at V2 stage into the SCI. Mean SCI values for the no-till, chisel and moldboard plow treatments were 0.86, 0.76, and 0,73, respectively, all with a standard error of 0.0127. The lower the SCI, the more optimum the soil physical conditions. An analysis of variance showed significant differences among mean SCI for each treatment (p-value = 0.001). The use of the SO could improve the tillage decision-making process in environments similar the one studied. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Agr & Biosyst Engn Dept, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Tapela, M (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Agr & Biosyst Engn Dept, 102 Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3-4 BP 203 EP 210 AR PII S0167-1987(01)00267-7 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00267-7 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 522LE UT WOS:000173897500004 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Corn stubble height and residue placement in the northern US Corn Belt Part I. Soil physical environment during winter SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil temperature; soil water; soil frost; soil thaw; snow cover; albedo; net radiation ID AGGREGATE STABILITY; WATER; MOVEMENT; TILLAGE AB Management of crop residue is important for sustaining biological activity in soils during winter and promoting soil water recharge and early spring thaw in cold regions. This study assessed the impact of stubble height and residue placement in a corn (Zea mays L.) production system on the soil microclimate during winter in the northern Corn Belt of the USA. Residue treatments were established in a randomized block design after corn harvest in the autumn of 1993-1995 near Morris, MN. Corn was harvested using a combine that cut stalks at 60, 30 and approximately 0 cm above the soil surface and uniformly spread harvested residue over the soil. Treatments included: (1) 60 cm stubble, (2) 30 cm stubble, (3) 30 cm stubble with alternating bare and residue covered inter-rows, (4) 0 cm stubble, and (5) 0 cm stubble with all residue removed from the soil surface. Snow cover, depth of soil freezing and thawing, soil temperature and water content at various depths in the soil profile, and reflected global and net radiation were monitored during winter from November to March each year. Taller (60 cm) stubble trapped more snow, reduced the depth of frost penetration by at least 0.5 m, and hastened thawing of the soil profile by at least 25 days during winter as compared with short (0 cm) stubble and 0 cm stubble without residue treatments. Near surface, winter soil temperatures were moderated by at least 2 degreesC in the 60 cm stubble versus 0 cm stubble without residue treatments. Linear regression analysis suggested that 52, 93 and 40% of the variability in soil water recharge caused by residue treatments during successive winters, respectively, could be explained by differences in snow cover, soil water content and thaw depth among treatments. On clear days in autumn and spring, albedo was highest for the 0 cm stubble and lowest for the 0 cm stubble without residue treatments. Net radiation, however, was lowest for the 0 cm stubble and highest for the 0 cm stubble without residue treatments as compared with other residue treatments. Results from this study suggest that corn production systems in the northern Corn Belt which retain tall stubble on the soil surface will promote warmer soils during winter and earlier spring thaw as compared with those which retain short or no stubble on the soil surface, Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. EM sharratt@morris.ars.usda.gov NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 EI 1879-3444 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00260-4 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 522LE UT WOS:000173897500008 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Corn stubble height and residue placement in the northern US Corn Belt II. Spring microclimate and wheat development SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil temperature; albedo; radiation; thermal time; haun stage; phyllochron ID TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM; BARLEY; YIELD AB Crop residue management systems are yet needed in the northern Corn Belt of the USA that hasten sowing and early establishment of crops in the spring. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn stubble height and residue placement on the soil microclimate and associated development of wheat in early spring. Treatments were established after corn harvest in the autumn of 1993-1995 and included 60 cm stubble, 30 cm stubble, 30 cm stubble with adjacent interrows devoid of and covered with prostrate residue (30 cm stubble with banded residue), 0 cm stubble, and 0 cm stubble without prostrate residue. Five rows of wheat were sown by hand into one corn interrow on 12 April 1994, 3 April 1995, and 24 April 1996. Leaf development on the main stem was assessed twice weekly until late May. Net and reflected global radiation, soil temperature, and soil water content were measured in each treatment throughout the spring. Vegetative development of wheat was hastened in soils with little residue cover (0 cm stubble without residue treatment and the bare interrow of the 30 cm with banded residue treatment). Averaged across years, the phyllochron ranged from 75 degreesC day per leaf for treatments with little residue cover to 92 degreesC day per leaf for the residue interrow of the 30 cm stubble with banded residue treatment, Vegetative development in treatments with little residue cover was hastened by soil temperatures that were at least 1 degreesC higher throughout spring than those of the residue interrow of the 30 cm stubble with banded residue treatment. The 0 cm stubble without residue treatment was warmer because of a smaller albedo (at least 0.03) and greater net radiation (at least 0.5 MJ m(-2) per day) compared with all other treatments. Little difference in soil water content was found among treatments, although treatments with little residue cover were wetter in two of the three springs. Based on the results of this study, one can conclude that soils with little residue cover or that have taller stubble on the surface will absorb more radiation and thereby enhance soil warming and early development of plants in the northern Corn Belt of the USA. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. EM sharratt@morris.ars.usda.gov NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 EI 1879-3444 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00259-8 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 522LE UT WOS:000173897500009 ER PT J AU Showler, AT Sappington, TW Foster, RN Reuter, KC Roland, TJ El-Lissy, OA AF Showler, AT Sappington, TW Foster, RN Reuter, KC Roland, TJ El-Lissy, OA TI Aerially applied standard rate malathion against reduced rates of malathion plus cottonseed oil for boll weevil control SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB This study was conducted to determine whether reduced rates of malathion in cottonseed oil were as effective at reducing boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, populations as the current standard rate of ultra-low volume (ULV) malathion alone. In a field cage residue study, 693 g AI malathion + 553.5 g cottonseed oil per ha and 867 g AI malathion + 415 g cottonseed oil per ha resulted in boll weevil mortality over a five-day sampling period that was not significantly different from the standard rate of 1,040 g AI malathion per ha. In the field cage assay, mortality declined below 36% in all of the malathion treatments on the third day after application. A petri dish assay showed that the malathion treatments had a measurable effect on boll weevil mortality for three days, and that daily percentage mortalities caused by the reduced malathion + cottonseed oil treatments were not statistically different than those induced by the standard rate. However, the numerical differences in mortality between the second and fourth day after treatment suggest that residual activity of the reduced rates in oil might not always be as great as the activity of the standard rate during this period. Populations of nontarget arthropod groups, particularly lacewings (Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae: Neuroptera) and Collops (Coleoptera: Melyridae) were reduced by all of the malathion treatments. In general, differential effects among the malathion treatments on nontarget arthropods were not observed. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, PPPC, Phoenix, AZ USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, AEI, Mission, TX USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Showler, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 1 BP 45 EP 58 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 564HR UT WOS:000176309400006 ER PT J AU Zeidman, M Sawhney, PS AF Zeidman, M Sawhney, PS TI Influence of fiber length distribution on strength efficiency of fibers in yarn SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MECHANICS AB The tensile and tear strengths and hence the durability of a cotton fabric are greatly influenced by the length and strength of cotton fibers in addition to the fabric structure. This is so because fiber length to a large extent determines yarn strength, which ultimately contributes to fabric strength. Also, fiber length and its distribution affect fiber processing and hence yarn performance during subsequent mechanical processing, including knitting and weaving. Therefore, fiber length distribution and its ultimate effect on the yarn strength are important. To better understand the length-strength relationship in cotton fibers, we have tried to model the strength of fibers assemblies in a yarn, based on some simple assumptions. In this model, we address an important issue of friction among adjacent fibers in a yam structure and also introduce and derive a new parameter called the "strength efficiency" of fibers in a yam, which may contribute to an understanding of the yam failure mechanism. The paper should be helpful to the scientific community involved in improving the properties of cotton fibers, yams, and fabrics. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Zeidman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 72 IS 3 BP 216 EP 220 DI 10.1177/004051750207200306 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 533CZ UT WOS:000174513000006 ER PT J AU Wen, L Tang, HV Chen, W Chang, R Pring, DR Klein, PE Childs, KL Klein, RR AF Wen, L Tang, HV Chen, W Chang, R Pring, DR Klein, PE Childs, KL Klein, RR TI Development and mapping of AFLP markers linked to the sorghum fertility restorer gene rf4 SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE sorghum; cytoplasmic male sterility; fertility restoration genes; bulk segregant analysis-AFLP; genetic mapping; BAC ID STERILITY-INDUCING CYTOPLASMS; NUCLEAR RESTORER; RESTORATION; BICOLOR; MAIZE; MAP; POLLEN; ALLELE; MOENCH; SYSTEM AB The restoration of male fertility in the sorghum IS 1112 C (A3) male-sterile cytoplasm is through a two-gene gametophytic system involving complementary action of the restoring alleles Rf3 and Rf4. To develop markers suitable for mapping rf4, AFLP technology was applied to bulks of sterile and fertile individuals from a segregating BC3F1 population. Three AFLP markers linked to rf4 were identified and subsequently converted to STS/CAPS markers, two of which are co-dominant. Based on a population of 378 BC1F1 individuals, two STS/CAPS markers, LW7 and LW8, mapped to within 5.31 and 3.18 cM, respectively, of rf4, while an STS marker, LW9, was positioned 0.79 cM on the flanking side of rf4. Markers LW8 and LW9 were used to screen sorghum BAC libraries to identify the genomic region encoding rf4. A series of BAC clones shown to represent a genomic region of linkage group E were identified by the rf4-linked markers. A contig of BAC clones flanking the LW9 marker represent seed clones on linkage group E, from which fine mapping of the rf4 locus and chromosome walking can be initiated. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Childs, Kevin/C-9513-2014 OI Childs, Kevin/0000-0002-3680-062X NR 35 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 577 EP 585 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0774-3 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 538AM UT WOS:000174791900010 ER PT J AU Miftahudin Scoles, GJ Gustafson, JP AF Miftahudin Scoles, GJ Gustafson, JP TI AFLP markers tightly linked to the aluminum-tolerance gene Alt3 in rye (Secale cereale L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE aluminum tolerance; rye; AFLP; linkage ID RFLP MARKERS; WHEAT; BARLEY; IDENTIFICATION; TRITICALE; LOCATION AB Rye (Secale cerenle L.) is considered to be the most aluminum (Al)-tolerant species among the Triticeae. It has been suggested that aluminum tolerance in rye is controlled by three major genes (Alt genes) located on rye chromosome arms 3RL, 4RL, and 6RS, respectively. Screening of an F-6 rye recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between an AI-tolerant rye (M39A-1-6) and an Al-sensitive rye (M77A-1) showed that a single gene controls aluminum tolerance in the population analyzed. In order to identify molecular markers tightly linked to the gene, we used a combination of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and bulked segregant analysis techniques to evaluate the F6 rye RIL population. We analyzed approximately 22,500 selectively amplified DNA fragments using 204 primer combinations and identified three AFLP markers tightly linked to the Alt gene. Two of these markers flanked the Alt locus at distance of 0.4 and 0.7 cM. Chromosomal localization using cloned AFLP and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Bogor Agr Univ, Dept Biol, Bogor 16144, Indonesia. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. RP Gustafson, JP (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 626 EP 631 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 538AM UT WOS:000174791900016 ER PT J AU Landaeta-Hernandez, AJ Yelich, JV Lemaster, JW Fields, MJ Tran, T Chase, CC Rae, DO Chenoweth, PJ AF Landaeta-Hernandez, AJ Yelich, JV Lemaster, JW Fields, MJ Tran, T Chase, CC Rae, DO Chenoweth, PJ TI Environmental, genetic and social factors affecting the expression of estrus in beef cows SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; behavior; estrus; synchronization; Zebu ID ESTROUS BEHAVIOR; BOS-INDICUS; ZEBU CATTLE; DAIRY-COWS; PROGESTERONE LEVELS; VISUAL OBSERVATION; SEXUAL ACTIVITIES; BRAHMAN HEIFERS; HOLSTEIN COWS; OVULATION AB Genetic, social and environmental factors affecting behavioral estrus were evaluated in Angus (n = 10), Brahman (n = 10) and Senepol (n = 10) cows during a PGF(2alpha) synchronized estrus and subsequent spontaneous estrus. Cows were equally stratified by breed to two groups of 15. Both groups were pre-synchronized with a modified two-injection PGF(2alpha) protocol. At the start of the experiment, cows were treated with 25 mg PGF(2alpha) followed by a second and third administration of 12.5 mg PGF(2alpha), 11 and 12 days later to induce synchronized estrus. The subsequent estrus was designated as spontaneous estrus. Behavioral estrus data including the onset and end of estrus, estrous duration and the total number of mounts received for the synchronized and spontaneous estruses were collected using HeatWatch((R)). Interval from the third PGF(2alpha) treatment to the onset of a HeatWatch((R)) estrus occurred earlier (P < 0.05) in Angus (31 +/- 5 h) than Brahman (53 +/- 7 h) or Senepol (53 4 h) cows, with dominant Senepol and Brahman cows taking longer to exhibit estrus after PGF(2alpha) than subordinate cows. The duration of the synchronized estrus tended to be shorter (P < 0.06) in Senepol (12 +/- 3 h) than in Angus (19 +/- 2 h) or Brahman (17 +/- 2 h) cows. Behavioral estrus data between the two periods were confounded by greater temperature-humidity index (THI) values during spontaneous estrus. The THI during spontaneous estrus appeared (P = 0.09) to affect the duration of estrus (9 +/- 1 h versus 16 +/- 1 h) and did affect (P < 0.0001) the total number of mounts received (8 +/- 4 mounts versus 34 +/- 4 mounts) during spontaneous estrus compared to synchronized estrus, Breed had no effect (P > 0.10) on the duration and total number of mounts received during synchronized and spontaneous estruses. In conclusion, type of estrus (synchronized or spontaneous), THI, social dominance and breed exerted significant effects on characteristics associated with behavioral estrus in beef cattle in subtropical environments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med Large Anim & Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Anim Res Stn, Brooksville, FL USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Yelich, JV (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, POB 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 52 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD MAR 1 PY 2002 VL 57 IS 4 BP 1357 EP 1370 AR PII S0093-691X(02)00635-0 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00635-0 PG 14 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 546JQ UT WOS:000175271300015 PM 12013455 ER PT J AU Dukes, MD Evans, RO Gilliam, JW Kunickis, SH AF Dukes, MD Evans, RO Gilliam, JW Kunickis, SH TI Effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE riparian buffer; groundwater; hydrology; nitrate; nitrogen; NO3-N; nonpoint source ID NITRATE DYNAMICS; FOREST; DENITRIFICATION; STRIPS; WATERS; SOIL AB The effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality has not been evaluated in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Four riparian buffer vegetation types and no-buffer (no-till corn and rye rotation or pasture) were established at 8 and 15 in widths as follows: cool season grass (fescue), deep-rooted grass (switch grass), forest (pine and mixed hardwood), and native vegetation. Nested groundwater monitoring wells were installed at the field/buffer edge and the stream edge in the middle of each riparian buffer plot at three depths. Most deep, mid-depth, and shallow wells were 3.0 m, 1.8 m, and 0.6 m deep from the ground surface to the top of the 0.6 m perforated section, respectively. Wells were sampled for 23 months beginning July 1998. Although the ditch well nitrate-nitrogen concentrations at the middle well depth were significantly lower in the 15 in wide plots compared to the 8 in plots over half the monitoring period, extreme flooding as a result of a hurricane in the middle of the study confounded the results. The effect of vegetation was not significant at any time, including the no-buffer cropped and fertilized plots. The effect of vegetation was minimized because at the early stage in the buffer vegetation establishment, vegetative cover and root mass were not fully developed, the hurricane-induced flooding forced the re-establishment of several vegetation types (forest and fescue), and there was likely some mixing of groundwater flowing toward the vegetation plots. Establishment of buffers along streams where groundwater flowed away from the stream did not result in lower groundwater nitrate levels. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Dukes, MD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, POB 110570,Frazier Rogers Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Dukes, Michael/0000-0002-9340-5968 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2 BP 327 EP 336 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 555UU UT WOS:000175812300008 ER PT J AU Zhang, GH Liu, BY Nearing, MA Huang, CH Zhang, KL AF Zhang, GH Liu, BY Nearing, MA Huang, CH Zhang, KL TI Soil detachment by shallow flow SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; hydraulics; soil conservation; erosion mechanics ID EROSION-MODEL; STEEP SLOPES; WATER EROSION; OVERLAND-FLOW; RILLS; DEPOSITION; TECHNOLOGY; VELOCITY; SINGLE; RUNOFF AB A precise understanding of soil detachment rates is necessary to establish a basic understanding of soil erosion and to develop a fundamentally based erosion model. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between soil detachment rates and flow discharge, slope gradient, flow depth, mean flow velocity, shear stress, unit stream power, and stream power A 5-m long x 0.4-m wide hydraidic flume with constant artificial roughness upstream of and surrounding the sample area was used. Flow discharge ranged from 0.25 to 2.0 L s(-1) and slope gradient varied from 3.5% to 46.6%. The experimental results indicated that detachment rates increased with both greater flow discharge and slope gradient. Detachment rate was affected more by discharge than by slope gradient. The influence of slope gradient on detachment rate was greater at high slopes. The effect of flow depth on soil detachment rate was also dependent on slope gradient. Stepwise variable selection analyses indicated that detachment rate could be predicted by a powerfunction of discharge and slope gradient (R-2 = 0.97). Substituting flow depth for discharge gave a poorer prediction (R-2 = 0.92). Mean flow velocity was more closely correlated to detachment than was an), other hydraidic parameter (r(2) = 0.90). Flow detachment rates were better correlated to a powerfunction of stream power (r(2) = 0.89) than to functions of either shear stress or unit stream power. The results of this study suggest that soil detachment by shallow flow is more closely related to flow energy than to shear stress. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Dept Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 24 TC 33 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2 BP 351 EP 357 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 555UU UT WOS:000175812300011 ER PT J AU Casada, ME AF Casada, ME TI Moisture adsorption characteristics of wheat and barley SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE grain storage; modeling; diffusion; desorption; thin-layer; grain drying ID DIFFUSION; CORN; COMPONENTS; KERNELS; MODEL; GRAIN; AIR AB Moisture adsorption rates for stored grains are important for accurate modeling of drying and storage. Wheat and barley, samples at initial moisture contents typical of grain storage were exposed to several levels of higher humidity at two temperatures to measure adsorption rates. The best fit to the data was achieved with the Page equation and the cellular diffusion equations. The adsorption rates were lower than those of comparable desorption tests. The adsorption rates for barley were lower than for wheat due to lower diffusion coefficients for the barley endosperm and germ as compared to wheat. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Casada, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM casada@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2 BP 361 EP 368 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 555UU UT WOS:000175812300013 ER PT J AU Singh, V Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Belyea, RL Staff, CH AF Singh, V Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Belyea, RL Staff, CH TI Removal of fiber from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to increase value SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE distillers dried grains with solubles; corn fiber; phytosterols; dry-grind ethanol; aspiration ID CORN FIBER; OIL; EXTRACTION AB This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of using air aspiration to remove fiber from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), produced from fuel ethanol and beverage alcohol cereal grain dry-grind processes. The aspirated fraction was called "aspirated DDGS" and the remaining fraction (original DDGS without the aspirated fraction) was called "residual DDGS." Aspirated DDGS fractions were analyzed for individual and total phytosterol composition. Phytosterols arc high-valued nutraceutical compounds that can be recovered from grain fiber fractions. The residual DDGS (original DDGS after the removal of fiber) was analysed for fat, protein, neutral detergent fiber acid detergent fiber, and ash content. The study showed limited success in removal of the fiber from the original DDGS fraction. Fiber content was only slightly enriched in the aspirated DDGS fraction compared to the residual DDGS fractions. Slightly better results (in terms of fiber enrichment) were seen with DDGS samples from certain dry-grindplants compared to the DDGS samples from other plants. These differences could be due to the differences in the milling/processing conditions of the plants. Although slight enrichment of fiber was obtained in the aspirated DDGS fraction as compared to the original DDGS, no significant enrichment of the phytosterols was noticed in the aspirated DDGS fraction. Due to aspiration, slight enrichment of oil and protein was observed in the residual DDGS fraction compared to the original DDGS. The increased oil and protein and decreased fiber content of the residual DDGS could result in increased market value of the residual DDGS. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. Distillers Grains Technol Council, Louisville, KY USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 13 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 555UU UT WOS:000175812300016 ER PT J AU Hsieh, C Chen, YR Dey, BP Chan, DE AF Hsieh, C Chen, YR Dey, BP Chan, DE TI Separating septicemic and normal chicken livers by visible/near-infrared spectroscopy and back-propagation neural networks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE chicken liver; septicemia; principal component analysis; functional link; classification; NIR spectroscopy; back-propagation; neural network ID CARCASS INSPECTION; REFLECTANCE; CLASSIFICATION; QUALITY AB The visible/near-infrared spectra of 300 chicken livers were analyzed to explore the feasibility of using spectroscopy to separate septicemic livers from normal livers. Three strategies involving offset, second difference, and fractional link methods were applied to preprocess the spectra, while principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to reduce the input data dimensions. PCA scores were fed into a feed-forward back propagation neural network for classification. The results showed no obvious difference in classification accuracy between offset and non-offset data when no other preprocessing method was applied. The fill 400-2498 nm wavelength region produced better results than the 400-700 nm, 400-1098 nm, and 1102-2498 nm sub-regions when more than 30 PCA scores were used. In general, the classification accuracy was improved by increasing the number of scores of input data, but too many scores diminished performance. The functional link test showed that using functional-link spectra selected at every third point with 60 scores achieved the same classification accuracy as that obtained when using all the data points with 90 scores. The best classification model used offset correction followed by second difference (g = 31) and 60 scores. It achieved a classification accuracy of 98% for normal and 94% for septicemic livers. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, ISL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, ISL, Bldg 303,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cheny@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2 BP 459 EP 469 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 555UU UT WOS:000175812300024 ER PT J AU James, SA Clearwater, MJ Meinzer, FC Goldstein, G AF James, SA Clearwater, MJ Meinzer, FC Goldstein, G TI Heat dissipation sensors of variable length for the measurement of sap flow in trees with deep sapwood SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anacardium excelsum; conducting xylem; Cordia alliodora; Ficus insipida; radial profile; sap flux density; scaling; Schefflera morototoni; tree water use ID PULSE VELOCITY; WATER-USE; TRANSPIRATION; PATTERNS; ERRORS; STEMS AB Robust thermal dissipation sensors of variable length (3 to 30 cm) were developed to overcome limitations to the measurement of radial profiles of sap flow in large-diameter tropical trees with deep sapwood. The effective measuring length of the custom-made sensors was reduced to 1 cm at the tip of a thermally nonconducting shaft, thereby minimizing the influence of nonuniform sap flux density profiles across the sapwood. Sap flow was measured at different depths and circumferential positions in the trunks of four trees at the Parque Natural Metropolitano canopy crane site, Panama City, Republic of Panama. Sap flow was detected to a depth of 24 cm in the trunks of a 1-m-diameter Anacardium excelsum (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels tree and a 0.65-m-diameter Ficus insipida Willd. tree, and to depths of 7 cm in a 0.34-m-diameter Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. trunk, and 17 cm in a 0.47-m-diameter Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin trunk. Sap flux density was maximal in the outermost 4 cm of sapwood and declined with increasing sapwood depth. Considerable variation in sap flux density profiles was observed both within and among the trees. In S. morototoni, radial variation in sap flux density was associated with radial variation in wood properties, particularly vessel lumen area and distribution. High variability in radial and circumferential sap flux density resulted in large errors when measurements of sap flow at a single depth, or a single radial profile, were used to estimate whole-plant water use. Diurnal water use ranged from 750 kg H2O day(-1) for A. excelsum to 37 kg H2O day(-1) for C. alliodora. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. HortResearch, Te Puke Res Ctr, Te Puke, New Zealand. Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Meinzer, FC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012; OI Clearwater, Michael/0000-0002-8563-0671; James, Shelley/0000-0003-1105-1850 NR 17 TC 120 Z9 133 U1 5 U2 33 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 277 EP 283 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 531YX UT WOS:000174445800007 PM 11874724 ER PT J AU Marshall, DD Curtis, RO AF Marshall, DD Curtis, RO TI Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in Douglas-fir: Report no. 15-Hoskins: 1963-1998 SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE thinning; growing stock; growth and yield; stand density; Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii; series-Douglas-fir LOGS ID DENSITY; HEIGHT AB The cooperative levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) study in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was begun to study the relations between growing stock, growth, cumulative wood production, and tree size in repeatedly thinned stands. This report summarizes results from the Hoskins installation through age 55. Growing stock has been allowed to accumulate for 19 years since the last treatment thinning was applied in this high site class II natural stand. Volume and diameter growth were strongly related to growing stock. Basal area growth-growing stock relations were considerably weaker. Differences in tree size and volume distribution were considerable. Culmination of mean annual increment has not occurred for any of the treatments, although the control has culminated for total stem cubic volume and is near culmination for merchantable cubic volume. Only small differences are seen in growth percentages between thinning treatments. Results demonstrate potential flexibility in managing Douglas-fir to reach a range of objectives. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. RP Marshall, DD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 2002 IS 537 PG 84 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 553WR UT WOS:000175700300001 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Traub-Dargatz, JL AF Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Traub-Dargatz, JL TI An introduction to biosecurity of cattle operations SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB Recent world events have heightened awareness for the need to safeguard our livestock industries from disease agents. Biosecurity is the outcome of all activities undertaken to preclude introduction of disease agents into an animal population. The concepts of biosecurity are not new. Activities directed at ensuring biosecurity include controlling exposure and optimizing resistance. Programs for biosecurity must be individually tailored to specific situations to account for varying risks and perceptions of risk by decision makers. It is important for practitioners to take a holistic approach to disease control, considering the epidemiology of the disease in addition to the available vaccines and therapeutics.. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP + AR PII S0749-0720(02)00002-6 DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00002-6 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 557XD UT WOS:000175933500002 PM 12064163 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA AF Dargatz, DA TI Preface - Biosecurity of cattle operations SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP xi EP xii AR PII S0749-0720(02)00012-9 DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00012-9 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 557XD UT WOS:000175933500001 ER PT J AU McCluskey, BJ AF McCluskey, BJ TI Biosecurity for arthropod-borne diseases SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS; TRANSMISSION; OPERATIONS; DIPTERA; VIRUS AB Arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) of cattle include those pathogens transmitted mechanically and biologically from one bovine to another or from other species to cattle. This article provides examples of the more common ABD of North America and reviews strategies to prevent entry of ABD onto cattle operations and control transmission of ABD once established on cattle operations using an integrated approach. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP McCluskey, BJ (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 99 EP + AR PII S0749-0720(02)00010-5 DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00010-5 PG 18 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 557XD UT WOS:000175933500007 PM 12064172 ER PT J AU Stabel, TJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ Gray, JT AF Stabel, TJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ Gray, JT TI Neutrophil phagocytosis following inoculation of Salmonella choleraesuis into swine SO VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; neutrophils; pathogenesis; phagocytosis; pigs; Salmonella AB Neutrophils are an important mediator of host defence, especially in early stages of infection. A major function of neutrophils is the uptake and killing of invading microbes. Little is known about the effect of neutrophil activity on the pathogenesis and development of the carrier state in swine following infection with Salmonella choleraesuis. A human whole-blood microassay using flow cytometry was modified to measure the effect of S. choleraesuis infection in vivo on the rate of ingestion, or rate of uptake, of homologous bacteria by porcine neutrophils. Pigs were inoculated intranasally with 5-8x10(8) CFU S. choleraesuis and blood was collected in heparinized tubes at -5, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days post inoculation (PI). Heat-killed S. choleraesuis were labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated for various times with diluted whole blood. Red blood cells were lysed, external non-phagocytized bacteria were quenched with a commercially available lysing solution, and fluorescence from internalized bacteria labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was detected by flow cytometry. The rate of uptake by neutrophils did not increase until 2 days PI and then remained elevated to 4 days PI. The minimal uptake of S. choleraesuis early after exposure to these organisms may provide an opportunity for the pathogen to colonize and/or replicate to levels that facilitate establishment of a carrier state or clinical infection in swine. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7380 J9 VET RES COMMUN JI Vet. Res. Commun. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 26 IS 2 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1023/A:1014091517217 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 519CG UT WOS:000173706900003 PM 11922481 ER PT J AU Davidson, I Borenshtain, R Kung, HJ Witter, RL AF Davidson, I Borenshtain, R Kung, HJ Witter, RL TI Molecular indications for in vivo integration of the avian leukosis virus, subgroup J-long terminal repeat into the Marek's disease virus in experimentally dually-infected chickens SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease virus; avian leukosis virus-subgroup J; integration; long terminal repeat; experimental infection; chickens ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS; RETROVIRAL INSERTIONS; SEQUENCES; TYPE-1; CELLS; REGION; LTR AB Marek's disease virus, a herpesvirus, and avian leukosis virus, subgroup J, a retrovirus, are oncogenic viruses of poultry. Both viruses may infect the same flock, the same bird and the same cell. In a double-infected cell, the retroviral DNA can integrate into the cellular or the Marek's disease virus (MDV) genome. The retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) integration into MDV was first described by Isfort et al., (Proc Natl Acad Sci 89, 991-995, 1992) [1] following tissue culture co-infection. The recombinant virus isolated, RM1, had altered biological properties compared to the parental MDV (Witter R.L., Li D., Jones D., and Kung H.-J., Avian Dis 41, 407-421, 1997) [2]. The issue of retroviral sequence integration into herpesviruses in vivo, in cases of double-virus infection is of wide significance in general virology and veterinary medicine; it also represents a special case of gene transposition. Using the avian system, we aimed to determine occurrence of such integrations in vivo. Chickens were experimentally co-infected with both avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup J and with MDV. To demonstrate the presence of the retroviral LTR in the MDV genome we applied the Hot Spot-combined PCR assay (Borenshtain R. and Davidson I., J Virol Meth 82, 119-127, 1999) [3] that consisted of two consecutive steps of amplification. By that HS-cPCR assay, certain MDV genomic sites, defined as HS for integration were specifically amplified, the HS step, and then subjected to screening in an attempt to detect LTR inserts. The screening was achieved by amplification using heterologous primer sets, one for the MDV hot spot and the other for the retroviral LTR, the cPCR step. The products were Southern blotted and hybridized with MDV and ALV-LTR probes. Chimeric molecules were detected and evidenced by an intense signal in 3/10 chickens and weakly in other 3/10 birds. Detection was by LTR amplification, sequencing and multiple alignment to the ALV-J-LTR sequence. The present study indicated that chimeric molecules were produced in vivo. C1 Kimron Vet Inst, Div Avian Dis, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Calif Davis, Canc Ctr Basic Sci, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI USA. RP Davidson, I (reprint author), Kimron Vet Inst, Div Avian Dis, POB 12, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RI Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 NR 37 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD MAR PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 173 EP 180 DI 10.1023/A:1014528818179 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 530MN UT WOS:000174361600010 PM 12018709 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JD Howitt, RE AF Kaplan, JD Howitt, RE TI Estimating nonpoint source pollution: An application of a sequential entropy filter SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE minimum; relative entropy; Bayes' theorem; irreversibility; nonpoint source pollution ID MINIMUM RELATIVE ENTROPY; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT; RELEASE HISTORY; KALMAN FILTER; INVERSION AB [1] This paper develops a sequential entropy filter for disaggregating nonpoint sources from ambient data. A numerical simulation based on sediment loading is provided to illustrate the ability of the sequential entropy filter to recover the underlying parameters and optimally disaggregate ambient sediment load among nonpoint sources. In the process we show the equivalence of this sequential entropy filter with Bayes' theorem and, given this equivalence, argue that the sequential entropy filter is more applicable than traditional Bayesian estimators are When the parameter distributions are unknown or when the sample is undersized, Which is typically the case when dealing with natural resource data. C1 USDA, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kaplan, JD (reprint author), USDA, Resource Econ Div, 1800 M St NW,Room 4021S, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM jkaplan@ers.usda.gov NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 AR 1019 DI 10.1029/2000WR000088 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 559RY UT WOS:000176040200001 ER PT J AU Tobin, ME King, DT Dorr, BS Werner, SJ Reinhold, DS AF Tobin, ME King, DT Dorr, BS Werner, SJ Reinhold, DS TI Effect of roost harassment on Cormorant movements and roosting in the delta region of Mississippi SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE aquaculture; catfish; Double-crested Cormorant; Ictalurus punctatus; Phalacrocorax auritus; radio-telemetry; roost dispersal; roost harassment ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; WINTER ROOSTS; CATFISH INDUSTRY; POPULATION; IMPACT AB Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacvocorax auritis) predation on Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at commercial farms has been estimated to cost the Mississippi aquaculture industry approximately $5 million annually to replace consumed fingerlings. In 1997. catfish producers assumed responsibility for the dispersal of corininants in flight roosts in Life eastern if (interior) delta region of Mississippi, where catfish tariffs are concentrated. We documented movements of 50 cormorants marked with radio transmitters in the delta region from january through March 1997. We obtained 161 post-capture day locations and 176 post-capture flight roost locations. Cormorants that were harassed at their night roost flew farther to their next day's location than birds that were not harassed thee previous flight. Of the cormorants for which we had more than one flight roost location, only, 11% of cormorants that were harassed returned to the same roost within 48 hours. compared with an 81% return of cormorants to a previonsly un-harassed night roost. Moreover, cormorants in the eastern portion of the delta (where all harassment was conducted) changed night roosts more frequently than cormorants in the western (non-harassed) delta. Since cormorants ill our study foraged relatively close to their flight roosts and only 11% of the birds that we observed roosting in the western delta traveled to the eastern delta to forage the following clav. coordinated and intensive dispersal of cormorants from the interior delta may, temporarily, limit cormorant impacts to Mississippi aquaculture. Received 10 July 2001, accepted 17,September 2001. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA,Mississippi Res Stn, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Tobin, ME (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 44 EP 51 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0044:EORHOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 531WN UT WOS:000174440400006 ER PT J AU Miller, SL Meyer, CB Ralph, CJ AF Miller, SL Meyer, CB Ralph, CJ TI Land and seascape patterns associated with Marbled Murrelet abundance offshore SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Brachyramphus marmoratus; fragmentation; landscape; Marbled Murrelet; marine habitat; offshore habitat; seascape ID GROWTH AB We measured offshore Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) abundance from April through October between 1989 and 1998, in northern California and southern Oregon and investigated its relationships with marine and terrestial habitats We found that higher murrelet abundance offshore of contiguous old-growth forest adjacent to relatively abundant offshore was strongly related to the prescence of large Clustered and unfragmented old-growth forests on nearby inland areas. Murrelets were most abundant offshore of contiguous old-growth forest adjacent to relatively abundant medium-sized, second-growth coniferous forests. Compared to the forest habitat, marine habitat was relatively, unimportant in determining murrelet abundance offshore high marine primary productivity and nutrients were not associated with high murrelet numbers, Tidal flat shorelines were weakly associated with more murrelets. independent of inland habitat. Our findings suggest management efforts is to conserve the Marbled Murrelet should focus on protecting or creating large. contiguous blocks of old-growth habitat, features which currently, are rare in the study area. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Miller, SL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM smiller02@fs.fed.us NR 27 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0100:LASPAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 531WN UT WOS:000174440400014 ER PT J AU Duke, SO Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Schrader, KK Aliotta, G Oliva, A Romagni, JG AF Duke, SO Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Schrader, KK Aliotta, G Oliva, A Romagni, JG TI Chemicals from nature for weed management SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE allelochemicals; aquaculture; blue-green algae; biological activity; natural products; phytotoxins ID MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTERS; OSCILLATORIA CF. CHALYBEA; CORN GLUTEN HYDROLYSATE; OLD-FIELD SUCCESSION; CYPERUS-ROTUNDUS L; LOLIUM-PERENNE L; SORGHUM-BICOLOR; ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; AILANTHUS-ALTISSIMA; HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY AB Natural products represent a vast repository of materials and compounds with evolved biological activity, including phytotoxicity. Some of these compounds can be used directly or as templates for herbicides. The molecular target sites of these compounds are often unique. Strategies for the discovery of these materials and compounds are outlined. Numerous examples of individual phytotoxins and crude preparations with weed management potential are provided. An example of research to find a natural product solution of a unique pest management problem (blue-green algae in aquaculture) is described. Finally, the problems associated with natural products for pest control are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Seconda Univ Napoli, Dipartimento Sci Vita, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. St Thomas Coll, Dept Biol, Houston, TX 77006 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 167 TC 125 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 24 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 EI 1550-2759 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 138 EP 151 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0138:IPCFNF]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500002 ER PT J AU Foley, ME AF Foley, ME TI Introduction to the symposium on dormancy in seeds and vegetative propagules SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foley, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 214 EP 214 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0214:ITTSOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500012 ER PT J AU Chao, WS AF Chao, WS TI Contemporary methods to investigate seed and bud dormancy SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE leafy spurge; Euphorbia esula L. EPHES.; genomics; dormancy; microarray; quantitative trait loci; virus-induced gene silencing ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; MESSENGER-RNA; VIRUS-RESISTANCE; GENE-EXPRESSION; DNA MICROARRAYS; ANTISENSE RNA; PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEIN; DISPLAY AB Dormancy is a state of shifted physiological activities with cessation of growth. It occurs in seeds and vegetative propagules and enables plants to survive in adverse growing conditions. Traditional studies on dormancy-related problems have mostly focused on hormone changes along with environmental factors that have achieved great insight on these processes at the physiological level. The molecular nature and cellular basis of signals that carry out the processes of dormancy or dormancy breaking are largely unknown. Recent advances in plant genetics and genomics have provided assorted ways to investigate questions concerning dormancy. Various approaches such as developing genetic maps with DNA-based markers, e.g., amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), analyzing mutant lines, conducting quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, differential display, microarray, have been performed to resolve different issues related to dormancy. The phenotypic variation in dormant seeds or buds is continuous instead of discrete, and thus QTL analysis is desirable to identify the association between genetically determined phenotypes and specific genetic markers (RFLPs). Some aspects of QTL will be introduced. DNA microarray is a recently developed technology that is used to detect and quantitate large numbers of differences in gene expression simultaneously. We have used the DNA microarray technology to study underground bud dormancy and growth in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). The principle and versatility of DNA microarray will be introduced, and the strategy for applying this technology will be discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Chao, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 67 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0215:CMTISA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500013 ER PT J AU Horvath, DP Anderson, JV AF Horvath, DP Anderson, JV TI A molecular approach to understanding root bud dormancy in leafy spurge SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE leafy spurge; Euphorbia esula L. EPHES.; reproduction; vegetative propagules ID EUPHORBIA-ESULA; ABSCISIC-ACID; CORRELATIVE INHIBITION; CYCLIN GENES; GIBBERELLIN; EXPRESSION; GROWTH; SUCROSE AB Leafy spurge is tenacious perennial weed of the Northern Plains. This plant maintains a perennial growth cycle by controlled production and growth of numerous underground adventitious buds. We are using molecular tools to identify signaling pathways that control underground adventitious bud growth and development in leafy spurge. Toward this end, we have used three techniques to identify genes that are differentially expressed concomitantly with the breaking of quiescence in underground buds of leafy spurge. These techniques include differential display of cDNAs, random cloning and sequencing of genes expressed in growing buds, and microarray technology. To date, we have identified more than 16 genes that are differentially expressed in underground buds of leafy spurge during dormancy break and growth initiation. A detailed expression analysis of these genes will allow them to be grouped by their responses to various signals known to play a role in control of underground bud growth. This information will be used to identify key cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of these genes. How such information on signal transduction processes may be used for developing new weed control strategies by the identification of novel target pathways and development of DNA-based herbicides is presented. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Horvath, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, 1605 Albrecht Blvd,POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767; Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0227:AMATUR]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500014 ER PT J AU Allen, PS Meyer, SE AF Allen, PS Meyer, SE TI Ecology and ecological genetics of seed dormancy in downy brome SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE downy brome; Bromus tectorum L. BROTE; germination; heritability; modeling; population genetics ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; TECTORUM L; GERMINATION REGULATION; HYDROTHERMAL TIME; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; MATURATION; PATTERNS; BIOLOGY; MODEL AB Downy brome, an obligately selfing winter annual, has invaded a variety of habitats in western North America. Seeds are at least conditionally dormant at dispersal in early summer and lose dormancy through dry after-ripening. In the field, patterns of germination response at dispersal vary among populations and across years within populations. Degree of dormancy at summer temperatures in recently harvested seeds, as well as rate of dormancy loss during dry storage, can be related to the risk of premature summer germination in different habitats. Patterns of dormancy loss are predictable and can be modeled using hydrothermal time concepts. To assess the relative contribution of genotype and maturation environment, multiple parental lines from contrasting populations were grown for three generations under manipulated greenhouse conditions. Significant germination response differences among populations were observed, as well as major differences among full-sib families. Among-population variation accounted for over 90% of the variance in germination traits, whereas within-family variance accounted for 1% or less. Populations from predictable extreme environments (subalpine meadow and warm desert margin) showed significantly less variation among families than did populations from less predictable environments (cold desert, foothill, and plains). Environmental conditions that shortened the seed ripening period (water stress and high temperature) resulted in reduced seed dormancy level at maturation, but there were strong inbred line-environment interactions. For fully after-ripened seeds, inbred line and environmental effects were no longer evident, indicating that differences in genotype and maturation environment function mainly to regulate dormancy and dormancy loss rather than to mediate response patterns of nondormant seeds. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Allen, PS (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM phil_allen@byu.edu NR 33 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 14 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0241:EAEGOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500016 ER PT J AU Foley, ME AF Foley, ME TI Weeds, seeds, and buds - opportunities and systems for dormancy investigations SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CIRAR; green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. SETVI; horsenettle, Solanum carolinense L. SOLCA; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA; Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus; L. HELTU; jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica Ces. AEGCY; leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. EPHES; prickly lettuce, Lactuca serriola L. LACSE; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO; wild mustard, Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler SINAR; wild oat, Avena fatua L. AVEFA; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; Arabidopsis or mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis thaliana L.; Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon Griff.; foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P Beauv.; oat, Avena sativa L.; potato, Solanum tuberosum L.; rice, Oryza sativa L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; developmental arrest; plant development; vegetative propagules ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; ORYZA-SATIVA L.; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GENOME SEQUENCE; TUBER DORMANCY; RICE; SETARIA; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; CONSTRUCTION AB Dormancy is a critical factor for the survival and persistence of weedy species. Contemporary approaches can be used to identify genes that regulate dormancy directly or indirectly to elucidate key mechanisms, signals, and pathways. Several domesticated plant species have been used as model systems to mark quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect dormancy in seeds and vegetative propagules directly. A few weedy species have also been used to mark QTL and to determine dormancy genes using microarray analysis. Given the number of serious weeds worldwide and the role that dormancy plays in their persistence, developing fundamental knowledge on dormancy is an important step toward developing new strategies for weed management. This paper describes current research and outlines some weeds that might be candidates for dormancy investigations using molecular genetic and genomics approaches. An underlying theme in the selection of weeds for dormancy investigations is their relation to crop species and the ability to adapt existing resources to investigate dormancy in weedy plants. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foley, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM foleym@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 51 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 2 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0267:WSABOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 540HY UT WOS:000174924500019 ER PT J AU Clary, WP Kinney, JW AF Clary, WP Kinney, JW TI Streambank and vegetation response to simulated cattle grazing SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE riparian; mountain meadow; root biomass; stream channel; streambank deformation; simulated grazing ID RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS; UNITED-STATES; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN; PASTURE AB Simulated grazing techniques were used to investigate livestock impacts on structural and vegetation characteristics of streambanks in central Idaho, USA. The treatments, continued over two years, consisted of no grazing, simulated moderate early summer grazing, simulated moderate mid-summer grazing, and simulated heavy season-long grazing. The moderate treatments depressed the streambank surface about 3 cm, while the heavy season-long treatment resulted in an 11.5-cm depression. There were no differences between the no-grazing and moderate-grazing treatments for change in stream width, bank angle, bank retreat, or root biomass. The heavy season-long treatment, however, produced significant changes in these variables. The amount of foliage biomass (i.e., kg ha(-1)) removed by treatment was similar between the two years of study for the moderate treatments. The foliage removed from the heavy season-long treatment plots greatly decreased in the second year as plant growth decreased. Ten months after the last treatment application, the average spring foliage growth was 20-43% lower on the moderate treatment plots and 51-87% lower on the heavy season-long treatment plots than on the untreated control plots. C1 US Dept Agr, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forest Serv, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Clary, WP (reprint author), US Dept Agr, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Forest Serv, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 66 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0139:SAVRTS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532MH UT WOS:000174478700011 ER PT J AU Seybold, CA Mersie, W Huang, JY McNamee, C AF Seybold, CA Mersie, W Huang, JY McNamee, C TI Soil redox, pH, temperature, and water-table patterns of a freshwater tidal wetland SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE tidal wetland; redox potential; soil pH; soil temperature; monitoring ID BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION; POTENTIALS; DYNAMICS; MARSHES; ECOLOGY; SYSTEM; COLUMN; FATE AB Knowledge of wetland hydrology, soil redox potential, pH, and temperature dynamics are key components required to understand the capacity of tidal wetlands to function, in particular to attenuate agrichemicals. In a freshwater tidal wetland along the James River in Virginia, USA, redox potential, pH, water-table level, and soil temperature were monitored continuously at two depths (20 and 50 cm) at three sites during a 12-month period from September 1, 1997 to August 31. 1998. Redox potentials were at or below - 150 mV (methanogenic or sulfate reducing conditions) at the 50-cm depth during the entire monitoring period. At the 20-cm depth. redox potentials remained highly reducing 95% of the time. The soil is continuously wet throughout the year, with the water-table level above the 20-cm soil depth for 95% of the time. Water-table level or hydrology was the primary factor controlling fluctuations in the redox state. Soil pH values were generally between 6 and 8, and they dropped I pH unit upon an oxidation event. which was reversible. Soil temperature at the 50-cm depth never dropped below 5degrees C, indicating a year-round biological activity season. This wetland supports a large diversity of plant species. Permanently reduced sub-surfaces, year-round biological activity, and large organic matter accumulations are characteristic features of this freshwater tidal wetland. C1 Oregon State Univ, NRCS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. RP Seybold, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, NRCS, USDA, ALS Bldg Rm 3017, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Gebauer, Radek/G-6749-2015 NR 47 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 6 U2 34 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0149:SRPTAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532MH UT WOS:000174478700012 ER PT J AU Sherwin, RE Haymond, S Stricklan, D Olsen, R AF Sherwin, RE Haymond, S Stricklan, D Olsen, R TI Freeze-branding to permanently mark bats SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Corynorhinus townsendii; Eptesicus fuscus; marking techniques; Myotis ciliolabrum; Tadarida brasiliensis; wildlife marking AB We tested the effectiveness of freeze-branding as a permanent marking technique on 4 species of bats: Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis), Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and western small-footed myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum). Small copper branding irons (9.3 g and 15.6 g) were cooled in a mixture of dry ice and ethyl alcohol and applied to the dorsal skin for varying lengths of time (range=1.5-7.0 seconds). Branding was successful for all species when applied with brand temperatures ranging from -56.7degrees to -67.7degreesC. Branded areas grew white hair in an average of 36 days (range=22-60 days). Branded bats were identified easily while roosting, thus eliminating the need to handle them to identify individuals. No adverse effects were observed during or after branding. Results of this study indicate that freeze-branding is a safe and effective method to permanently mark bats. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Zool, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Sherwin, RE (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 545DC UT WOS:000175200100013 ER PT J AU Horn, S Hanula, JL AF Horn, S Hanula, JL TI Comparison of arthropod prey of red-cockaded woodpeckers on the boles of longleaf and loblolly pines SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE arthropods; bark; loblolly pine; longleaf pine; red-cockaded woodpecker ID SOUTH-CAROLINA; HABITAT; DIET; FLORIDA AB Red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) forage on the boles of most southern pines. Woodpeckers may select trees based on arthropod availability, yet no published studies have evaluated differences in arthropod abundance on different species of pines. We used knockdown insecticides to sample arthropods on longleaf (Pinus palustris) and loblolly pine (P. taeda) to determine which harbored the greater abundance of potential prey. Longleaf pine had significantly greater arthropod abundance (278 +/- 44.4/tree,P = 0.013) and biomass (945 +/- 28 mg/tree, P = 0.007) than loblolly pine (132 +/- 13.2/tree and 395 28 mg/tree). Certain groups were found in significantly higher numbers on longleaf, including Thysanura (P = 0.0004), Hemiptera (P = 0.0209), and Pseudoscorpiones (P = 0.0277). Biomass of woodroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae) also was greater on longleaf boles, but number of individuals did not differ significantly, suggesting that larger arthropods may prefer the bark structure of longleaf pine. We altered the bark surface of longleaf pine to determine whether bark structure may affect arthropods residing on a tree's bole. When the loose bark was removed by scraping, we recovered fewer arthropods from scraped than from unscraped control trees 8 weeks after scraping. We also lightly scraped the outer bark of both tree species and found that longleaf pine had significantly more loose, flaking bark scales than loblolly (P = 0.0012). These results suggest that bark structure and not the chemical nature of the bark is responsible for differences in arthropod abundance and biomass observed on the 2 tree species. Retaining or restoring longleaf pine in red-cockaded woodpecker habitats should increase arthropod availability for this endangered bird and other bark-foraging species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Horn, S (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 131 EP 138 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 545DC UT WOS:000175200100018 ER PT J AU Grubb, TG Robinson, WL Bowerman, WW AF Grubb, TG Robinson, WL Bowerman, WW TI Effects of watercraft on bald eagles nesting in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; CART modeling; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; human disturbance; nesting; recreation impacts; watercraft ID RESPONSES; RECOVERY AB Some activities of humans near bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nests during the breeding season have been related to reduced nesting success. We evaluated effects of watercraft on nesting bald eagles in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, by observing eagles attending 9 active nests in 1995 and 1996. In 515.8 hours of observation, 2,431 watercraft passed within 800 m of these nests. Eagles responded by showing alert posture or flying 115 times (7/8 or 3.2% alert; 37 or 1.5% flight) for a 4.7% response frequency. Frequency of response varied between 2.4 and 16.7%) among nesting pairs of eagles and showed a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship with mean number of watercraft per hour (r(2) =0.666, P = 0.037). We used a classification and regression tree model (CART) to explore and quantify conditions leading to bald eagle response, despite the species' low overall response rate. Our model indicated that distance was the most critical component of any potential watercraft disturbance, with responses decreasing at distances of <85 m (82%), 86-172 m (61%), 173-335 m (44%), and 336-800 m (31%). Duration (>90 sec), number of watercraft/event (>1), and time of day (before 1800 h) also affected eagle response rates beyond 85 m. Overall accuracy for our CART model was 0.65, indicating that response to watercraft will be predicted correctly 2 times out of 3. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Michigan Univ, Dept Biol, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. RP Grubb, TG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 156 EP 161 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 545DC UT WOS:000175200100021 ER PT J AU Carter, J Leonard, BP AF Carter, J Leonard, BP TI A review of the literature on the worldwide distribution., spread of, and efforts to eradicate the coypu (Myocastor coypus) SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE coypu; eradication; exotic species; furbearer; herbivory; Myocastor coypus; nonindigenous species; nutria; trapping; wetlands ID FRANCE AB We conducted a literature review of coypu Wyocastor coypus) introduction and eradication efforts worldwide. The coypu (also called nutria) has been introduced from its origins in South America to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. While perceived in some regions as a valuable resource, in most regions the animals are considered a pest species. Coypus have caused damage to water control structures, crops, and marsh systems and are considered a disease host. Eradication efforts have met with varying degrees of success. For those efforts to be successful, the coypu populations must be isolated to prevent reintroduction, harsh winters are necessary to reduce their populations, and intensive trapping efforts must be sustained until the last coypu has been removed. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 91 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 40 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 162 EP 175 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 545DC UT WOS:000175200100022 ER PT J AU Treves, A Jurewicz, RR Naughton-Treves, L AF Treves, A Jurewicz, RR Naughton-Treves, L TI Wolf depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, 1976-2000 SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; compensation; dogs; human-carnivore conflict; livestock ID HUNTING SUCCESS; CANIS-LUPUS; WOLVES; PREDATION; LIVESTOCK; MINNESOTA; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; LLAMAS; SHEEP AB As wolves (Canis lupus) recolonize mixed forest and agriculture areas in the Lake Superior region of the United States, their depredations on livestock are increasing, along with public complaints and compensation payments. We documented 176 complaints about wolves in Wisconsin between 1976 and 2000 and analyzed the regional and temporal patterns for the 87 verified incidents involving the injury or death of 377 domestic animals. Calves were the most frequent target of wolf depredation, but game-farm deer losses demanded higher compensation payments. Sixty-six property owners were affected by wolf depredations over the 25-year period examined. Compensation costs averaged $96.00 per capita of wolf/year. Two thirds of 71 breeding wolf packs were never suspected of causing depredations, but 4 packs were involved in greater than or equal to4 incidents. These data were collated to aid in preventing wolf depredation and provide a foundation for policy-making surrounding the impending federal delisting of the wolf. C1 Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA WS, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Dept Nat Resources, Park Falls, WI 54552 USA. RP Treves, A (reprint author), Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, 65 Greenway Terrace, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 46 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 53 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 231 EP 241 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 545DC UT WOS:000175200100030 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, MS Gburek, WJ Hamlett, JM AF Srinivasan, MS Gburek, WJ Hamlett, JM TI Dynamics of stormflow generation - A hillslope-scale field study in east-central Pennsylvania, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE Hillslope dynamics; surface saturation areas; surface runoff source areas; saturation excess surface runoff; infiltration excess surface runoff; subsurface saturation sensors; surface runoff sensors; variable source area ID RUNOFF; AREAS AB A 40 m x 20 m mowed, grass hillslope adjacent to a headwater stream within a 26-ha watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA, was instrumented to identify and map the extent and dynamics of surface saturation (areas with the water table at the surface) and surface runoff source areas, Rainfall, stream flow and surface runoff from the hillslope were recorded at 5-min intervals from 11 August to 22 November 1998, and 13 April to 12 November 1999. The dynamics of the water table (0 to 45 cm depth from the soil surface) and the occurrence of surface runoff source areas across the hillslope were recorded using specially designed subsurface saturation and surface runoff sensors, respectively. Detailed data analyses for two rainfall events that occurred in August (57.7 mm in 150 min) and September (83.6 mm in 1265 min) 1999, illustrated the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface saturation and surface runoff source areas. Temporal data analyses showed the necessity to measure the hillslope dynamics at time intervals comparable to that of rainfall measurements, Both infiltration excess surface runoff (runoff caused when rainfall intensity exceeds soil infiltration capacity) and saturation excess surface runoff (runoff caused when soil moisture storage capacity is exceeded) source areas were recorded during these rainfall events. The August rainfall event was primarily an infiltration excess surface runoff event, whereas the September rainfall event produced both infiltration excess and saturation excess surface runoff. Occurrence and disappearance of infiltration excess surface runoff source areas during the rainfall events appeared scattered across the hillslope. Analysis of surface saturation and surface runoff data showed that not all surface saturation areas produced surface runoff that reached the stream. Emergence of subsurface flow to the surface during the post-rainfall periods appeared to be a major flow process dominating the hillslope after the August rainfall event. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, PSWMRU, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Srinivasan, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSWMRU, Bldk 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 20 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB 28 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 649 EP 665 DI 10.1002/hyp.311 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 521NK UT WOS:000173846900004 ER PT J AU Oliveira, LO Nam, YW Jung, R Nielsen, NC AF Oliveira, LO Nam, YW Jung, R Nielsen, NC TI Processing and assembly in vitro of engineered soybean beta-conglycinin subunits with the asparagine-glycine proteolytic cleavage site of 11S globulins SO MOLECULES AND CELLS LA English DT Article DE beta-conglycinin; 11S globulin processing site; cleavage; protein engineering; seed storage protein; subunit assembly ID DEVELOPING PEA COTYLEDONS; SEED STORAGE PROTEINS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; POSTTRANSLATIONAL CLEAVAGE; GENE FAMILY; LEGUMIN; VICILIN; INVITRO; LOCALIZATION; ANTIBODIES AB A short interdomain sequence between the N- and C-terminal domains of beta-conglycinin, the major 7S seed storage protein of soybean, was selected as a target for insertion of amino acid residues specifically cleaved by an asparaginyl endopeptidase that processes 11S globulins into acidic and basic chains. Modified beta-conglycinin subunits containing the proteolytic cleavage site self-assembled into trimers in vitro at an efficiency similar to that of the unmodified subunit. In contrast to the absence of cleavage of the unmodified subunits, however, the modified beta-conglycinin trimers were processed by purified soybean asparaginyl endopeptidase into two polypeptides, each the size expected for the beta-conglycinin N- and C-terminal domains, respectively. The cleavage did not alter the assembly of mutant beta-conglycinins and the cleaved mutant trimers remained stable to further proteolytic attack. To examine the possibility of coassembly between the cleaved 11S and 7S subunits, in vitro processed mutant beta-conglycinin subunits were mixed with native dissociated 11S globulin preparations. Reassembly at a high ionic condition did not induce the 7S subunits to interact with 11S subunits to form hexameric complexes. Thus, cleavage of 7S globulin subunits into acidic and basic domains may not be sufficient for hexamer assembly to occur. Biotechnological implications of the engineered proteins are discussed. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Sogang Univ, Dept Life Sci, Seoul 121742, South Korea. RP Nielsen, NC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Oliveira, Luiz/D-6435-2013 OI Oliveira, Luiz/0000-0002-5578-2260 NR 41 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG SINGAPORE PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA #04-01 CENCON I, 1 TANNERY RD, SINGAPORE 347719, SINGAPORE SN 1016-8478 J9 MOL CELLS JI Mol. Cells PD FEB 28 PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 526YR UT WOS:000174157800007 PM 11911473 ER PT J AU Chung, JY Chavez, PRG Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Chung, JY Chavez, PRG Russell, RM Wang, XD TI Retinoic acid inhibits hepatic Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent signaling pathway in ethanol-fed rats SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE alcohol; hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis; retinoids; mitogen-activated protein kinases ID MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN; C-JUN; NUCLEAR RECEPTORS; LIVER; CELLS; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; REGENERATION; HEPATOCYTES AB Retinoic acid (RA) supplementation suppresses ethanol-enhanced hepatocyte hyperproliferation in rats; however, little is known about the mechanism(s). Here, we investigated whether RA affects the protein kinase signaling pathways in the liver tissues of rats fed with a high dose of ethanol for a prolonged period of time (6 months). Results show that there were greater levels of phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphorylated c-Jun protein, but not total JNK protein, in livers of ethanol-fed rats vs those of controls. Moreover, ethanol feeding to rats increased the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK-4) and decreased the levels of mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in liver tissue. However, hepatic levels of phosphorylated-p38 protein and total-p38 protein were not altered by the ethanol treatment. In contrast, all-trans-RA supplementation at two doses in ethanol-fed rats greatly attenuated the ethanol-induced hepatic phosphorylation of MKK-4, phosphorylated-JNK and c-Jun proteins. The level of MKP-1 was increased in ethanol-fed rats supplemented with all-trans-RA. Further, ethanol-induced hepatocyte hyperproliferation, measured by immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were markedly decreased by all-trans-RA supplementation. Interestingly, hepatic apoptosis in the liver of ethanol-fed rats after 6 months of treatment decreased significantly. This decrease of hepatic apoptosis in ethanol-fed rats was prevented by all-trans-RA supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The results from these studies indicate that restoration of RA homeostasis is critical for the regulation of JNK-dependent signaling pathway and apoptosis in the liver of ethanol-fed rats. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab,Mol Carcinogenesis Sect, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab,Mol Carcinogenesis Sect, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195] NR 46 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD FEB 28 PY 2002 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1539 EP 1547 DI 10.1038/sj/onc/1205023 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 523MA UT WOS:000173956800009 PM 11896582 ER PT J AU Kays, SE Barton, FE AF Kays, SE Barton, FE TI Rapid prediction of gross energy and utilizable energy in cereal food products using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE near-infrared spectroscopy; NIR; energy; calorie; kilocalorie; cereal; nutrition labeling ID TOTAL DIETARY FIBER; PROTEIN; BEEF; FAT AB Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used in foods for the rapid assessment of several macronutrients; however, little is known about its potential for the evaluation of the utilizable energy of foods. Using NIR reflectance spectra (1104-2494 nm) of ground cereal products (n = 127) and values for energy measured by bomb calorimetry, chemometric models were developed for the prediction of gross energy and available energy of diverse cereal food products. Standard errors of cross-validation for NIR prediction of gross energy (range = 4.05-5.49 kcal/g), energy of samples after adjustment for unutilized protein (range = 3.99-5.38 kcal/g), and energy of samples after adjustment for unutilized protein and insoluble dietary fiber (range = 2.42-5.35 kcal/g) were 0.053, 0.053, and 0.088 kcal/g, respectively, with multiple coefficients of determination of 0.96. Use of the models on independent validation samples (n = 58) gave energy values within the accuracy required for U.S. nutrition labeling legislation. NIR spectroscopy, thus, provides a rapid and accurate method for predicting the energy of diverse cereal foods. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Kays, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Qual Assessment Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 27 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1284 EP 1289 DI 10.1021/jf011385n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 524CX UT WOS:000173995400057 PM 11853519 ER PT J AU Poling, SM Plattner, RD Weisleder, D AF Poling, SM Plattner, RD Weisleder, D TI N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B-1, the initial reaction product of fumonisin B-1 and D-glucose SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fumonisins; N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B-1; Amadori rearrangement; LC-MS ID CORN-BASED FOODS; HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; AMINO-ACIDS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; MYCOTOXINS; RATS; DERIVATIVES; STABILITY; CHEMISTRY AB Incubation of fumonisin B, and D-glucose in aqueous solutions resulted in the formation of N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1 -yl) fumonisin B, in addition to the previously reported N-(carboxymethyl) fumonisin B-1. N-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B, is the first stable product formed after the Amadori rearrangement of the Schiff base formed by the reaction of the primary amine of fumonisin B, and the aldehyde group Of D-glucose. N-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B, was synthesized by reacting fumonisin B, with an excess Of D-gluscose in methanol and heating for 6 h at 64 degreesC. It was purified using C-18 and strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, N,N-dimethyl-formamide was found to be a better reaction solvent, requiring reaction for only 2-3 h at 64 degreesC and eliminating the formation of methyl esters. Alkaline hydrolysis of N-(1 -deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B, gave a mixture of hydrolyzed fumonisin B, and hydrolyzed N-(carboxymethyl) fumonisin B-1. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Poling, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM polingsm@ncaur.usda.gov FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 27029] NR 28 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 27 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1318 EP 1324 DI 10.1021/jf010955g PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 524CX UT WOS:000173995400062 PM 11853524 ER PT J AU Seal, BS Crawford, JM Sellers, HS Locke, DP King, DJ AF Seal, BS Crawford, JM Sellers, HS Locke, DP King, DJ TI Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nucleotide sequence analysis; Newcastle disease virus; nucleocapsid protein gene ID NP-PROTEIN; GENOME REPLICATION; P-PROTEIN; ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; TERMINAL DOMAIN; HIGHLY VIRULENT; RNA AB The nucleocapsid (N) protein genes from 24 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates representing various pathotypes with different geographical and chronological origins were cloned and sequenced. The N-terminal region of the N protein to residue 401 was highly conserved among isolates with several conservative substitutions occurring that correlated with phylogenetic relationships. Variability of the N protein was detected in the C-terminal portion similar to what has been reported for other members of the Paramyxovirinae. Amino acids previously identified as invariant or highly conserved in N proteins of other paramyxoviruses were also present in the NDV protein. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene coding sequences among NDV isolates again demonstrated the existence of two major groups. One clade contained viruses that included vaccine and virulent strains isolated in the USA prior to 1970 while a second clade included vaccine and virulent viruses isolated worldwide. Comparison of N protein amino acid sequences among members of the Paramyxoviridae resulted in NDV and avian paramyxovirus 6 separating as a cluster distinct from the Rubulavirus genus. This provides further support for avian paramyxoviruses being considered for their own genus among the Paramyxovirinae. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 62 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD FEB 26 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 129 AR PII S0168-1702(01)00427-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00427-0 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 535JP UT WOS:000174641700009 PM 11864745 ER PT J AU Shin, HJ Nagaraja, KV McComb, B Halvorson, DA Jirjis, FF Shaw, DP Seal, BS Njenga, MK AF Shin, HJ Nagaraja, KV McComb, B Halvorson, DA Jirjis, FF Shaw, DP Seal, BS Njenga, MK TI Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE avian pneumovirus (APV); sentinel mallard duck; cross-infection; sequence homology; wild bird transmission ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; NUCLEOTIDE; INFECTION AB Our earlier studies demonstrating avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA in wild geese, sparrows, swallows, starlings and mallard ducks suggested that wild birds might be involved in the circulation of APV in the United States. To determine whether turkey virus can be transmitted to the free flying birds, we placed APV-negative mallard ducks next to a turkey farm experiencing a severe APV outbreak and in an area with a large population of waterfowls. The sentinel ducks did not develop clinical APV disease but infectious APV (APV/MN-12) was recovered from choanal swabs after 2 weeks, and anti-APV antibodies detected after 4 weeks. Four APV isolates recovered from the neighboring turkeys that were experiencing an APV outbreak at the same time shared 95-99% nucleotide identity and 97-99% predicted amino acid identity with the duck isolate. In addition experimental infection of turkey poults with APV/MN-12 resulted in detection of viral RNA in nasal turbinates and APV-specific IgG in serum. These results indicate that the APV isolates from turkeys and ducks shared a common source, and the viruses from different avian species can cross-infect. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA USA. RP Njenga, MK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD FEB 26 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 212 AR PII S0168-1702(01)00402-6 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00402-6 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 535JP UT WOS:000174641700017 PM 11864753 ER PT J AU Min, DH Vough, LR Reeves, JB AF Min, DH Vough, LR Reeves, JB TI Dairy slurry effects on forage quality of orchardgrass, reed canarygrass and alfalfa-grass mixtures SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dairy manure; forage quality; nutrient management ID NITROGEN; YIELD; MANURE; SOIL; SURFACE; LEGUME; SHEEP AB Comparative studies of the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on forage quality have not previously been conducted. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of various rates and timings of application of dairy slurry on forage quality of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass and alfalfa-reed canarygrass mixtures managed as a four-cutting management system. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of nine fertility rates, seven slurry rate and time of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots consisted of the two grasses and the two alfalfa-grass mixtures. Slurry was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall housing barn with water added to form a slurry having about 8% solids. Manure was pumped from a liquid spreader tank into 10.4 1 garden water cans for manual application to the plots. When compared to the control treatment, application of dairy slurry increased crude protein (CP) more in grasses than in alfalfa-grass mixtures. Application of dairy slurry did not generally affect acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but fiber contents were affected by the forage species in a four-cutting management system. Alfalfa-grass mixtures had lower fiber contents than grasses from the dairy slurry application. Dairy manure application had comparable or even greater effects on increasing CP contents than inorganic fertilizer in forage species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Upper Peninsula Expt Stn, Chatham, MI 49816 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Nutr Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Min, DH (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Upper Peninsula Expt Stn, Chatham, MI 49816 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD FEB 25 PY 2002 VL 95 IS 3-4 BP 143 EP 157 AR PII S0377-8401(01)00318-2 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00318-2 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 523NK UT WOS:000173961800004 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Olsen, S Rupprecht, CE AF Hamir, AN Olsen, S Rupprecht, CE TI Granulomatous orchitis associated with Histoplasma-like organisms in porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID RACCOONS PROCYON-LOTOR; BAYLISASCARIS; VACCINE C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD FEB 23 PY 2002 VL 150 IS 8 BP 251 EP 252 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 530UX UT WOS:000174378300018 PM 11916029 ER PT J AU Compton, DL Laszlo, JA AF Compton, DL Laszlo, JA TI Direct electrochemical reduction of hemin in imidazolium-based ionic liquids SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chronocoulometry; cyclic voltammetry; diffusion coefficients; ionic liquids; protoporphyrin(IX) iron(III) chloride; self-assembled monolayers ID DIRECT ELECTRON-TRANSFER; MODIFIED GOLD ELECTRODE; HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; REDOX REACTIONS; AMPEROMETRIC DETERMINATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; BIOSENSOR; CATALYSIS; NITRATE AB The direct electrochemical reduction of hemin, protoporphyrin(IX) iron(III) chloride, ligated with strong or weak heterocyclic bases, was investigated in the ionic liquids (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim][PF6]), using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. Hemin complexed with N-methylimidazole (NMI) or with pyridine had E-1/2 values slightly (4-59 mV) more positive in IL (without electrolyte) than in methanol (1.0 M electrolyte) using a gold electrode. NMI-ligated hemin had a lower E-1/2 than pyridine-ligated hemin in either IL, consistent with the stronger electron donor characteristic of NMI. [Bmim][PF6] solutions consistently yielded E-1/2 values 30 mV more negative than [omim][PF6] solutions. The diffusion coefficients D-o of hemin in the IL ranged between 1.50 and 2.80 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1), while the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants k(s) ranged between 3.7 and 14.3 x 10(-3) cm s(-1). Cyclic voltammetry of hemin adsorbed to a gold surface through 4,4'-bispyridyl disulfide (AT4) linkages showed a large positive shift in the oxidation wave, indicating that adsorption stabilizes the reduced hemin state. The surface concentration To of the adsorbed hemin was determined to be 1.21 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2), indicating the presence of one or more complete monolayers of hemin. These findings suggest that while hemin is electrochemically active in IL, its behavior is modified by the ligand field strength and surface adsorption phenomena. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Compton, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 41 TC 103 Z9 111 U1 4 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-0728 J9 J ELECTROANAL CHEM JI J. Electroanal. Chem. PD FEB 22 PY 2002 VL 520 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 78 AR PII S0022-0728(01)00747-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00747-1 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 545JQ UT WOS:000175214200010 ER PT J AU Tewksbury, JJ Martin, TE Hejl, SJ Kuehn, MJ Jenkins, JW AF Tewksbury, JJ Martin, TE Hejl, SJ Kuehn, MJ Jenkins, JW TI Parental care of a cowbird host: caught between the costs of egg-removal and nest predation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; host egg-removal; nest predation; incubation ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; BROOD PARASITISM; YELLOW WARBLERS; BEHAVIORAL DEFENSES; SEASONAL FECUNDITY; BIRDS; RECOGNITION; INCUBATION; SUCCESS; FEMALE AB Avian brood parasites reduce host fitness through the addition of parasitic eggs and the removal of host eggs. Both parasitic egg-addition and host egg-removal may be important sources of selection on host behaviour, creating fitness trade-offs with selection imposed by nest predation. However, the relative costs hosts suffer from egg-addition and host egg-removal and the responses to these costs are largely unstudied. Through experimental manipulations and observations, we demonstrate that increased nest attentiveness by female yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) reduces the cost of brood parasitism by reducing egg-removal by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). However, female attentiveness does not reduce the addition of parasitic eggs. Experimentally parasitized females respond to the threat of egg-removal by increasing nest attentiveness. Increased attentiveness, however, reduces time for females to gather food and requires males to visit the nest more often to feed incubating females. This increased activity in turn increases the risk of nest predation. Thus, brood parasitism (specifically egg-removal) and nest predation produce conflicting selection on incubation strategies, as parasitized hosts are caught between the costs of egg-removal by brood parasites, and the costs of increased nest predation if the female spends more time on the nest to reduce egg-removal. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Avian Studies Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Tewksbury, JJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. EM jtewksbury@zoo.ufl.edu RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 43 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 22 PY 2002 VL 269 IS 1489 BP 423 EP 429 DI 10.1098/rspb.2001.1894 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 529XR UT WOS:000174327000014 PM 11886632 ER PT J AU Moraes, MP Mayr, GA Mason, PW Grubman, MJ AF Moraes, MP Mayr, GA Mason, PW Grubman, MJ TI Early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain A24 SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease; adenovirus; swine; vaccine ID PRECURSOR POLYPEPTIDE P1; RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRUSES; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; VACCINE CANDIDATE; CATTLE; 3D; PEPTIDE; SWINE; IMMUNIZATION AB Previously we demonstrated that two doses of a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) carrying the capsid (P1) and 3C protease coding regions of a laboratory strain of FMDV (A12) completely protected five of six swine challenged with homologous virus. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of one dose of an Ad5-vectored vaccine expressing the P1 coding region of an FMDV field strain. A replication-defective Ad5 containing the P1 coding region of FMDV A24 and the 3C coding region of A12 (Ad5A24) was constructed and evaluated for its ability to induce neutralizing antibodies and protect swine against homologous challenge after a single vaccination. Animals were challenged 7, 14 or 42 days after vaccination. Control groups included animals inoculated with commercial vaccine or phosphate-buffered saline. All vaccinated swine were completely protected against homologous challenge at 7, 14 or 42 days after vaccination. Based on these results, we conclude that a single inoculation of Ad5-vectored vaccines could be used as a tool to control FMD in outbreak situations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 39 TC 93 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 22 PY 2002 VL 20 IS 11-12 BP 1631 EP 1639 AR PII S0264-410X(01)00483-2 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00483-2 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 536DR UT WOS:000174685900021 PM 11858872 ER PT J AU Kovalev, VA AF Kovalev, VA TI Analytical differentiation of the differential-absorption-lidar data distorted by noise SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE PROFILES; TROPOSPHERE AB A method of analytical differentiation is developed for processing differential absorption lidar (DIAL) data. The method is based on simple analytical transformation of the DIAL on and off signal ratio. The derivatives consequently are found for either individual data points or local zones of the measurement range. The method makes possible the separation of local zones of interest and the separate investigation of these. The smoothing level is established by the selected value of the exponent in a transformation formula rather than by the selection of the resolution range. The method does not require the calculation of local signal increments. This reduces significantly the high-frequency noise in the measured concentration. The method is general and can be used for different experimental data, including inelastic (Raman) lidar data. The processing technique is practical and does not require a determination of the solution for a large set of algebraic equations. It is based on the simple repetition of the same type of calculations with different constants. The method can easily be implemented for practical computations. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Missoula Fire Sci Lab, United States Dept Agr, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Kovalev, VA (reprint author), Missoula Fire Sci Lab, United States Dept Agr, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM vkovalev@fs.fed.us NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 20 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1156 EP 1162 DI 10.1364/AO.41.001156 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 523CN UT WOS:000173934400026 PM 11900139 ER PT J AU Halling, SM Zuerner, RL AF Halling, SM Zuerner, RL TI Evidence for lateral transfer to Brucellae: characterization of a locus with a Tn-like element (Tn2020) SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE Tn2020; IS2020; tIS2020A; IS6; Rp1U; RpmA; Brucella ID INSERTION-SEQUENCE; MELITENSIS 16M; PCR ASSAY; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS; IS711; RB51; GENE; DNA AB A genomic locus was discovered within Brucella abortus that contains a novel transposon-like element designated Tn2020. Tn2020 is bounded by a copy of an insertion sequence designated IS2020 and a truncated imperfect copy of IS2020 (tIS2020A). The truncated copy is immediately adjacent to a second copy of IS2020. These data are consistent with the locus having evolved by a complex rearrangement following the transposition of a second copy of Tn2020. Analysis of the organization, orientation, and open reading frames ORFS) of IS2020 places it within the IS6 family. Four ORFs from Tn2020 were translated in vitro producing a potential transposase with an apparent molecular mass of 27.5 kDa, and three polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 71 kDa, 22 kDa, and 14 kDa. The central region of Tn2020 encodes the 71 kDa and 14 kDa proteins, while the 22 kDa protein is likely an internal translation initiation product of the IS2020 transposase. The 71 kDa protein shares sequence similarity with several bacterial transcriptional regulatory proteins and may form a helix-turn-helix structure capable of binding DNA. No homologous protein sequences to the 14 kDa peptide were detected in available databases. The 27.5 kDa transposase and its 22 kDa internal translation product shared significant similarity to several transposases from diverse bacterial hosts, Immediately 5' of Tn2020 are genes encoding ribosomal proteins RplU and RpmA. This region also contains a 90 bp sequence that shares significant homology to a repetitive element with inverted repeats from the Sinorhizobium genome. Downstream from Tn2020 is an ORF encoding a protein having significant similarity to a hypothetical protein from Caulobacter. The locus is lower in G+C content from that of the genome. These data suggest that lateral transfer of genetic material has occurred. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Halling, SM (reprint author), ARS, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD FEB 20 PY 2002 VL 1574 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 AR PII S0167-4781(01)00352-9 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(01)00352-9 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 543QT UT WOS:000175113200012 PM 11955619 ER PT J AU Fouts, DE Abramovitch, RB Alfano, JR Baldo, AM Buell, CR Cartinhour, S Chatterjee, AK D'Ascenzo, M Gwinn, ML Lazarowitz, SG Lin, NC Martin, GB Rehm, AH Schneider, DJ van Dijk, K Tang, XY Collmer, A AF Fouts, DE Abramovitch, RB Alfano, JR Baldo, AM Buell, CR Cartinhour, S Chatterjee, AK D'Ascenzo, M Gwinn, ML Lazarowitz, SG Lin, NC Martin, GB Rehm, AH Schneider, DJ van Dijk, K Tang, XY Collmer, A TI Genomewide identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 promoters controlled by the HrpL alternative sigma factor SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HIDDEN MARKOV-MODELS; AVIRULENCE GENE; III SECRETION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; CLONING; CELLS; LOCUS AB The ability of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 to parasitize tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana depends on genes activated by the HrpL alternative sigma factor. To support various functional genomic analyses of DC3000, and specifically, to identify genes involved in pathogenesis, we developed a draft sequence of DC3000 and used an iterative process involving computational and gene expression techniques to identify virulence-implicated genes downstream of HrpL-responsive promoters. Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) promoters are known to control genes encoding the Hrp (type III protein secretion) machinery and a few type III effector proteins in DC3000. This process involved (i) identification of 9 new virulence-implicated genes In the Hrp regulon by miniTn5gus mutagenesis, (ii) development of a hidden Markov model (HMM) trained with known and transposon-identified Hrp promoter sequences, (iii) HMM identification of promoters upstream of 12 additional virulence-implicated genes, and (iv) microarray and RNA blot analyses of the HrpL-dependent expression of a representative subset of these DC3000 genes. We found that the Hrp regulon encodes candidates for 4 additional type III secretion machinery accessory factors, homologs of the effector proteins HopPsyA, AvrPpiB1 (2 copies), AvrPpiC2, AvrPphD (2 copies), AvrPphE, AvrPphF, and AvrXv3, and genes associated with the production or metabolism of virulence factors unrelated to the Hrp type III secretion system, including syringomycin synthetase (SyrE), N-epsilon-(indole-3-acetyl)-L-lysine synthetase (laaL), and a subsidiary regulon controlling coronatine production. Additional candidate effector genes, hopPtoA2, hopPtoB2, and an avrRps4 homolog, were preceded by Hrp promoter-like sequences, but these had HMM expectation values of relatively low significance and were not detectably activated by HrpL. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Cornell Univ, Cornell Theory Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Inst Genomic Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Cornell Theory Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nebraska, Plant Sci Initiat, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Collmer, A (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI van Dijk, Karin/D-9668-2011; Martin, Gregory/F-6262-2011; Schneider, David/H-2236-2012; Abramovitch, Robert/A-5324-2013; Alfano, James/A-7430-2010; OI Martin, Gregory/0000-0003-0044-6830; Schneider, David/0000-0002-2124-8385; LIN, NAI-CHUN/0000-0002-6485-9776; Abramovitch, Robert/0000-0002-4119-4169 NR 51 TC 209 Z9 218 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 19 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 4 BP 2275 EP 2280 DI 10.1073/pnas.032514099 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 524UK UT WOS:000174031100094 PM 11854524 ER PT J AU Sun, HS Anderson, LL Yu, TP Kim, KS Klindt, J Tuggle, CK AF Sun, HS Anderson, LL Yu, TP Kim, KS Klindt, J Tuggle, CK TI Neonatal Meishan pigs show POU1F1 genotype effects on plasma GH and PRL concentration SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GH; PRL; POU1F1; mRNA quantification; Meishan; pigs; pituitary hormones ID HYPOPHYSEAL STALK TRANSECTION; PORCINE GROWTH-HORMONE; AGING CORPORA-LUTEA; PROLACTIN SECRETION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; PITUITARY; PIT-1; GENE; PROGESTERONE; RELAXIN AB Chinese Meishan pigs develop rapidly with onset of puberty at less than 100 days of age, and have a smaller placental size and larger litter size as compared with British/Continental breeds. POU1F1 is a member of the POU-domain family,gene and is a positive regulator for growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone beta(TSHbeta) in several mammalian species. To investigate the role of POU1F1 in controlling pig growth and reproduction traits, Meishan (MS) pigs segregating a Mspl POU1F1 polymorphism were used to determine differences of GH and PRL at both mRNA and circulating hormone concentrations. Animals from nine litters were used to collect pituitary (n = 60) and/or blood samples (n = 80) at day 0, 15, and 30 after birth, and all animals were genotyped (CC, CD, DD) for the MspIPOU1F1 polymorphism. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with standard curve quantification was used to quantify mRNA levels for GH, PRL, and two alternative POU1F1 transcripts, POU1F1-alpha, and POU1F1-beta. Radioimmunoassays were done to determine the circulating concentration of GH and PRL in blood plasma. Our results indicated a significant effect of POU1F1 genotype on circulating levels of both GH and PRL at birth, but not thereafter. The DD neonates had lower levels of GH, but higher levels of PRL, than other genotypes. POU1F1-alpha mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) from days 0 to 30, which paralleled decreases (P < 0.05) in GH mRNA as well as PRL and GH plasma levels over the same period. POU1F1-beta mRNA levels did not significantly change over this period. Correlations were significant between POU1F1-alpha mRNA and both GH mRNA and GH plasma concentration levels, as well as between the two POU1F1 mRNA isoforms. Results from this study add to our understanding of the role of POU1F1 in controlling pig development and reproduction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Inst Mol Med, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, SEA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Tuggle, CK (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 2002 VL 69 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00177-4 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 521JX UT WOS:000173837800008 PM 11812632 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ Thomas, AJ Inglett, GE AF Carriere, CJ Thomas, AJ Inglett, GE TI Prediction of the nonlinear transients and oscillatory rheological behavior of flour suspensions using a strain-separable integral constitutive equation SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE rheology; constitutive analysis; flour; nonlinear viscoelasticity ID SPHERICAL SILICA SUSPENSION; DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MELT; ELONGATIONAL FLOW; SHEAR; SYSTEMS AB The evaluation and development of validated models for the nonlinear viscoelastic (VE) behavior of materials is an important area of research, which has impact on a number of industrial processes including those in the food industry. Various nonlinear VE models have been developed over the years and evaluated for petroleum-based polymers; however, our understanding of the nonlinear VE behavior of biopolymers of industrial import lags our understanding of synthetic polymers. In the work reported herein, the nonlinear VE behaviors of defatted oat flour, oat bran, barley flour, and oat flour suspensions were investigated. The rheological properties were measured using a Rheometries Series IV controlled-strain rheometer equipped with a cone and plate fixture. The measurements were conducted at 23 +/- 0.5 degreesC. The rheological data were interpreted using a strain-separable K-BKZ type (Wagner) model with a damping function evaluated from stress relaxation data. The Wagner model was found to provide an accurate description of the rheological behavior of the suspensions produced from defatted oat flour, barley flour, and oat bran. For suspensions produced from oat flour, the model predictions deviated from the experimental data to a greater degree than the other materials. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD FEB 15 PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(01)00165-5 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 491PG UT WOS:000172116800001 ER PT J AU Ares, A Boniche, J Molina, E Yost, RS AF Ares, A Boniche, J Molina, E Yost, RS TI Bactris gasipaes agroecosystems for heart-of-palm production in Costa Rica: changes in biomass, nutrient and carbon pools with stand age and plant density SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE peach palm; biomass and nutrient budgets; carbon sequestration ID FOREST; STORAGE; SEQUESTRATION AB Perennial tree crops develop through growth phases that differ in the rate of biomass and carbon build-up, and in the relative contribution of various pools and fluxes to nutrient cycles and nutrient supply for plant growth. To define these phases in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) agroecosystems for heart-of-palm production, we estimated biomass in stands up to 20 years of age in the humid tropical lowlands of Costa Rica. Dry biomass of foliage, petioles and stems were estimated using allometric equations which have been previously generated by applying nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression procedures to data from harvests of peach palm plants. Total aboveground biomass trajectories through time were fitted by a three-parameter logistic function with total biomass stabilizing at about 6.3 Mg/ha. There were no differences in standing biomass between stands on Andisols and Ultisols. Trends in nutrient pools through time were similar to those for biomass. The order in size of nutrient pools was N (up to approximately 120 kg/ha) > K (up to 90 kg/ha) > Ca (up to 45 kg/ha) > Mg, S, P (all up to 15-17 kg/ha). Peach palm plant bases and coarse roots are relatively large fractions of total plant biomass, and consequently of sequestered carbon and nutrients. The amount of carbon per unit area in plant tissue in peach palm agroecosystems in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica was about 8% of the carbon in forests of the same region. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Trop Plant & Soil Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Costa Rica, Ctr Invest Agron Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica. RP Ares, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 S State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RI Yost, Russell/A-5937-2008 OI Yost, Russell/0000-0002-1573-5822 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 AR PII S0378-4290(01)00196-4 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00196-4 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 524HR UT WOS:000174007600002 ER PT J AU Clement, SA Tan, CC Guo, JL Kitta, K Suzuki, YJ AF Clement, SA Tan, CC Guo, JL Kitta, K Suzuki, YJ TI Roles of protein kinase C and alpha-tocopherol in regulation of signal transduction for GATA-4 phosphorylation in HL-1 cardiac muscle cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; endothelin; heart; mitogen-activated protein kinase; PMA; protein kinase C; vitamin E; free radicals ID PHORBOL ESTER RECEPTORS; HEAVY-CHAIN GENE; PROMOTER REGION; TRANSCRIPTION; BINDING; DIACYLGLYCEROL; PROLIFERATION; HYPERTROPHY; EXPRESSION; ENDOTHELIN AB Our previous study demonstrated that endothelin-1 induced a phosphorylation of GATA-4 transcription factor, which plays important roles in cardiac hypertrophy and failure [1]. The goal of the present study was to determine whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the signaling pathway, and, if so, whether alpha-tocopherol inhibits the GATA-4 phosphorylation. Treatment of HL-1 adult mouse cardiac muscle cells with PMA, a known activator of PKC, induced a transient phosphorylation of GATA-4. PMA also phosphorylated MEK and ERK, and PMA-induced GATA-4 phosphorylation was blocked by an MEK inhibitor, PD98059, suggesting that PMA phosphorylates GATA-4 via the MEK-ERK pathway. Treatment of HL-1 cells with 1 muM PMA for 24 h resulted in a downregulation of PKC. In PKC-downregulated cells, PMA- or ET-1-induced GATA-4 phosphorylation was suppressed, suggesting the role of PKC in GATA-4 phosphorylation. However, alpha-tocopherol (5-100 muM) did not inhibit the phosphorylation of GATA-4 or ERK in HL-1 cells. In contrast, alpha-tocopherol potently inhibited the PMA-induced ERK activation in smooth muscle cells. Our studies in HL-1 cells showed that PKC inhibitors, such as calphostin C and chelerythrin, failed to inhibit the PMA signaling. Furthermore, HL-1 cells appear to possess a unique PKC-signaling mechanism as PKC is constitutively phosphorylated and PMA did not cause further phosphorylation. Thus, in HL-1 cardiac muscle cells, PMA activates the MEK-ERK-GATA-4 pathway, apparently via a PKC-independent mechanism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD FEB 15 PY 2002 VL 32 IS 4 BP 341 EP 349 AR PII S0891-5849(01)00802-4 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00802-4 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 522YU UT WOS:000173925200006 PM 11841924 ER PT J AU Turner, C Eskilsson, CS Bjorklund, E AF Turner, C Eskilsson, CS Bjorklund, E TI Collection in analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Review DE reviews; collection techniques; SFE; trapping; supercritical fluid extraction ID CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; LIQUID TRAPPING EFFICIENCIES; SOLID-PHASE TRAPS; MODEL FAT SAMPLE; ONLINE SFE-GC; OFF-LINE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB This review is a comprehensive summary of available collection techniques in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), with emphasis on which parameters are especially important for a successful analyte collection. Environmental, biological and agricultural applications, including several types of sample matrices and analyte groups, are discussed with respect to choice of collection mode and optimization of collection conditions. This review also includes discussions about collection when a modifier is used or when the sample contains large amounts of fat or water, as well as possibilities to achieve enhanced selectivity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B V All rights reserved. C1 Lund Univ, Dept Analyt Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RP Turner, C (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Bjorklund, Erland/F-1465-2010; Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 138 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 15 PY 2002 VL 947 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01592-8 PG 22 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 521AC UT WOS:000173815100001 PM 11873989 ER PT J AU Seshadri, S Beiser, A Selhub, J Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wolf, PA AF Seshadri, S Beiser, A Selhub, J Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wolf, PA TI Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; UNITED-STATES; POPULATION; SERUM; FOLATE; VITAMIN-B12; ROTTERDAM AB Background: In cross-sectional studies, elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been associated with poor cognition and dementia. Studies of newly diagnosed dementia are required in order to establish whether the elevated homocysteine levels precede the onset of dementia or result from dementia-related nutritional and vitamin deficiencies. Methods: A total of 1092 subjects without dementia (667 women and 425 men; mean age, 76 years) from the Framingham Study constituted our study sample. We examined the relation of the plasma total homocysteine level measured at base line and that measured eight years earlier to the risk of newly diagnosed dementia on follow-up. We used multivariable proportional-hazards regression to adjust for age, sex, apolipoprotein E genotype, vascular risk factors other than homocysteine, and plasma levels of folate and vitamins B(sub 12) and B(sub 6). Results: Over a median follow-up period of eight years, dementia developed in 111 subjects, including 83 given a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk of dementia was 1.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9) for each increase of 1 SD in the log-transformed homocysteine value either at base line or eight years earlier. The relative risk of Alzheimer's disease was 1.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.5) per increase of 1 SD at base line and 1.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.1) per increase of 1 SD eight years before base line. With a plasma homocysteine level greater than 14 micromol per liter, the risk of Alzheimer's disease nearly doubled. Conclusions: An increased plasma homocysteine level is a strong, independent risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (N Engl J Med 2002;346:476-83.) Copyright (C) 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Wolf, PA (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol Neurol Epidemiol & Genet, 715 Albany St,B-608, Boston, MA 02118 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIA NIH HHS [5R01-AG08122-11, 5R01-AG16495-02]; NINDS NIH HHS [5R01-NS17950-19] NR 56 TC 1889 Z9 1976 U1 17 U2 135 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 14 PY 2002 VL 346 IS 7 BP 476 EP 483 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa011613 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 521AE UT WOS:000173815300003 PM 11844848 ER PT J AU Jacks, TJ Rajasekaran, K Stromberg, KD De Lucca, AJ van Pee, KH AF Jacks, TJ Rajasekaran, K Stromberg, KD De Lucca, AJ van Pee, KH TI Evaluation of peracid formation as the basis for resistance to infection in plants transformed with haloperoxidase SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; chloroperoxidase; haloperoxidase; peracetate; peracid; plant disease; plant transformation; Pseudomonas pyrrocinia; tobacco ID NONHEME CHLOROPEROXIDASE; PSEUDOMONAS-PYRROCINIA; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CECROPIN-A; PURIFICATION; GENE AB Nonheme haloperoxidase (HPO-P) isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia catalyzed the peroxiclation of alkyl acids to peracids. Among acids tested as substrates, acetic acid was most readily peroxidized, The reaction product peracetate possessed potent antifungal activity: 50% death (LD50) of Aspergillus flavus occurred at 25 muM peracetate. Viability of A. flavus was inhibited by up to 80% by leaf extracts of tobacco plants transformed with the HPO-P gene from P. pyrrocinia compared to viability of fungi exposed to extracts from controls. To elucidate if peracid formation by HPO-P was the basis for antifungal activity in transgenic leaf tissues, lethalities of hydrogen peroxide-acetate-H PO-P combinations against A. flavus were examined in vitro. LD50 of A. flavus exposed to the combinations occurred at 30 mM acetate when concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and HPO-P were held constant. This value was identical to the LD50 produced by 30 mM acetate in the absence of hydrogen peroxideHPO-P and therefore did not account for enhanced antifungal activity in transgenic plants. For clarification, kinetics of the enzymic reaction were examined. According to the concentration of acetate needed for enzyme saturation (K-m = 250 mM), acetate was lethal prior to its oxidation to peracetate. Results indicate that peracid generation by HPO-P was not the basis for enhanced antifungal activity in transgenic plants expressing the HPO-P gene. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Biochem, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Jacks, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 13 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 706 EP 709 DI 10.1021/jf011006q PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 520LQ UT WOS:000173783700009 PM 11829632 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Thayer, DW AF Fan, XT Thayer, DW TI gamma-radiation influences browning, antioxidant activity, and malondialdehyde level of apple juice SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE irradiation; antioxidant; browning; malondialdehyde; temperature; oxygen ID RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS; ASCORBIC-ACID; FRUIT JUICES; MALONALDEHYDE; CITRUS; ORANGE; ASSAY; IRRADIATION; PHENOLICS; POWER AB Apple juice was gamma-Irradiated at 5 degreesC at doses ranging from 0 to 8.9 kGy and then stored at 5 degreesC for 15 days. Ionizing radiation reduced the browning of apple juice and increased antioxidant activity measured by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The magnitude of changes increased with radiation dose. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates assay increased at radiation doses above 2.67 kGy. The browning of irradiated juices increased during storage at 5 GC, but the irradiated juices were still lighter than controls at the end of storage. Differences in FRAP values disappeared during early periods of storage while higher MDA levels were observed in irradiated samples during most of the storage period. Elimination of suspended matter from apple juice did not alter irradiation-induced changes in browning, FRAP, or MDA formation. As compared to irradiation conducted at 5 and 20 degreesC, treatment at -15 degreesC was less effective in reducing browning and in increasing MDA formation but elevated FRAP values. The exclusion of oxygen from juices did not affect the reduction in browning due to irradiation but promoted the increase in FRAP values and decreased the irradiation-induced MDA formation. C1 ARS, Food Safety Res Lab, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), ARS, Food Safety Res Lab, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 13 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 710 EP 715 DI 10.1021/jf0107048 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 520LQ UT WOS:000173783700010 PM 11829633 ER PT J AU Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ AF Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ TI Improved method for quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues using a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 3-chloro-p-toluldine hydrochloride; CPTH; DRC-1339; secondary hazard ID ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY; CHEMICALS; DRC-1339; WILD AB A method using a deuterated surrogate of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) was developed to quantify the CPTH residues in the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract and breast muscle tissues in birds collected in CPTH-baited sunflower and rice fields. This method increased the range of a previous surrogate/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy method from 0-2 to 0-20mug/g in tissue samples and greatly simplified the extraction procedure. The modified method also sought to increase recoveries over a range of matrix effects introduced by analyzing tissues from birds collected in the field, where the GI tract contents would be affected by varying diet. The new method was used to determine the CPTH concentration In GI tract samples fortified with CPTH-treated rice bait to simulate the consumption of varying amounts of treated bait by two nontargeted bird species, pigeon (Columbia livia) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus). The new method was then used to examine the CPTH concentrations in the gizzard contents of the targeted bird species, red-winged black bird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) that were collected after feeding at a treated bait site. The method proved sufficiently sensitive to quantify CPTH in the breast muscle tissues and the gizzard contents of red-winged blackbirds and brown-headed cowbirds during an operational baiting program. The levels of CPTH determined for these birds in both tissue samples were determined to be highly correlated. The appearance of CPTH in the breast muscle tissue immediately after feeding was not anticipated. The potential secondary hazard posed by the targeted birds to potential scavengers and predators was also evaluated. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USGS, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Stahl, RS (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 13 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 732 EP 738 DI 10.1021/jf011003d PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 520LQ UT WOS:000173783700014 PM 11829637 ER PT J AU Jones, BL Marinac, L AF Jones, BL Marinac, L TI The effect of mashing on malt endoproteolytic activities SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; protease; protein hydrolysis; mashing; brewing; soluble protein ID BARLEY; ENZYMES AB During malting and mashing, the proteinases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and malt partially hydrolyze their storage proteins. These enzymes are critical because several aspects of the brewing process are affected by the soluble proteins, peptides and/or amino acids that they release. To develop improved malting barleys and/or malting and brewing methods, it is imperative to know whether and when the green malt endoproteinases are inactivated during malting and mashing. These enzyme activities are totally preserved during kilning and, in this study, we have determined when they were inactivated during mashing. Samples were removed from experimental mashes that mirrored those used in commercial breweries and their endoproteolytic activities were analyzed. The malt endoproteinases were stable through the 38 degreesC protein rest phase, but were quickly inactivated when the mash temperature was raised to 72 degreesC for the conversion step. All of the proteinase activities were inactivated at about the same rate. These findings indicate that the soluble protein levels of worts can be varied by adjusting the protein rest phase of mashing, but not by altering the conversion time. The rates of hydrolysis of individual malt proteins probably cannot be changed by altering the mash temperature schedule, since the main enzymes that solubilize these proteins are affected similarly by temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crop Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jones, BL (reprint author), 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 13 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 858 EP 864 DI 10.1021/jf0109672 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 520LQ UT WOS:000173783700034 PM 11829657 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Maleki, S Champagne, ET Buhr, KL Gorbet, DW AF Chung, SY Maleki, S Champagne, ET Buhr, KL Gorbet, DW TI High-oleic peanuts are not different from normal peanuts in allergenic properties SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE high-oleic peanuts; allergenicity; Maillard reaction adducts; lipid oxidation adducts; AGE; CIVIL; MDA; HNE; IgE antibodies; T-cells; polyclonal antibodies; ELISA ID MAILLARD REACTION; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; ACID PEANUTS; DIETARY FATS; MAST-CELLS; PRODUCTS; PROTEINS; MALONDIALDEHYDE; FLAVOR; RATS AB High-oleic peanuts are known for a high content of olelc fatty acid. However, it is not known whether high-oleic peanuts are different from normal chemistry peanuts in levels of allergenicity and end-product adducts (i.e., products cross-linked with proteins). For this purpose, four different peanut cultivars (Florunner, Georgia Green, NC 9, and NC 2) were evaluated and compared with high-oleic peanuts (SunOleic 97R). Adducts such as AGE/CML from Maillard reactions and MDA/HNE from lipid oxidation were determined, respectively, in ELISA, using polyclonal antibodies. Allergenicity was determined based on IgE binding and T-cell proliferation. Results showed that raw high-oleic peanuts were not different from normal peanuts in adduct levels. After roasting, CIVIL and HNE levels remained unchanged, but an increased and similar amounts of AGE adducts were found in all peanuts. MDA also increased but not in high-oleic peanuts. This suggests that high-oleic peanuts are more stable to lipid oxidation than others during heating. Despite this, high-oleic peanuts did not differ from normal peanuts in IgE binding and T-cell proliferation. It was concluded that a high content of oleic fatty acid has no effect on peanut allergenicity and that high-oleic peanuts do not give a higher or lower risk of allergy than normal peanuts. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Extens Ctr, Marianna, FL 32446 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chung, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 13 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 4 BP 878 EP 882 DI 10.1021/jf011132u PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 520LQ UT WOS:000173783700038 PM 11829661 ER PT J AU Ottosson, J Fransson, L King, JW Hult, K AF Ottosson, J Fransson, L King, JW Hult, K TI Size as a parameter for solvent effects on Candida antarctica lipase B enantio selectivity SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE enantiomeric ratio; enthalpy; entropy; lipase; resolution ID ENTHALPY-ENTROPY COMPENSATION; CONTROLLED WATER ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; ENZYMATIC ENANTIOSELECTIVITY; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; KINETIC RESOLUTIONS; THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; ESTERIFICATION; MEDIA AB Changes in solvent type were shown to yield significant improvement of enzyme enantioselectivity. The resolution of 3-methyl-2-butanol catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B, CALB, was studied in eight liquid organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide, SCCO2. Studies of the temperature dependence of the enantiomeric ratio allowed determination of the enthalpic (Delta(R-S)Delta H-double dagger) as well as the entropic (Delta(R-S)Delta S-double dagger) contribution to the overall enantioselectivity (Delta(R-S)Delta G(double dagger) = -RTlnE). A correlation of the enantiomeric ratio, E. to the van der Waals volume of the solvent molecules was observed and suggested as one of the parameters that govern solvent effects on enzyme catalysis. An enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship was indicated between the studied liquid solvents. The enzymatic mechanism must be of a somewhat different nature in SCCO2, as this reaction in this medium did not follow the enthalpy-entropy compensation relation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Royal Inst Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Stockholm Ctr Phys Astron & Biotechnol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hult, K (reprint author), Royal Inst Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Stockholm Ctr Phys Astron & Biotechnol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RI Ottosson Takanen, Jenny/E-2846-2013 NR 51 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4838 J9 BBA-PROTEIN STRUCT M JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Protein Struct. Molec. Enzym. PD FEB 11 PY 2002 VL 1594 IS 2 BP 325 EP 334 AR PII S0167-4838(01)00324-7 DI 10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00324-7 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 536FM UT WOS:000174690100012 PM 11904228 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Omary, MB Jones, BD AF Carlson, SA Omary, MB Jones, BD TI Identification of cytokeratins as accessory mediators of Salmonella entry into eukaryotic cells SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE cytokeratins; Salmonella; invasion; virulence; SipC protein ID ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; YEAST 2-HYBRID SYSTEM; PEYERS-PATCHES; HOST-CELL; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; INVASION DETERMINANTS; BRUSH CELLS; HELA-CELLS AB Pathogenic Salmonella species initiate infection of a mammalian host by inducing their own uptake into intestinal M-cells. During the uptake process, the bacteria utilize an intrinsic secretion system to release proteins that enter host cells. The secreted invasion-mediating proteins subsequently interact with host cell components that induce alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. To identify potential cellular determinants of invasion, we employed a yeast two-hybrid system using the secreted Salmonella invasion protein (SipC) as the bait protein. This system identified cytokeratins, supportive components of the cytoskeletal matrix, as proteins that may physically interact with SipC. Transfection-based studies revealed an inhibition of Salmonella invasion when a dominant negative cytokeratin-18 was expressed. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy studies revealed that Salmonella did not enter HEp-2 cells expressing the dominant negative cytokeratin-18. These results suggest that an interaction between SipC and cytokeratin-18 may occur as part of Salmonella invasion. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Palo Alto VA Med Ctr, Dept Med, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 07663]; PHS HHS [A138268] NR 53 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD FEB 8 PY 2002 VL 70 IS 12 BP 1415 EP 1426 AR PII S0024-3205(01)01512-0 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01512-0 PG 12 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 522NE UT WOS:000173902800007 PM 11883717 ER PT J AU Walz, A Park, S Slovin, JP Ludwig-Muller, J Momonoki, YS Cohen, JD AF Walz, A Park, S Slovin, JP Ludwig-Muller, J Momonoki, YS Cohen, JD TI A gene encoding a protein modified by the phytohormone indoleacetic acid SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; BEAN-SEEDS; AUXIN; PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; PLANTS AB We show that the expression of an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-modified protein from bean seed, lAP1, is correlated to the developmental period of rapid growth during seed development. Moreover, this protein undergoes rapid degradation during germination. The gene for IAP1, the most abundant protein covalently modified by lAA (iapl, GenBank accession no. AF293023) was isolated and cloned from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. The 957-bp sequence encodes a 35-kDa polypeptide. IAA-modified proteins represent a distinct class of conjugated phytohormones and appear in bean to be the major form of auxin in seeds. IAA proteins also are found at other stages of development in bean plants. Our immunological and analytical data suggest that auxin modification of a small class of proteins may be a feature common to many plants. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Tokyo Univ Agr, Fac Bioind, Abashiri, Hokkaido 0992493, Japan. ARS, Fruit Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Bot, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Cohen, JD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, 305 Alderman Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM cohen047@tc.umn.edu OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 39 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 5 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1718 EP 1723 DI 10.1073/pnas.032450399 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 519YF UT WOS:000173752500111 PM 11830675 ER PT J AU Caron, L Flores, EF Weiblen, R Scherer, CFC Irigoyen, LF Roehe, PM Odeon, A Sur, JH AF Caron, L Flores, EF Weiblen, R Scherer, CFC Irigoyen, LF Roehe, PM Odeon, A Sur, JH TI Latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type-5 in experimentally infected rabbits: virus reactivation, shedding and recrudescence of neurological disease SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine herpesvirus type-5; latent infection; rabbit ID CALVES; RHINOTRACHEITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; MODEL; BHV-5; CORTICOSTEROIDS; PATHOGENESIS AB Latent infection with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) was established in rabbits inoculated with two South American isolates (EVI-88 and 613) by intranasal or conjunctival routes. Nine rabbits (613, 8/27; EVI-88, 1/34) developed neurological disease and died during acute infection and other three (613, n = 2; EVI-88, n = 1) developed a delayed neurological disease, at days 34, 41 and 56 post-inoculation (p.i.). Between days 56 and 62 p.i., the remaining rabbits were submitted to five daily administrations of dexamethasone (Dx) to reactivate the infection. Twenty-five out of 44 rabbits (56.8%) shed virus in nasal or ocular secretions after Dx treatment. Virus shedding was first detected at day two post-Dx and lasted from one to I I days. The highest frequencies of virus reactivation were observed in rabbits inoculated conjunctivally (10/15 versus 15/29); and among rabbits infected with isolate 613 (12/16 versus 13/28). Virus reactivation upon Dx treatment was accompanied by neurological disease in nine rabbits (20.4%), resulting in six deaths (13.6%). Virus in moderate titers and mild to moderate non-suppurative inflammatory changes in the brain characterized the neurological infection. Three other rabbits showed severe neurological signs followed by death after 31 to 54 days of Dx treatment. Virus, Viral nucleic acids and inflammatory chances were detected in their brains. The late-onset neurological disease, after acute infection or Dx treatment, was probably a consequence of spontaneous virus reactivation. These results demonstrate that BHV-5 does establish a latent infection in rabbits and that clinical recrudescence may occur upon reactivation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Patol, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, DM, ICBS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. CPVDF, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, Brazil. INTA, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Flores, EF (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Vet Prevent Med, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RI Roehe, Paulo/K-1208-2012; Weiblen, Rudi/H-7003-2014; flores, eduardo/H-5125-2016; OI Weiblen, Rudi/0000-0002-1737-9817; Roehe, Paulo /0000-0002-2370-7661 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD FEB 4 PY 2002 VL 84 IS 4 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00441-2 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 511UF UT WOS:000173283400001 PM 11750137 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Blagburn, BL Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Blagburn, BL Dubey, JP TI Survival of nonsporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts under refrigerator conditions SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; epidemiology; oocyst; zoonosis; sporulation ID DRINKING-WATER; CATS AB Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are excreted nonsporulated in the feces of the cats into the environment. These oocysts must undergo sporulation to become infectious. Little is known about the factors that influence sporulation of T gondii oocysts. The present study examined the survival of nonsporulated oocysts under refrigerated conditions over 11-week observation period. Microscopic examination of oocysts indicated that no visible development occurred under refrigerator conditions. The nonsporulated oocysts retained their ability to sporulate when placed at room temperature. The numbers of visually viable appearing oocysts decreased over time. Sonic oocysts in all samples were infectious for mice despite being refrigerated for up to an I I weeks before undergoing sporulation. Results indicate that nonsporulated oocysts can survive in the environment for at least 3 months and retain their ability to become infectious when placed under appropriate conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parastie Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 4 PY 2002 VL 103 IS 4 BP 309 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00554-4 PG 5 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 514DG UT WOS:000173422400003 PM 11777609 ER PT J AU Rosypal, AC Lindsay, DS Duncan, R Ahmed, SA Zajac, AM Dubey, JP AF Rosypal, AC Lindsay, DS Duncan, R Ahmed, SA Zajac, AM Dubey, JP TI Mice lacking the gene for inducible or endothelial nitric oxide are resistant to sporocyst induced Sarcocystis neurona infections SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; Sarcocystis neurona; nitric oxide; interferon-gamma; knockout mice ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION; DICHOTOMOUS ROLE; SYNTHASE; PROTECTION AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic syndrome in horses from the Americas and is usually caused by infection with the apicomplexan parasite, Sarcocystis neurona. Little is known about the role of immunobiological mediators to this parasite. Nitric oxide (NO) is important in resistance to many intracellular parasites. We, therefore, investigated the role of inducible and endothelial NO in resistance to clinical disease caused by S. neurona in mice. Groups of interferon-gamma gene knockout (IFN-gamma-KO) mice, inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout (iNOS-KO) mice, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene knockout (eNOS-KO) and appropriate genetic background mice (BALB/c or C57BL/6) were orally fed sporocysts or Hanks balanced salt solution. Mice were observed for signs of clinical disease and examined at necropsy. Clinical disease and deaths occurred only in the IFN-gamma-KO mice. Microscopic lesions were seen only in the brains of IFN-gamma-KO mice. Results of this study indicate that iNOS and eNOS are not major mediators of resistance to S. neurona infections. Results of this study suggest that IFN-gamma mediated immunity to S. neurona may be mediated by non-NO-dependent mechanisms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Rosypal, Alexa/I-7114-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 4 PY 2002 VL 103 IS 4 BP 315 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00555-6 PG 7 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 514DG UT WOS:000173422400004 PM 11777610 ER PT J AU Doran, JW Stamatiadis, SI Haberern, J AF Doran, JW Stamatiadis, SI Haberern, J TI Preface - Soil health as an indicator of sustainable management SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 3 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 2 SI SI BP 107 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00250-X PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505TU UT WOS:000172932300001 ER PT J AU Doran, JW AF Doran, JW TI Soil health and global sustainability: translating science into practice SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Soil Health as an Indicator of Sustainaable Land Management CY JUN 24-25, 1999 CL GAIA ENVIRONM RES & EDU CTR, KIFISIA, GREECE HO GAIA ENVIRONM RES & EDU CTR DE sustainable management; practical sciences; soil quality and health; sustainability indices; on-farm assessment ID QUALITY; AGRICULTURE; CARBON; INTENSIFICATION; SYSTEMS; INDEX AB Interest in the quality and health of soil has been stimulated by recent awareness that soil is vital to both production of food and fiber and global ecosystems function. Soil health, or quality, can be broadly defined as the capacity of a living soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and promote plant and animal health. Soil quality and health change over time due to natural events or human impacts. They are enhanced by management and land-use decisions that weigh the multiple functions of soil and are impaired by decisions which focus only on single functions, such as crop productivity. Criteria for indicators of soil quality and health relate mainly to their utility in defining ecosystem processes and in integrating physical, chemical, and biological properties, their sensitivity to management and climatic variations, and their accessibility and utility to agricultural specialists, producers, conservationists, and policy makers. Although soils have an inherent quality as related to their physical, chemical, and biological properties within the constraints set by climate and ecosystems, the ultimate determinant of soil quality and health is the land manager. As such, the assessment of soil quality or health, and direction of change with time, is the primary indicator of sustainable management. Scientists can make a significant contribution to sustainable land management by translating scientific knowledge and information on soil function into practical tools and approaches by which land managers can assess the sustainability of their management practices. The first steps, however, in our communal journey towards sustainable land management must be the identification of our final destination (sustainability goals), the strategies or course by which we will get there, and the indicators (benchmarks) that we are proceeding in the right direction. We too often rush to raise the sails of our 'technological' ship to catch the wind, before knowing from where it comes or in property defining our destination, charting our course, and setting the rudder of our ship. Examples are given of approaches for assessing soil quality and health to define the sustainability of land management practices and to 'translate our science into practice'. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 45 TC 161 Z9 197 U1 8 U2 113 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 2 SI SI BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00246-8 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505TU UT WOS:000172932300003 ER PT J AU Eigenberg, RA Doran, JW Nienaber, JA Ferguson, RB Woodbury, BL AF Eigenberg, RA Doran, JW Nienaber, JA Ferguson, RB Woodbury, BL TI Electrical conductivity monitoring of soil condition and available N with animal manure and a cover crop SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Soil Health as an Indicator of Sustainaable Land Management CY JUN 24-25, 1999 CL GAIA ENVIRONM RES & EDU CTR, KIFISIA, GREECE HO GAIA ENVIRONM RES & EDU CTR DE electromagnetic induction; soil electrical conductivity; manure; nutrient availability; silage corn AB Development of sustainable agricultural management systems will depend, in part, on the ability to better use renewable resources, such as animal manure, and to synchronize the levels of soil available N with crop plant needs during the growing season. This study was conducted at the US Meat Animal Research Center in the central USA to determine whether differences in electromagnetic (EM) soil conductivity band available N levels over a growing season can be linked to feedlot manure/compost application and use of a green winter cover crop. A series of soil conductivity maps of a research cornfield were generated using global positioning system (GPS) and EM induction methods. The study site was treated over a 7-year period with manure and compost at rates matching either the phosphorus or the nitrogen requirements of silage corn (Zea mays L.). The plot was split for sub-treatments of a rye (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop and no cover crop. Image processing techniques were used to establish electrical conductivity (EC) treatment means for each of the growing season surveys. Sequential measurement of profile weighted soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was effective in identifying the dynamic changes in available soil N, as affected by animal manure and N fertilizer treatments, during the corn-growing season. This method also clearly identified the effectiveness of cover crops in minimizing levels of available soil N before and after the com-growing season, when soluble N is most subject to loess. The EM method for assessing soil condition provides insights into the dynamics of available N transformations that are supported by soil chemical analyses. This real-time monitoring approach could also be useful to farmers in enhancing N use efficiencies of cropping management systems and in minimizing N losses to the environment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Biol Engn Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, S Cent Res & Extens Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Eigenberg, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Biol Engn Res Unit, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 2 SI SI BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00256-0 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505TU UT WOS:000172932300011 ER PT J AU de Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Collins, A Lancaster, VA AF de Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Collins, A Lancaster, VA TI Attractiveness of Africanized honey bee brood from Southern Texas to Varroa destructor infestation SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Africanized honey bees; European honey bees; Varroa destructor; attractiveness; resistance; Texas ID APIS-MELLIFERA-CAPENSIS; JACOBSONI OUD; REPRODUCTION; AMERICA; IDENTIFICATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; POPULATIONS; GENOTYPES; CLIMATE; MEXICO AB The attractiveness to Varroa destructor infestation of Africanized honey bee (AHB) brood from southern Texas and European honey bees (EHB) from Louisiana were compared using a bioassay. The overall conclusion is that the larvae of AHB in South Texas and EHB from Louisiana were equally attractive to V. destructor and that the mites reproduced as successfully. Small differences were detected which suggest that AHB may have a slight resistance to V. destructor. However, other aspects of the epizootiology of varroosis such as climate, variation in honey bee stock, and variation in V. destructor determine the severity of the parasitism substantially more than the small, generally insignificant differences reported here. Possible implications of these observations on feral populations of AHB are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP de Guzman, LI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 142 IS 2 BP 130 EP 132 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 517AR UT WOS:000173589400017 ER PT J AU Walsmith, J Lundgren, N Dolnikowski, G Roberts, S Roubenoff, R AF Walsmith, J Lundgren, N Dolnikowski, G Roberts, S Roubenoff, R TI Low physical activity reduces total energy expenditure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A doubly labeled water study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 39 BP 350S EP 350S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600038 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Scholfield, D Hallfrisch, J AF Behall, KM Scholfield, D Hallfrisch, J TI Comparison of glucose and hormone responses to different levels of amylose and beta-glucan. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, DHPL, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 131 BP 380S EP 380S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600129 ER PT J AU Hernandez, L Mazariegos, M Bermudez, OI Maras, J Tucker, KL Solomons, NW AF Hernandez, L Mazariegos, M Bermudez, OI Maras, J Tucker, KL Solomons, NW TI Dietary fat intake in urban and rural Guatemalan women. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CeSSIAM, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA P146 BP 384S EP 384S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600144 ER PT J AU de Jesus, V Cutrufelli, R AF de Jesus, V Cutrufelli, R TI NDL online: Meeting consumer needs. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA P149 BP 385S EP 385S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600147 ER PT J AU Holden, J AF Holden, J TI Food composition databases for nutrition assessment, research, and policy. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA P150 BP 385S EP 386S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600148 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Assessment of copper nutriture in rats. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA P189 BP 398S EP 398S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600187 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ Niedlinger, TR Lin, YM Hickenbottom, S AF Burri, BJ Niedlinger, TR Lin, YM Hickenbottom, S TI Conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A measured with stable isotope methods. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, WHNRC, Davis, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 226 BP 409S EP 409S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600224 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Adverse effects of dietary zinc restriction on cardiorespiratory function during exercise in men. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks, ND USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 225 BP 409S EP 409S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600223 ER PT J AU Sacheck, JM Blumberg, JB Milbury, PE Cannon, JG Hamada, K Roubenoff, R Mayer, J AF Sacheck, JM Blumberg, JB Milbury, PE Cannon, JG Hamada, K Roubenoff, R Mayer, J TI Vitamin E reduces muscle damage and biomarkers of oxidative stress after exercise. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 227 BP 409S EP 410S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600225 ER PT J AU Dopler-Nelson, M Burri, BJ AF Dopler-Nelson, M Burri, BJ TI Dietary intake in the spinal cord injured patient. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, WHNRC, Davis, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2 SU S MA 318 BP 438S EP 439S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 516FU UT WOS:000173542600316 ER PT J AU Frank, GH Briggs, RE Duff, GC Loan, RW Purdy, CW AF Frank, GH Briggs, RE Duff, GC Loan, RW Purdy, CW TI Effects of vaccination prior to transit and administration of florfenicol at time of arrival in a feedlot on the health of transported calves and detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; WESTERN CANADA; UNDIFFERENTIATED FEVER; TILMICOSIN PHOSPHATE; COLONIZATION; TONSILS; CATTLE; NASOPHARYNX; INHIBITION AB Objective-To determine effects of vaccination prior to transit and prophylactic administration of florfenicol at time of arrival at a feedyard on health of cattle and colonization of the nasopharynx by Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). Animals-121 steers from Tennessee and 84 steers from New Mexico. Procedure-Half of the steers were vaccinated before transport to a feedyard. Steers from Tennessee were vaccinated with MH bacterin-toxoid, and steers from New Mexico were vaccinated intranasally with modified-live leukotoxin-deficient MH. Half of the vaccinates and nonvaccinates were randomly selected to receive florfenicol on arrival at the feedyard. Steers were observed daily for respiratory tract disease (RTD). Results-Administration of florfenicol at time of arrival reduced the incidence of RTD, delayed the interval before onset of RTD, and reduced the incidence of MH colonization of the nasopharynx for at least 4 days, but vaccination did not have any effect. Vaccination elicited an increase in serum antibody titers to MH. Administration of florfenicol at time of arrival reduced the development of serum antibody titers in intranasally vaccinated steers and both groups of nonvaccinated steers, but intranasal vaccination did not affect colonization by wild-type MH. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Administration of florfenicol at time of arrival decreased the incidence of MH organisms in the nasopharynx and delayed the onset of RTD. Prophylactic use of suitable antibiotics is likely to reduce the incidence of acute RTD in calves for several days after arrival at feedyards, which is the period when they are most susceptible to infectious organisms. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Coll Agr & Home Econ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Clayton Livestock Res Ctr, Clayton, NM 88415 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Frank, GH (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 63 IS 2 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.251 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 516QM UT WOS:000173568300017 PM 11843126 ER PT J AU Fukushima, RS Weimer, PJ Kunz, DA AF Fukushima, RS Weimer, PJ Kunz, DA TI Photocatalytic interaction of resazurin N-oxide with cysteine optimizes preparation of anaerobic culture media SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE anaerobiosis; culture medium; cysteine; light; resazurin AB For the growth of several strictly anaerobic microorganisms, cysteine is the preferred reducing agent because of its low toxicity, but cysteine reduces media only slowly, making it inconvenient if the medium is needed immediately. A culture medium employed to cultivate ruminal anaerobic bacteria supplied with cysteine achieved the desired degree of anaerobiosis (measured spectrophotometrically by the bleaching of the indicator, resazurin) in considerably less time when exposed to high light intensity from a halogen lamp. The effect of light intensity on time to reduce media was quadratic; tubes kept under no illumination (dark) took more than 12 h to become colorless while tubes kept under normal laboratory light, took more than 2 h. On the other hand, media exposed to high light intensity (equivalent to a regular 100W bulb lamp) became completely bleached in less than 20 min. Separate experiments demonstrated a direct correlation between the photocatalytic effect on medium reduction and a decrease in dissolved O-2 content. However, media gassing with CO2 is still required, as the photocatalytic reaction requires semi-reduced conditions. A comparison of growth parameters for five species of ruminal bacteria cultivated in media prepared under high light vs normal light conditions showed no differences, indicating no adverse affect of cysteine catalysed medium reduction on growth. Aside from this benefit, other procedures such as extensive heating, cooling, evacuation and degassing with O-2-free gases can be eliminated, thereby further reducing the time required for media preparation. Thus, use of high light intensity on cysteine/resazurin containing media greatly accelerated the establishment of anaerobic conditions, so that the media can be used almost immediately. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, Dept Nutr & Prod Anim, BR-13630000 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. RP Fukushima, RS (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, Dept Nutr & Prod Anim, Av Duque de Caxias Norte 225, BR-13630000 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. RI Fukushima, Romualdo/C-2821-2012 NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD FEB PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 DI 10.1006/anar.2002.0405 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 570XC UT WOS:000176684900005 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Sonstegard, TS Kata, S Womack, JE AF Ashwell, MS Sonstegard, TS Kata, S Womack, JE TI A radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 27 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENOME; CATTLE C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX USA. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 75 EP 76 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 520AE UT WOS:000173757000015 PM 11849144 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Hershberger, WK Killefer, J AF Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Hershberger, WK Killefer, J TI Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, Leetown, WV 25430 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Anim & Vet Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Rexroad, CE (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, Leetown, WV 25430 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 76 EP 78 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742d.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 520AE UT WOS:000173757000016 PM 11849145 ER PT J AU Cepica, S Rohrer, GA Masopust, M AF Cepica, S Rohrer, GA Masopust, M TI Linkage mapping of a HaeIII PCR-RFLP within the porcine EXT1 gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENOME; MAP C1 Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. Agr Res Serv, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cepica, S (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. EM cepica@iapg.cas.cz RI Cepica, Stanislav/G-7180-2014 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0268-9146 EI 1365-2052 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 81 EP 82 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742g.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 520AE UT WOS:000173757000019 ER PT J AU Bukhalid, RA Takeuchi, T Labeda, D Loria, R AF Bukhalid, RA Takeuchi, T Labeda, D Loria, R TI Horizontal transfer of the plant virulence gene, nec1, and flanking sequences among genetically distinct Streptomyces strains in the diastatochromogenes cluster SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENIC STREPTOMYCES; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SP-NOV; DNA RELATEDNESS; SCABIES STRAINS; POTATO-TUBERS; FATTY-ACID; FRANCE AB Evidence for the horizontal transfer of a pathogenicity island (PAI) carrying the virulence gene nec1 and flanking sequences among Streptomyces strains in the Diastatochromogenes cluster is presented. Plant-pathogenic, thaxtomin-producing Streptomyces strains, previously classified as S. scabiei based on the conventionally used phenotypic characteristics, were found to be genetically distinct from the type strain of S. scabiei based on DNA relatedness and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Pairwise DNA-DNA hybridizations between some of these strains and the S. scabiei type strain were as low as 36%, a value much below what is conventionally accepted for species identity (70%). The sequence of the nec1 gene, however, was identical in all the S. scabiei and S. scabiei-like strains tested, irrespective of their DNA relatedness to the type strain of S. scabiei, their geographic origin, or the isolation host. Furthermore, a 26-kb DNA fragment including and flanking nec1 was also conserved among these strains based on restriction and Southern analyses. These data indicate that the etiology of potato scab is more complex than previously recognized; this result has important implications for potato scab management strategies. Previous research has suggested that horizontal transfer of a PAI was the mechanism for evolution of pathogenicity in S. acidiscabies and S. turgidiscabies, species that lie outside of the Diastatochromogenes cluster. Data presented here support this model and indicate that PAI transfer also has occurred frequently in species closely related to S. scabiei. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Hokkaido Cent Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Naganuma, Hokkaido 0691395, Japan. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Peoria, IL 60604 USA. RP Loria, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, 344 Plant Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 35 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 68 IS 2 BP 738 EP 744 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.2.738-744.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 517AH UT WOS:000173588600038 PM 11823214 ER PT J AU Yoon, SS Barrangou-Poueys, R Breidt, F Klaenhammer, TR Fleming, HP AF Yoon, SS Barrangou-Poueys, R Breidt, F Klaenhammer, TR Fleming, HP TI Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from fermenting sauerkraut SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT LEUCONOSTOC-MESENTEROIDES; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; NISIN AB This paper presents the first report of bacteriophage isolated from commercial vegetable fermentations. Nine phages were isolated from two 90-ton commercial sauerkraut fermentations. These phages were active against fermentation isolates and selected Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum strains, including a starter culture. Phages were characterized as members of the Siphoviridae and Myoviridae families. All Leuconostoc phages reported previously, primarily of dairy origin, belonged to the Siphoviridae family. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Biol Resources & Technol, Wonju 220710, South Korea. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Breidt, F (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Barrangou, Rodolphe/I-2878-2014 OI Barrangou, Rodolphe/0000-0002-0648-3504 NR 16 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 68 IS 2 BP 973 EP 976 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.2.973-976.2002 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 517AH UT WOS:000173588600071 PM 11823247 ER PT J AU Ponder, F Tadros, M AF Ponder, F Tadros, M TI Phospholipid fatty acids in forest soil four years after organic matter removal and soil compaction SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE organic matter removal; soil compaction; temperature hardwood forests; soil microbial biomass; disturbance Clarksville silt loam ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; FUNGAL BIOMASS; BACTERIA; LITTER; PINE AB Disturbance caused by forest management practices can have a striking effect on soil microbial activity in a forest ecosystem. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were developed and compared for soils in plots of a harvested forest stand 4 years after removing only merchantable logs (130) and removing the whole tree plus forest floor (WT+FF), in combination with two levels of soil compaction (none and severe) and plots in an uncut forest stand (control). Soils in both forest stands were characterized by a cherty residuum that is primarily of the Clarksville series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults). Thirty soil samples were collected from 0 to 10 cm depth from each plot and pooled; a composite sample of the mixture was analyzed for each of the 15 plots. After 4 years, PLEA representing bacterial biomass did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between treated and control plots. Prokaryote organisms outnumbered polyonic organisms by 5 to 1. Among structure groups, unsaturated and saturated differed significantly between treatments, but branched, cyclopropane, and polyenoic did not. Individual fatty acids differed between treatments regardless of significant differences between structure groups. Both cell membrane permeability and turnover rate were lower for organisms in control plots than for organisms in treated plots. Differences in fatty acid profiles attributed to soil disturbance suggest that attributes of soil disturbance favors specific groups of organisms over others. Further work is needed to identify how forest soil processes influenced by disturbance impact microbial community structure and growth to determine if microbial activity as inferred by PFLA analysis can be used to monitor the recovery of soils in forested sites. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Biol, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Ponder, F (reprint author), Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 208 Foster Hall, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. NR 37 TC 53 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 19 IS 2 BP 173 EP 182 AR PII S0929-1393(01)00182-2 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00182-2 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 577GR UT WOS:000177053600007 ER PT J AU Hinson, S Nagoshi, RN AF Hinson, S Nagoshi, RN TI ovarian tumor expression is dependent on the functions of the somatic sex regulatory genes transformer-2 and doublesex SO ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE oogenesis; transformer-2; ovarian tumor; transformer; sex-lethal ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GERM-LINE; OTU GENE; OOGENESIS; LOCUS; OVO; MUTATIONS; ALLELES; DIFFERENTIATION; CHROMOSOME AB The doublesex-dependent sex regulatory pathway in Drosophila controls major aspects of somatic sexual differentiation, but its expression is not required in the X/X germline. Nevertheless, mutations in doublesex and in the genes that directly regulate its expression, transformer and transformer-2, disrupt early stages of oogenic differentiation to produce gonads containing immature germ cells. This indicates a critical, but uncharacterized, set of soma-germline interactions essential for oogenesis. In this paper, we examined the effects of mutations in transformer-2 on the expression and function of the germline-specific ovarian tumor gene. We demonstrated that in transformer-2 mutants, there was a marked reduction in the activity of the ovarian tumor promoter in the mutant germline. In addition, the phenotypic effects on the arrested germline could be partially suppressed by the simultaneous over-expression of both ovarian tumor and a second germline gene, Sex-lethal. This differs from transformer mutations, in which the over-expression of ovarian tumor alone is sufficient for a similar improvement in germline differentiation. In contrast to transformer-2, doublesex activity was not required for ovarian tumor promoter activity and we found indirect evidence that the doublesex male-specific function might have a negative regulatory effect. These data indicate that the components of the genetic pathway regulating somatic sexual differentiation have specific and differential effects on germline gene activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Biol Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Nagoshi, RN (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565,1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1467-8039 J9 ARTHROPOD STRUCT DEV JI Arthropod Struct. Dev. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 51 EP 63 AR PII S1467-8039(02)00020-8 DI 10.1016/S1467-8039(02)00020-8 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 618GC UT WOS:000179409500005 PM 18088970 ER PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S AF Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S TI Cloned and expressed fungal phyA gene in alfalfa produces a stable phytase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM PHYTASE; TOBACCO-LEAVES; NIGER PHYTASE AB The phyA gene from Aspergillus ficuum that codes for a 441-amino-acid full-length phosphomonoesterase (phytase) was cloned and expressed in Medicago sativa (alfalfa) leaves. The expressed enzyme from alfalfa leaves was purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized, and its catalytic properties were elucidated. The expressed phytase in alfalfa leaves retained all the biochemical properties of the benchmark A. ficuum phytase. Although the characteristic bi-hump pH optima were retained in the cloned phytase, the optimal pH shifted downward from 5.5 to 5.0. Also, the recombinant phytase was inhibited by the pseudo-substrate myo-inositol hexasulfate and also by antibody raised against a 20-mer peptide belonging to fungal phytase. The expressed phytase in alfalfa could also be modified by phenylglyoxal. Taken together, the results indicate that fungal phytase when cloned and expressed in alfalfa leaves produces stable and catalytically active phytase while retaining all the properties of the benchmark phytase. This affirms our view that "molecular biofarming" could be an alternative means of producing stable hydrolytic enzymes such as phytase. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 43 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD FEB 1 PY 2002 VL 290 IS 4 BP 1343 EP 1348 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6361 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 518XK UT WOS:000173693200030 PM 11812011 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH James, LF AF Ralphs, MH James, LF TI Larkspur introduction - Chemotaxonomy, toxicity, and management of three species of tall larkspur SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 75 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00119-3 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900001 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Ralphs, MH Turner, DL Welsh, SL AF Gardner, DR Ralphs, MH Turner, DL Welsh, SL TI Taxonomic implications of diterpene alkaloids in three toxic tall larkspur species (Delphinium spp.) SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Delphinium barbeyi; Delphinium occidentale; Delphinium glaucum; electrospray mass spectrometry; chemotaxonomy; larkspur; poisonous plants; diterpene alkaloids ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; BARBEYI; OCCIDENTALE AB The diterpene alkaloid content was used to assess the chemical taxonomic diversity in three larkspur species. Samples (n=163) were collected from 18 different locations in five western states, extracted and analyzed for diterpene alkaloids using electrospray mass spectrometry. The data were statistically analyzed using canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. Delphinium glaucum samples were easily grouped and were significantly different from all other groups (P<0.005) for two compounds. Delphinium barbeyi and Delphinium occidentals were found to be distinct groups, but more closely related. Samples representing a putative hybrid between D. barbeyi and D. occidentale were found to be closely related to D. occidentals, but were significantly different from all other groups. These data support the classification of D. glaucum, D. barbeyi, and D. occidentals as distinct species and suggest that a possible hybrid is more similar to D. occidentale than D. barbeyi. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. USDA, USFS, Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT USA. Brigham Young Univ, Monte L Bean Life Sci Museum Herbarium, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 77 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00120-X PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900002 ER PT J AU Li, X Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Wang, RRC AF Li, X Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Wang, RRC TI Genetic variation within and among 22 accessions of three tall larkspur species (Delphinium spp.) based on RAPD markers SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic variation; random amplified polymorphic DNA; species-specific; larkspur; poisonous plants ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; IDENTIFICATION; DNA; LOCALIZATION; ALKALOIDS; BARBEYI; CATTLE AB Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess genetic diversity in three species of toxic larkspurs (Delphinium spy). A total of 184 plants from 22 accessions in five western states were analyzed by 23 RAPD primers that amplified 188 reproducible bands. There were 144 polymorphic bands; 10 shared by Delphinium glaucum and Delphinium occidentale, eight shared by Delphinium barbeyi and D. glaucum, and 18 shared by D. occidentale and D. barbeyi. Thirteen bands were specific for D. occidentale, 18 for D. glaucum and 19 for D. barbeyi. There were 58 bands that were specific for individual accessions and 44 bands that were. common to all three species. Some of the species-specific bands were cloned and tested in Southern hybridization. Based on the presence or absence of the 144 polymorhpic RAPD bands in individuals, a dendrogram was generated to assess the genetic similarity among the samples. The cophenetic values were 0.64 between D. occidentale and D. barbeyi, and 0.55 between the cluster of these two species and D. glaucum. These relationships are congruent with those based on morphological characters and support the contention that these are separate species. Understanding the genetic relationships among these three tall larkspur species will provide basic knowledge useful in developing strategies to reduce livestock losses by these poisonous plants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 91 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00121-1 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900003 ER PT J AU Welsh, SL Ralphs, M AF Welsh, SL Ralphs, M TI Some tall larkspurs (Delphinium-Ranunculaceae) a taxonomic review SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; Delphinium barbeyi; D. glaucum; D. occidentale; nomenclature; identification C1 Brigham Young Univ, Stanley L Welsh Herbarium, Monte L Bean Life Sci Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT USA. RP Welsh, SL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Stanley L Welsh Herbarium, Monte L Bean Life Sci Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00122-3 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900004 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Manners, GD Stegelmeier, BL Lee, S Gardner, DR Ralphs, MH Pfister, JA James, LF AF Panter, KE Manners, GD Stegelmeier, BL Lee, S Gardner, DR Ralphs, MH Pfister, JA James, LF TI Larkspur poisoning: toxicology and alkaloid structure-activity relationships SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE larkspurs; toxicology; norditerpenoid alkaloids; structure-activity relationship; deltaline; methyllycaconitine; nudicauline ID ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN BINDING; NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; DELPHINIUM ALKALOIDS; CATTLE; METHYLLYCACONITINE; CONSUMPTION; RECEPTORS; PHENOLOGY; BARBEYI; SHEEP AB Systematic approaches to taxonomic classifications of the tall larkspur spp. have been developed using traditional chemical methods to profile alkaloids, comparison of relative toxicity of individual alkaloids, plant morphology/taxonomy and molecular genetics. Using these methods (papers published in this series) toxicology of three distinct species of tall larkspurs including Delphinium glaucum, Delphinium barbeyi and Delphinium occidentale is described. Tall larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) continue to be the most serious cause of cattle losses on mountain rangelands in the western US. Over 40 norditerpenoid alkaloids have been reported in species of larkspurs and toxicology data on 25 of these have been reported by the authors. These alkaloids can be classified into three general types based on their structural characteristics and toxicity: the N-(methylsuccinyl) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL)-type, having high toxicity; the lycoctonine-type, with moderate toxicity; and the 7,8-methylenedioxylycoctonine (MDL)-type, of low toxicity. The structural importance of the methylsuccinimido anthranilic acid ester group at the C18 position is evident in the high toxicity of MSAL alkaloids, particularly methyllycaconitine (MLA), Nudicauline (NUD) and 14-deacetylnudicauline (14-DAN). Other structural aspects of these alkaloids such as the C14 functionality are also important, as demonstrated by the reduced toxicity of barbinine. MLA is the alkaloid of most importance in toxicity of larkspurs on mountain rangelands because of its prevalence in most larkspurs and high toxicity. While NUD and 14-DAN also possess high toxicity, they are relatively minor components in few larkspur species (generally the plains and low larkspurs), but when present at concentrations approaching 1 mg/g dry weight they contribute significantly to overall toxicity. Deltaline (DLT) is often found in high concentrations in many larkspurs but because of low toxicity, its contribution to larkspur poisoning in the field is relatively minor and it will probably not cause toxicosis in the absence of the MSAL-type alkaloids. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1500 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 42 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 113 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00123-5 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900005 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Manners, GD Panter, KE Lee, ST AF Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Manners, GD Panter, KE Lee, ST TI Management of three toxic Delphinium species based on alkaloid concentrations SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Delphinium glaucum; Delphinium barbeyi; Delphinium occidentale; diterpenoid alkaloids; methyllycaconitine; larkspurs; poisonous plants; cattle grazing ID TALL LARKSPUR DELPHINIUM; NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; CATTLE; BARBEYI; INGESTION; SPP. AB A systematic approach to the taxonomic classification of the tall larkspur complex (Delphinium spp.) has been developed and implemented using molecular genetics, plant morphology, and alkaloid profiles, as shown in other papers in this series. This approach supports the classification of three distinct species (D. glaucum, D. barbeyi and D. occidentale), as the species differ in genetics and toxicity. Toxic alkaloid concentrations over the growing season were integrated with data on diet selection to make management recommendations on a species-specific basis to reduce the risk of poisoning cattle. Alkaloid concentrations in tall larkspurs in excess of 3 mg/g impart moderate or high risk to grazing cattle if sufficient quantities are consumed. D. glaucum is most toxic, with toxic alkaloid concentrations that exceed 3 mg/g throughout the grazing season until late maturity. Cattle should be denied access to dense patches of this species throughout the grazing season until after seed shatter. Concentration of toxic alkaloids in D. barbeyi is highest in vegetative plants, but D. barbeyi is unpalatable to cattle until flowering racemes begin to elongate. We recommend grazing D. barbeyi ranges early in the season when it is not palatable, then removing cattle from early flowering stage through mid-pod stage when cattle are most likely to be poisoned. Cattle can again safely graze D. barbeyi late in the season when the toxic alkaloid concentration typically declines below 3 mg/g. Some populations of D. occidentale and the D. barbeyixD. occidentale hybrids do not contain toxic alkaloids, and pose little risk of poisoning throughout the year. Toxicity of northern populations of D. occidentale varies from year-to-year for unknown reasons. Cattle losses from D. occidentale are usually less severe than from D. barbeyi, but generally the same recommendations apply as for D. barbeyi. Toxicity sampling is an essential management tool. Tall larkspur populations can be tested for toxicity throughout the growing season. Whenever toxic alkaloid concentrations exceed 3 mg/g in leaves. flowers, or pods, cattle should be removed from the area and not returned until pods begin to shatter and risk of poisoning is lower. In general, tall larkspurs are safe to graze when alkaloid concentrations fall below 3 mg/g because it is difficult for cattle to eat sufficient larkspur to become fatally poisoned. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Lab, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 33 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00124-7 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 518NN UT WOS:000173674900006 ER PT J AU Boyette, CD Walker, HL Abbas, HK AF Boyette, CD Walker, HL Abbas, HK TI Biological control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) with an isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Myrothecium verrucaria; biological control; bioherbicide; kudzu; Pueraria lobata AB An isolate of the fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) was evaluated for biocontrol potential against kudzu (Pueraria lobata). In greenhouse tests, MV was highly virulent against kudzu in the absence of dew when conidia were formulated in 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfactant (SW). Inoculum concentrations >2 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) were required to satisfactorily control plants in the third leaf stage and larger. In controlled environment experiments, kudzu mortality was greater at higher temperatures (25-40degreesC) than at lower temperatures (10-20degreesC), although pathogenesis and mortality occurred at all temperatures tested. In Weld tests, transplanted kudzu seedlings in the 2-3 leaf growth stage treated with MV at 2 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) in 0.2% SW, exhibited leaf and stem necrosis within 24 h following inoculation, with mortality occurring within 96 h. After 7 days, 100% of inoculated kudzu plants were killed in plots treated with the fungus/surfactant mixtures. Similar results were observed in a naturally occurring kudzu population, where 100% control occurred within 14 days after inoculation with 2 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) in 0.2% SW. In summary, MV effectively controlled kudzu in the absence of dew over a wide range of physical and environmental conditions and under Weld conditions. These results indicate that, when properly formulated, MV has potential as a valuable bioherbicide for controlling kudzu. C1 ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Louisiana Tech Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. RP Boyette, CD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 17 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1080/09583150120093031 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 526JF UT WOS:000174126400007 ER PT J AU Saunders, SC Mislivets, MR Chen, JQ Cleland, DT AF Saunders, SC Mislivets, MR Chen, JQ Cleland, DT TI Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE roads; fragmentation; landscape structure; northern hardwoods; scale ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; BREEDING BIRDS; WOLF HABITAT; PATTERNS; WISCONSIN; DENSITY; VEGETATION; ONTARIO AB Road development is a primary mechanism of fragmentation in the northern Great Lakes Region, removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access for humans. We examined road density, landscape structure, and edge habitat created by roads for eight land cover types at two ecological extents within a 78,752 km(2) landscape. Road density ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 km/km(2) within land type associations. Between 5 and 60% of a land cover type was affected by roads, depending on the assumed depth-of-edge influence (DEI). Roads increased number of patches and patch density, and decreased mean patch size and largest patch index. Changes in patch size coefficient of variation and measures of patch shape complexity depended on ecological level (i.e. scale) and land cover class. Limited additional change in landscape metrics occurred as road DEI was increased from 20 to 300 m. Land cover type occurred in buffers at the same percentages as in the landscape as a whole. At finer extents, areas with greatest road densities did not always parallel those with greatest changes in landscape structure. Interactions of scale and variation in the distribution of roads across the region emphasize the importance of examining landscape metrics and road impacts within specific cover types and at appropriate, or multiple, scales. Although this region is densely forested, the fragmentation effects of roads are pervasive, significantly altering landscape structure within multiple forest cover classes and at differing ecological extents. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54529 USA. RP Saunders, SC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 72 TC 100 Z9 125 U1 5 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 103 IS 2 BP 209 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00130-6 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 508LF UT WOS:000173089600010 ER PT J AU Wu, ZX Nordlund, DA AF Wu, ZX Nordlund, DA TI Superparasitism of Lygus hesperus Knight eggs by Anaphes iole Girault in the laboratory SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Anaphes iole; Lygus hesperus; egg parasitoid; host discrimination; superparasitism; oviposition behavior; insect rearing ID HOST DISCRIMINATION; CONSPECIFIC SUPERPARASITISM; OVIJENTATUS HYMENOPTERA; MIRIDAE; MYMARIDAE; HEMIPTERA; OVIPOSITION; HETEROPTERA; RECOGNITION; PARASITOIDS AB Anaphes iole Girault is a solitary egg parasitoid which attacks Lygus spp. In a low-parasitoid-density, experiment (parasitoid:host ratio = 1:40) 10.0% of available Lygus hesperus Knight eggs were superparasitized by A. iole. However, in experiments with a high parasitoid density (parasitoid:host ratio = 1:9), superparasitism of L. hesperus eggs was 33.3,66.7, and 82.2% after exposure for 2, 6, and 24 h, respectively. Anaphes iole females were likely to superparasitize hosts previously parasitized by conspecific females, as 81.2% of such hosts were accepted for parasitization. High superparasitism rates resulted from a weak tendancy to discriminate against host eggs parasitized by a conspecific and a high rate of encountering such hosts at a high parasitoid density. Female parasitoids demonstrated an ability to discriminate against host eggs that they had recently parasitized, but it was not sufficient to prevent superparasitism from occurring at a high parasitoid density. Mean numbers of ovipositor piercing scars/host egg and parasitoid eggs/host egg increased with, but not in proportion, to the exposure period. The frequency of ovipositor penetrations, without egg deposition, also increased as the exposure period increased at the high parasitoid density. These data suggest that parasitoids are sensitive to some chemical and/or physical changes that occur both on the exterior and interior of the host egg, which causes the host egg to become less accepts able once it has been parasitized. The implications of superparasitization for mass rearing of these parasitoids are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Nordlund, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, REES, OTT, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0997 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 517DU UT WOS:000173596500003 ER PT J AU Wraight, SP Ramos, ME AF Wraight, SP Ramos, ME TI Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beauveria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; entomopathogenic fungus; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Colorado potato beetle; application methods; field efficacy; microbial control ID METARHIZIUM-FLAVOVIRIDE; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; FUNGICIDES; CONIDIA; OIL; FORMULATIONS AB The effects of various spray-application parameters on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana foliar treatments against Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae were evaluated during three field seasons. Treatments were applied to small plots (6 rows x 7-12 m) using a CO2-powered backpack hydraulic sprayer with nozzles affixed to lateral drop tubes and directed upward at a 45degrees angle to target ventral leaf surfaces. The sprayer delivered 280 liters/ha at 3.45 bar. Three rates (1.25, 2.5, and 5 x 10(13) conidia/ha) of an emulsifiable oil formulation of B. bassiana and two spray intervals (3-4 vs 6-8 days) were tested. Three applications at the medium and high rates made at 3- to 4-day intervals produced low to moderate levels of control (43-65%). The low rate and applications at weekly intervals were less effective. A wettable powder (WP) formulation was also compared to the oil formulation. Three applications at the medium rate were made at 3- to 4-day intervals. During one field season, rain commenced soon after two of the three initial applications. Under these conditions, the oil formulation was significantly more effective than the WP formulation (65% vs 8% control), suggesting greater rainfastness of the oil formulation. Tests with the oil formulation also compared applications from a sprayer configured with drop tubes as described above to those from a sprayer configured with nozzles directed to spray downward from 30 cm above the canopy. The sprayer with nozzles attached solely on drop tubes deposited an average of 752 conidia/mm(2) on the upper surfaces of the leaves and 482 conidia/mm (39%) on the lower surfaces, whereas the alternative sprayer deposited 1062 conidia/mm(2) onto the upper surfaces and only 50 conidia/mm' (<5%) onto the leaf undersides. Applications from below canopy provided greater control of larvae than applications from above canopy when initiated against early instars. Applications initiated against late-instar larvae failed to provide useful control of larvae; however, nearly all treatments applied against late instars, including sprays at weekly intervals and from above canopy, produced significant reductions (53-84%) in populations of first-generation adult beetles. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Wraight, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 42 TC 45 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 164 EP 178 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.1004 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 517DU UT WOS:000173596500009 ER PT J AU Momany, FA Willett, JL AF Momany, FA Willett, JL TI Molecular dynamics calculations on amylose fragments. I. Glass transition temperatures of maltodecaose at 1, 5, 10, and 15.8% hydration SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE glass transition temperature; molecular dynamics; AMB99C; maltodecaose ID AMORPHOUS STARCH; FORCE-FIELD; SIMULATION; WATER; GLUCOSE; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; CYCLODEXTRINS; DIFFUSION; CRYSTAL; STATES AB Molecular dynamics simulations (NPT ensembles, 1 atm) using the all atom force field AMB99C (F. A. Momany and J. L. Willett, Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 326, pp 194-209 and 210-226), are applied to a periodic cell containing ten maltodecaose fragments and TIP3P water molecules. Simulations were carried out at 25 K intervals over a range of temperatures above and below the expected glass transition temperature, T-g, for different water concentrations. The amorphous cell was constructed through successive dynamic equilibration steps at temperatures above T-g and the temperature lowered until several points of reduced slope (1/T vs volume) were obtained. This procedure was carried out at each hydration level. Each dynamics simulation was continued until the volume remained constant without up or down drift for at least the last 100 ps. For a given temperature, most simulations required 400-600 ps to reach an equilibrium state, but longer times were necessary as the amount of water in the cell was reduced. A total of more than 30 ns of simulations were required for the complete study. The T-g for each hydrated cell was taken as that point at which a discontinuity in slope of the volume (V), potential energy (PE), or density (p) vs 1/T was observed. The average calculated T-g values were 311, 337, 386, and 477 K for hydration levels of 15.8, 10, 5, and 1%, respectively, in generally good agreement with experimental values. The T-g for anhydrous amylose is above the decomposition temperature for carbohydrates and so cannot be easily measured However, it has also been difficult to obtain a value of T-g for anhydrous amylose using simulation methods. Other molecular parameters such as end-to-end distances, mean square distributions, and pair distributions are discussed. (C) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(dagger) C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Momany, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PD FEB PY 2002 VL 63 IS 2 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1002/bip.10014 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 517KH UT WOS:000173609300003 PM 11786998 ER PT J AU Hansen, AJ Rasker, R Maxwell, B Rotella, JJ Johnson, JD Parmenter, AW Langner, L Cohen, WB Lawrence, RL Kraska, MPV AF Hansen, AJ Rasker, R Maxwell, B Rotella, JJ Johnson, JD Parmenter, AW Langner, L Cohen, WB Lawrence, RL Kraska, MPV TI Ecological causes and consequences of demographic change in the new west SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; MANAGEMENT; WILDERNESS; TRAILS C1 Sonoran Inst, NW Off, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 44 TC 152 Z9 156 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0151:ECACOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 521KR UT WOS:000173839600006 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY AF Solaiman, DKY TI Polymerase-chain-reaction-based detection of individual polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase phaC1 and phaC2 genes SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Comamonas; P. corrugata; PCR; PHA synthase; poly(hydroxyalkanoates); Pseudomonas oleovorans ID PSEUDOMONAS-OLEOVORANS; CORRUGATA; IDENTIFICATION; METABOLISM; STRAINS; CLONING; PCR AB A semi-nested PCR method for the specific and individual amplification of type II phaC1 and phaC2 subgenomic fragments containing the catalytically important lipase box-like sequence and the phosphopantetheine binding site was developed. Direct sequencing of these DeltaphaC1 and DeltaphaC2 fragments is possible, thus greatly facilitating the characterization of these genes. The method was used to show that three strains of Pseudomonas oleovorans harbor different pha loci, while five strains of P. corrugata contain identical DeltaphaC1 and DeltaphaC2 subgenomic fragments. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 24 IS 4 BP 245 EP 250 DI 10.1023/A:1014017609866 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 519BA UT WOS:000173702500001 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Steinberg, DH AF Somkuti, GA Steinberg, DH TI Agarose/agar assay system for the selection of bacteriocin-producing lactic fermentation bacteria SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE agarose plates; bacteriocin; detection assay ID PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; ACID BACTERIA; EXPRESSION; SPECTRUM; CLONING AB The direct selection of bacteriocin-producing lactic fermentation bacteria was possible by plating diluted cultures of Pediococcus acidilactici on mixed agarose agar layers with the amount of each component incrementally adjusted to 1.2% (w/v). Between 0.5 and 1% agarose, the increased flexibility of the solidified support layer allowed its removal from Petri dishes without tearing and its smooth layering on the surface of 1.5% (w/v) standard agar medium seeded with Listeria innocua as the test organism. Selection of bacteriocin-producing clones was based on the size of inhibition zones visible in the bottom agar layer under colonies growing on the agarose/agar top layer. The lack of contact with the test organism permitted the transfer of superior clones from the surface of the agarose/agar layer directly into an appropriate nutrient medium. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 24 IS 4 BP 303 EP 308 DI 10.1023/A:1014089304918 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 519BA UT WOS:000173702500011 ER PT J AU Bosch, J Kemp, WP AF Bosch, J Kemp, WP TI Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) and fruit trees SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID LIGNARIA-PROPINQUA CRESSON; APIS-MELLIFERA HYMENOPTERA; CORNUTA LATR HYMENOPTERA; VARROA-JACOBSONI OUD; SMALL HIVE BEETLE; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; APPLE ORCHARDS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ALMOND ORCHARDS; HONEY-BEES AB The development of a bee species as a new crop pollinator starts with the identification of a pollination-limited crop production deficit and the selection of one or more candidate pollinator species. The process continues with a series of studies on the developmental biology, pollinating efficacy, nesting behaviour, preference for different nesting substrates, and population dynamics of the candidate pollinator. Parallel studies investigate the biology of parasites, predators and pathogens. The information gained in these studies is combined with information on the reproductive biology of the crop to design a management system. Complete management systems should provide guidelines on rearing and releasing methods, bee densities required for adequate pollination, nesting materials, and control against parasites, predators and pathogens. Management systems should also provide methods to ensure a reliable pollinator supply. Pilot tests on a commercial scale are then conducted to test and eventually refine the management system. The process culminates with the delivery of a viable system to manage and sustain the new pollinator on a commercial scale. The process is illustrated by the development of three mason bees, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski), O. lignaria Say and O. cornuta (Latreille) as orchard pollinators in Japan, the USA and Europe, respectively. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bosch, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, 5310 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM Nomada@biology.usu.edu OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 149 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 12 U2 70 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 EI 1475-2670 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1079/BER2001139 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 532VU UT WOS:000174496400002 PM 12020357 ER PT J AU Anstead, JA Burd, JD Shufran, KA AF Anstead, JA Burd, JD Shufran, KA TI Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera : Aphididae) clones from cultivated and non-cultivated hosts: haplotype and host associations SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GREENBUG HOMOPTERA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; MOLECULAR CLOCK; ADAPTED RACES; PEA APHIDS; RAPD-PCR; BIOTYPES; EVOLUTIONARY AB A 1.0 kb region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from the greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), was sequenced for 24 field collected clones from non-cultivated and cultivated hosts. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining phylogenies were estimated for these clones, plus 12 previously sequenced clones. All three tests produced trees with identical topologies and confirmed the presence of three clades within S. graminum. Clones showed no relationship between biotype and mtDNA haplotype. At least one biotype was found in all three clades, suggesting exchange among clades of genetic material conditioning for crop virulence, or the sharing of a common ancestor. However, there was a relationship between host and haplotype. Clade 1 was the most homogenous and contained 12 of 16 clones collected from cultivated hosts and five of the six collected from johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, a congener of cultivated sorghum, S. bicolor. Four of the six clones collected from Agropyron spp. were found in clade 2. Clade 3 contained two clones from wheat, Triticum aestivum, and four from non-cultivated hosts other than Agropyron spp. A partitioning of populations by mtDNA haplotype and host suggests the occurrence of host adapted races in Schizaphis graminum. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Noble Res Ctr 127, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Shufran, KA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RI Anstead, James/A-5250-2008 NR 53 TC 62 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 7 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1079/BER2001141 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 532VU UT WOS:000174496400003 PM 12020358 ER PT J AU Skoda, SR Pornkulwat, S Foster, JE AF Skoda, SR Pornkulwat, S Foster, JE TI Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers for discriminating Cochliomyia hominivorax from C-macellaria (Diptera : Calliphoridae) SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAPD-PCR MARKERS; POPULATION-GENETICS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SCREWWORM FLY; AEDES-AEGYPTI; BRAZIL AB The screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), is one of the most important pests of livestock in the Western Hemisphere. During early immature stages it is morphologically very similar (first instars are virtually indistinguishable) to the secondary screwworm, C. macellaria (Fabricius). Here, the utility of the random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was explored as a technique for developing molecular genetic markers for these two species. Of the 120 arbitrary primers screened, 21 primers produced markers that were further investigated. Seven of the 21 primers produced clear and reproducible markers that were tested with DNA of five individuals from four populations of each species; five of these primers showed 12 RAPD markers that differentiated the species in all populations. Analyses of data from these seven primers also suggested that intraspecific polymorphisms exist that could be useful in distinguishing populations of screwworms. Some population genetic tools, such as genetic distance, cluster analysis and bootstrapping, were used to statistically explore these polymorphisms. The resulting statistics showed 100% support for the ability of RAPD-PCR to discriminate between the two species. Bootstrapping with data from one of the genetic distance calculations produced a tree with all individual screwworms in the correct populations, indicating that RAPD-PCR has promise for displaying intraspecific genetic variation that could be used in establishing the general geographic origin of screwworm samples. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, MLIRU, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Insect Genet Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Skoda, SR (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, MLIRU, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1079/BER2001135 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 532VU UT WOS:000174496400011 PM 12020366 ER PT J AU Smith, JE Molina, R Huso, MMP Luoma, DL McKay, D Castellano, MA Lebel, T Valachovic, Y AF Smith, JE Molina, R Huso, MMP Luoma, DL McKay, D Castellano, MA Lebel, T Valachovic, Y TI Species richness, abundance, and composition of hypogeous and epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps in young, rotation-age, and old-growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizal fungi; sporocarp production; forest succession; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Tsuga heterophylla zone; biodiversity ID SHEATHING MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; FORESTS; COMMUNITIES; DIVERSITY; PINE; NETHERLANDS; SUCCESSION; PATTERNS; WILDFIRE; BIOMASS AB Knowledge of the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi among successional forest age-classes is critical for conserving fungal species diversity. Hypogeous and epigeous sporocarps were collected from three replicate stands in each of three forest age-classes (young, rotation-age, and old-growth) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) dominated stands with mesic plant association groups. Over four fall and three spring seasons, 48 hypogeous and 215 epigeous species or species groups were collected from sample areas of 6300 and 43 700 m 2, respectively. Cumulative richness of hypogeous and epigeous species was similar among age-classes but differed between seasons. Thirty-six percent of the species were unique to an age-class: 50 species to old-growth, 19 to rotation-age, and 25 to young stands. Seventeen species (eight hypogeous and nine epigeous) accounted for 79% of the total sporocarp biomass two hypogeous species, Gautieria monticola Harkn., and Hysterangium crassirhachis Zeller and Dodge, accounted for 41%. Average sporocarp biomass in young and rotation-age stands compared with old-growth stands was about three times greater for hypogeous sporocarps and six times greater for epigeous sporocarps. Average hypogeous sporocarp biomass was about 2.4 times greater in spring compared with fall and for epigeous sporocarps about 146 times greater in fall compared with spring. Results demonstrated differences in ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp abundance and species composition among successional forest age-classes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Royal Bot Gardens Melbourne, Natl Herbarium Victoria, S Yarra, Vic 3141, Australia. Univ Calif, Eureka, CA 95503 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jsmith01@fs.fed.us OI Lebel, Teresa/0000-0002-8592-1102 NR 78 TC 109 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 26 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 186 EP 204 DI 10.1139/B02-003 PG 19 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 536RL UT WOS:000174715600010 ER PT J AU Heninger, R Scott, W Dobkowski, A Miller, R Anderson, H Duke, S AF Heninger, R Scott, W Dobkowski, A Miller, R Anderson, H Duke, S TI Soil disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on nontilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID COMPACTION; FOREST AB We (i) quantified effects of skidder yarding on soil properties and seedling growth in a portion of western Oregon, (ii) determined if tilling skid trails improved tree growth, and (iii) compared results with those from an earlier investigation in coastal Washington. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were hand planted at eight recent clearcuts in skid ruts in either nontilled or tilled trails, in adjacent soil berms, and in adjacent logged-only portions. Four and 5 years after skidding, rut depths averaged 15 cm below the original soil surface; mean fine-soil bulk density (0-30 cm depth) below ruts of nontilled trails exceeded that on logged-only portions by 14%. Height growth on nontilled trails averaged 24% less than on logged-only portions in year 4 after planting and decreased to 6% less in year 7. For years 8-10, mean height growth was similar for all treatments. Reduced height growth lasted for about 7 years compared with 2 years for coastal Washington. Ten years after planting, trees in skid-trail ruts averaged 10% shorter with 29% less volume than those on logged-only portions. Tillage improved height and volume growth to equal that on logged-only portions. Generalizations about negative effects of skid trails on tree growth have limited geographic scope. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Oregon Forestry Res Field Stn, Springfield, OR 97477 USA. Weyerhaeuser Technol Ctr, Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. Washington Forestry Res Field Stn, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Miller, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 48 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 233 EP 246 DI 10.1139/X01-195 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 529DP UT WOS:000174285000006 ER PT J AU McDonald, TP Carter, EA Taylor, SE AF McDonald, TP Carter, EA Taylor, SE TI Using the global positioning system to map disturbance patterns of forest harvesting machinery SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB A method was presented to transform sampled machine positional data obtained from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver into a two-dimensional raster map of number of passes as a function of location. The effect of three sources of error in the transformation process were investigated: path sampling rate (receiver sampling frequency); output raster resolution; and GPS receiver errors. Total accuracy of traffic maps across a site (the summed areas receiving one, two, three, etc. passes) was not greatly affected by the error sources. The estimate of number of passes at a specific point, however, was heavily dependent on the presence of errors in the input data. Adding random offsets to each GPS position, for example, resulted in less than a 35% chance that an individual pixel would be classified correctly following transformation when compared with a reference raster. Although the absolute accuracy of the GPS-transformation system was not defined, it was concluded that data derived from applying it could be used to make estimates of total site disturbance and to identify regions of higher or lower disturbance but was less effective when applied in defining number of passes at a given point in a stand. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, GW Andrews Lab, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP McDonald, TP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, GW Andrews Lab, 520 DeVall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 310 EP 319 DI 10.1139/X01-189 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 529DP UT WOS:000174285000012 ER PT J AU Gray, AN Spies, TA Easter, MJ AF Gray, AN Spies, TA Easter, MJ TI Microclimatic and soil moisture responses to gap formation in coastal Douglas-fir forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL WET FOREST; OLD-GROWTH; CANOPY STRUCTURE; CLEAR-CUT; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; PATTERNS; DYNAMICS; SIZE; OREGON; REGENERATION AB The effects of gap formation on solar radiation, soil and air temperature, and soil moisture were studied in mature coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Measurements were taken over a 6-year period in closed-canopy areas and recently created gaps in four stands of mature (90-140 years) and old-growth (>400 years) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forest in the western Cascade Range of central Oregon and southern Washington. Gap sizes ranged from 40 to 2000 m(2). Summer solar radiation levels and soil temperatures differed significantly among gap sizes and positions within gaps and were driven primarily by patterns of direct radiation. Nevertheless, effects on air temperature were slight. Soil moisture was more abundant in gaps than in controls, was most abundant in intermediate gap sizes, and tended to decline during the growing season in single-tree gaps and on the north edges of large gaps. However, there was substantial variation in moisture availability within individual gaps, primarily related to the variety of organic substrates present. Moisture in gaps declined over multiple years, likely caused by encroachment of vegetation within and around gaps. Low light levels probably limit filling of natural gaps in these forests, but the variety of microenvironments in large gaps may facilitate diverse plant communities. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gray, AN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 53 TC 129 Z9 153 U1 6 U2 45 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 332 EP 343 DI 10.1139/X01-200 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 529DP UT WOS:000174285000014 ER PT J AU Shelton, MG Cain, MD AF Shelton, MG Cain, MD TI Recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings from simulated browse damage SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings are frequently browsed by a wide variety of animals during the first few years of their development. Although anecdotal observations indicate that the potential for seedling recovery is good, there is little quantitative information on the factors affecting the recovery process. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of the extent and season of simulated browse damage on the recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedlings were clipped at five positions: at the midpoint between the root collar and cotyledons and so that 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the height between the cotyledons and the terminal remained after clipping. Clipping treatments were applied in two seasons: winter and spring. All seedlings clipped below the cotyledons died, confirming that dormant buds or lateral shoots are required for recovery. Survival of seedlings clipped above the cotyledons was 97% for winter clipping and 96% for spring clipping. Most of the seedling mortality (73%) was for seedlings with only 25% of their height remaining. Regression analysis revealed that second-year seedling size was positively affected by first-year size and percentage of remaining height after clipping and that seedlings clipped in winter were larger at 2 years than those clipped during spring. Logistic regression indicated a higher probability of multiple stems resulting from the more severe clipping treatments. Clipping season and severity also significantly affected the probability for tip moth (Rhyacionia spp.) damage, which occurred more frequently in the larger seedlings. Results suggest that planting seedlings deep, with the cotyledons just below ground level, may be an advantage in areas where browse damage is common. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 373 EP 377 DI 10.1139/X01-193 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 529DP UT WOS:000174285000017 ER PT J AU Huwe, JK Lorentzsen, M Thuresson, K Bergman, A AF Huwe, JK Lorentzsen, M Thuresson, K Bergman, A TI Analysis of mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers in chickens at the part per billion level SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DIOXIN 2000 Conference CY AUG 13-17, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SP DIOXIN DE PBDEs; food; GC pressure programming; ion monitoring ID ORGANOCHLORINE AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants which have been found to be increasing in the environment, Because of structural similarities to the polychlorinated biphenyls and concerns that PBDEs may be widespread, we have investigated their presence in a food source, namely chickens. A GC-MS method was developed to analyze mono- through deca-BDEs in chicken fat samples. The method utilized GC pressure programming and selected ion monitoring to quantitate PBDEs at the low part per billion level. Four C-13-labeled surrogates were used to determine recoveries; recoveries averaged from 76% to 114%. Thirteen chickens from the Southern US and a composite sample of chickens from North Dakota were analyzed by this method. The total concentrations of PBDEs on a whole weight basis ranged from 1.7 ppb in North Dakota chickens to 39.4 ppb in a chicken from Arkansas. On a lipid weight basis, these levels were lower than those generally found in fish and fish-eating mammals. The PBDE pattern was also different from other samples reported; penta-BDEs rather than tetra-BDEs were the most prominent congeners. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Environm Chem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 13 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2002 VL 46 IS 5 SI SI BP 635 EP 640 AR PII S0045-6535(01)00227-2 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00227-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 524VZ UT WOS:000174034700004 PM 11999786 ER PT J AU Hao, OJ Kim, MH Seagren, EA Kim, H AF Hao, OJ Kim, MH Seagren, EA Kim, H TI Kinetics of phenol and chlorophenol utilization by Acinetobacter species SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Acinetobacter; phenol; 4-chlorophenol; cometabolism; kinetics; inhibition ID METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; MIXED CULTURE; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; INHIBITION; MODEL; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TOXICITY AB Although microbial transformations via cometabolism have been widely observed, the few available kinetic models of cometabolism have not adequately addressed the case of inhibition from both the growth and nongrowth substrates. The present study investigated the degradation kinetics of self-inhibitory growth (phenol) and nongrowth (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) substrates, present individually and in combination. Specifically, batch experiments were performed using an Acinetobacter isolate growing on phenol alone and with 4-CP present. In addition, batch experiments were also performed to evaluate the transformation of 4-CP by resting, phenol-induced Acinetobacter cultures. The Haldane kinetic model adequately predicted the biodegradation of phenol alone, although a slight discrepancy was noted in cases of higher initial phenol concentrations. Similarly, a Haldane model for substrate utilization was also able to describe the trends in 4-CP transformation by the resting cell cultures. The 4-CP transformation by the Acinetobacter species growing on phenol was modeled using a competitive kinetic model of cometabolism, which included growth and nongrowth substrate inhibition and cross-inhibition terms. Excellent agreement was obtained between the model predictions using experimentally estimated parameter values and the experimental data for the synchronous disappearance of phenol and 4-CP. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Geocenters Inc, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Waste & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hao, OJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 29 TC 110 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2002 VL 46 IS 6 BP 797 EP 807 AR PII S0045-6535(01)00182-5 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00182-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 524FE UT WOS:000174001300001 PM 11922060 ER PT J AU Moore, MT Schulz, R Cooper, CM Smith, S Rodgers, JH AF Moore, MT Schulz, R Cooper, CM Smith, S Rodgers, JH TI Mitigation of chlorpyrifos runoff using constructed wetlands SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE pesticide; non-point; fate; Chironomus ID WATER-QUALITY; PERSISTENCE; STREAMS; INSECTICIDES; PESTICIDES; TRANSPORT; FATE AB Constructed wetlands have been proposed as a potential best management practice (BMP) to mitigate effects of pesticide-associated agricultural runoff. Wetland mesocosms (14 m x 59-73 m) were amended with chlorpyrifos to simulate a storm runoff event at concentrations of 73, 147 and 733 mug/l. Water, sediment and plant samples collected weekly for 12 weeks indicated that chlorpyrifos rapidly sorbed to sediment and plant material, with approximately 47-65% of measured chlorpyrifos mass retained within the first 30 36 m of wetland mesocosms. Of the measured mass, approximately 55% and 25% were retained by sediments and plants, respectively. A field-scale evaluation of a constructed wetland's mitigation capability was performed in the Lourens River watershed of Cape Town, South Africa, Results indicate that the wetland was able to retain and considerably decrease the concentration (and hence toxicity) of chlorpyrifos and suspended sediment entering the receiving waterbody (Lourens River), This research provides fundamental answers concerning constructed wetland capabilities that are necessary for constructing field-scale systems within agricultural watersheds. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Proc Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Clemson Univ, CIET, Pendleton, SC USA. RP Moore, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Proc Res Unit, 598 Mcelroy Dr,POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Schulz, Ralf/G-3674-2011 NR 25 TC 120 Z9 131 U1 2 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2002 VL 46 IS 6 BP 827 EP 835 AR PII S0045-6535(01)00189-8 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00189-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 524FE UT WOS:000174001300004 PM 11922063 ER PT J AU Lee, KT Jones, KC Foglia, TA AF Lee, KT Jones, KC Foglia, TA TI Separation of structured lipids by high performance liquid chromatography SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article DE column liquid chromatography; APCI mass spectrometry detection; evaporative light-scattering detection; structured lipids ID LIGHT-SCATTERING DETECTION; TRIGLYCERIDES; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; MIXTURES; CHAIN; HPLC; ACID AB Medium-chain triacylglycerols (TAG) [tributyrin (1,2,3-fributyrylglycerol), fricaproin (1,2,3-tricaproyiglycerol), and tricaprylin (1,2,3-tricapryloylglycerol)] were subjected to acidolysis with stearic acid or interesterified with hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) using an immobilized lipase as catalyst for the synthesis of structured lipids (SL). Normal phase (silica or cyanopropyl phases; NPSIL or NPCN, respectively) and reverse phase (octadecylsilane, RPODS) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) were used to separate the newly synthesized SL. The NP-HPLC methods fully resolved SL-TAG isomers containing butyryl (C4) and long-chain fatty acyl [stearoyl (C18) and palmitoyl (C 16)] residues, but SL-TAG isomers composed of caproyl (C6) or capryloyl residues (C8) and long-chain fatty acyl residues were not fully resolved. The latter SL-TAG molecules were resolved using the RP-HPLC method. The HPLC methods were combined with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS) to characterize the SL molecular species produced. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), Chungnam Natl Univ, Yusong Ku, 220 Kung Dong, Taejon 305764, South Korea. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 11 PU VIEWEG PI WIESBADEN PA ABRAHAM-LINCOLN-STRABE 46, POSTFACH 15 47, D-65005 WIESBADEN, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PD FEB PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 201 DI 10.1007/BF02492142 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 523VT UT WOS:000173978800013 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Schmitz, H Bairos, L Layne, J Potts, E Cloutier, GJ Denry, F AF Roubenoff, R Schmitz, H Bairos, L Layne, J Potts, E Cloutier, GJ Denry, F TI Reduction of abdominal obesity in lipodystrophy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection by means of diet and exercise: Case report and proof of principle SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Lipodystrophy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection causes abdominal fat gain, peripheral subcutaneous fat atrophy, insulin resistance, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia. An exercise program combined with a moderate-fat, low-glycemic-index, high-fiber diet can reverse several aspects of lipodystrophy, and, until specific treatment is available, should be considered for treatment of lipodystrophy. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIAID NIH HHS [P30 AI42853]; NIDA NIH HHS [DA11598-02]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734] NR 5 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB 1 PY 2002 VL 34 IS 3 BP 390 EP 393 DI 10.1086/338402 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 507UF UT WOS:000173049100015 PM 11774087 ER PT J AU Kao, YH Youson, JH Vick, B Sheridan, MA AF Kao, YH Youson, JH Vick, B Sheridan, MA TI Differences in the fatty acid composition of larvae and metamorphosing sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid; monoacylglycerol; diacylglycerol; triacylglycerol; phospholipid; cholesteryl ester; unsaturation index; lamprey; Petromyzon marinus; metamorphosis ID MUSCLE; TEMPERATURE; LIPIDS; LIVER; FOOD AB This study was designed to evaluate biochemical changes in the fatty acid (FA) compositions of selected lipid depot (kidney and liver) and absorption (intestine) organs in larvae and metamorphosing sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Palmitic or stearic acids were generally the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) before and during metamorphosis, but the greatest proportion of myristic acid occurred in renal triacylglycerol (TG). Monoenes, dienes, and polyenes consist mainly of 16:1, 18:1, and 20:1, 18.2 and 20:2omega6, and 18:4omega3, respectively. Alterations in these predominant fatty acids occurred during lamprey metamorphosis, but depended on tissue, lipid class, and developmental status. During metamorphosis, kidney TG and phospholipid (PL) classes tended to mobilize SFA and enhance the fatty acid unsaturation, as indicated by increased unsaturated/saturated ratio, unsaturation index (USI), and total mean chain length (MCL). There was a tendency to increase saturation in the fatty acids of liver TG and PL classes and intestine TG, FA and monoacylglycerol (MG) classes, but to increase unsaturation in the fatty acids of liver cholesteryl ester (CE), FA and MG classes and intestine PL and CE classes from larva or stage 3 to stage 7. Increased polyunsaturated fatty acids in kidney TG and PL from larvae to stage 5 transformers and intestine PL and CE from stage 3 to stage 7 transformers may reflect an osmoregulatory pre-adaptation. The presence of branched-chain SFA (BCSFA) and the odd number of fatty acids (ONFA) indicated a significant role of detritivores in the benthic larvae. Decreased abundance of BCSFA, ONFA, and 18:2 dienes occurred in the transformed intestine TG as non-trophic metamorphosis proceeded. These data suggest that sea lamprey metamorphosis may proceed in a habitat, dietary, osmoregulatory, energetic, and developmental pre-adaptation of fatty acid composition from benthic filter-feeding larvae to pelagic parasitic juveniles. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Life Sci, Chungli 32054, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Regulatory Biosci Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Kao, YH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Life Sci, Chungli 32054, Taoyuan, Taiwan. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 131 IS 2 BP 153 EP 169 AR PII S1096-4959(01)00491-2 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00491-2 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 521RW UT WOS:000173856200004 PM 11818238 ER PT J AU Bhandari, N Enongene, EN Riley, RT Meredith, FI Sharma, RP AF Bhandari, N Enongene, EN Riley, RT Meredith, FI Sharma, RP TI Temporal expression of fumonisin B-1-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma in mice SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin; interferon gamma (IFN gamma); liver; mice; oral; subcutaneous; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha); toxicity ID GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN-KINASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; B-1; CELLS; LIVER; MYCOTOXIN; TOXICITY AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a toxic metabolite of Fusarium verticillio ides, is a carcinogen and causative agent of various animal diseases. Our previous studies indicated the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in FB1-induced toxic responses. To further investigate the time-course of TNFalpha production and signaling mice (four/group) were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) or per os. (p.o.) with either vehicle or 25 mg/kg of FB1 as a single dose and sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after treatment. The TNFalpha expression was increased in liver and kidney after both routes of FB1 exposure without any alterations in spleen. The p.o.-route FB1 treatment caused greater hepatotoxicity compared to the s.c. route, as depicted by increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level in plasma, observed only after p.o. FB1 treatment. The increase in enzymes at 8 h after p.o. treatment correlated with the highest TNFalpha expression, also noted at 8 h after p.o. treatment, thus further confirming the involvement of TNFalpha in FB1 toxicity. The interferon (IFN)-gamma expression was increased in liver at 4 h after p.o. FB1 treatment, suggesting a possible combined role of TNFalpha and IFNgamma in their induction and hepatotoxicity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Sharma, RP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09403] NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 131 IS 2 BP 113 EP 122 AR PII S1532-0456(01)00280-0 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00280-0 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 532HW UT WOS:000174469200001 PM 11879779 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Finch, DM AF Wang, Y Finch, DM TI Consistency of mist netting and point counts in assessing landbird species richness and relative abundance during migration SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE landbirds; migration; mist netting; point count; relative abundance; Rio Grande; species richness ID NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT; BIRDS; POPULATION; FOREST; MEXICO; NETS AB We compared consistency of species richness and relative abundance data collected concurrently using mist netting and point counts during migration in riparian habitats along the middle Rio Grande of central New Mexico. Mist netting detected 74% and point counts detected 82% of the 197 species encountered during the study. Species that mist netting failed to capture were usually large, such as quails, raptors, owls, woodpeckers, jays, and crows, or those foraging on the wing, such as swallows and nighthawks; species that point counts failed to detect were usually small, such as sparrows, warblers, vireos, and wrens, or rare species. For the 110 species detected by both techniques, relative abundance was correlated (r = 0.75). However, point counts tended to provide lower estimates for species that were more likely to be captured by mist netting. The strength of the relationship of abundance estimates from the two methods varied by habitat type (cottonwood, agriculture, and willow). The discrepancy between the two techniques was similar in both magnitude and direction in willow and agriculture habitats but was less consistent between each of these two and cottonwood, probably because of canopy height and vegetation vertical structure. The discrepancy between the two techniques in estimating relative abundance was smaller in this study than in studies on breeding or wintering grounds. Less habitat specificity and more-active foraging by migrants during stopover might underlie the high consistency between mist netting and point counts in this study. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Forestry & Ecol, POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. EM ywang01@aamu.edu RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 21 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0059:COMNAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 617EJ UT WOS:000179348100006 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Smith, ER Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Smith, ER Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Geographic targeting of increases in nutrient export due to future urbanization SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE export of N and P, vulnerability; geographic modeling; GIS, land-cover change; land cover; mid-Atlantic states (USA); modeling, empirical and risk based; nitrogen; phosphorus; regional-seale analysis; risk assessment; urbanization ID WATER-QUALITY; LAND-COVER; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; MULTIPLE; SCALES; RIVER; MODEL; BAY AB Urbanization replaces the extant natural resource base (e.g., forests, wetlands) with an infrastructure that is capable of supporting humans. One ecological consequence of urbanization is higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in streams, lakes, and estuaries. When received in excess, N and P are considered pollutants. Continuing urbanization will change the relative distribution of extant natural resources. Characteristics of the landscape can shape its response to disturbances such as urbanization. Changes in landscape characteristics across a region create a geographic pattern of vulnerability to increased N and P as a result of urbanization. We linked nutrient-export risk and urbanization models in order to identify areas most vulnerable to increases in nutrient-export risk due to projected urbanization. A risk-based model of N and P export exceeding specified thresholds was developed based on the extant distribution of forest, agriculture, and urban land cover. An empirical model of urbanization was used to increase urban land cover at the expense of forest and agriculture. The modeled (future) land cover was input into the N and P export risk model, and the "before" and "after" estimates of N and P export were compared to identify the areas most vulnerable to change. Increase in N and P export had to be equal to or greater than the accumulated uncertainties in the nutrient-export risk and urbanization models for an area to be considered vulnerable. The areas most vulnerable to increased N and P export were not spatially coincident with the areas of greatest urbanization. Vulnerability also depended on the geographic distribution of forest and agriculture. In general, the areas most vulnerable to increased N exports were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 6 times greater than the amount of agriculture. For P, the most vulnerable areas were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 2 times greater than the amount of agriculture. Vulnerability to increased N and P export was the result of two interacting spatial patterns, urbanization and the extant distribution of land cover. It could not be predicted from either alone. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 93 EP 106 DI 10.2307/3061139 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 516JF UT WOS:000173549600009 ER PT J AU Ollinger, SV Smith, ML Martin, ME Hallett, RA Goodale, CL Aber, JD AF Ollinger, SV Smith, ML Martin, ME Hallett, RA Goodale, CL Aber, JD TI Regional variation in foliar chemistry and N cycling among forests of diverse history and composition SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AVIRIS; canopy chemistry; C : N ratio; disturbance; foliar nitrogen; land use history; nitrification; nitrogen mineralization; plant-soil relations; regional variation; remote sensing; succession; White Mountains; New Hampshire (USA) ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; NITRIFICATION POTENTIALS; CARBON-FRACTION; CONIFER STANDS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NEW-ENGLAND; ECOSYSTEM; DEPOSITION AB Although understanding of nitrogen cycling and nitrification in forest ecosystems has improved greatly over the past several decades, our ability to characterize spatial patterns is still quite limited. A number of studies have shown linkages between canopy chemistry and N cycling, but few have considered the degree to which these trends can provide an indicator of forest N status across large, heterogeneous landscapes. In this study, we examined relationships among canopy chemistry, nitrogen cycling, and soil carbon: nitrogen ratios across 30 forested stands in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Plots included a range of species (sugar maple, red maple, American beech, yellow birch, paper birch, red spruce, balsam fir, eastern hemlock) and were broadly grouped into two disturbance categories: those that were historically affected by intensive logging and/or fire and those that experienced minimal human disturbance. Across all plots, rates of not N mineralization and net nitrification were correlated with canopy nitrogen concentrations, but the relationships differed between disturbance treatments. In deciduous forests, historically undisturbed stands had significantly higher rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification than previously disturbed stands, but these differences were not clearly reflected in patterns of stand-level canopy chemistry. Although soil C:N ratios also differed between disturbed and undisturbed stands, a relationship between soil C:N ratios and canopy lignin:N ratios did not vary with either forest type or disturbance, suggesting that this trend is more consistent across diverse conditions. Relationships between foliar chemistry and N cycling within individual species revealed interesting differences between species and functional groups. For four out of five deciduous species, foliar N increased with increasing net N mineralization, indicating, that species were responsive to changes in N availability and suggesting a positive feedback between foliar chemistry and soil N status. These patterns led to significant differences in foliar N between disturbance treatments for some species, but at the stand level, these differences were masked by successional changes in species composition. Among coniferous species, foliar N showed no variation across wide N-cycling gradients, suggesting a fundamentally different plant-soil interaction. We also examined the potential for extending observed field relationships to the regional level using a high-quality data set of high spectral resolution remote sensing, obtained from NASA's AVIRIS instrument (Airborne Visible and InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer). Cloud-free AVIRIS data from 56 scenes covering the White Mountain National Forest were calibrated to canopy lignin:N ratios and were applied to prediction of C:N ratios in soils. Validation at 10 independent plots showed good prediction accuracy but suggested some overprediction at the low end of the range. Preliminary regional estimates of soil C:N ratios indicate that 63% of the region's land area falls below a value of 22. This value is significant because our field data identified this as a critical threshold for the onset of nitrification. Below C:N = 22, we expect increasing but variable rates of nitrification, depending on other factors such as disturbance or species composition. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Ollinger, SV (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 64 TC 190 Z9 203 U1 10 U2 76 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 83 IS 2 BP 339 EP 355 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0339:RVIFCA]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 516EJ UT WOS:000173538800005 ER PT J AU Kie, JG Bowyer, RT Nicholson, MC Boroski, BB Loft, ER AF Kie, JG Bowyer, RT Nicholson, MC Boroski, BB Loft, ER TI Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: Effects on spatial distribution of mule deer SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE California; habitat; home range; landscape metrics; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; scale; spatial distribution; spatial heterogencity ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; HOME-RANGE SIZE; HABITAT SELECTION; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; BREEDING BIRDS; SIERRA-NEVADA; BODY-SIZE; CATTLE AB We quantified relationships between a suite of landscape metrics measured at different spatial scales and sizes of home ranges for female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to test whether spatial heterogeneity played a major role in determining the distribution of deer. We collected data on female mule deer and their habitats at five diverse L study sites that spanned the length of California, USA. Sizes of home ranges (95% adaptive-kernel analysis) for 80 adult female mule deer varied markedly among individual deer (392878 ha) and among the five study sites (range of means for each study site, 49-1138 ha). We measured landscape metrics within varying radii (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 m) from the center of the home range for each deer. Landscape metrics such as edge density, mean shape index, and double-log fractal dimension were inversely correlated with the size of log(e)- transformed home ranges in deer across all spatial scales. Mean nearest neighbor and contagion index were positively correlated with home-range size across all scales. Significant responses of other metrics such as mean patch size, patch size coefficient of variation, mean edge contrast index, and patch richness density were scale dependent; that is, evident at some spatial scales but not others. We explicitly tested the role of spatial heterogeneity in determining home-range size in female mule deer using a multiple-regression model at the 2000-m scale, which included patch richness density, mean nearest neighbor, mean shape index, and mean edge contrast index. That model explained 57% of the variation in home-range size of mule deer. Models at successively smaller spatial scales explained progressively less of the variation in sizes of deer home ranges. Although home-range size in mule deer was expected to vary with all array of landscape and other variables such as season, reproductive status, and availability of food and water, we explained much of the variation in home-range size with metrics related specifically to heterogeneity of habitats. That outcome highlights the potential importance of spatial heterogeneity in determining the distribution of large herbivores. Such landscape metrics largely have been ignored in attempting to understand the dynamics of home ranges of animals. Better correspondence between landscape heterogeneity and home-range size at larger spatial scales further indicated that mule deer likely made decisions about habitat selection at scales larger than their home ranges. That result has implications for models of habitat choice that rely on home-range size as the appropriate scale for analyses. Moreover, our results indicated that habitat heterogeneity was more important than single landscape measures, such as the amount of habitat edge, in determining home-range size. That outcome has consequences for paradigms used to manage habitats for large herbivores. Finally, we believe that incorporating knowledge concerning habitat heterogeneity into the design of landscape treatments holds the potential to affect the distribution of deer and, thereby, their local population density. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. So Illinois Univ, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. HT Harvey & Associates, Fresno, CA 93711 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Kie, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 111 TC 201 Z9 217 U1 11 U2 137 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 83 IS 2 BP 530 EP 544 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0530:LHADSE]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 516EJ UT WOS:000173538800020 ER PT J AU Reitz, SR Trumble, JT AF Reitz, SR Trumble, JT TI Interspecific and intraspecific differences in two Liriomyza leafminer species in California SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE host plant performance; reproductive success; Agromyzidae; biotypes; assortative mating; cryptic species ID ENEMY-FREE SPACE; HUIDOBRENSIS DIPTERA; LARVAL PERFORMANCE; TRIFOLII DIPTERA; AGROMYZIDAE; CELERY; INSECTICIDES; POPULATIONS; PARASITES; SELECTION AB In recent years, the pest status of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) has changed in California, as well as other areas of the world. In California, L. huidobrensis has become the predominant Liriomyza species in valleys along the central coast, while L. trifolii remains the predominant species in southern California. To investigate possible reasons for this change in status, differences in host plant use and reproductive success of intraspecific populations were examined for Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis from both central and southern California. The southern L. trifolii fed, oviposited and reproduced successfully on all five hosts tested, but the central population fed significantly less on all hosts and was restricted to reproducing on pepper only. With the exception of pepper, southern L. trifolii had significantly greater larval survival on all hosts than central L. trifolii. In contrast, the central L. huidobrensis population had greater reproductive success than the southern population of that species on all hosts plants tested. However, pepper was not a suitable host for either L. huidobrensis population. Both species showed positive assortative mating, with homotypic mating occurring more frequently than heterotypic mating; however, the difference between L. trifolii populations was much more pronounced than between L. huidobrensis populations. These data indicate that central and southern California populations of each species are distinct biotypes. Furthermore when coupled with previous genetic data, our results suggest the possible existence of cryptic species within L. trifolii. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Reitz, SR (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Biol Control, USDA ARS, 310 Perry Paige Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RI Reitz, Stuart/B-7667-2008 NR 44 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 102 IS 2 BP 101 EP 113 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00930.x PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 560UN UT WOS:000176099900001 ER PT J AU Luo, LZ Johnson, SJ Hammond, AM Lopez, JD Geaghan, JP Beerwinkle, KR Westbrook, JK AF Luo, LZ Johnson, SJ Hammond, AM Lopez, JD Geaghan, JP Beerwinkle, KR Westbrook, JK TI Determination and consideration of flight potential in a laboratory population of true armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudaletia unipuncta; flight potential; age; sex; tethered-flight; migration ID HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA LEPIDOPTERA; AGROTIS-IPSILON LEPIDOPTERA; UNIPUNCTA HAW LEPIDOPTERA; PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; CALLING BEHAVIOR; VIRGIN FEMALES; MIGRATION; PERFORMANCE; AGE; HORMONE AB Flight potential, a poorly understood phenomenon in the migratory true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), was investigated in a laboratory population using tethered-flight techniques. True armyworm exhibited strong flight potential relative to other known migratory noctuids whose flight potentials were previously determined by similar techniques. Flight potential was generally low for 1-d-old moths and increased with age to day 5 of adult life. Flight speed and distance flown decreased for female moths from day 5 to day 10 as their reproductive system developed. The greatest average flight speed, total flight duration, and distance flown was exhibited by 5-d-old females and 10-d-old males, suggesting that flight potential may differ by sex. Ten-day old moths had the longest flight duration. Factor analysis showed that total flight distance, total flight duration, and average flight speed are strongly correlated to the factor variable, but the correlation for longest flight duration was weaker. The significance of these findings to migratory flight and reproductive behavior of P. unipuncta is discussed in the light of published findings. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Area Wide Pest Management Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Expt Stat, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Luo, LZ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. EM sjohnson@agctr.lsu.edu NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.1 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GM UT WOS:000178325800001 ER PT J AU Vogt, JT Grantham, RA Corbett, E Rice, SA Wright, RE AF Vogt, JT Grantham, RA Corbett, E Rice, SA Wright, RE TI Dietary habits of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in four Oklahoma habitats SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; diet; foraging; liquid food; solid food; success rates ID IMPORTED FIRE ANTS; TOXOPTERA-CITRICIDA; NATURAL ENEMIES; HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE; INVASION; DAMAGE; COTTON AB Dietary habits of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were investigated in four southern Oklahoma habitats: lakeshore, mixed grassland, wooded roadside, and unimproved pasture. Vegetation characteristics of each site were recorded for spring and late summer, in conjunction with estimates of forager success (the percentage of foragers returning to colonies with solid particles or liquid loads). Foragers collected a wide variety of solid particles, with different arthropod prey dominating samples within different sites. At the lakeshore site (no vegetation), dipteran adults, larvae, and pupae comprised >58% of foraged particles. Isoptera comprised >21% of foraged particles at the wooded roadsite site. At grassland and pasture sites, seeds (17.2 and 15.7%, respectively) were important foraged items. Forager success rates were highest for solids at the lakeshore site (approximate to30% and 16% in spring and late summer, respectively), and highest for liquids at the pasture site (approximate to30% and 22% for spring and late summer, respectively). Possible influence of vegetation on success rates, and implications for estimates of foraging energetics, are discussed. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vogt, JT (reprint author), USDA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, 810 Highway 12 E,POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.47 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GM UT WOS:000178325800007 ER PT J AU Smith, MT Bancroft, J Tropp, J AF Smith, MT Bancroft, J Tropp, J TI Age-specific fecundity of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) on three tree species infested in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anoplophora glabripennis; intrinsic growth rate; age-specific fecundity; exotic invasive species; forest pest ID MONOCHAMUS-CAROLINENSIS COLEOPTERA; PINEWOOD NEMATODE; BEETLE; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; SIZE AB The spread of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Asian long horned bettle), in the United States is dependent on its rates of reproduction and dispersal among host-tree species. Therefore, investigations of the reproductive characteristics of A. glabripennis, including preovipositional period, age specific fecundity and survival, on Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), red maple (Acer,rubrum L.), and black willow (Salix nigra Marshall) were undertaken to quantify its reproductive capacity among these host-tree species under laboratory conditions. Differences were found in preovipositional period, fecundity, egg viability and survival among the host-tree species. Oviposition rate was positively correlated with beetle body size, but negatively correlated with beetle age, bolt area, diameter, and bark thickness. Collectively, results show that in terms of adult female A. glabripennis survival and reproductive capacity, Norway and red maple were more suitable than black willow, with Norway maple somewhat more suitable than red maple. We hypothesize bark thickness and woody-tissue characteristics (i.e., nutritional substances, secondary substances, structural features) caused, at least in part, the observed differences in A. glabripennis survival and reproduction. Comparison of the various measures of A. glabripennis reproductive capacity was made with other cerambycids, specifically species of the subfamily Laminae, and implications for development of management strategies in U.S. ecosystems are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Smith, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 40 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 26 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.76 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GM UT WOS:000178325800010 ER PT J AU Tang, YQ Weathersbee, AA Mayer, RT AF Tang, YQ Weathersbee, AA Mayer, RT TI Effect of neem seed extract on the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoptera citricida; Lysiphlebus testaceipes; neem extract; brown citrus aphid; Neemix; azadirachtin ID AZADIRACHTIN; TRANSMISSION; TOXICITY; VIRUS; PLANT AB The biological effects of a commercially available neem seed extract (Neemix 4.5, 4.5% azadirachtin, AZ) were assessed on the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirklady), a recently introduced insect pest of citrus in the United States and its parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes. When small citrus seedlings were dipped with the neem extract at 11-180 ppm AZ, 0-8% of nymphs and 0-17.5% of adults survived 7 d after the treatment while 95% of nymphs and 42.5% of adults in the control survived for the same period. The extract drastically reduced longevity of both adults and nymphs, adult fecundity, and molting of nymphs at all tested concentrations. Spraying neem extract (11-180 ppm AZ) onto potted citrus plants in the greenhouse also significantly reduced aphids by 20-100%, while control aphid populations increased by 950% 7 d after treatment. Application of the extract had little impact on the survival of adult parasitoids and developing parasitoids within aphids because parasite emergences were similar between treated and untreated parasitized aphids. These results indicate that neem extract may be compatible with integrated pest management programs in citrus and should be evaluated for field efficacy. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Tang, YQ (reprint author), Fujian Agr Univ, Biol Control Res Inst, Fuzhou 35002, Fugian, Peoples R China. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 172 EP 176 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.172 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 599GM UT WOS:000178325800023 ER PT J AU Barton, CD Karathanasis, AD Chalfant, G AF Barton, CD Karathanasis, AD Chalfant, G TI Influence of acidic atmospheric deposition on soil solution composition in the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acid deposition; aluminum; solubility control; soil solution chemistry; sulfate ID STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; ALUMINUM; MODEL; ACIDIFICATION; SULFATE; WATERS; SYSTEM AB Acid atmospheric deposition may enter an environmental ecosystem in a variety of farms and pathways, but the most common components include sulfuric and nitric acids formed when rain water interacts with sulfur (SO,) and nitrogen (NO,) emissions. For many soils and watersheds sensitive to acid deposition, the predominant chronic effect appears to be a low pH, loss of base cations, and a shift in the mineral phase controlling the activity of Al3+ and/or SO42- in solution. Soil solutions from lysimeters at various depths were taken at two sites in the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky, USA, to evaluate potential impacts caused by acid deposition. The sites chosen were in close proximity to coal-burning power plants near Wolfe and McCreary counties and contained soils from the Rayne and Wernock series, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of the soils revealed that both sites contained appreciable amounts of exchangeable acidity in the surface horizons, and that their base saturation levels were sufficiently low to be impacted adversely by acidic inputs. Soil solution data indicated that the sites were periodically subjected to relatively high NO3- and SO42- inputs, which may have influenced spatial and temporal variation in Al and pH. As a consequence, the formation of Al-hydroxy-sulfate minerals such as jurbanite, alunite and basaluminite were thermodynamically favored over gibbsite. Given these conditions, longterm changes in soil solution chemistry from acid deposition are acknowledged. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Daniel Boone Natl Forest, Winchester, KY USA. RP Barton, CD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 672 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s00254-001-0450-6 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 530LY UT WOS:000174360200007 ER PT J AU Marx, M Chavez, DJ AF Marx, M Chavez, DJ TI Conflict and coalitions: An examination of outdoor recreation magazines SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE conflicts; coalitions; outdoor recreation; symbolic interaction; values AB We examined whether value differences between various recreation interest/activity groups are created and sustained by the textual information presented to their readers in magazines. Using a two-stage qualitative approach, our research sought to explore the exact nature of the dialogue in the magazines. We sought detailed, intimate information on a selected number of magazines to assess how the popular press socially constructs knowledge about recreation groups, and we sought to better understand how various recreation group members assign meaning to their activities and interpret the interests of other groups. Findings revealed limited negativity of activity users towards ore another; most of the conflict found In the text of the articles in recreational magazines was characterized as macro-dispositional. Accordingly, in the articles most of the antipathy was directed towards government because of stricter regulation of activity or towards commercial consumers whose exploitation of resources is perceived to threaten groups' activities. Moreover, such conflict crosscuts various groups whose issues and concerns are often similar. Since environmental battles are no longer any one group's issue, many have coalesced and engaged in conflict with lawmakers and commercial consumers. It is clear. that the recreational magazines do play a role in shaping readers' attitudes. C1 Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Sociol Ethn & Womens Studies, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Marx, M (reprint author), Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Sociol Ethn & Womens Studies, 5500 Univ Pkwy, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 29 IS 2 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0021-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 519ZQ UT WOS:000173755700006 PM 11815824 ER PT J AU Gagliardi, JV Karns, JS AF Gagliardi, JV Karns, JS TI Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in soil and on plant roots SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; DIVERSE SOILS; RIPARIAN FILTERSTRIPS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; SURVIVAL; VEGETATION; BACTERIA; MANURE AB Soil microcosms were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 to test persistence in fallow soil, on roots of cover crops and in presence of manure. In fallow soils, E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 25-41 days, on rye roots for 47-96 days and on alfalfa roots, in a silt loam soil, for 92 days whereas on other legumes persistence ranged from 25-40 days, similar to fallow soil. Manure did not seem to affect the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in these soils. Indigenous and manure-applied coliform populations often decreased faster when E. coli O157:H7 was applied, indicating possible competition between microflora. Coliform populations in microcosms not inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 decreased more slowly or increased. Microbial community analyses showed little effect for E. coli O157:H7 inoculation or addition of manure. Microbial community metabolic activity was enhanced from rye roots after 14 days and by 63 days from alfalfa roots. Microbial community lactose utilization increased over time on rye roots in all soils and on alfalfa roots in a silt loam soil when E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated. Lactose utilization also increased for uninoculated rye roots, soil around rye roots and in some fallow soils. Our data suggest that clay increases persistence and activity of E. coli O157:H7 and other coliforms. In frozen soil stored for over 500 days, E. coli O157:H7 was viable in 37% of tested samples. In summary, E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer and activity was enhanced with some cover crops in these soils due to plant roots, the presence of clay and freezing. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gagliardi, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM GagliardiJ@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 21 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1462-2912 EI 1462-2920 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 2 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00273.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 543GF UT WOS:000175092500004 PM 11972618 ER PT J AU Pekkarinen, AI Jones, BL Niku-Paavola, ML AF Pekkarinen, AI Jones, BL Niku-Paavola, ML TI Purification and properties of an alkaline proteinase of Fusarium culmorum SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cereal; fungus; chymotrypsin; subtilisin; proteinase ID TRITIRACHIUM-ALBUM-LIMBER; SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE; SERINE PROTEINASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; GENE; CLONING; EXPRESSION; CDNA; GRAMINEARUM AB The disease Fusarium head blight (scab) causes severe problems for farmers and for the industries that use cereals. It is likely that the fungi that cause scab (Fusarium Spp.) use various enzymes when they invade grains. We are studying enzymes that the fungi may use to hydrolyze grain proteins. To do this, fusarium culmorum was grown in a gluten-containing, medium from which an alkaline serine proteinase with a molecular mass of 28.7 kDa was purified by size-exclusion and cation exchange chromatographies. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 8.3-9.6 and 50 degreesC but was unstable under these conditions. It hydrolyzed the synthetic substrates N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe p-nitroanilide and to a lesser extent, N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu p-nitroanilide. It was inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and chymostatin, but not by soybean trypsin or Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Parts of the amino-acid sequence were up to 82% homologous with those of several fungal subtilisins. One of the active site amino acids was detected and it occupied the same relative position as in the other subtilisins. Therefore, on the basis of these characteristics, the proteinase is subtilisin-like. Purification of the enzyme was complicated by the fact that, when purified, it apparently underwent autolysis. The presence of extraneous protein stabilized the activity. C1 ARS, USDA, CCRU, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. VTT Biotechnol, Espoo, Finland. RP Pekkarinen, AI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CCRU, 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 44 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 269 IS 3 BP 798 EP 807 DI 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02697.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 525FW UT WOS:000174059100007 PM 11846781 ER PT J AU Hamada, JS Hashim, IB Sharif, FA AF Hamada, JS Hashim, IB Sharif, FA TI Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE date palm pits; analysis; potential food use; dietary fibre; functional foods ID INGREDIENTS AB Date pits were examined for extractable high value-added components for including in functional foods. The objectives of this research were to conduct preliminary analysis of the pits from three leading varieties in UAE and to identify potential uses in foods. Date pits were odourless and had light to dark brown colour and a bland taste with slight bitterness. They contained 7.1-10.3% moisture. 5.0-6.3% protein: 9.9-13.5% fat; 46-51% acid detergent fibre: 65-69% neutral detergent fibre; and 1.0-1.8% ash. More than half of the pit protein could not be extracted consecutively with NaCl. ethanol and acetic acid. Pits had a substantial amount of oil that needed to be characterized for constituent components. biological activities and stability. Pits contained large quantities of fibre and. possibly, resistant starch that may have potential health benefits. Further research is needed to characterize isolated components and search for bioactive constituents with antimicrobial, antioxidant and other health-promoting activities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. UAE Univ, Fac Agr Sci, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. RP Hamada, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 11 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 76 IS 2 BP 135 EP 137 AR PII S0308-8146(01)00253-9 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00253-9 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527UZ UT WOS:000174207500002 ER PT J AU Ding, CK Chachin, K Ueda, Y Wang, CY AF Ding, CK Chachin, K Ueda, Y Wang, CY TI Inhibition of loquat enzymatic browning by sulfhydryl compounds SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE loquat; phenolics; polyphenoloxidase; browning; sulfhydryl compounds; L-cysteine ID POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; DERIVATIVES; ACID; PREVENTION; CYSTEINE; APPLES; SLICES AB The effectiveness of a series of sulthydryl compounds in inhibiting polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in a model system (chlorogenic acid solution) and in loquat juices was evaluated. Application of different concentrations of sulthydryl compounds to chlorogenic acid solution and fresh loquat juice showed that L-cysteine appeared to be an effective browning inhibitor. The required concentration of L-cysteine for 90% browning inhibition depended on loquat cultivars, and ranged from 0.6 mM for "Nagasaki" to 2.0 mM for "Yukawa" or "Toi". The difference may be due to the concentration of endogenous phenolic compounds inherent in each cultivar. The results from oxidized product analysis by loquat PPO implied that the mechanism of browning inhibition by thiols involved the formation of a thiol-conjugated reaction product. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Osaka Prefecture, Coll Agr, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. USDA ARS, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ding, CK (reprint author), Univ Osaka Prefecture, Coll Agr, Gakuencho, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. NR 20 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 76 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 AR PII S0308-8146(01)00270-9 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00270-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 527UZ UT WOS:000174207500012 ER PT J AU Thomas, ER Buehlmann, U AF Thomas, ER Buehlmann, U TI Validation of the ROMI-RIP rough mill simulator SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHARACTER-MARKED FURNITURE; LUMBER YIELD INCREASE; RED OAK LUMBER; CROSSCUT-FIRST; SYSTEMS AB The USDA Forest Service's ROMI-RIP rough mill rip-first simulation program is a popular tool for analyzing rough mill conditions, determining more efficient rough mill practices, and finding optimal lumber board cut-up patterns. However, until now, the results generated by ROMI-RIP have not been rigorously compared to those of an actual rough mill. Validating the ROMI-RIP processing model involved comparing gang-rip, chopsaw, and overall yields to those obtained in an actual state-of-the-art rough mill. A 930-board-foot lumber sample was digitized by recording all defect locations, sizes, and types as well as board size and grade, allowing the rough mill and ROMI-RIP to process identical lumber samples. Results showed that the ROMI-RIP software accurately simulated the actual rough mill when the software exactly simulated the actual rough mill's settings. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Thomas, ER (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 23 EP 29 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 523KW UT WOS:000173953800008 ER PT J AU Kartal, SN Lebow, ST AF Kartal, SN Lebow, ST TI Effects of incising on treatability and leachability of CCA-C-treated eastern hemlock SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE; MOISTURE-CONTENT; WESTERN HEMLOCK; WOOD; FIR AB Incising is used to increase exposed wood surface and improve uptake and penetration of preservative during pressure treatment of refractory species. However, incising may also cause increased leaching of preservative when the wood is placed in service. This study compared the rate of leaching from unincised eastern hemlock to that of wood that had been incised to two depths and with two density patterns. Incising greatly increased both the penetration and retention of preservative in the incised wood compared to unincised wood. Doubling the depth of the incisions further improved retention and penetration, but doubling the density of the incisions appeared to benefit primarily the uniformity of preservative penetration. Incising did not increase the percentage of copper, chromium, or arsenic that leached from the wood. This study indicates that the benefits of incising can be obtained without the risk of increased leaching. C1 Univ Istanbul, Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Biol & Wood Protect Technol, Istanbul, Turkey. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Kartal, SN (reprint author), Univ Istanbul, Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Biol & Wood Protect Technol, Istanbul, Turkey. RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 523KW UT WOS:000173953800011 ER PT J AU Wang, XP Ross, RJ Mattson, JA Erickson, JR Forsman, JW Geske, EA Wehr, MA AF Wang, XP Ross, RJ Mattson, JA Erickson, JR Forsman, JW Geske, EA Wehr, MA TI Nondestructive evaluation techniques for assessing modulus of elasticity and stiffness of small-diameter logs SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Many of the forests in the United States have large areas that contain trees of small diameter, mixed species, and undefined quality. Because these areas are overstocked, they are at risk from attack by insects, disease, and uncontrollable wildfires. Therefore, it is essential to find cost-effective products for the fiber from these trees. A critical need is the development of nondestructive technologies for evaluating the potential quality of stems and logs obtained from trees in such ecosystems. Longitudinal stress wave and transverse vibration nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are frequently used to assess the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of lumber. Strong correlations between MOE values obtained from these techniques and the static MOE of lumber have been shown to exist. The objective of this research was to investigate the use of these NDE techniques to evaluate the flexural stiffness and MOE of small-diameter logs. A total of 159 red pine and jack pine logs were obtained from Northern Michigan in the United States and assessed nondestructively using longitudinal stress wave, transverse vibration, and static bending techniques. Statistical relationships between stiffness and MOE values obtained from each technique were then examined. Results of this study demonstrated that strong relationships exist between the log properties determined by longitudinal stress wave, transverse vibration, and static bending techniques. Longitudinal stress wave and transverse vibration techniques can be used to sort small-diameter logs with reasonable accuracy. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Wang, XP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 5 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 523KW UT WOS:000173953800017 ER PT J AU Lessard, VC Drummer, TD Reed, DD AF Lessard, VC Drummer, TD Reed, DD TI Precision of density estimates from fixed-radius plots compared to n-tree distance sampling SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE density-adapted sampling; spatial pattern AB We computed and compared the statistical properties of the estimators for the number of trees/ha (density) for fixed-radius plot and n-tree distance sampling. In forests with random spatia I patterns, n-tree distance sampling density estimators are at least as precise as those of plot sampling if the fixed-radius plot size is less than the ratio of (n - 2) and the expected density, where n is the number of trees included at an n-tree location. A similar result holds for the clustered forest, where the ratio is multiplied by a factor involving a constant of heterogeneity. If the expected number of trees per plot and the plot sizes are the same for both the random and clustered spatial patterns, the variance of the plot sampling density estimator for the clustered pattern will always be greater than for that of the random spatial pattern. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Anal Inst, Forest Serv,N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Lessard, VC (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Anal Inst, Forest Serv,N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 48 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 521NH UT WOS:000173846700002 ER PT J AU Meadows, JS Hodges, JD AF Meadows, JS Hodges, JD TI Sapwood area as an estimator of leaf area and foliar weight in cherrybark oak and green ash SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia; Fraxinus pennsylvanica; specific leaf area; pipe-model theory; crown classes ID ABIES-BALSAMEA; PINE; BIOMASS; STANDS AB The relationships between foliar weight/leaf area and four stem dimensions (dbh, total stem cross-sectional area, total sapwood area, and current sapwood area at breast height) were investigated in two important bottomland tree species of the southern United States, cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.). In all models tested and for both species, total sapwood area was consistently more highly correlated with foliar weight and leaf area than were the other three measures. However, there was little difference in accuracy among simple linear, multiple, and nonlinear models that used total sapwood area to predict either foliar weight or leaf area. Accuracy was improved slightly through the addition of total height and live crown ratio to the linear model. Foliar weight of both species was best described as a function of total sapwood area and live crown ratio (r(2)=0.97, n=16 for both species). Leaf area of cherrybark oak was best described as a function of total sapwood area, total height, and live crown ratio (r(2)=0.96, n=16), whereas leaf area of green ash was best described as a nonlinear function of total sapwood area (r(2)=0.95, n=16). In contrast with other studies on upland oaks in relatively cool climates, we found that current sapwood area was only a fair estimator of foliar weight and leaf area in cherrybark oak and was a poor estimator in green ash. These results lead to the speculation that more of the sapwood than just the most recent one or two growth rings may be active in water conduction in bottomland species in warm climates. Specific leaf area was highest in the lower crowns of trees of both species and was highest among trees of the lower crown classes. Although based on a limited sample size of four trees per crown class per species, we found that the vertical distribution of foliage within the crown differed among crown classes in both species. Most of the foliage on dominant and codominant trees of both species was concentrated in the upper one-third of the crown, with only a very small proportion of the foliage in the lower one-third of the crown. Intermediate and overtopped cherrybark oaks and intermediate green ash trees had a more even distribution of foliage throughout their crowns, while the foliage of overtopped green ash trees was highly concentrated in the lower one-third of the crown. The leaf area:sapwood area ratio did not differ significantly among crown classes in either species, but averaged 0.67 m(2) cm(-2) in cherrybark oak and 0.24 m(2) cm(-2) in green ash. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Ashland, MS 38603 USA. RP Meadows, JS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 48 IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 521NH UT WOS:000173846700008 ER PT J AU Stahl, G Ringvall, A Gove, JH Ducey, MJ AF Stahl, G Ringvall, A Gove, JH Ducey, MJ TI Correction for slope in point and transect relascope sampling of downed coarse woody debris SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE angle gauge sampling; bias; Bitterlich sampling; correction factor; forest inventory; line intercept sampling AB In this article, the effect of sloping terrain on estimates in point and transect relascope sampling (PRS and TRS, respectively) is studied. With these inventory methods, a wide angle relascope is used either from sample points (PRS) or along survey lines (TRS). Characteristics associated with line-shaped objects on the ground are assessed, e.g., the length or volume of downed logs. In their basic forms, the methods only work in flat terrain, and thus bias is incurred under sloping conditions. Two different possibilities to correct for bias due to slope are presented. The first one involves using a slightly modified relascope device and making a measurement of the angle of inclination of each sampled object. The second involves applying correction factors based on the steepness of the terrain in the area surveyed. However, it is shown that moderate slopes cause only limited bias and in such cases there is little need to adjust the measurement procedures or apply correction factors. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resource Management & Geomat, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Stahl, G (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resource Management & Geomat, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. RI Ducey, Mark/K-1101-2016 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 48 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 521NH UT WOS:000173846700010 ER PT J AU Crow, TR Buckley, DS Nauertz, EA Zasada, JC AF Crow, TR Buckley, DS Nauertz, EA Zasada, JC TI Effects of management on the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests in Upper Michigan SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE plant diversity; stand structure; northern hardwoods; Acer saccharum; silviculture; Michigan; forest management; old-growth ID OLD-GROWTH; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; PLANT DIVERSITY; BIODIVERSITY; WISCONSIN; WOOD; AGE AB To improve our understanding of how management affects the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests, we compared managed with unmanaged sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated forests. Unmanaged old-growth and unmanaged second-growth forests provided baselines for comparing the effects of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management on selected aspects of biological diversity. Three replications of each condition were located on the Winegar Moraine in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Old-growth forests were multistoried, dominated by a few, large trees with well-developed crowns extending over a subcanopy stratum 10-15 m in height and an abundance of woody vegetation (mostly sugar maple seedlings) at 2-3 m. This complex stand structure contrasts with the relatively uniform structure of unmanaged second-growth forests with a closed overstory canopy and limited understory development. Forest management, both even- and uneven-aged, created forest structures that were more complex than their unmanaged second-growth baselines, yet managed forests lacked some of the structural complexity characteristic of old-growth. Managed forests had fewer large trees (stem diameter at 1.37 m > 50 cm) and considerably less basal area in dead trees when compared with old-growth. There were fewer tree species in managed forests because commercially important tree species were favored for retention and, when present, early successional species (e.g., Populus grandidentata Michx., Populus tremuloides Michx.) were harvested. A subcanopy comprised of large shrubs and small trees characteristic of old growth was absent in managed forests, but this structural element may develop with time under management. As expected, thinning the overstory and disturbing the forest floor through tree harvesting promoted understory development in managed forests, Most of the added species, however, were common in the landscape and thus added little to overall species richness. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Forest Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Crow, TR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 49 TC 92 Z9 103 U1 5 U2 47 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 48 IS 1 BP 129 EP 145 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 521NH UT WOS:000173846700015 ER PT J AU Chaloner, DT Wipfli, MS Caouette, JP AF Chaloner, DT Wipfli, MS Caouette, JP TI Mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation of Pacific salmon carcasses in south-eastern Alaskan streams SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carcasses; decomposition; invertebrate colonisation; mass loss; Pacific salmon ID AQUATIC INSECTS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; SUBMERSION INTERVAL; COHO SALMON; DECOMPOSITION; CARRION; WATER; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS; FOREST AB 1. We examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) carcass decomposition (mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation) in southeastern Alaskan streams. Dry mass and macroinvertebrate fauna of carcasses placed in streams were measured every two weeks over two months in six artificial streams and once after six weeks in four natural streams. We also surveyed the macroinvertebrate fauna and wet mass of naturally occurring salmon carcasses. 2. Carcass mass loss in artificial streams was initially rapid and then declined over time (k = -0.033 day(-1)), and no significant differences were found among natural streams. 3. Several macroinvertebrate taxa colonised carcasses, but chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Zapada (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) larvae were found consistently and were the most abundant (on average 95 and 2%, respectively, of the invertebrates found). Chironomid abundance and biomass increased over time, whereas Zapada abundance and biomass did not. Significant differences in abundance were found among natural streams for Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) larvae, while no significant differences were found for chironomid and Zapada abundance or biomass. 4. Our results suggest that salmon carcasses initially undergo a high rate of mass loss that tapers off with time. Chironomid and Zapada larvae are likely to be important in mediating nutrient and energy transfer between salmon carcasses and other components of the freshwater-riparian food web in south-eastern Alaskan streams. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK USA. RP Chaloner, DT (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 31 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 263 EP 273 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00804.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 521EB UT WOS:000173825000009 ER PT J AU Coates, BS Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC AF Coates, BS Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC TI Allelic variation of a Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota : Hypocreales) minisatellite is independent of host range and geographic origin SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; strain identification; minisatellite variation ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; HUMAN DNA; RAPD-PCR; HYPERVARIABLE MINISATELLITES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; BALSAMO VUILLEMIN; GENE CONVERSION; CORN-ROOTWORM AB The minisatellite locus, BbMin1, was isolated from a partial Beauveria bassiana genomic library that consisted of poly(GA) flanked inserts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the BbMin1 repeat demonstrated allele size variation among 95 B. bassiana isolates. Amplification was also observed from single isolates of Beauveria amorpha, Beauveria brongniartii, and Beauveria caledonica. Eight alleles were identified at the haploid locus, where repeat number fluctuated between one and fourteen. AMOVA and theta (F(st)) indicated that fixation of repeat number has not occurred within pathogenic ecotypes or geographically isolated samples of B. bassiana. Selective neutrality of allele size, the rate of BbMin1 mutation, and the age of the species may contribute to host and geographic independence of the marker. Presence of alleles with a large number of repeat units may be attributed to the rare occurrence of somatic recombination or DNA replication error. The molecular genetic marker was useful for the identification of genetic types of B. bassiana and related species. C1 Iowa State Univ, Insectary, Interdepartmental Genet Program,Genet Lab, USDA ARS,Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Coates, BS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Insectary, Interdepartmental Genet Program,Genet Lab, USDA ARS,Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM anthesia@iastate.edu NR 53 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2002 VL 45 IS 1 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1139/g01-132 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 516KT UT WOS:000173553000017 PM 11908654 ER PT J AU Ouedraogo, JT Gowda, BS Jean, M Close, TJ Ehlers, JD Hall, AE Gillaspie, AG Roberts, PA Ismail, AM Bruening, G Gepts, P Timko, MP Belzile, FJ AF Ouedraogo, JT Gowda, BS Jean, M Close, TJ Ehlers, JD Hall, AE Gillaspie, AG Roberts, PA Ismail, AM Bruening, G Gepts, P Timko, MP Belzile, FJ TI An improved genetic linkage map for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Combining AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, biochemical markers, and biological resistance traits SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE cowpea; AFLP; RAPD; resistance gene analogs; genetic linkage map ID SEGREGATION DISTORTION; NEMATODE RESISTANCE; CHILLING TOLERANCE; FUSARIUM-WILT; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; BARLEY; LINES; LOCUS AB An improved genetic linkage map has been constructed for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) based on the segregation of various molecular markers and biological resistance traits in a population of 94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between 'IT84S-2049' and '524B'. A set of 242 molecular markers, mostly amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), linked to 17 biological resistance traits, resistance genes, and resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were scored for segregation within the parental and recombinant inbred lines. These data were used in conjunction with the 181 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), AFLP, and biochemical markers previously mapped to construct an integrated linkage map for cowpea. The new genetic map of cowpea consists of 11 linkage groups (LGs) spanning a total of 2670 cM, with an average distance of 6.43 cM between markers. Astonishingly, a large, contiguous portion of LG1 that had been undetected in previous mapping work was discovered. This region, spanning about 580 cM, is composed entirely of AFLP markers (54 in total). In addition to the construction of a new map, molecular markers associated with various biological resistance and (or) tolerance traits, resistance genes, and RGAs were also placed on the map, including markers for resistance to Striga gesnerioides races 1 and 3, CPMV, CPSMV, B1CMV, SBMV, Fusarium wilt, and root-knot nematodes. These markers will be useful for the development of tools for marker-assisted selection in cowpea breeding, as well as for subsequent map-based cloning of the various resistance genes. C1 Univ Laval, Dept Phytol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. INERA, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA USA. ARS, Plant Genet Conservat Unit, USDA, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Crop Soil & Water Sci Div, Manila, Philippines. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Belzile, FJ (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Phytol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RI Gepts, Paul/B-4417-2009 OI Gepts, Paul/0000-0002-1056-4665 NR 53 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2002 VL 45 IS 1 BP 175 EP 188 DI 10.1139/g01-102 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 516KT UT WOS:000173553000022 PM 11908660 ER PT J AU Lai, CT Katul, G Butnor, J Ellsworth, D Oren, R AF Lai, CT Katul, G Butnor, J Ellsworth, D Oren, R TI Modelling night-time ecosystem respiration by a constrained source optimization method SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE localized near field theory; inverse methods; ecosystem respiration; net ecosystem exchange; forest carbon budget ID RELATING SCALAR CONCENTRATIONS; PRACTICAL LAGRANGIAN METHOD; TURBULENCE CLOSURE SCHEME; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; 2ND-ORDER CLOSURE; PLANT CANOPIES; WATER-VAPOR; PINUS-TAEDA AB One of the main challenges to quantifying ecosystem carbon budgets is properly quantifying the magnitude of night-time ecosystem respiration. Inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis provides a promising approach to addressing such a problem when measured mean CO2 concentration profiles and nocturnal velocity statistics are available. An inverse method, termed 'Constrained Source Optimization' or CSO, which couples a localized near-field theory (LNF) of turbulent dispersion to respiratory sources, is developed to estimate seasonal and annual components of ecosystem respiration. A key advantage to the proposed method is that the effects of variable leaf area density on flow statistics are explicitly resolved via higher-order closure principles. In CSO, the source distribution was computed after optimizing key physiological parameters to recover the measured mean concentration profile in a least-square fashion. The proposed method was field-tested using 1 year of 30-min mean CO2 concentration and CO2 flux measurements collected within a 17-year-old (in 1999) even-aged loblolly pine Pinus taeda U stand in central North Carolina. Eddy-covariance flux measurements conditioned on large friction velocity, leaf-level porometry and forest-floor respiration chamber measurements were used to assess the performance of the CSO model. The CSO approach produced reasonable estimates of ecosystem respiration, which permits estimation of ecosystem gross primary production when combined with daytime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) measurements. We employed the CSO approach in modelling annual respiration of above-ground plant components (c. 214 g Cm-2 year(-1)) and forest floor (c.989 g Cm(-2)year(-1)) for estimating gross primary production (c.1800 g Cm(-2)year(-1)) with a NEE of c. 605 g Cm(-2)year(-1) for this pine forest ecosystem. We conclude that the CSO approach can utilise routine CO2 concentration profile measurements to corroborate forest carbon balance estimates from eddy-covariance NEE and chamber-based component flux measurements. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Durham, NC 27707 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lai, CT (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Butnor, John/P-9738-2016; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 101 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 124 EP 141 DI 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00447.x PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525GF UT WOS:000174060000002 ER PT J AU Vose, JM Ryan, MG AF Vose, JM Ryan, MG TI Seasonal respiration of foliage, fine roots, and woody tissues in relation to growth, tissue N, and photosynthesis SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; phenology; seasonal variation; temperature response; tissue respiration ID MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; CONSTRUCTION COST; PICEA-ENGELMANNII; DARK RESPIRATION; NITROGEN-CONTENT; EDDY COVARIANCE; PINUS-CONTORTA; LEAF NITROGEN; LOBLOLLY-PINE; CARBON AB Autotrophic respiration may regulate how ecosystem productivity responds to changes in temperature, atmospheric [CO2] and N deposition. Estimates of autotrophic respiration are difficult for forest ecosystems, because of the large amount of biomass, different metabolic rates among tissues, and seasonal variation in respiration rates. We examined spatial and seasonal patterns in autotrophic respiration in a Pinus strobus ecosystem, and hypothesized that seasonal patterns in respiration rates at a common temperature would vary with [N] for fully expanded foliage and fine roots, with photosynthesis for foliage, and with growth for woody tissues (stems, branches, and coarse roots). We also hypothesized that differences in [N] would largely explain differences in maintenance or dormant-season respiration among tissues. For April-November, mean respiration at 15degreesC varied from 1.5 to 2.8 mumol kg(-1) s(-1) for fully expanded foliage, 1.7-3.0 for growing foliage, 0.8-1.6 for fine roots, 0.6-1.1 (sapwood) for stems, 0.5-1.8 (sapwood) for branches, and 0.2-1.5 (sapwood) for coarse roots. Growing season variation in respiration for foliage produced the prior year was strongly related to [N] (r(2) = 0.94), but fine root respiration was not related to [N]. For current-year needles, respiration did not covary with [N]. Night-time foliar respiration did not vary in concert with previous-day photosynthesis for either growing or fully expanded needles. Stem growth explained about one-third of the seasonal variation in stem respiration (r(2) = 0.38), and also variation among trees (r(2) = 0.43). We did not determine the cause of seasonal variation in branch and coarse root respiration, but it is unlikely to be directly related to growth, as the pattern of respiration in coarse roots and branches was not synchronized with stem growth. Seasonal variations in temperature-corrected respiration rates were not synchronized among tissues, except foliage and branches. Spatial variability in dormant-season respiration rates was significantly related to tissue N content in foliage (r(2) = 0.67), stems (r(2) = 0.45), coarse roots (r(2) = 0.36), and all tissues combined (r(2) =0.83), but not for fine roots and branches. Per unit N, rates for P. strobus varied from 0.22 to 3.4 mumol molN(-1) s(-1) at 15degreesC, comparable to those found for other conifers. Accurate estimates of annual autotrophic respiration should reflect seasonal and spatial variation in respiration rates of individual tissues. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Vose, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab RD, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 59 TC 87 Z9 111 U1 4 U2 43 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 182 EP 193 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00464.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525GF UT WOS:000174060000007 ER PT J AU Takeda, F AF Takeda, F TI Winter pruning affects yield components of 'Black Satin' eastern thornless blackberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus; inflorescence; flowering; budbreak; fruit quality; floricane; primocane; crop productivity; total soluble solids; divided canopy trellis ID CULTIVARS AB Nine-year-old 'Black Satin' blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) plants were dormant pruned to three floricanes with three,six, nine,or twelve 12-node lateral branches (approximate to108, 216, 324, or 432 axillary buds per plant) to determine the effect of lateral branch number on budbreak, fruit cluster number, fruit number per cluster, fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), and yield. Percent budbreak of primary and secondary axillary buds was reduced as the lateral branch number increased. Pruning did not affect fruit weight (6.4 g) or TSS (9.5%). Yield per lateral branch was reduced as lateral branch number increased. A plant with three floricanes, each with 12 lateral branches, produced 21 kg of fruit. The results indicate that pruning lateral branches to a manageable length may be advantageous for eastern thornless blackberry trained on a divided canopy trellis. C1 ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Takeda, F (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 101 EP 103 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 526UR UT WOS:000174148500007 ER PT J AU Fan, X Argenta, L Mattheis, JP AF Fan, X Argenta, L Mattheis, JP TI Interactive effects of 1-MCP and temperature on 'Elberta' peach quality SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ethylene; respiration; firmness; tritatable acidity; internal browning; extractable juice ID CHILLING INJURY; PRUNUS-PERSICA; CELL-WALL; ETHYLENE; FRUIT; NECTARINES; RESPONSES; STORAGE; 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE; RESPIRATION AB 'Elberta' peaches (Prunus persica L.) harvested 6 days apart were treated with 0.5 mL.L-1 1-MCP for 4 hours at 20 degreesC then stored at 0, 5, 10 or 20 degreesC. Fruit were ripened at 20 degreesC for 3 days after 1, 3, and 6 weeks of storage at 0, 5, and 10 degreesC. Treatment with 1-MCP delayed the onset of climacteric ethylene production and reduced respiration in fruit held at 20 degreesC. 1-MCP-treated fruit were firmer than untreated controls after storage at 0 or 5 degreesC. 1-MCP-treated fruit also had higher titratable acidity (TA) after 1 week of storage at 0 or 5 degreesC, but TA was lower compared to controls after 3 or 6 weeks of storage. Fruit stored at 5 degreesC had more severe internal browning, lower extractable juice and TA than fruit stored at either 0 or 10 degreesC, however, 1-MCP treated fruit had more severe internal browning than untreated fruit after 3 and 6 weeks of storage at 5 degreesC. Fruit from harvest 1 treated with 1-MCP and stored at 0 degreesC for 6 weeks failed to soften after removal from storage. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). C1 ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 30 TC 66 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 134 EP 138 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 526UR UT WOS:000174148500015 ER PT J AU Sparks, D Yates, IE AF Sparks, D Yates, IE TI Pecan pollen stored over a decade retains viability SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; plant breeding; cryogenic storage; germination; pollen viability; haploid preservation ID INVITRO GERMINATION AB In vitro germination of freshly collected pollen and pollen stored 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years in liquid nitrogen was examined for 'Desirable' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Viability of pollen stored in liquid nitrogen for 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years was not diminished in comparison to that of fresh pollen. Morphology of stored pollen grains and the germ tube was normal. Thus, liquid nitrogen may offer a means of haploid preservation of pecan. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Sparks, D (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 176 EP 177 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 526UR UT WOS:000174148500024 ER PT J AU Moore, PP Finn, CE AF Moore, PP Finn, CE TI 'Schwartze' ('Puget Summer'(R)) strawberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa; fruit breeding C1 Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Moore, PP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 230 EP 232 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 526UR UT WOS:000174148500041 ER PT J AU Fery, RL AF Fery, RL TI 'Green Dixie Blackeye', a green cotyledon, blackeye-type southernpea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; blackeye bean; blackeye pea; vegetable breeding C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 233 EP 234 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 526UR UT WOS:000174148500042 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ AF Jackson, TJ TI Remote sensing of soil moisture: implications for groundwater recharge SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE groundwater recharge; remote sensing; soil moisture ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR; SURFACE SOIL; FIELD EXPERIMENT; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; EASTERN SAHARA; SATELLITE DATA; WATER STORAGE; WET SOIL; PENETRATION AB Remote sensing provides information on the land surface. Therefore, linkages must be established if these data are to be used in groundwater and recharge analyses. Keys to this process are the use of remote sensing techniques that provide information on soil moisture and water-balance models that tie these observations to the recharge. Microwave remote sensing techniques are used to map the spatial domain of surface soil moisture and to monitor its temporal dynamics, information that cannot be measured using other techniques. The physical basis of this approach is presented with examples of how microwave remote sensing is utilized in groundwater recharge and related studies. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg,007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 57 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 10 IS 1 BP 40 EP 51 DI 10.1007/s10040-001-0168-2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 534ZC UT WOS:000174618800004 ER PT J AU Bouwer, H AF Bouwer, H TI Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE artificial recharge; groundwater management; groundwater recharge; unsaturated zone; water reuse ID RAPID INFILTRATION; WATER; WASTEWATER; PROJECT; BASINS AB Artificial recharge of groundwater is achieved by putting surface water in basins, furrows, ditches, or other facilities where it infiltrates into the soil and moves downward to recharge aquifers. Artificial recharge is increasingly used for short- or long-term underground storage, where it has several advantages over surface storage, and in water reuse. Artificial recharge requires permeable surface soils. Where these are not available, trenches or shafts in the unsaturated zone can be used, or water can be directly injected into aquifers through wells. To design a system for artificial recharge of groundwater, infiltration rates of the soil must be determined and the unsaturated zone between land surface and the aquifer must be checked for adequate permeability and absence of polluted areas. The aquifer should be sufficiently transmissive to avoid excessive buildup of groundwater mounds. Knowledge of these conditions requires field investigations and, if no fatal flaws are detected, test basins to predict system performance. Water-quality issues must be evaluated, especially with respect to formation of clogging layers on basin bottoms or other infiltration surfaces, and to geochemical reactions in the aquifer. Clogging layers are managed by desilting or other pretreatment of the water, and by remedial techniques in the infiltration system, such as drying, scraping, disking, ripping, or other tillage. Recharge wells should be pumped periodically to backwash clogging layers. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server ocated at http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s 10040-001-0182-4. C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 71 TC 278 Z9 292 U1 21 U2 164 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 10 IS 1 BP 121 EP 142 DI 10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 534ZC UT WOS:000174618800009 ER PT J AU Bindlish, R Barros, AP AF Bindlish, R Barros, AP TI Subpixel variability of remotely sensed soil moisture: An inter-comparison study of SAR and ESTAR SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE ESTAR; microwave; remote sensing; SAR; soil moisture ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SURFACE; RADIOBRIGHTNESS; RETRIEVAL; EMISSION AB The representation of subpixel variability in soil moisture estimates from passive microwave data was investigated through sensitivity analysis and by comparison against the spatial structure of soil moisture fields derived from radar data. This work shows that the subpixel variability not represented in brightness temperature fields is directly associated with the spatial organization of soil hydraulic properties and the spatial distribution of vegetation. The significant implication of this result is that the physical connection between soil moisture estimates at the pixel scale and local values within the pixel weakens strongly as the sensor resolution decreases. Subsequently, the application of scaling and fractal interpolation principles to downscale passive microwave data to the spatial resolution of radar data was investigated as a means to recover spatial structure. In particular, ESTAR soil moisture data was successfully downscaled from 200 to 40 m using only one radar frequency (e.g., L-band). This application suggests that the combined use of active and passive single-band microwave remote-sensing of soil moisture is a viable approach to improve the spatial resolution of soil moisture remote-sensing. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, SSAI, Beltsville, MD 20740 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, SSAI, Beltsville, MD 20740 USA. RI Barros, Ana/A-3562-2011 OI Barros, Ana/0000-0003-4606-3106 NR 28 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2002 VL 40 IS 2 BP 326 EP 337 AR PII S0196-2892(02)01564-4 DI 10.1109/36.992792 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 534XM UT WOS:000174615100010 ER PT J AU Blevins, JS Beenken, KE Elasri, MO Hurlburt, BK Smeltzer, MS AF Blevins, JS Beenken, KE Elasri, MO Hurlburt, BK Smeltzer, MS TI Strain-dependent differences in the regulatory roles of sarA and agr in Staphylococcus aureus SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID VIRULENCE DETERMINANT PRODUCTION; GENE REGULATOR; ALPHA-TOXIN; COLLAGEN-BINDING; GLOBAL REGULATOR; RABBIT MODEL; LOCUS SAR; TRANSCRIPTION; ENDOCARDITIS; FIBRONECTIN AB The accessory gene regulator (agr) and the staphylococcal accessory regulator (sar) are central regulatory elements that control the production of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors. To date, the functions of these loci have been defined almost exclusively using RN6390, which is representative of the laboratory strain 8325-4. However, RN6390 was recently shown to have a mutation in rsbU that results in a phenotype resembling that of a sigB mutant (I. Kullik et al., J. Bacteriol. 180:4814-4820, 1998). For that reason, it remains unclear whether the regulatory events defined in RN6390 are representative of the events that take place in clinical isolates of S. aureus. To address this issue, we generated mutations in the sarA and agr loci of three laboratory strains (RN6390, Newman, and S6C) and four clinical isolates (UAMS-1, UAMS-601, DB, and SC-1). Mutation of sarA in the cna-positive strains UAMS-1 and UAMS-601 resulted in an increased capacity to bind collagen, while mutation of agr had little impact. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the increase in collagen binding was due to increased cna transcription. Without exception, mutation of sarA resulted in increased production of proteases and a decreased capacity to bind fibronectin. Mutation of agr had the opposite effect. Although mutation of sarA resulted in a slight reduction in fnbA transcription, changes in the ability to bind fibronectin appeared to be more directly correlated with changes in protease activity. Lipase production was reduced in both sarA and agr mutants. While mutation of sarA in RN6390 resulted in reduced hemolytic activity, it had the opposite effect in all other strains. There appeared to be reduced levels of the sarC transcript in RN6390, but there was no difference in the overall pattern of sar transcription or the production of SarA. Although mutation of sarA resulted in decreased RNAIII transcription, this effect was not evident under all growth conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that studies defining the regulatory roles of sarA and agr by using RN6390 are not always representative of the events that occur in clinical isolates of S. aureus. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Smeltzer, MS (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Mail Slot 511,4301 W Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI043356, AI43356] NR 54 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 70 IS 2 BP 470 EP 480 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.2.470-480.2002 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 516LY UT WOS:000173555800006 PM 11796572 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Register, KB Magyar, T Lax, AJ Pullinger, GD Kunkle, RA AF Brockmeier, SL Register, KB Magyar, T Lax, AJ Pullinger, GD Kunkle, RA TI Role of the dermonecrotic toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease in swine SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ACTIN STRESS FIBERS; BINDING PROTEIN-RHO; MC3T3-E1 CELLS; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; OSTEOBLASTIC CLONE; ATROPHIC RHINITIS; PERTUSSIS; VIRULENCE; INFECTION; MODEL AB Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the etiologic agents causing atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. It produces several purported virulence factors, including the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), which has been implicated in the turbinate atrophy seen in cases! of atrophic rhinitis. The purpose of these experiments was to clarify the role of this toxin in respiratory disease by comparing the pathogenicity in swine of two isogenic dnt mutants to their virulent DNT+ parent strains. Two separate experiments were performed, one with each of the mutant-parent pairs. One-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intranasally with the parent strain, the dnt mutant strain, or phosphate-buffered saline. Weekly nasal washes were performed to monitor colonization of the nasal cavity, and the pigs were euthanized 4 weeks after inoculation to determine colonization of tissues and to examine the respiratory tract for pathology. There was evidence that colonization of the upper respiratory, tract, but riot the lower respiratory tract, was slightly greater for the parent strains than for the dnt mutants. Moderate turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia were found in most pigs given the parent strains, while there was no turbinate atrophy or pneumonia in pigs challenged with the dnt mutant strains. Therefore, production of DNT by B. bronchiseptica. is necessary to produce the lesions of turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia in pigs infected with this organism. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Vet Med Res Inst, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary. Guys Hosp, Guys Kings & St Thomas Dent Inst, London, England. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Magyar, Tibor/E-8693-2012 NR 39 TC 43 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 70 IS 2 BP 481 EP 490 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.2.481-490.2002 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 516LY UT WOS:000173555800007 PM 11796573 ER PT J AU Manunta, P Grant, RF Feng, YS Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ La Morte, RLA Hunsaker, DJ Wall, DJ AF Manunta, P Grant, RF Feng, YS Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ La Morte, RLA Hunsaker, DJ Wall, DJ TI Changes in mass and energy transfer between the canopy and the atmosphere: model development and testing with a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE modelling; climate change; elevated CO2; energy balance; wheat ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; LAND-SURFACE SCHEME; LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; BIOCHEMICAL-MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CROP YIELD; GROWTH AB The rationale for this study is found in the probable higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns that are expected in the future as a result of increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. In particular, higher air temperatures may cause an increase in evapotranspiration demand while a reduction in rainfall could increase the severity and duration of drought in arid and semi-arid regions. Representation of the water transfer scheme includes water uptake by roots and the interaction between evapotranspiration and CO2 enrichment. The predicted response of a spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora rojo) canopy in terms of energy exchange processes to elevated atmospheric CO2 level was tested against measurements collected at the FACE (Free Air Enrichment Experiment) site in 1994. Simulated and measured canopy conductances were reduced by about 30% under elevated [CO] under optimum conditions of water supply. Reductions in latent heat fluxes under elevated instead of ambient [CO2] caused reductions in both simulated and measured seasonal water use of 6% under optimum and 2% under suboptimum irrigation. The soil-plant-atmosphere water transfer scheme proposed here offers several advances in the simulation of land surface interactions. First, the stomatal resistance model minimizes assumptions in existing land surface schemes about the effects of interactions among environmental conditions (radiation, temperature, CO2) upon stomatal behavior. These interactions are resolved in the calculation of CO2 in which processes are already well understood. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Manunta, P (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. OI Grant, Robert/0000-0002-8890-6231 NR 61 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0020-7128 J9 INT J BIOMETEOROL JI Int. J. Biometeorol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 46 IS 1 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1007/s004840100105 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology SC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology GA 534YN UT WOS:000174617500003 PM 11931099 ER PT J AU Scroggs, LV Kattesh, HG Morrow, JL Stalder, KJ Dailey, JW Roberts, MP Schneider, JF Saxton, AM AF Scroggs, LV Kattesh, HG Morrow, JL Stalder, KJ Dailey, JW Roberts, MP Schneider, JF Saxton, AM TI The effects of split marketing on the physiology, behavior, and performance of finishing swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE behavior; pigs; stress ID SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; PIGS; STRESS; CORTISOL; DOMINANCE; WEIGHT; IMMUNE; GAIN AB One hundred twenty 8-wk-old barrows (20.3 +/- 2.0 kg BW) were used to examine the effect of split marketing on selected behavioral, physiological and performance parameters. Pigs were assigned by weight in a randomized complete block design to one of three treatments: SM (split-marketed), six pigs/pen (1.83 m(2)/pig); C (control), six pigs/pen (1.83 m(2)/pig); or MC (modified control), three pigs/pen (3.66 m(2)/pig). The heaviest half of SM animals were removed 1 wk prior to marketing penmates. Control and MC animals remained in their respective groups until marketing. Animals were videotaped during the first 72 h of the study (INITIAL), 72 h prior to (PRE), and following the removal (POST) of pigs in the SM treatment to quantify maintenance behaviors and to identify socially dominant, intermediate, and submissive pigs. A blood sample was collected from each animal upon completion of INITIAL, PRE, and POST time periods to determine neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and plasma haptoglobin, cortisol, and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) levels. Animals were weighed and feed disappearance was calculated biweekly. Tenth-rib backfat and area of the longissimus muscle at marketing were ultrasonically evaluated on all animals. Regardless of treatment, animals were more (P < 0.01) active (eating, standing/walking, fighting) at INITIAL than at PRE or POST times. Frequency and duration of fights per pen were less (P < 0.01) in MC than in C or SM pigs for all periods observed. Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, plasma haptoglobin, and CBG levels were greater (P < 0.01) during the INITIAL period than during the PRE or POST periods but did not differ between treatments. No treatment or time differences were detected in plasma cortisol levels. The MC pigs exhibited greater (P < 0.01) ADFI with poorer feed efficiency compared to C or SM pigs up to split marketing. During the POST period, both MC and SM pigs had greater (P < 0.01) ADFI with poorer (P < 0.01) feed efficiency than C pigs. The ADG was not different among animals as a result of treatment. There were no treatment differences for any of the carcass measurements. Significant differences in performance between the treatment groups could not be attributed to any physiological or behavioral measures reported here. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Anim Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Texas Tech Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Issues Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Kattesh, HG (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Anim Sci, 2640 Morgan Circle,Room 201B McCord Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. OI Stalder, Kenneth/0000-0001-9540-681X NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 338 EP 345 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300006 PM 11881923 ER PT J AU Fernandez-Figares, I Wray-Cahen, D Steele, NC Campbell, RG Hall, DD Virtanen, E Caperna, TJ AF Fernandez-Figares, I Wray-Cahen, D Steele, NC Campbell, RG Hall, DD Virtanen, E Caperna, TJ TI Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 92nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Animal-Science CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Anim Sci DE betaine; carcass composition; pigs ID HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; SULFUR AMINO-ACIDS; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; CHOLINE; PERFORMANCE; GENERATION; METABOLISM; METHIONINE; LIVER AB The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary betaine over a range of concentrations (between 0 and 0.5%) on growth and body composition in young feed-restricted pigs. Betaine is associated with decreased lipid deposition and altered protein utilization in finishing pigs, and it has been suggested that the positive effects of betaine on growth and carcass composition may be greater in energy-restricted pigs. Thirty-two barrows (36 kg, n = 8 pigs per group) were restrictively fed one of four corn-soybean meal-skim milk based diets (18.6 % crude protein, 3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and supplemented with 0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% betaine. Feed allotment was adjusted weekly according to BW, such that average feed intake was approximately 1.7 kg for all groups. At 64 kg, pigs were slaughtered and visceral tissue was removed and weighed. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h to obtain carcass measurements. Subsequently, one-half of each carcass and whole visceral tissue were ground for chemical analysis. Linear regression analysis indicated that, as betaine content of the diet was elevated from 0 to 0.5%, carcass fat concentration (P = 0.06), P3 fat depth (P = 0.14) and viscera weight (P = 0.129) were decreased, whereas total carcass protein (P = 0.124), protein deposition rate (P = 0.98), and lean gain efficiency (P = 0.115) were increased. The greatest differences over control pigs were observed in pigs consuming 0.5 % betaine, where carcass fat concentration and P3 fat depth were decreased by 10 and 26%, respectively. Other fat depth measurements were not different (P > 0.15) from those of control pigs. In addition, pigs consuming the highest betaine :level had a 19% increase in the carcass protein:fat ratio, 23% higher carcass protein deposition rate, and a 24% increase in lean gain efficiency compared with controls. :Dietary betaine had no effects (P > 0.15) on growth performance, visceral tissue chemical composition, carcass fat deposition rate, visceral fat and protein deposition rates, or serum urea and ammonia concentrations. These data suggest that betaine alters nutrient partitioning such that carcass protein deposition is enhanced at the expense of carcass fat and in part, visceral tissue. C1 USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. BMI, Gridley, IL USA. United Feeds Inc, Sheridan, IN USA. RP Caperna, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 200,Rm 201, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Fernandez-Figares, Ignacio/I-9193-2012 OI Fernandez-Figares, Ignacio/0000-0001-6739-2553 NR 34 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 421 EP 428 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300015 PM 11881930 ER PT J AU Touchette, KJ Carroll, JA Allee, GL Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Beausang, LA Zannelli, ME AF Touchette, KJ Carroll, JA Allee, GL Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Beausang, LA Zannelli, ME TI Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blood plasma; immune system; pigs ID TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES; GROWTH-FACTOR; TOLERANCE; PROTEIN; INJURY; MICE AB A study was conducted with 20 weaned barrows (14 d, 4.98 +/- 21 kg) to determine the effect of spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the pig's immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. After weaning, pigs were fed a diet containing 0 or 7% SDP for 7 d. On d 6 postweaning, all pigs were fitted with a jugular catheter. On d 7 postweaning, the pigs were given an i.p. injection of either saline or LPS (150 mug/kg BW) followed by a 3-h blood collection every 15 min. Following blood collection, all pigs were killed and tissue was collected for mRNA analysis. Additionally, the small intestine was collected for measurement of villus height, crypt depth, and villus height:crypt depth ratio (VCR) at three sites (25, 50, and 75% of the total length). Feeding SDP resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-beta) mRNA in the adrenal gland, spleen, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and liver. Additionally, expression of IL-6 mRNA was reduced (P < 0.05) in the spleen and pituitary gland for pigs fed SDP. For pigs fed the diet with SDP, LPS administration did not affect (P > 0.10) cytokine mRNA expression, whereas LPS reduced expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in the spleen and IL-1beta mRNA in the adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus for pigs fed the diet without SDP. For pigs fed the diet with SDP, LPS caused serum TNF-alpha to increase 150-fold compared to a 60-fold increase for pigs fed the diet without SDP. Similarly, interferon, gamma (IFN-gamma) increased 110-fold for pigs fed the diet with SDP compared to a 16-fold increase for pigs fed the diet without SDP. For pigs fed the diet with SDP, LPS caused major villus atrophy, whereas for pigs fed the diet without SDP, LPS had no effect on intestinal morphology. These results demonstrate that the basal activation of the immune system appears to be less for pigs fed the diet with SDP compared to pigs fed the diet without SDP after weaning. Additionally, for pigs fed the diet with SDP, there appeared to be an over-response of the immune system following LPS administration, which resulted in major damage to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. C1 ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Pierce Endogen Inc, Woburn, MA 01801 USA. Univ Missouri, Anin Sci Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anin Sci Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Room S-107, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 30 TC 95 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 494 EP 501 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300023 PM 11881933 ER PT J AU Carroll, JA Touchette, KJ Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Allee, GL AF Carroll, JA Touchette, KJ Matteri, RL Dyer, CJ Allee, GL TI Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned rigs: II. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of weaned pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blood plasma; pigs; stress ID ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN; BACTERIAL-ENDOTOXIN; PORCINE PLASMA; YOUNG-PIGS; CYTOKINES; GROWTH; ACTH; RATS; CORTICOSTERONE; PERFORMANCE AB A study was conducted with 20 weaned barrows (14 d, 4.98 +/- 0.21 kg) to determine the effect of feeding spray-dried plasma (SDP) after weaning on the pig's stress response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. After weaning, pigs were fed a diet containing 0 or 7% SDP for 7 d. On d 6 after weaning, all pigs were nonsurgically fitted with a jugular catheter. On d 7 after weaning, the pigs were given i.p. injections of either saline or LPS (150 mug/kg BW) followed by serial blood collection every 15 min for a 3-h period. Following the 3-h blood collection, all pigs were killed and tissue was collected for mRNA analysis. Pig weight on d 7 after weaning was not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.21). Pigs fed the diet with SDP had lower (P < 0.05) levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA, pituitary gland CRH receptor mRNA, and adrenal gland adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone (ACTH) receptor mRNA. Dietary treatment did not affect pituitary gland proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. No effect of LPS treatment was observed in any of the mRNA levels examined. For both serum ACTH and cortisol, there was a significant diet x LPS treatment interaction (P < 0.01) such that both the ACTH and cortisol responses to the LPS challenge were greater in the pigs fed the diet with SDP than in the pigs fed the diet without SDP. For pigs given the saline injection, diet did not affect basal serum cortisol concentration; however, basal serum ACTH concentration was lower in those pigs fed the diet with SDP (P < 0.0001). A diet x LPS treatment interaction (P < 0.024) was observed for adrenal gland mRNA expression for steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein such that the LPS-induced increase in StAR mRNA was greater in the pigs fed SDP than in pigs fed the diet without SDP. These results demonstrate that pigs fed a diet with SDP have an increased activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis following an LPS challenge compared to pigs fed a diet without SDP. C1 ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Room S-107, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 502 EP 509 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300024 PM 11881934 ER PT J AU Theurer, CB Huntington, GB Huber, JT Swingle, RS Moore, JA AF Theurer, CB Huntington, GB Huber, JT Swingle, RS Moore, JA TI Net absorption and utilization of nitrogenous compounds across ruminal, intestinal, and hepatic tissues of growing beef steers fed dry-rolled or steam plus flaked sorghum grain SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; grain; nitrogen metabolism; processing ID LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS; BLOOD-FLOW; DIFFERENT DENSITIES; STARCH UTILIZATION; FINISHING STEERS; ENDOGENOUS UREA; FEEDLOT CATTLE; NUTRIENT FLUX; FEEDING VALUE; ALFALFA HAY AB Our objectives were to determine effects of grain processing on splanchnic (gut tissues and liver) N metabolism and whole-body N balance by growing steers and to ascertain the relative contributions of ruminal and intestinal tissues to net absorption and utilization of N-containing nutrients. Seven beef steers (348 kg initial BW), surgically implanted with appropriate catheters, were fed diets containing 77% steam-flaked (SF) or dry-rolled (DR) sorghum grain. Blood flows and net output or uptake of ammonia N, urea N, and alpha-amino N (estimate of amino acids) were measured across portal-drained viscera (PDV or gut tissues) and intestinal, ruminal, hepatic, and splanchnic tissues (PDV + hepatic). The experimental design was a crossover between DR and SF diets, with six samplings of blood at 2-h intervals on 2 d for each steer. Nitrogen intake (139 +/- 3 g/d), output in urine (43 +/- 2 g/d), and retention (40 +/- 3 g/d) were similar for both processing treatments. When steers were fed SF sorghum compared to DR sorghum, N retention as a percentage of N intake was numerically greater (P < 0.12), output of fecal N was numerically lower (P < 0.13), and urinary urea N was lower (P < 0.04). For SF vs DR, net uptake of alpha-amino N by liver was higher (P < 0.04; 20 vs 9 g/d.) and was numerically lower (P < 0.16) for ruminal tissues (15 vs 33 g/d). Feeding steers SF compared to DR tended to increase net transfer (cycling) of blood urea N to PDV (57 vs 41 g/d; P < 0.07), increased cycling to intestinal tissues (15 vs 6 g/d; P < 0.05), and numerically, increased transfer to ruminal tissues (42 vs 32 g/ d.; P < 0.12) but did not alter other net output or uptake of N across splanchnic tissues. Total urea N transfer (blood + saliva) was similar for both treatments. Net uptake of alpha-amino N by ruminal tissues was about 30% of the net amount of alpha-amino N absorbed across the intestinal tissues. In summary, most of the blood urea N cycled from the liver to gut tissues was transferred to ruminal tissues for potential microbial protein synthesis, and the net ruminal utilization of a-amino N was about 30% of that absorbed from intestinal tissues. Feeding growing steers SF compared to DR sorghum diets numerically increased whole-body N retention (percentage of N intake) by about 15% and tended to increase transfer of blood urea N to the gut by about 40%; which could increase the supply of high-quality microbial protein for absorption. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Theurer, CB (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 525 EP 532 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300027 PM 11881937 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Hershberger, WK Killefer, J AF Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Hershberger, WK Killefer, J TI Rapid communication: Thirty-eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for mapping in rainbow trout SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mapping; microsatellites; rainbow trout C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Leetown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Anim & Vet Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Rexroad, CE (reprint author), POB 100, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 0 TC 35 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 541 EP 542 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 531UH UT WOS:000174435300029 PM 11881939 ER PT J AU Wright, MS Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR AF Wright, MS Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR TI Transfer of entomopathogenic fungi among formosan subterranean termites and subsequent mortality SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; RHINOTERMITIDAE; ISOPTERA; VIRULENCE AB Strains of the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were screened for effectiveness against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki). Biological control methods are being considered to augment current integrated pest management schemes that involve chemical baits and nonrepellent termiticides. In this study Formosan subterranean termites selected from four colonies in the field were exposed in the laboratory to three Strains of Beauveria bassiana and two strains of Metarhizium anisopliae. The exposed termites were then allowed to mingle with an equal number of unexposed termites from the same nest and mortality of the combined group was determined. One week after exposure, B. bassiana strains, ATCC 26037 and ATCC 90519, had caused significantly higher mortality than the two M. anisopliae strains, ESC 1 and II B and the remaining strain of B. bassiana, ATCC 90518. The LT50 and 90519 was comparable at 1.8 and 2.0 days. respectively. Strains ESC I and 90518 caused 50% mortality at 6.5 and 11.0 days, respectively. Termites exposed to strain 11 B and the control group of termites did not reach 50% mortality during the 21 day experimental period. Exposure of termites to all fungal strains resulted in mortality in excess of that seen in the control groups of unexposed termites. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Wright, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 126 IS 1 BP 20 EP 23 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2002.00604.x PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 528RL UT WOS:000174256700004 ER PT J AU Hurlbut, DE Lott, ME Ryan, AS Ferrell, RE Roth, SM Ivey, FM Martel, GF Lemmer, JT Fleg, JL Hurley, BF AF Hurlbut, DE Lott, ME Ryan, AS Ferrell, RE Roth, SM Ivey, FM Martel, GF Lemmer, JT Fleg, JL Hurley, BF TI Does age, sex, or ACE genotype affect glucose and insulin responses to strength training? SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gender; genetics; glucose tolerance; angiotensin I-converting enzyme ID CONVERTING-ENZYME GENE; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; RESISTANCE EXERCISE; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; I/D POLYMORPHISM; OLDER MEN; TOLERANCE; WOMEN; HYPERTENSION AB The purpose of the present study was to determine whether age, sex, or angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype influences the effects of strength training (ST) on glucose homeostasis. Nineteen sedentary young (age = 20-30 yr) men (n = 10) and women (n = 9) were studied and compared with 21 sedentary older (age = 65-75 yr) men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) before and after a 6-mo total body ST program. Fasting insulin concentrations were reduced in young men and in older men with ST (P < 0.05 in both). In addition, total insulin area under the curve decreased by 21% in young men (P < 0.05), and there was a trend for a decrease (11%) in older men (P = 0.06). No improvements in insulin responses were observed in young or older women. The ACE deletion/deletion genotype group had the lowest fasting insulin and insulin areas under the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curve before training (all P < 0.05), but those with at least one insertion allele had a trend for a greater reduction in total insulin area than deletion homozygotes (P = 0.07). These results indicate that ST has a more favorable effect on insulin response to an OGTT in men than in women and offer some support for the hypothesis that ACE genotype may influence insulin responses to ST. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Div Cardiol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Div Gerontol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Human Genet, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Phys Therapy, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Hurley, BF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. OI Roth, Stephen/0000-0002-7841-3695 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-1620501, AG-00268, AG-05893, AG-42148] NR 38 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 643 EP 650 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 511YB UT WOS:000173293400030 PM 11796676 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB AF Krishnan, HB TI NoIX of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a type III-secreted protein involved in host range determination, is localized in the infection threads of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodules SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CULTIVAR-SPECIFIC NODULATION; SYMBIONT RHIZOBIUM-FREDII; ROOT-NODULES; BACTERIUM RELEASE; SPECIFICITY; STRAINS; LOCUS; CELLS; NODO; GENE AB Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) in a cultivar-specific manner. This strain forms nodules on primitive soybean cultivars but fails to nodulate agronomically improved North American cultivars. Soybean cultivar specificity is regulated by the nolXWBTUV locus, which encodes part of a type HI secretion system (TTSS). NoIX, a soybean cultivar specificity protein, is secreted by TTSS and shows homology to HrpF of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. It is not known whether NoIX functions at the bacterium-plant interface or acts inside the host cell. Antibodies raised against S. fredii USDA257 NoIX were used in immunocytochemical studies to investigate the subcellular localization of this protein. Immunostaining of paraffin-embedded sections of developing soybean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) nodules revealed localization of NoIX in the infection threads. Protein A-gold immunocytochemical localization studies utilizing affinity-purified NoIX antibodies revealed specific deposition of gold particles in the fibrillar material inside infection threads. Similar immunogold localization studies failed to detect NoIX in thin sections of mature soybean and cowpea nodules. The results from this study indicate that NoIX is expressed in planta only during the early stages of nodule development. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 108W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM KrishnanH@missouri.edu NR 38 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 EI 1098-5530 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 184 IS 3 BP 831 EP 839 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 513EB UT WOS:000173364000026 PM 11790754 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Massey, LM Southwell, IA AF Wheeler, GS Massey, LM Southwell, IA TI Antipredator defense of biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa is mediated by plant volatiles sequestered from the host plant Melaleuca quinquenervia SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anti predator defense; biological control of weeds; Curculionidae; generalist predator; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Myrtaceae; Oxyops vitiosa; plant defensive compounds; red imported fire ant; sequestration; Solenopsis invicta; terpenoids; viridiflorol ID IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES; AUSTRALIAN WEEVIL; ARGENTINE ANTS; ESSENTIAL OILS; CITRUS TREES; FIRE-ANT; LARVAE; HYMENOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; FORMICIDAE AB The weevil Oxyops vitiosa is an Australian species imported to Florida, USA, for the biological control of the invasive weed species Melaleuca quinquenervia. Larvae of this species feed on leaves of their host and produce a shiny orange secretion that covers the integument. When this secretion is applied at physiological concentrations to dog food bait, fire ant consumption and visitation are significantly reduced. Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that the larval secretion qualitatively and quantitatively resembles the terpenoid composition of the host foliage. When the combination of 10 major terpenoids from the O. vitiosa secretion was applied to dog food bait, fire ant consumption and visitation were reduced. When these 10 terpenoids were tested individually, the sesquiterpene viridiflorol was the most active component in decreasing fire ant consumption. Fire ant visitation was initially (15 min after initiation of the study) decreased for dog food bait treated with viridiflorol and the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and alpha-terpineol. Fire ants continued to avoid the bait treated with viridiflorol at 18 mug/mg dog food for up to 6 hr after the initiation of the experiment. Moreover, ants avoided bait treated with 1.8 mug/mg for up to 3 hr. The concentrations of viridiflorol, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-terpineol in larval washes were about twice that of the host foliage, suggesting that the larvae sequester these plant-derived compounds for defense against generalist predators. C1 ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Nova SE Univ, Dept Occupat Therapy, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. New S Wales Agr, Wollongbar Agr Inst, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 40 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 297 EP 315 AR UNSP 0098-0331/02/0200-0297/0 DI 10.1023/A:1017982007812 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528ZY UT WOS:000174276600005 PM 11925069 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Cosse, LA Petroski, RJ Weaver, DK AF Bartelt, RJ Cosse, LA Petroski, RJ Weaver, DK TI Cuticular hydrocarbons and novel alkenediol diacetates from wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus): Natural oxidation to pheromone components SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cephus cinctus; wheat stem sawfly; pheromone; cuticular lipid; hydrocarbon; alkene; alkane; (Z)-9-docosene-1,22-diol diacetate; (Z)9-tetracosene-1,24-diol diacetate; (Z)-9-hexacosene-1,26-diol diacetate; aidehyde; oxidation ID DIENES; HYMENOPTERA; DERIVATIVES; ALKADIENES; BRUCHINS; ALCOHOLS; PRODUCT; SERIES; ESTERS; DIOLS AB The cuticular lipids of the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) were investigated as part of a chemical ecology project with this species. The major cuticular lipids were n-alkenes and n-alkanes. Alkenes were the most abundant and exhibited dramatic sexual dimorphism. (Z)-9-Tricosene accounted for about half of the total hydrocarbon in males but was nearly absent from females. The dominant alkenes in females were (Z)-9-pentacosene and (Z)-9-heptacosene. The alkane profiles were similar in both sexes, with n-tricosane being the most abundant, followed by n-pentacosane and n-heptacosane. In both sexes, there were minor amounts of alkanes and alkenes with other chain lengths and n-alkadienes of 29 and 31 carbons. In males, about one tenth of the surface lipids consisted of (Z)-9-alkene-1, omega-diol diacetates with 22-, 24-, and 26-carbon chains. The same compounds were also detected from females but in much smaller amounts. The structures of these novel diacetates were proven by synthesis. By analogy to methyl oleate, a well-studied food lipid, the alkenes and diacetates were expected to undergo slow oxidation in air to release specific aldehydes and other volatile products, and these were generally detected in volatiles collected from living sawflies. Atmospheric oxidation of the diacetates was also demonstrated in the absence of sawflies. One product from the diacetates, 9-acetyloxynonanal, was shown in other research to be particularly active electrophysiologically and was also attractive in the field. Aldehydes from the alkenes also showed strong electrophysiological activity. The concept of volatile pheromones originating from heavy, unsaturated cuticular lipids is discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 385 EP 405 AR UNSP 0098-0331/02/0200-0385/0 DI 10.1023/A:1017994410538 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528ZY UT WOS:000174276600011 PM 11925075 ER PT J AU Cosse, AA Bartelt, RJ Weaver, DK Zilkowski, BW AF Cosse, AA Bartelt, RJ Weaver, DK Zilkowski, BW TI Pheromone components of the wheat stem sawfly: Identification, electrophysiology, and field bioassay SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sawfly; aggregation pheromone; 9-acetyloxynonanal; phenylacetic acid; gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection; cuticular extracts; Cephus cinctus; Cephidae; Hymenoptera ID HYMENOPTERA AB Volatiles collections and cuticular extracts of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), were analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) in order to detect possible pheromone components of this species. Volatiles collections from male and female sawflies contained the same 13 GC-EAD-active compounds that stimulated both male and female antennae. GC-EAD-active compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, and the identities were verified by acquiring or synthesizing authentic: standards with identical GC retention times and mass spectra. 9-Acetyloxynonanal gave the strongest EAD response. Additional GC-EAD-active compounds included 13-acetyloxytridecanal, aldehydes with 9-16 carbon chain lengths, acids with 8-10 carbon chain lengths, and phenylacetic acid. The last was instantly detectable by human nose when several males were allowed to interact, but not from isolated insects. On a per-insect basis, grouped males overall released higher amounts of the GC-EAD-active compounds than grouped females. Notable quantitative differences between the sexes were relatively higher amounts of 9-acetyloxynonanal, phenylacetic acid, and tetradecanal from males and hexadecanal from females. In the absence of an absolute, qualitative difference between sexes, these relative differences might be important for sex recognition. Field bioassay demonstrated the attractiveness of 9-acetyloxynonanal for male and female C. cinctus. The major compounds of male and female cuticular extracts showed no GC-EAD activity, but ozonolysis of extracts gave dramatically increased amounts of GC-EAD-active material. Hence, double-bond-containing cuticular compounds are suggested as precursors of the aldehydic pheromone components. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Cosse, AA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 407 EP 423 AR UNSP 0098-0331/02/0200-0407/0 DI 10.1023/A:1017946527376 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528ZY UT WOS:000174276600012 PM 11925076 ER PT J AU Bischoff, KM White, DG McDermott, PF Zhao, SH Gaines, S Maurer, JJ Nisbet, DJ AF Bischoff, KM White, DG McDermott, PF Zhao, SH Gaines, S Maurer, JJ Nisbet, DJ TI Characterization of chloramphenicol resistance in beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in neonatal swine SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM DT104; DRUG-RESISTANCE; FLORFENICOL; GENE; PIGS AB Ninety beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli isolates associated with diarrhea in neonatal pigs from multiple farms in Oklahoma were investigated for known associated disease serotypes, virulence factors, ribotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes. Fifteen different serotypes were observed, with 58% of isolates belonging to groups that produce one of three major enterotoxins: O149, O147, and O139. Thirty percent of the swine E. coli isolates possessed a combination of F4 fimbriae and the heat-labile toxin and heat-stable toxin B enterotoxins. Seventy-three percent of the E. coli isolates were resistant to five or more antibiotics. Interestingly, 53% of swine E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to chloramphenicol (CHL), an antibiotic whose use in food animals has been prohibited in the United States since the mid-1980s. The cmlA gene, which encodes a putative CHL efflux pump, was detected by PCR in 47 of the 48 CHL-resistant isolates, and 4 of these also possessed the cat2 gene, which encodes a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The one CHL-resistant isolate that did not contain either cmlA or cat-2 possessed the flo gene, which confers resistance to both florfenicol and CHL. To determine whether CHL-resistant swine E. coli isolates represented dissemination of a clonal strain, all 90 isolates were analyzed by ribotyping. Seventeen distinct E. coli ribogroups were identified, with CHL resistance observed among the isolates in all except one of the major ribogroups. The identification of the cmlA gene among diverse hemolytic enterotoxigenic E. coli strains demonstrates its broad dissemination in the swine production environment and its persistence even in the absence of CHL selection pressure. C1 ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US FDA, Res Off, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bischoff, KM (reprint author), ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F-B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 32 TC 66 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 40 IS 2 BP 389 EP 394 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.2.389-394.2002 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 519NG UT WOS:000173731900012 PM 11825947 ER PT J AU Hadsell, DL Bonnette, SG Lee, AV AF Hadsell, DL Bonnette, SG Lee, AV TI Genetic manipulation of the IGF-I axis to regulate mammary gland development and function SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE IGF-I; mammary; transgenic; knockout ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; INSULIN-RECEPTOR ACTIVATION; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; TRANSGENIC MICE; CYCLIN D1; INSULIN-LIKE-GROWTH-FACTOR-1 RECEPTOR; DUCTAL MORPHOGENESIS; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; BINDING-PROTEINS AB Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is known to regulate mammary gland development. This regulation occurs through effects on both cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Our laboratory has studied the IGF-I-dependent regulation of these processes by using transgenic and knockout mouse models that exhibit alterations in the IGF-I axis. Our studies of transgenic mice that overexpress IGF-I during pregnancy and lactation have demonstrated that this growth factor slows the apoptotic loss of mammary epithelial cells during the declining phase of lactation but has minimal effects during early lactation on milk composition or lactational capacity. In contrast, our analysis of early developmental processes in mammary tissue from mice carrying a targeted mutation in the IGF-I receptor gene suggests that IGF-dependent stimulation of cell cycle progression is more important to early mammary gland development than potential anti-apoptotic effects. With both models, the effects of perturbing the IGF-I axis are dependent on the physiological state of the animal. The diminished ductal development that occurs in response to loss of the IGF-I receptor is dramatically restored during pregnancy, whereas the ability of overexpressed IGF-I to protect mammary cells from apoptosis does not occur if the mammary gland is induced to undergo forced involution. Data from our laboratory on the expression of IGF-signaling molecules in the mammary gland suggest that this effect of physiological context may be related to the expression of members of the insulin receptor substrate family. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, Breast Ctr, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hadsell, DL (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK52197-01] NR 101 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 365 EP 377 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 531TZ UT WOS:000174434500006 PM 11913696 ER PT J AU Davis, MA Pritchard, SG Mitchell, RJ Prior, SA Rogers, HH Runion, GB AF Davis, MA Pritchard, SG Mitchell, RJ Prior, SA Rogers, HH Runion, GB TI Elevated atmospheric CO2 affects structure of a model regenerating longleaf pine community SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aristida stricta; competition; elevated CO2; Pinus palustris ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; PLANT-RESPONSE; COMPETITION; ECOSYSTEMS; AMBIENT; GROWTH; TREE AB Differences in plant morphology, physiology, life form, and symbiotic relationships can generate differences in species responses to CO2-enrichment, which call alter competitive interactions, thus affecting community structure and function. Here, we present data from a two-year study, examining the species and community responses to elevated[CO2] of a model regenerating longleaf pine community. The model community was constructed from an assemblage of early successional forest species representing major functional guilds within a typical longleaf pine-wiregrass community: (1) a C-3 evergreen conifer (Pinus palustris); (2) a C-4 bunch grass (Aristida stricta); (3) a C-3 broadleaf tree (Quercus margaretta); (4) a C-3 perennial herbaceous legume (Crotalaria rotundifolia); and (5) a C-3 herbaceous perennial (Asclepias tuberosa). After 2 years, CO2-enriched plots had 109% greater above-ground biomass than ambient plots, mainly due to a 117%, increase in pine biomass. Community structure was altered by CO2 enrichment; Crotalaria and Asclepias had higher mortality and less biomass in high-CO2 plots, suggesting that not all species will perform well as global [CO2] rises. Our data suggest that longleaf pine communities as a whole will perform well in a future higher CO2 world, but some species may fall prey to altered competitive interactions for light and soil moisture. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, USDA, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Lab, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. RP Davis, MA (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 90 IS 1 BP 130 EP 140 DI 10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00642.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 526XE UT WOS:000174154500013 ER PT J AU Cane, JH AF Cane, JH TI Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera : Apiformes) of US alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE megachile; nomia; Apis; osmia; lucerne; pollination efficiency ID VISITORS; POLLEN; FLOWER; FIELD AB Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13% tripped). C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Cane, JH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 22 EP 27 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.22 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100003 PM 11942760 ER PT J AU Behle, RW Dowd, PF Tamez-Guerra, P Lagrimin, LM AF Behle, RW Dowd, PF Tamez-Guerra, P Lagrimin, LM TI Effect of transgenic plants expressing high levels of a tobacco anionic peroxidase on the toxicity of Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus to Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus; peroxidase; transgenic plants ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; HOST-PLANT; DISEASE RESISTANCE; LEAF RESISTANCE; TOMATO PLANTS; BACULOVIRUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION; EFFICACY; INSECTS AB Wild type and corresponding transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) and two tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) plants that express high levels of a tobacco anionic peroxidase were used to determine what type of interactions occurred between peroxidase altered plant chemistry and the baculovirus Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus (AfMNPV) for control of neonate corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Transgenic plants expressed approximately five to 400 times higher peroxidase activity than corresponding tissues of wild type plants. The H. zea larvae typically fed 1.5 times less on transgenic compared with wild type leaf disks. There was only one experiment (of three with tomato leaves) where the larvae that fed on transgenic leaves were less susceptible to the virus based on nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals for LC50 values. When the exposure dose was corrected for reduced feeding on the transgenic leaf disks, the insecticidal activity of the virus was not significantly different for larvae fed on transgenic versus wild type plants. Eight other experiments (with tomato and two species of tobacco) indicated either no significant effect or enhanced susceptibility (when corrected for feeding rates) to the virus of larvae fed on the transgenic leaves. These results indicate enhanced insect resistance in plants expressing high levels of a specific anionic peroxidase may be compatible with applications of AfMNPV. Potential reasons for this compatibility are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. UANL, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Nicolas Los Garza 66451, NL, Mexico. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.81 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100011 PM 11942768 ER PT J AU Kindler, SD Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Fuentes-Granados, R Tao, F AF Kindler, SD Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Fuentes-Granados, R Tao, F TI Effect of greenbugs (Homoptera : Aphididae) on yield loss of winter wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Schizaphis graminum; Triticum aestivum; economic injury; economic threshold ID CEREAL APHIDS; RESISTANT; DAMAGE AB The effect of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), feeding on the yield of four winter wheat cultivars commonly grown in Oklahoma was studied. Cultivars tested were 'Karl', a recent derivative 'Karl-92', and '2163', all greenbug-susceptible cultivars; and 'TAM-110', acultivar with resistance to biotype E greenbugs. The objectives were to determine the effect of different greenbug densities during fall and spring on yield of winter wheat, and to develop mathematical models to quantify the effect of greenbugs on yield loss. The intensity of greenbug infestations achieved in plots by artificial infestation varied among years and growing seasons within a year, but was generally sufficient to cause a reduction in yield. Among yield components, the number of beads. per square meter and the number of seeds per head were frequently negatively correlated with the accumulated number of greenbug-days per tiller. Seed weight was rarely affected by greenbug infestation. A regression model estimated yield loss for greenbug-susceptible cultivars at 0.51 kg/ha loss of yield per greenbug-day in years with near normal precipitation, and a loss of 1.17 kg/ha under severe drought conditions. The susceptible winter wheat cultivars exhibited similar yield loss in relation to the intensity of greenbug infestation, as indicated by a common slope parameter in the regression model. Results suggest that the model is robust for predicting yield loss for susceptible cultivars. C1 USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Kindler, SD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RI Royer, Tom/D-9737-2016 OI Royer, Tom/0000-0003-0912-7115 NR 19 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.89 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100012 PM 11942769 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Daigle, DJ Connick, WJ Parker, A Wunch, K AF Cornelius, ML Daigle, DJ Connick, WJ Parker, A Wunch, K TI Responses of Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera : rhinotermitidae) to three types of wood rot fungi cultured on different substrates SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; Reticulitermes flavipes; subterranean termites; wood decay fungi; interaction; foraging behavior ID DECAY FUNGI; TERMITES ISOPTERA AB This study examined the responses of two termite species, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), to three types of wood decay fungi: a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon: Fries) Murrill; a white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall; and a litter rot fungus, Marasmiellus troyanus (Murrill) Singer. We also examined the responses of termites to these three types of fungi grown on different substrates. For all three fungal species, both termite species showed a strong preference for fungus-infected sawdust over uninfected sawdust. In choice tests, both termite species preferred sawdust infected with either M. troyanus or P. chrysosporium over G. trabeum. However, termites did not show any preference for fungus-infected potato dextrose agar over uninfected potato dextrose agar. Tunneling activity of C. formosanus was greater in sand treated with methanol extracts of fungus-infected sawdust than in sand treated with extracts of uninfected sawdust. Because chemicals in the fungal extracts caused termites to tunnel further into treated sand than untreated sand, these chemicals could potentially be used to direct termite foraging toward bait stations in the field. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.121 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100016 PM 11942746 ER PT J AU Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Dennehy, TJ Carriere, Y Sims, MA Meyer, SK AF Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Dennehy, TJ Carriere, Y Sims, MA Meyer, SK TI Oviposition on and mining in bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton by resistant and susceptible pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : gelechiidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pectinophora gossypiella; oviposition; neonate; Bacillus thuringiensis; host preference; resistance management ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; TRANSGENIC COTTON; INSECT ADAPTATION; PECTINOPHORA-GOSSYPIELLA; PLANTS; SURVIVAL; POPULATIONS; PLUTELLIDAE; MANAGEMENT; EVOLUTION AB Transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been effective in controlling pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). We compared responses to bolls of Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton by adult females and neonates from susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant strains of pink bollworm. In choice tests on caged cotton plants in the greenhouse, neither susceptible nor resistant females laid fewer eggs on Bt cotton bolls than on non-Bt cotton bolls, indicating that the Bt toxin did not deter oviposition. Multiple regression revealed that the number of eggs laid per boll was negatively associated with boll age and positively associated with boll diameter. Females also laid more eggs per boll on plants with more bolls. The distribution of eggs among bolls of Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton was clumped, indicating that boll quality rather than avoidance of previously laid eggs was a primary factor in oviposition preference. Parallel to the results from oviposition experiments, in laboratory no-choice tests with 10 neonates per boll, the number of entrance holes per boll did not differ between Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton for susceptible and resistant neonates. Also, like females, neonates preferred younger bolls and larger bolls. Thus, acceptance of bolls by females for oviposition and by neonates for mining was affected by boll age and diameter, but not by Bt toxin in bolls. The lack of discrimination between Bt and non-Bt cotton bolls by pink bollworm from susceptible and resistant strains indicates that oviposition and mining initiation are independent of susceptibility to Cry1Ac. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Liu, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Agr Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 143 EP 148 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.143 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100019 PM 11942750 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD AF Hansen, JD TI Effect of cold treatment on survival and development of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in cherry SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; postharvest biology; commodity; life history; quarantine ID METHYL-BROMIDE; FRUIT; STORAGE; EGGS AB 'Bing' cherries, Prunus avium L., were obtained from an organic orchard and a. conventional commercial orchard. The two groups were examined separately in replicated tests infested with each fruit initially infested with a first-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). To simulate commercial postharvest holding conditions, the treatments were 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 d cold storage at 3.3degreesC. The fruits were examined three or more times to determine larval survival, life stage, fruit condition, and fungal disease. Survival of first instars was affected only by cold storage durations of greater than or equal to7 d. When infested with codling moth larvae, both organic and conventionally grown cherries quickly deteriorated from fungal diseases. The rate of moth development was estimated from the surviving larvae and was significantly different between organic and conventionally grown cherries for all instars except the second. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 95 IS 1 BP 208 EP 213 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.208 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 600BQ UT WOS:000178371100027 PM 11942758 ER PT J AU Brockway, DG Gatewood, RG Paris, RB AF Brockway, DG Gatewood, RG Paris, RB TI Restoring grassland savannas from degraded pinyon-juniper woodlands: effects of mechanical overstory reduction and slash treatment alternatives SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.; Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths; plant cover; species diversity; herbaceous biomass; logging slash; soil erosion ID SINGLELEAF PINYON; WESTERN JUNIPER; PLANT COMMUNITY; RANGE CONDITION; NEW-MEXICO; SOIL; THRESHOLDS; VIEWPOINT; VEGETATION; BIOMASS AB Although the distribution and structure of pinyon-juniper woodlands in the southwestern United States are thought to be the result of historic fluctuations in regional climatic conditions, more recent increases in the areal extent, tree density, soil erosion rates and loss of understory plant diversity are attributed to heavy grazing by domestic livestock and interruption of the natural fire regime. Prior to 1850, many areas currently occupied by high-density pinyon-juniper woodlands, with their degraded soils and depauperate understories, were very likely savannas dominated by native grasses and forbs and containing sparse tree cover scattered across the landscape. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical overstory reduction and three slash treatment alternatives (removal, clustering and scattering) followed by prescribed fire as techniques for restoring grassland savannas from degraded woodlands. Plant cover, diversity, biomass and nutrient status, litter cover and soil chemistry and erosion rates were measured prior to and for two years following experimental treatment in a degraded pinyon-juniper woodland in central New Mexico. Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the cover of native grasses and, to a lesser degree, forbs and shrubs. Plant species richness and diversity increased most on sites where slash was either completely removed or scattered to serve as a mulch. Although no changes in soil chemistry or plant nutrient status were observed, understory biomass increased over 200% for all harvest treatments and was significantly greater than controls. While treatment increased litter cover and decreased soil exposure, this improvement did not significantly affect soil loss rates. Even though all slash treatment alternatives increased the cover and biomass of native grasses, scattering slash across the site to serve as a mulch appears most beneficial to improving plant species diversity and conserving site resources. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Bandelier Natl Monument, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Trinity Cty Resource Conservat Dist, Weaverville, CA 96093 USA. RP Brockway, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 520 Devall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM dbrockway@fs.fed.us NR 112 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 64 IS 2 BP 179 EP 197 DI 10.1006/jema.2001.0522 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532YT UT WOS:000174503200007 PM 11995240 ER PT J AU Coviella, CE Stipanovic, RD Trumble, JT AF Coviella, CE Stipanovic, RD Trumble, JT TI Plant allocation to defensive compounds: interactions between elevated CO2 and nitrogen in transgenic cotton plants SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; CO2; cotton; global change; Gossypium hirsutum; plant allocation; plant-insect interactions ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERES; INSECT HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; NUTRIENT BALANCE; GROWTH; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; RESPONSES; LARVAE; LIGHT AB Plant allocation to defensive compounds in response to growth in elevated atmospheric CO2 in combination with two levels of nitrogen was examined. The aim was to discover if allocation patterns of transgenic plants containing genes for defensive chemicals which had not evolved in the species would respond as predicted by the Carbon Nutrient Balance (CNB) hypothesis. Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were sown inside 12 environmental chambers. Six of them were maintained at an elevated CO2 level of 900 mumol mol(-1) and the other six at the current level of similar to370 mumol mol(-1). Half the plants in each chamber were from a transgenic line producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin and the others were from a near isogenic line without the Bt gene. The allocation to total phenolics, condensed tannins, and gossypol and related terpenoid aldehydes was measured. All the treatments were bioassayed against a non-target insect herbivore found on cotton, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Plants had lower N concentrations and higher C:N ratios when grown in elevated CO2. Carbon defensive compounds increased in elevated CO2, low N availability or both. The increase in these compounds in elevated CO2 and low N, adversely affected growth and survival of S. exigua. The production of the nitrogen-based toxin was affected by an interaction between CO2 and N; elevated CO2 decreased N allocation to Bt, but the reduction was largely alleviated by the addition of nitrogen. The CNB hypothesis accurately predicted only some of the results, and may require revision. These data indicate that for the future expected elevated CO2 concentrations, plant allocation to defensive compounds will be affected enough to impact plant-herbivore interactions. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Nacl Lujan, Ecol Lab, RA-6700 Lujan, Argentina. ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res CTr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Coviella, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 44 TC 97 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 27 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 53 IS 367 BP 323 EP 331 DI 10.1093/jexbot/53.367.323 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 517VG UT WOS:000173630500018 PM 11807136 ER PT J AU Bakst, MR Vinyard, BT AF Bakst, MR Vinyard, BT TI Oviducal sperm storage in turkeys: Spatial distribution of sperm within the uterovaginal junction sperm-storage tubules SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Congress on Zoology CY AUG 27-SEP 02, 2000 CL ATHENS, GREECE ID POULTRY AB The spatial distribution of sperm within the sperm storage tubules (SST) found in the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) of the turkey is not known. In this study, we inseminated sperm stained with a fluorescent dye (Hoechst 33342) to determine their distribution in SST in the ventral, dorsal, and lateral regions of the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the UVJ. There was no preferential filling in the ventral-dorsal axis of the UVJ. In contrast, preferential filling of the SST was observed in the middle section of the UVJ. Here the individual SST were clearly longer and more pleomorphic than the SST in the more proximal and distal aspects of the UVJ. While no information on the temporal aspect of SST filling by sperm could be gleaned, it is evident that the more morphologically developed SST either accept sperm more readily or store sperm more efficiently than SST elsewhere in the UVJ. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bakst, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD FEB 1 PY 2002 VL 292 IS 2 BP 206 EP 209 DI 10.1002/jez.1156 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 508PB UT WOS:000173096700010 PM 11754036 ER PT J AU Chao, K Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Gwozdz, FB AF Chao, K Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Gwozdz, FB TI On-line inspection of poultry carcasses by a dual-camera system SO JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE broiler; classification; food safety; machine vision ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE; SPECTROSCOPY AB The Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory (ISL) has developed a multi-spectral imaging system for on-line inspection of poultry carcasses. The ISL design is based on two principles: (1) wholesome and unwholesome birds have different chemical compositions of tissues and may have different skin color, and (2) unwholesome carcasses may have physical abnormalities which can be detected by computerized imaging. On-line trials of the multi-spectral chicken carcass inspection system were conducted during a 14-day period in a poultry-processing plant in New Holland. Pennsylvania, where spectral images of 13, 132 wholesome and 1459 unwholesome chicken carcasses were measured. For off-line model development, the accuracies for classification of wholesome and unwholesome carcasses were 95% and 88%. On-line testing of the neural network classification models with combination of the filter information was performed, The inspection system gave accuracies of 94% and 87% for wholesome and unwholesome carcasses, respectively. This accuracy was consistent with the results obtained previously on laboratory studies. Thus, the inspection system shows promise for separation of unwholesome chicken carcasses from wholesome carcasses in poultry processing lines. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Chao, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0260-8774 J9 J FOOD ENG JI J. Food Eng. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 51 IS 3 BP 185 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00051-6 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 511PF UT WOS:000173274200002 ER PT J AU Cloak, OM Fratamico, PM AF Cloak, OM Fratamico, PM TI A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from a swine processing facility and characterization of isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic resistance profiles SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; POULTRY; DNA; FLUOROQUINOLONES; SUSCEPTIBILITIES; SALMONELLA; SLAUGHTER; ENTERITIS; PRODUCTS AB A multiplex polymerase, chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the detection and speciation of 60 Campylobacter strains isolated from porcine rectal swabs and from different areas in a pork processing plant. The PCR assay was based on primers specific for the cadF gene of pathogenic Campylobacter species, a specific but undefined gene of Campylobacter jejuni, and the ceuE gene of Campylobacter coli. Further characterization of these isolates was established by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses with the restriction endonuclease SmaI. In addition to molecular discrimination, the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were examined by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with 22 antibiotics. Differentiation of isolates by multiplex PCR identified 86.9%, (52 of 60) as C. coli and 13.1% (8 of 60) as C. jejuni. Using the, Molecular Analyst software, 60 PFGE types were identified. The percentages of relatedness among C. jejuni strains with PFGE ranged from 25 to 86%, while those among C coli strains ranged from 34 to 99%. Among the 60 PFGE types, each of 12 C. coli, isolates showed 90% similarity to one other isolate. The antibiotic resistance profiles of all 60 isolates were distinct. Analyses of antibiotic resistance profiles showed that all isolates were resistant to five or more antibiotics. Twenty-five percent (2 of 8) of C jejuni isolates and 15% (8 of 52) of C, coli isolates were. resistant to at least one of the three fluoroquinolones tested, antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of human Campylobacter infections. Three percent (2 of 60) of Campylobacter isolates examined were resistant to all three fluoroquinolones. On the basis of the PFGE and antibiotic resistance profiles, each of the 60 isolates was distinct, suggesting that C. jejuni and C. coli strains originating from diverse sources were present in porcine samples and in the pork processing plant. C1 ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 45 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 266 EP 273 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 520EE UT WOS:000173767000003 PM 11848556 ER PT J AU Porto, ACS Franco, BDGM Sant'Anna, ES Call, JE Piva, A Luchansky, JB AF Porto, ACS Franco, BDGM Sant'Anna, ES Call, JE Piva, A Luchansky, JB TI Viability of a five-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters, commercially prepared with and without 2.0 or 3.0% added potassium lactate, during extended storage at 4 and 10 degrees C SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 23-27, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Inst Food Technol ID SPORADIC LISTERIOSIS; MEAT-PRODUCTS; LIVER SAUSAGE; INHIBITION; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR; WIENERS; CHICKEN; SODIUM AB The viability of Listeria monocytogenes was monitored on frankfurters containing added potassium lactate that were obtained directly from a commercial manufacturer. Eight links (ca. 56 g each) were transferred aseptically from the original vacuum-sealed bulk packages into nylon-polyethylene bags. Each bag then received a 4-ml portion of a five-strain mixture of the pathogen. Frankfurters containing 2.0 or 3.0% potassium lactate were evaluated using 20 CFU per package, and frankfurters containing 3.0% potassium lactate were evaluated using 500 CFU per package. The packages were vacuum-sealed and stored at 4 or 10degreesC for up to 90 or 60 days, respectivel During storage at 4degreesC, pathogen numbers remained at about 1.6 log(10) CFU per package over 90 days in packages containing frankfurters with 2.0% potassium lactate that were inoculated with about 20 CFU. In packages containing frankfurters with 3.0% potassium lactate that were inoculated with about 20 CFU and stored at 4degreesC, pathogen numbers remained at about 1.4 log(10) CFU per package over 90 days. In packages containing frankfurters with 3.0% potassium lactate, that were inoculated with about 500 CFU and stored at 4degreesC, pathogen numbers remained at about 2.4 log(10) CFU per package over 90 days. However, in the absence of any added potassium lactate, pathogen numbers increased to 4.6 and 5.0 log(10) CFU per package after 90 days of storage at 4degreesC for starting levels of 20 and 500 CFU per package, respectively. During storage at 10degreesC, pathogen numbers remained at about 1.4 log(10) CFU per package over 60 days in packages containing frankfurters with 2.0% potassium lactate that were inoculated with about 20 CFU. In packages containing frankfurters with 3.0% potassium lactate that were inoculated with about 20 CFU and stored at 10degreesC, pathogen numbers remained at about 1.1 log(10) CFU per package over 60 days of storage. In the absence of any added potassium lactate. pathogen numbers increased to 6.5 log(10) CFU per package after 28 days and then declined to 5.0 loglo CFU per package after 60 days of storage at 10degreesC. In packages containing frankfurters with 3.0% potassium lactate that were inoculated with about 500 CFU per package, pathogen numbers remained at about 2.4 log(10) CFU per package over 60 days of storage at 10degreesC, whereas in the absence of any added potassium lactate, pathogen numbers increased to about 6.6 log(10) CFU per package within 40 days and then declined to about 5.5 log(10) CFU per package after 60 days of storage. The viability of L. monocytogenes in frankfurter packages stored at 4 and 10degreesC was influenced by the pH and the presence or levels of lactate but not by the presence or levels of indigenous lactic acid bacteria or by the proximate composition of the product. These data establish that the addition of 2.0% (P < 0.0004) or 3.0% (P < 0.0001) potassium lactate as an ingredient in frankfurters can appreciably enhance safety by inhibiting or delaying the growth of L. monocytogenes during storage at refrigeration and abuse temperatures. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Food Microbiol Lab, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Bologna, Ist Zootecnia & Nutr Anim, Ozzano Dell Emilia, Italy. RP Luchansky, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Franco, Bernadette/E-1195-2012 NR 45 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 308 EP 315 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 520EE UT WOS:000173767000009 PM 11858193 ER PT J AU Harvey, RB Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Rottinghaus, GE Turk, JR Genovese, KJ Ziprin, RL Nisbet, DJ AF Harvey, RB Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Rottinghaus, GE Turk, JR Genovese, KJ Ziprin, RL Nisbet, DJ TI Toxicity of fumonisin from Fusarium verticillioides culture material and moniliformin from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material when fed singly and in combination to growing barrows SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BROILER CHICKS; TURKEY POULTS; CONTAMINATED WHEAT; VAR-SUBGLUTINANS; ANIMAL HEALTH; DOSED SWINE; DEOXYNIVALENOL; CORN; AFLATOXIN; DIETARY AB The effects of fumonisin B-1 (FB1) from Fusarium verticillioides culture material and moniliformin from Fusarum fujikuroi culture material on growing barrows were evaluated. Four groups of six barrows (three replicates of two each; mean body weight, 11.1 kg) were fed diets containing 0 mg of FB1 and 0 mg of mortilifortriin per kg of feed (control), 100 mg of FB1 per kg of feed, 100 m g of moniliformin per kg of feed, and 100 mg of FBI plus 100 mg of moniliformin per kg of feed. Barrows were fed these diets for 28 days. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, serum biochemical analytes, and hematological values were adversely affected by the FB1 and the FB1-plus-moniliformin diets. The moniliformin diet decreased body weight gain. Two barrows in the moniliformin diet group died, and two barrows in the FB1-plus-moniliformin diet group died. All deaths occurred during the first 6 days of the study. NEW to moderate lesions were observed microscopically in heart and lung tissues of the groups fed moniliformin and FB1 plus moniliformin and in liver tissues of the groups fed FB1 and FB1 plus moniliformin. Except for the acute mortality associated with the two diets containing moniliformin, clinical disease induced by the combined feeding of these two mycotoxins appears to be additive or less than additive and due primarily to the toxic expression of FB1. C1 ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Area Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Missouri, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Area Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM harvey@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 373 EP 377 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 520EE UT WOS:000173767000018 ER PT J AU Thurston-Enriquez, JA Watt, P Dowd, SE Enriquez, J Pepper, IL Gerba, CP AF Thurston-Enriquez, JA Watt, P Dowd, SE Enriquez, J Pepper, IL Gerba, CP TI Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-PATHOGENIC MICROSPORIDIA; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; ENCEPHALITOZOON INTESTINALIS; INFECTION; DIARRHEA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; TRAVELERS; OUTBREAK; GIARDIA AB The occurrence of human pathogenic parasites in irrigation waters used for food crops traditionally eaten raw was investigated. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect human pathogenic microsporidia in irrigation waters from the United States and several Central American countries. In addition, the occurrence of both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was determined by immunofluorescent techniques. Twenty-eight percent of the irrigation water samples tested positive for microsporidia, 60% tested positive for Giardia cysts, and 36% tested positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The average concentrations in samples from Central America containing Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were 559 cysts and 227 oocysts per 100 liters. In samples from the United States, averages of 25 Giardia cysts per 100 liters and <19 (average detection limit) Cryptosporidium oocysts per 100 liters were detected. Two of the samples that were positive for microsporidia were sequenced, and subsequent database homology comparisons allowed the presumptive identification of two human pathogenic species, Encephalitozoon intestinalis (94% homology) and Pleistophora spp. (89% homology). The presence of human pathogenic parasites in irrigation waters used in the production of crops traditionally consumed raw suggests that there may be a risk of infection to consumers who come in contact with or eat these products. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Gerba, CP (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 26 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 378 EP 382 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 520EE UT WOS:000173767000019 PM 11848571 ER PT J AU Zhao, T Doyle, NP Fedorka-Cray, PJ Zhao, P Ladely, S AF Zhao, T Doyle, NP Fedorka-Cray, PJ Zhao, P Ladely, S TI Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104A in retail ground beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CATTLE; RESISTANCE AB Surveillance data of cattle and human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 indicate that this pathogen emerged worldwide in the 1980s, particularly in cattle. Studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in ground beef. Samples were also tested for the presence of generic Escherichia coli. A total of 404 fresh ground beef samples obtained at retail stores from New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Denver, Atlanta, Houston, and Chicago were shipped overnight to Georgia for processing. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 14 (3.5%) samples. Eight different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Lille (3), Salmonella Montevideo (1), Salmonella Hadar (1), Salmonella Meleagridis (1), Salmonella Cerro (1), Salmonella Kentucky (1), and Salmonella Muenster (1). Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin, and tetracycline but that they were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Phage typing revealed that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104A, a subtype of DT104. All five Salmonella Typhimurium. DT104A isolates were obtained from ground beef sampled from retail outlets in San Francisco. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genomic DNA profiles of the five Salmonella Typhimurium. DT104A isolates from ground beef were indistinguishable from those of four control Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 penta-resistant isolates from cattle that were used for comparison. A total of 102 generic E. coli isolates were obtained, only three of which were multiresistant to antibiotics. In addition, three E. coli isolates were recovered from samples that were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A. No correlation of antibiotic resistance profiles was observed between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and generic E. coli, as two of the three E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested, and the third isolate was resistant only to cephalothin. These data indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A can be isolated from retail ground beef, and because there was little overlap in antibiotic resistance patterns between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and E. coli isolates from the same ground beef samples, these limited data suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric bacteria in ground beef may not be common. This latter observation is further supported by the limited isolation of multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli from retail ground beef. C1 Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Doyle, NP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 403 EP 407 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 520EE UT WOS:000173767000023 PM 11848574 ER PT J AU Choi, IR Horken, KM Stenger, DC French, R AF Choi, IR Horken, KM Stenger, DC French, R TI Mapping of the P1 proteinase cleavage site in the polyprotein of Wheat streak mosaic virus (genus Tritimovirus) SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PLANT POTYVIRUS GENOME; RNA; RYMOVIRUS AB Monopartite members of the family Potyviridae utilize three virus-encoded proteinases to cleave the viral polyprotein into mature proteins. The amino-terminal region of the viral polyprotein is autolytically cleaved by the P1 proteinase. A domain required for P1 proteinase activity of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) was mapped using a series of templates with nested 3'-truncations or 5'-deletions to program in vitro transcription-translation reactions. The WSMV P1 proteinase cleavage site was mapped to a position downstream of amino acid residue 348 and upstream of amino acid residue 353, with the peptide bond between amino acid residues Y-352 and G(353) the most probable site of hydrolysis. An alignment of potyvirus polyprotein sequences in the carboxyterminal region of the P1 domain revealed WSMV P1 contained conserved H-257, D-267, S-303 and FIVXG(325-329) residues upstream of the cleavage site that are typical of serine proteinases and shown by others to be required for P1 proteolysis in Tobacco etch virus. Insertion of the GUS reporter gene immediately downstream of the P1 cleavage site in a full-length clone of WSMV resulted in systemic infection and GUS expression upon inoculation of plants with in vitro transcripts. When cleaved by P1 at the amino terminus and NIa proteinase at a site engineered in the carboxy-terminus, active GUS protein expressed by WSMV in infected wheat had electrophoretic mobility similar to wild-type GUS protein. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP French, R (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 83 BP 443 EP 450 PN 2 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 517GD UT WOS:000173602000020 PM 11807238 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Vilella-Bach, M Jauhiainen, M McGladdery, S Erkkila, AT Ehnholm, C Frohlich, J Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Vilella-Bach, M Jauhiainen, M McGladdery, S Erkkila, AT Ehnholm, C Frohlich, J Schaefer, EJ TI Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE therapeutic lifestyle change diet; Step 2 diet; saturated fat; cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; fatty acids; diet; hypercholesterolemia ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; LOW-FAT DIET; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIETS; ASSOCIATION STEP-1 DIET; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; HIGH-FIBER DIET AB Lifestyle modification to decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has recently been reaffirmed by both the National Cholesterol Education Program and American Heart Association (AHA). Using a randomized crossover design, the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) /Step 2 diet relative to a typical Western diet was assessed in 36 moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects in a clinical setting under iso-weight conditions. Mean lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels (fasting and non-fasting), fatty acid profiles, parameters of HDL metabolism, and glucose homeostasis were determined. Relative to the Western diet, the TLC/Step 2 diet resulted in 11% and 7% lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), respectively, with no significant change in TG levels or total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio. Similar responses were observed in the non-fasting state. Linoleic (18:2n-6c ) and (x-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids increased at the expense of oleic acid (18:ln-9c) in the cholesteryl ester, TG, and phospholipid subfractions. The dietary, changes had no significant effect on fractional esterification rate of HDL, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), or cholesterol ester transfer protein activities, or glucose and insulin levels. Female and male subjects responded similarly. The TLC/ Step 2 diet resulted in a decrease in some CVD risk factors and no apparent adverse effects in others. - Lichtenstein, A. H., L. M. Ausman, S. M. Jalbert, M. Vilella-Bach, M. Jauhiainen, S. McGladdery, A.T. Erkkila, C. Ehnholm, J. Frohlich, and E. J. Schaefer. Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects.. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Cardiovasc Nutr Res Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Mol Med, Helsinki, Finland. Univ British Columbia, Atherosclerosis Specialty Lab, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ Kuopio, Dept Clin Nutr, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Cardiovasc Nutr Res Program, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54727] NR 88 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 5 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 264 EP 273 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 525ZA UT WOS:000174102900010 PM 11861668 ER PT J AU Stewart, KM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG Cimon, NJ Johnson, BK AF Stewart, KM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG Cimon, NJ Johnson, BK TI Temporospatial distributions of elk, mule deer, and cattle: Resource partitioning and competitive displacement SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus; competition; competitive exclusion; elk; free-ranging cattle; mule deer; niche partitioning; Odocoileus hemionus; Oregon ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; HABITAT SELECTION; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; CENSUS-DATA; REGRESSION; NICHE; COEFFICIENTS; SEPARATION; PREDATION AB Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), and cattle frequently co-occur on landscapes in the northwestern United States. We hypothesized that niche overlap would be greatest between introduced cattle with either of the 2 native herbivores because coevolution between native elk and mule deer should have resulted in strong patterns of resource partitioning. We observed strong differences among species in use of space, especially elevation, steepness of slope, and use of logged forests. We used 2 temporal windows to examine both immediate (6 h) and long-term (7 days) effects of competition. We noted strong avoidance over a 6-h period among the 3 ungulates. That effect was weaker for the previous 7 days. Cattle were generalists with respect to habitat selection; the 2 native herbivores avoided areas used by cattle. Mule deer and elk avoided one another during the short temporal window (6 h), although spatial differences in habitat use often were not maintained over 7 days. Elk used lower elevations when cattle were absent and moved to higher elevations when cattle were present, indicating shifts in niche breadth and competitive displacement of elk by cattle. We demonstrated strong partitioning of resources among these 3 species, and presented evidence that competition likely has resulted in spatial displacement. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Bowyer, RT (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Stewart, Kelley/F-5897-2012 NR 67 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 6 U2 52 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 83 IS 1 BP 229 EP 244 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0229:TDOEMD>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 524ZD UT WOS:000174042000023 ER PT J AU Buyer, JS AF Buyer, JS TI Identification of bacteria from single colonies by fatty acid analysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on the Interface between Analytical Chemistry and Microbiology CY JUN 04-08, 2000 CL BRETAGNE, FRANCE DE bacteria; single colonies; fatty acid analysis AB While a commercially available system For microbial identification by fatty acid analysis (Microbial Identification System, MIDI, Newark, DE, USA) is available, it requires approximately 40-mg wet weight of biomass. Various authors have published methods for fatty acid analysis of single colonies, but no database of organisms has been developed for those methods. A modification of the MIDI system to increase sensitivity while maintaining relative retention times and peak areas allows the standard peak naming tables and libraries of organisms to be used with single colonies. Samples are evaporated down before injection to concentrate the fatty acids, while splitless injection is used to allow more sample to enter the gas chromatograph. Several known bacteria were correctly identified by this method. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, ARS, SASL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buyer, JS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SASL, Bldg 001 Room 140 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Buyer, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2098-0547 NR 6 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD FEB PY 2002 VL 48 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 259 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00327-X PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 515FC UT WOS:000173483900015 PM 11777573 ER PT J AU Yasuda, K Kizu, H Yamashita, T Kameda, Y Kato, A Nash, RJ Fleet, GWJ Molyneux, RJ Asano, N AF Yasuda, K Kizu, H Yamashita, T Kameda, Y Kato, A Nash, RJ Fleet, GWJ Molyneux, RJ Asano, N TI New sugar-mimic alkaloids from the pods of Angylocalyx pynaertii SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID INHIBITION; 1,4-DIDEOXY-1,4-IMINO-D-ARABINITOL; GALACTOSIDASE; NITROGEN AB Chromatographic separation of the pod extract of Angylocalyx pynaertii resulted in the isolation of 13 sugar-mimic alkaloids (1-13). The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as the 6-0-beta-D-glucoside (10) and N-hydroxyethyl derivative (11) of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-Darabinitol (DAB) (1), 1,6-dideoxynojirimycin (12), and 1,3,4-trideoxynojirimycin. (13). 2,5-Imino-1,2,5trideoxy-L-glucitol (7), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-funcitol (8), and beta-homofuconojirimycin (9), isolated from the pods as well as the bark, were very specific inhibitors Of alpha-L-fucosidase with no significant inhibitory activity toward other glycosidases. In this work, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (6) was found to be a better inhibitor of lysosomal beta-mannosidase than 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-mannitol (2). N-Hydroxyethyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (miglitol), which is commercially available for the treatment of diabetes, retained its inhibitory potential toward rat intestinal maltase and sucrase, whereas 11 and the synthetic N-hydroxyethyl derivative of 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol markedly lowered or abolished their inhibition toward all enzymes tested. C1 Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Hosp Pharm, Toyama 9300194, Japan. Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Asano, N (reprint author), Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Ho 3 Kanagawa Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. NR 15 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 BP 198 EP 202 DI 10.1021/np010360f PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 525CD UT WOS:000174048900020 PM 11858756 ER PT J AU Swain, JH Tabatabai, LB Reddy, MB AF Swain, JH Tabatabai, LB Reddy, MB TI Histidine content of low-molecular-weight beef proteins influences nonheme iron Bioavailability in Caco-2 cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2000 Meeting CY APR 14-19, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE beef proteins; nonheme iron; bioavailability; Caco-2 cells; histidine ID FOOD IRON; BINDING PROPERTIES; ANIMAL PROTEINS; STEARIC-ACID; VITAMIN-C; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; MEAT; CYSTEINE; DIGESTION AB The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize beef muscle proteins that enhance nonheme iron bioavailability. Beef sirloin was cooked, lyophilized and reconstituted with water before in vitro digestion. After centrifugation, the digest supernatant was sequentially ultrafiltered using 10- and 1-kDa molecular weight cut-off membranes. Nonheme iron bioavailability was assessed by Caco-2 cell monolayer Fe-59 uptake using an extrinsic labeling method. All ultrafiltration fractions significantly (P < 0.001) increased iron solubility at pH 6.0, compared with the blank. However, iron uptake was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than the blank only in the presence of the 1-kDa retentate (1KR). Therefore, the 1KR was chosen for further analysis. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) of the 1KR yielded four fractions, i.e., three distinct fractions (F1, F3, F4) and one fraction (F2) comprised of a few closely associated peaks. All four IMAC fractions resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) greater (two- to fivefold) iron solubility at pH 6.0, compared with the blank. Iron uptake with F2 and F4 was significantly greater than the blank (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis illustrated that F1-F4 contained many peptides ranging from 1- to 7-kDa. Amino acid composition analysis revealed that histidine concentration increased progressively from F1 to F4, corresponding to a general, but not parallel increase in iron solubility and Uptake. Our results suggest that the enhancement of nonheme iron absorption by beef may be due to peptides produced during gastrointestinal digestion and that histidine content may be important. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ctr Designing Foods Improve Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Reddy, MB (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ctr Designing Foods Improve Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 48 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 245 EP 251 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000018 PM 11823585 ER PT J AU de Kleijn, MJJ van der Schouw, YT Wilson, PWF Grobbee, DE Jacques, PF AF de Kleijn, MJJ van der Schouw, YT Wilson, PWF Grobbee, DE Jacques, PF TI Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal US women: The Framingham Study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE phytoestrogens; postmenopausal women; diet; cardiovascular disease; metabolic ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; SERUM-LIPIDS; SOY PROTEIN; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; BODY-COMPOSITION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; HEART-DISEASE AB Hypertension, central obesity and dyslipidemia are associated with high cardiovascular risk. Estrogen therapy in women has beneficial effects on some of these metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. It is not known whether dietary estrogens have similar effects, especially in Western populations. We studied the association between dietary phytoestrogen intake and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. For this purpose, 939 postmenopausal women participating in the Framingham Offspring Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Mean blood pressure, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and lipoprotein levels were determined in quartile categories of dietary phytoestrogen (isoflavones and lignans) intake, determined by a food-frequency questionnaire. In addition, a metabolic syndrome score was defined according to WHO criteria (range 0-6). The WHR was lower in women in the highest quartile of intake of lignans compared with the lowest [-0.017; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.030 to -0.0016]. In the highest quartile of intake of isoflavones, plasma triglyceride levels were 0.16 mmol/L lower (95% Cl, -0.30 to -0.02) compared with the lowest quartile of isoflavones; for lignan intake, this difference was 0.23 mmol/L (95% Cl, -0.37 to -0.09). In the highest quartile of isoflavone intake, the mean cardiovascular risk factor metabolic score was 0.43 points lower (95% Cl, -0.70 to -0.16) than the lowest quartile. The difference in this score between the extreme quartiles of intake of lignans was -0.55 points (95% Cl, -0.82 to -0.28). In conclusion, high intake of phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women appears to be associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile. C1 Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Julius Ctr Gen Practice & Patient Oriented Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP van der Schouw, YT (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Julius Ctr Gen Practice & Patient Oriented Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Grobbee, Diederick/C-7651-2014; van der Schouw, Yvonne/F-8327-2014 OI Grobbee, Diederick/0000-0003-4472-4468; van der Schouw, Yvonne/0000-0002-4605-435X NR 60 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 276 EP 282 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000023 PM 11823590 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Kalmbach, R Bagley, PJ Russo, GT Rogers, G Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Jacques, PF Kalmbach, R Bagley, PJ Russo, GT Rogers, G Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; riboflavin; folate; methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; humans ID METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; RISK FACTOR; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; COMMON MUTATION; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HOMOCYST(E)INE; DETERMINANT AB Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor for remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. The C677T MTHFR polymorphism is associated with mild hyperhomocysteinemia, but only in the presence of low folate status. Because MTHFR contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a prosthetic group, riboflavin status may also influence homocysteine metabolism. The objective of this study was to examine the association between riboflavin status and fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration while also considering MTHFR C677T genotype and folate status. The study was conducted using fasting plasma samples (n = 450) from the fifth examination of the Framingham Offspring Study cohort. All persons with the 17 genotype and age- and sex-matched sets of individuals with the CT and CC genotypes were selected for determination of plasma riboflavin and flavin mono- and dinucleotide levels. Plasma riboflavin was associated with tHcy concentrations, but the association was largely confined to persons with plasma folate <12.5 nmol/L and TT genotype. In these persons, the mean tHcy among individuals with riboflavin levels, <6.89 nmol/L was 14.5 mumol/L, whereas the mean tHcy for those with riboflavin greater than or equal to11 nmol/L was 11.6 mumol/L (P-trend <0.03). Plasma flavin nucleotides were unrelated to tHcy concentrations. Our data suggest that riboflavin status may affect homocysteine metabolism, but only in a small segment of the population who have both low folate status and are homozygotes for the MTHFR C677T mutation. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bagley, Pamela/N-1906-2015 OI Bagley, Pamela/0000-0002-1214-7814 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038] NR 27 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 283 EP 288 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000024 PM 11823591 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Uthus, EO AF Davis, CD Uthus, EO TI Dietary selenite and azadeoxycytidine treatments affect dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt formation in rat colon and DNA methylation in HT-29 cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; DNA methylation; azadeoxycytidine; HT-29; DNA methyltransferase ID HISTONE DEACETYLASE; METHYLTRANSFERASE; CANCER; EXPRESSION; BINDING; HYPOMETHYLATION; 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE; TRANSFORMATION; DEMETHYLATION; TRANSCRIPTION AB Several observations implicate a role for altered DNA methylation in cancer pathogenesis. The global level of DNA methylation is generally lower; however, DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1) activity is usually higher in tumor cells than in normal cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Dnmt1 inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-dC) would alter the effect of dietary selenium on the formation of aberrant crypts. Weanling rats (n = 60) were fed three concentrations of selenium (deficient, 0.1 and 2.0 mg/kg diet) in a Torula yeast-based diet. Half of the rats were injected weekly with aza-dC (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and half were injected with the vehicle control (PBS). After 3.5 wk of consuming the experimental diets, the rats were given two injections of dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Rats fed the selenium-deficient diet and injected with PBS had significantly (P < 0.006) more aberrant crypts than rats fed 0.1 or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet (244 +/- 21 vs. 165 +/- 9 and 132 +/- 14, respectively). In contrast, when rats were injected with aza-dC, there was a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in aberrant crypt formation and dietary selenium had no effect (62 +/- 8 vs. 77 +/- 13 vs. 54 +/- 8, in rats fed 0, 0.1 and 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet, respectively). HT-29 cells cultured in the absence of selenium had significantly hypomethylated DNA but significantly more Dnmt1 protein expression than cells cultured in the presence of 1 or 2 mumol/L selenium. These results suggest that aza-dC treatment may protect selenium-deficient rats against carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt formation. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 41 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000026 PM 11823593 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Zeng, HW Finley, JW AF Davis, CD Zeng, HW Finley, JW TI Selenium-enriched broccoli decreases intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; broccoli; min mouse; colon cancer ID FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS; COLORECTAL-CANCER; APC GENE; MUTATIONS; RATS AB Multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice are a good model for the investigation of the effects of dietary alterations in a genetic model for intestinal cancer. Previous studies have shown that selenium-enriched broccoli is protective against chemically induced colon cancer susceptibility. This study investigated whether selenium-enriched broccoli would be protective against intestinal cancer susceptibility in Min mice. Five-week-old heterozygotic male Min mice were fed an AIN-93-based diet containing either low-selenium broccoli or an equivalent amount of high-selenium broccoli for 10 wk. Mice fed the selenium-enriched broccoli had fewer (P < 0.02) small intestinal (46.4 +/- 3.7 vs. 65.6 +/- 6.1) and large intestinal (0.43 +/- 0.17, vs. 1.93 +/- 0.27) tumors than those fed an equivalent amount of unenriched broccoli. Min mice fed the selenium-enriched broccoli had small but significant (P < 0.0001) increases in plasma and liver selenium concentrations and red blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity. These results extend previous observations that selenium-enriched broccoli is protective against chemically induced mammary and colon cancer in rats. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 25 TC 63 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 307 EP 309 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000029 PM 11823596 ER PT J AU Yao, MJ Roberts, SB Ma, GS Pan, H McCrory, MA AF Yao, MJ Roberts, SB Ma, GS Pan, H McCrory, MA TI Field methods for body composition assessment are valid in healthy Chinese adults SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE isotope dilution; anthropometry; body mass index; percentage of body fat; fat-free mass hydration coefficient ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; FAT-FREE MASS; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ETHNIC-GROUPS; INDEX; FATNESS; DENSITY; MODEL; ANTHROPOMETRY AB There is little information on the accuracy of simple body composition methods in non-Western populations. We determined the percentage of body fat (%BF) by isotope dilution [oxygen-18 ((H2O)-O-18) and deuterium oxide ((H2O)-H-2)] and anthropometry in 71 healthy, urban Chinese adults aged 35-49 y [body mass index (BMI) 18-35 kg/m(2)]. The accuracy of several prediction equations for assessment of %BF from skinfold measurements was evaluated against %BF determined by (H2O)-O-18 dilution. We also assessed the relationship between BMI and %BF, and the fat-free mass (FFM) hydration coefficient for our population. All skinfold equations yielded means within similar to2%BF of (H2O)-O-18-derived %BF. However, on the basis of residual plot analysis and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean difference between methods, the equations of Durnin and Womersley (for assessment of body density from skinfolds) coupled with that of Brozek et al. (for assessment of %BF from body density) provided the most valid assessment for individuals. In addition, the FFM hydration coefficient averaged 0.734 +/- 0.002 (SEM), indicating that the usually assumed value of 0.732 is appropriate for this population. Finally, although BMI had high specificity (90%) for classifying individuals as having body fat within the normal range (<24%BF for men, and <35%BF for women), it had poor sensitivity (66%) for identifying individuals as having high body fat. We conclude that compared with (H2O)-O-18 dilution, skinfold thickness can provide an accurate and reliable assessment of body composition in healthy Chinese adults. Furthermore, using the equation of Brozek et al. may be preferable to using Siri's equation to predict %BF from body density in populations in which individuals have >30%BF. C1 Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Nutr & Food Hyg, Dept Student Nutr, Beijing 100050, Peoples R China. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [F32-DK 09747, DK53404] NR 55 TC 25 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 310 EP 317 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000030 PM 11823597 ER PT J AU Harrison, EH Hussain, MM AF Harrison, EH Hussain, MM TI Mechanisms involved in the intestinal digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A - Reply to Schweigert and Raila SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Anat & Cell Biol & Pediat, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. RP Harrison, EH (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 132 IS 2 BP 325 EP 325 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518WY UT WOS:000173692000035 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Topper, MJ AF Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Topper, MJ TI Sarcocystis mephitisi n. sp (Protozoa : Sarcocystidae), Sarcocystis neurona-like and Toxoplasma-like infections in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Two structurally distinct types (A, B) of microscopic sarcocysts were found in muscles of 4 of 5 feral skunks. Type A sarcocysts had sarcocyst walls of up to 6 pin thick. The villar protrusions (Vp) on the sarcocyst wall were up to 5 mum long. The Vp were constricted at the base, expanded in the middle, and had a blunt tip. Numerous microtubules were present in the Vp and in the granular layer. Bradyzoites were up to 11 mum long and up to 3.2 mum wide. Based on the distinctiveness of the Vp, a new name, Sarcocystis mephitisi is proposed Cur type A sarcocysts. Type B sarcocysts had a relatively thin (similar to1-2 mum thick) sarcocyst wall and the Vp were slender and tapered toward the tip. These sarcocysts were structurally similar to S. neurona sarcocysts. A Toxoplasma gondii-like tissue cyst was found in a section of tongue of I of the 4 skunks. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0113:SMNSPS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 527YJ UT WOS:000174215300020 PM 12053950 ER PT J AU Boes, J Slotved, HC Murrell, KD Eriksen, L Roepstorff, A Nansen, P Agergaard, N AF Boes, J Slotved, HC Murrell, KD Eriksen, L Roepstorff, A Nansen, P Agergaard, N TI Alternative migration routes of Ascaris suum in the pig SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OESOPHAGOSTOMUM-DENTATUM; LARVAE; INFECTION; INVITRO; ADULTS; EGGS AB Experiments were conducted to investigate possible alternative routes, of extraintestinal migration of Ascaris suum larvae in the pig, Pigs were infected with A. suum via injection of newly hatched larvae into cecal veins (IV), into cecal lymph nodes (LN), or intraperitoneally (IP), and control animals were inoculated orally with infective eggs (PO). Two pigs per inoculation route were necropsied on days 1, 4, and 13 postinoculation. The numbers of liver lesions and the percentage of larvae recovered was considerably greater in pigs inoculated IV or PO on each necropsy day. However, irrespective of inoculation route, at least a proportion of larvae passed through the livers and were able to complete migration to the small intestine by day 13. The results indicate that larval penetration of the intestinal wall is not necessary for liver-lung migration and that passage through the liver may be favorable for migrating A. suum larvae, although a delayed arrival in the small intestine cannot be ruled out for larvae following alternative routes. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Danish Ctr Expt Parasitol, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Clin Studies, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Danish Inst Agr Sci, Dept Anim Hlth & Welf, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. RP Boes, J (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Danish Ctr Expt Parasitol, Dyrlaegevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 180 EP 183 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0180:AMROAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 527YJ UT WOS:000174215300030 PM 12053960 ER PT J AU Jardine, JE Dubey, JP AF Jardine, JE Dubey, JP TI Congenital toxoplasmosis in a Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS NEREIS; SEA OTTER; SARCOCYSTIS; ORGANISM AB Toxoplasma. gondii was identified in tissues of a stillborn late-term fetus from an Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Myocardial necrosis and nonsuppurative inflammation in the heart and nonsuppurative necrotizing encephalitis were associated with tachyzoites and tissue cysts. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-T. gondii-specific polyclonal rabbit serum. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. VETPATH Lab Serv, Belmont, WA 6984, Australia. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 197 EP 199 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0197:CTIAIP]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 527YJ UT WOS:000174215300037 PM 12053968 ER PT J AU Resendes, AR Juan-Salles, C Almeria, S Majo, N Domingo, M Dubey, JP AF Resendes, AR Juan-Salles, C Almeria, S Majo, N Domingo, M Dubey, JP TI Hepatic sarcocystosis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Spanish Mediterranean coast SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETIOLOGIC AGENT; SEA OTTER; APICOMPLEXA; CHINCHILLA; INFECTION; FRENKELIA; PROTOZOA; DOGS AB Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the northeastem Spanish Mediterranean coast based on pathologic findings and the microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of the intralesional parasite. Main gross lesions were icterus, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and hepatic congestion. The most prominent microscopic lesions consisted of severe acute multifocal to coalescing necrotizing hepatitis with cholestasis and intralesional protozoa. There was severe chronic pancreatitis with generalized distension of pancreatic ducts by hyaline plugs and adult trematodes. Only asexual stages of the protozoa were found. The parasite in the liver divided by endopolygeny. Schizonts varied in shape and size. Mature schizonts had morazoites randomly arranged or budding peripherally around a central residual body. Schizonts were up to 22 mum long, and merozoites were up to 6 lain long. Ultrastructurally, merozoites lacked rhoptries. This parasite failed to react by immunohistochemistry with anti-Toxoplasma gondii, anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Sarcocystis neurona antibodies. The microscopic and ultrastructural morphologies of the parasite were consistent with Sarcocystis canis, so far described only from animals in the Unites States. The life cycle and source of S. canis are unknown. The present report of S. canis-like infection in a sea mammal from Spain indicates that the definitive host for this parasite also exists outside of the United States. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Vet, UD Histol & Anat Patol, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. Dept Patol, Puebla 72007, Mexico. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Vet, UD Parasitol, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Domingo, Mariano/A-1015-2009; Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014; OI Domingo, Mariano/0000-0002-9623-4826; Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488; Majo, Natalia/0000-0003-0189-9751 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 206 EP 209 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0206:HSIASD]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 527YJ UT WOS:000174215300040 PM 12053971 ER PT J AU Vu, JCV Newman, YC Allen, LH Gallo-Meagher, M Zhang, MQ AF Vu, JCV Newman, YC Allen, LH Gallo-Meagher, M Zhang, MQ TI Photosynthetic acclimation of young sweet orange trees to elevated growth CO2 and temperature SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrate metabolism; Citrus; CO2 enrichment; high temperature; photosynthetic acclimation; rubisco ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CITRUS SEEDLINGS; VALENCIA ORANGE; GAS-EXCHANGE; ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; RUBISCO; LEAVES AB Two-year old trees of orange, a hybrid of tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. x C. reticulate), were grown for twenty-nine months under two daytime [CO2] of 360 (ambient) and 720 (elevated) mumol mol(-1), and at two temperatures of 1.5 and 6.0degreesC above ambient temperature. The objectives were to characterize the physiology and biochemistry of citrus photosynthesis in response to both elevated [CO2] and temperature, and to test if the photosynthetic capacity of sweet orange, in terms of rubisco activity and protein concentration, was down-regulated under long-term elevated growth [CO2]. Both mature (old) and expanding (new) leaves of trees grown under elevated [CO2] had higher photosynthetic rates, lower transpiration and conductance, and higher water-use efficiency (WUE), compared to those grown under ambient [CO2]. Although leaf WUE was reduced by high temperature, elevated [CO2] compensated for adverse effect of high temperature on leaf WUE. Activity and protein concentration of rubisco were down-regulated in both new and old leaves at elevated [CO2]. In contrast, the amount of total leaf soluble protein was not affected by elevated [CO2] and high temperature. Down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity was greater for the old leaves, although activity and protein concentration of rubisco in the new leaves were higher. Contents of soluble sugars and starch in all leaves sampled, which were higher under elevated [CO2], were generally not affected by high temperature. Within each specific CO2-temperature treatment and leaf type, total soluble sugars remained relatively unchanged throughout the day, as did the starch content of early morning and midday samples, and only a moderate increase in starch for the old leaves at late afternoon sampling was observed. In contrast, starch content in the new leaves increased substantially at late afternoon. Activities of sucrose-P synthase and adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase were reduced at elevated [CO2] in the old leaves, but not in the new leaves. The photosynthetic acclimation of Ambersweet orange leaves at elevated [CO2] allowed an optimization of nitrogen use by reallocation/redistribution of the nitrogen resources away from rubisco. Thus, in the absence of other environmental stresses, citrus photosynthesis would perform well under rising atmospheric [CO2] and temperature as predicted for this century. C1 Univ Florida, USDA, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Vu, JCV (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA, Dept Agron, 2183 McCarty Hall A,POB 110300, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 18 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 159 IS 2 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00689 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 528PT UT WOS:000174252700005 ER PT J AU Volz, SA Johnston, JJ AF Volz, SA Johnston, JJ TI Solid phase extraction/gas chromatography/electron capture detector method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife and wildlife food sources SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE solid phase extraction; dieldrin; organochlorine pesticides; capillary gas chromatography; animal tissue ID ANIMAL-TISSUES; RESIDUES; CLEANUP; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; DICOFOL; LIQUID; FATS; EGGS AB A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of 10 organochlorine pesticides in a variety of biological matrices was developed. Sample preparation involved an acetonitrile extraction, followed by a solid phase extraction clean up using C18-florisil cartridges in tandem. The pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Method limits of detection ranged from 1.1-2.6 ng/g. The mean recovery and standard deviation for the ten pesticides in fortified deer muscle was 94.7% +/- 7.9. Recoveries for individual analytes ranged from 83.6 to 105%. While the method was developed and validated using deer muscle, it was successfully applied to quantify these analytes in insects, bird eggs, calf liver, beef brain, boar, deer, elk, alligator, mussels, oysters, clams, crab, mahi mahi, and tobacco. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 W La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1002/1615-9314(20020201)25:3<119::AID-JSSC119>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 537WJ UT WOS:000174782400002 ER PT J AU McKay, DL Blumberg, JB AF McKay, DL Blumberg, JB TI The role of tea in human health: An update SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE tea; flavonoids; cardiovascular disease; cancer; bone health; oral health; thermogenesis; iron status; cognitive function; kidney stones ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; PROSTATE-CANCER RISK; GREEN-TEA; BLACK TEA; COFFEE CONSUMPTION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; STOMACH-CANCER AB Tea is an important dietary source of flavanols and flavonols. In vitro and animal studies provide strong evidence that tea polyphenols may possess the bioactivity to affect the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the results from epidemiological and clinical studies of the relationship between tea and health are mixed. International correlations do not support this relationship although several, better controlled case-referent and cohort studies suggest an association with a moderate reduction in the risk of chronic disease. Conflicting results between human studies may arise, in part, from confounding by socioeconomic and lifestyle factors as well as by inadequate methodology to define tea preparation and intake. Clinical trials employing putative intermediary indicators of disease, particularly biomarkers of oxidative stress status, suggest tea polyphenols could play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer and heart disease. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 133 TC 277 Z9 303 U1 8 U2 62 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 517JL UT WOS:000173607300001 PM 11838881 ER PT J AU Guthrie, JF Myers, EF AF Guthrie, JF Myers, EF TI USDA's Economic Research Service supports nutrition and health outcomes research SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Econ Res Serv, Food Assistance & Nutr Res Program, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. ADA Headquarters, Chicago, IL USA. RP Guthrie, JF (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Food Assistance & Nutr Res Program, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 102 IS 2 BP 293 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90065-9 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 518JN UT WOS:000173664600029 PM 11846127 ER PT J AU Bolton, GE Sanders, TH AF Bolton, GE Sanders, TH TI Effect of roasting oil composition on the stability of roasted high-oleic peanuts SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE high-oleic peanut oil; oil-roasted; oleic/linoleic ratio; peanut oil; peanuts; shelf life; stability AB Off-flavor due to lipid degradation is an important factor in the shelf life of peanut products. The use of recently developed peanuts with high-oleic acid/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio has the potential to significantly extend the shelf life of roasted peanuts. To determine the full potential for shelf-life improvement of oil-roasted high-O/L peanuts, a study was conducted to examine the effects of roasting high-O/L peanuts (OIL = 30) in high-O/L (O/L = 23.2) or conventional (O/L = 1.5) peanut oil. Peanuts were roasted at 177degreesC to Hunter L values of 49 :L I. Roasted peanuts were stored at 30degreesC for 20 wk. Samples were taken at regular intervals to determine PV, oxidative stability index (OSI), moisture content, and water activity. The OIL ratio of high-O/L roasted peanuts was 27.9 vs. 13.6 for the conventional oil-roasted peanuts. After 20 wk of storage, PV of conventional oil-roasted peanuts was 10.8 compared to 5.3 for the high-O/L-roasted peanuts. OSI values were 88.5 and 52.4 immediately after roasting for the high-O/L-roasted vs. conventional oil-roasted peanuts. OSI for both decreased, but differences remained similar throughout the storage period. Shelf life of high-O/L peanuts decreased when roasted in conventional O/L-peanut oil vs. high-O/L peanut oil. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Mkt Qual & Handling Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sanders, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Mkt Qual & Handling Res Unit, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 79 IS 2 BP 129 EP 132 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0446-1 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 525HH UT WOS:000174062700004 ER PT J AU Lee, KT Foglia, TA Chang, KS AF Lee, KT Foglia, TA Chang, KS TI Production of alkyl ester as biodiesel from fractionated lard and restaurant grease SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alkyl ester; biodiesel; fractionation; grease; lard ID LIPASE-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION; VEGETABLE-OILS; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AB Methyl or ethyl esters were produced from lard and restaurant grease by lipase- or base-catalyzed reactions. Before esterifying, some renewable substrates (lard and restaurant grease) should be manipulated through acetone fractionation or on a chromatography column packed with an adsorbent to obtain maximal reaction rate, Because lipase activity was hindered by excess amounts (more than 1 mol) of methanol, each 1 M methanol was added sequentially after 24 h of reaction. Through a three-step reaction, 74% conversion to tallow-methyl ester was obtained. However, a porous substance, such as silica gel, improved the conversion when more than 1 M methanol was used as reaction substrate. When a 1:3 (fractionated lard/methanol, mole ratio) substrate was used, the conversion rates (i.e., extent of conversion) were 2.7 (24 h) and 2.8% (48 h). However, with 10% silica gel in the reaction mixture, the conversion rates increased to 25 and 58%, respectively. Regenerated restaurant grease (FFA removed through column chromatography) was further converted to esters by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. After 24 h of reaction, 96% conversion was obtained, while only 25% conversion was observed from crude grease. Alkyl esters produced in this study could be used for fuels, potentially as biodiesel. C1 Chungnam Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Yusung Gu, Taejon 305764, South Korea. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Lee, KT (reprint author), Chungnam Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Yusung Gu, 220 Gungdong, Taejon 305764, South Korea. NR 16 TC 72 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 79 IS 2 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0457-y PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 525HH UT WOS:000174062700015 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Daun, JK DeClercq, DR AF Yaklich, RW Daun, JK DeClercq, DR TI Historical trends in the composition of soybean, canola-rape, and flax seeds grown in the United States and Canada SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Letter ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CORN YIELDS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ANOMALIES; IMPACT; WEATHER C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Canadian Grain Commiss, Grain Res Lab, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 79 IS 2 BP 207 EP 208 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0461-2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 525HH UT WOS:000174062700019 ER PT J AU Nichols, MH Renard, KG Osborn, HB AF Nichols, MH Renard, KG Osborn, HB TI Precipitation changes from 1956 to 1996 on the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE precipitation; statistical analysis; semiarid range-land; surface water hydrology; meteorology/climatology ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; REGIME; SCALE AB The climate of Southern Arizona is dominated by summer precipitation, which accounts for over 60 percent of the annual total. Summer and non-summer precipitation data from the USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed are analyzed to identify trends in precipitation characteristics from 1956 to 1996. During this period, annual precipitation increased. The annual precipitation increase can be attributed to an increase in precipitation during non-summer months, and is paralleled by an increase in the proportion of annual precipitation contributed during non-summer months. This finding is consistent with previously reported increases in non-summer precipitation in the southwestern United States. Detailed event data were analyzed to provide insight into the characteristics of precipitation events during this time period. Precipitation event data were characterized based on the number of events, event precipitation amount, 30-minute event intensity, and event duration. The trend in non-summer precipitation appears to be a result of increased event frequency since the number of events increased during nonsummer months, although the average amount per event, average event intensity, and average event duration did not. During the summer "monsoon" season, the frequency of recorded precipitation events increased but the average precipitation amount per event decreased. Knowledge of precipitation trends and the characteristics of events that make up a precipitation time series is a critical first step in understanding and managing water resources in semiarid ecosystems. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Nichols, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 161 EP 172 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01543.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 531JC UT WOS:000174411400015 ER PT J AU Boothe, DDH Arnold, JW AF Boothe, DDH Arnold, JW TI Electronic nose analysis of volatile compounds from poultry meat samples, fresh and after refrigerated storage SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE electronic nose; chicken meat; volatile compounds; bacteria; poultry ID CHICKEN MEAT; SPOILAGE; FOOD; RECOGNITION; PRODUCTS; MS AB Electronic nose technology has previously been applied to the assessment of the quality of red meats, pork and fish, but not poultry products. In the present study the ability of the electronic nose to assess the microbiological quality of raw poultry meat as a function of storage time and temperature was investigated. Four types of chicken pieces (boneless breast with and without skin, wings and thighs) were stored for up to 2 days at 13degreesC (the maximum allowable temperature in poultry processing environments) or for up to 5 days at 4degreesC (refrigeration temperature for raw poultry products prior to shipping or further processing). Saline rinses of meat samples were serially diluted in tryptic soy broth to 10(-10). The rinses and their associated serial dilutions were analysed on an electronic nose with 12 metal oxide sensors in order to determine the specificity and sensitivity respectively of the assay. Principal component analysis (PCA) maps of the data confirmed that the electronic nose could differentiate volatile compounds associated with individual types of meat samples properly stored at 4degreesC from those maintained at processing temperature, 13degreesC, for a comparable time, even as early as day 1 of storage. Differences in headspace gases from any type of meat sample stored at one temperature could also be determined with increased storage time. However, data from samples stored at 4degreesC clustered more tightly in PCA maps than those associated with samples maintained at 13degreesC, indicating a greater diversity in volatile compounds at the higher temperature. We have shown herein that the electronic nose can detect changes in the volatile compounds associated with chicken meat based on product storage time and temperature; the technology can assess length of sample storage as well as deviation from refrigeration temperature. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 18 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 82 IS 3 BP 315 EP 322 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1036 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 519PX UT WOS:000173735600013 ER PT J AU Hays, NP Bathalon, GP Roubenoff, R Lipman, R Roberts, SB AF Hays, NP Bathalon, GP Roubenoff, R Lipman, R Roberts, SB TI The association of eating behavior with risk for morbidity in older women SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY-OF-LIFE; DIETARY RESTRAINT; OVULATORY DISTURBANCES; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; OBESE WOMEN; YOUNG-WOMEN; DISINHIBITION; WEIGHT; HEALTH; QUESTIONNAIRE AB Background. Although an influence of eating behavior on dietary intake and physiology has been documented in several studies. the extent to which eating behavior influences long-term health is uncertain. Methods. Current dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed using the Eating Inventory in 1252 non smoking women aged 55 to 65 years. In addition. subjects reported the presence or absence of 22 specific morbidities, along with general demographic information. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between eating behavior cores and morbidity, adjusting for age, prior smoking status, hormone replacement therapy, education level, and body, mass index (BMI). Results. In adjusted models excluding BMI higher disinhibition cores were associated with small increased risks for hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR] 1.04 p =.045), leg cramps (OR 1.05, p =.044), indigestion (OR 1.06, p =.020), and cataract (OR 1.09, p =.036), and a decreased risk of eczema (OR 0,9 p =.008). In addition, higher hunger scores were associated with increased risk of eczema (OR 1,09, p =.026). However, after adjusting for confounding variables plus BMI higher disinhibition scores were associated with increased risks for low back pain (OR 1,06, p =.031) and constipation (OR 1.10 p =.004). and associations of disinhibition and hunger with eczema were unchanged (OR 0.90. p =.008 and OR 1.09. p =.024, respectively). Dietary restraint was not associated with morbidity in any model. Conclusions. Higher disinhibition and hunger scores were associated with small alterations in reported morbidity risk in a large population of nonsmoking older women. Although our cross-sectional study design makes the directionality of these relationships unclear, our results suggest at most a relatively minor independent influence of eating behavior constructs long-term health. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Natick, MA 01760 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209, AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124] NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 57 IS 2 BP M128 EP M133 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 523ZP UT WOS:000173987700012 PM 11818433 ER PT J AU Judd, JT Baer, DJ Clevidence, BA Kris-Etherton, P Muesing, RA Iwane, M AF Judd, JT Baer, DJ Clevidence, BA Kris-Etherton, P Muesing, RA Iwane, M TI Dietary cis and trans monounsaturated and saturated FA and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in men SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; SERUM-LIPIDS; HIGH-DENSITY; WOMEN AB Trans monounsaturated fatty acids (TFA) are hypercholesterolemic compared to oleic acid to a degree approaching or equivalent to saturated FA, However, it is unknown to what extent these effects may be due to cholesterol lowering by oleic acid rather than elevation by saturated FA and TFA. In order to better understand the impact of replacing TFA in foods, it is first necessary to know the relative lipid-modifying effects of the major FA that change as TFA are lowered or removed. For 5 wk, 50 normocholesterolemic men were fed controlled diets providing approximately 15% of energy from protein, 39% from fat, and 46% from carbohydrate in a randomized, 6 x 6, crossover design. Eight percent or energy was replaced across diets with the following: carbohydrate (CHO) (1:1 simple to complex); oleic acid (OL); TFA; stearic acid (STE); TFA\STE (4% of energy from each); carbon 12:0-16:0 saturated FA (LMP). LDL cholesterol concentrations (mmol/L) were as follows (different superscripts indicate significance at P less than or equal to 0.01): OL 2.95(a); CHO 3.05(a,b); STE 3.10(b,c); LMP 3.21(c,d); TFA + STE 3.32(d,e); and TFA 3.36(e). HDL cholesterol concentrations (mmol/L) were as allows: STE 1.16(a); TFA 1.16(a,b); TFA\STE 1.17(a,b); CHO 1.19(b); OL 1.24(c); and LMP 1.30(d). Triacyl glycerides were highest after STE (1.13) and lowest after OIL (0.88) P<0.001). Thus, compared to the carbohydrate control diet, TFA raised LDL cholesterol at least equivalent to LMP but had no effect on HDL cholesterol; STE had no effect on LDL cholesterol hut lowered HDL cholesterol; LMP raised both LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol; and oleic acid raised HDL cholesterol but had no effect on LDL cholesterol. C1 ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Nutr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Lipid Res Clin, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Stat Collaborat, Washington, DC USA. RP Judd, JT (reprint author), ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Bldg 308,Room 214,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 2 BP 123 EP 131 AR UNSP L8859 DI 10.1007/s11745-002-0871-9 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 529UA UT WOS:000174316600001 PM 11908904 ER PT J AU Richardson, BA Brunsfeld, J Klopfenstein, NB AF Richardson, BA Brunsfeld, J Klopfenstein, NB TI DNA from bird-dispersed seed and wind-disseminated pollen provides insights into postglacial colonization and population genetic structure of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeography; chloroplast microsatellites; gene flow; mitochondrial DNA; Pinus albicaulis; postglacial colonization ID MICROSATELLITE LOCI; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; FLEXILIS JAMES; RARE ALLELES; EVOLUTION; DISTANCES; DIFFERENTIATION; CHLOROPLAST; PINACEAE; HISTORY AB Uniparentally inherited mitochondrial (mt)DNA and chloroplast (cp)DNA microsatellites (cpSSRs) were used to examine population genetic structure and biogeographic patterns of bird-dispersed seed and wind-disseminated pollen of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). Sampling was conducted from 41 populations throughout the range of the species. Analyses provide evidence for an ancestral haplotype and two derived mtDNA haplotypes with distinct regional distributions. An abrupt contact zone between mtDNA haplotypes in the Cascade Range suggests postglacial biogeographic movements. Among three cpSSR loci, 42 haplotypes were detected within 28 cpSSR sample populations that were aggregated into six regions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to determine the hierarchical genetic structure of cpSSRs. AMOVA and population pairwise comparisons (F(ST)) of cpSSR, and geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes provide insights into historical changes in biogeography. The genetic data suggest that whitebark pine has been intimately tied to climatic change and associated glaciation, which has led to range movements facilitated by seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson). The two hypotheses proposed to explain the genetic structure are: W a northward expansion into Canada and the northern Cascades in the early Holocene; and (ii) historical gene flow between Idaho and the Oregon Cascades when more continuous habitat existed in Central Oregon during the late Pleistocene. Genetic structure and insights gained from historical seed movements provide a basis on which to develop recovery plans for a species that is at risk from multiple threats. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, RMRS, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Brunsfeld, J (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM sbruns@uidaho.edu NR 48 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01435.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 519KV UT WOS:000173726200006 PM 11856423 ER PT J AU Glenn, AE Gold, SE Bacon, CW AF Glenn, AE Gold, SE Bacon, CW TI Fdb1 and Fdb2, Fusarium verticillioides loci necessary for detoxification of preformed antimicrobials from corn SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE cyclic hydroxamic acids; Gibberella moniliformis; phytoanticipins ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; BENZOXAZOLINONE ALLELOCHEMICALS; DETOXIFYING ENZYME; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; ZEA-MAYS; MONILIFORME; 2,4-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXY-2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE; 6-METHOXY-BENZOXAZOLINONE; RESISTANCE; MUTANTS AB Fusarium verticillioides is a fungus of significant economic importance because of its deleterious effects on plant and animal health and on the quality of their products. Corn (Zea mays) is the primary host for F. verticillioides, and we have investigated the impact of the plant's antimicrobial compounds (DIMBOA, DIBOA, MBOA, and BOA) on fungal virulence and systemic colonization. F. verticillioides is able to metabolize these antimicrobials, and genetic analyses indicated two loci, Fdb1 and Fdb2, were involved in detoxification. Mutation at either locus caused sensitivity and no detoxification. In vitro physiological complementation assays resulted in detoxification of BOA and suggested that an unknown intermediate compound was produced. Production of the intermediate compound involved Fdb1, and a lesion in fdb2 preventing complete metabolism of BOA resulted in trans formation of the intermediate into an unidentified metabolite. Based on genetic and physiological data, a branched detoxification pathway is proposed. Use of genetically characterized detoxifying and nondetoxifying strains indicated that detoxification of the corn antimicrobials was not a major virulence factor, since detoxification was not necessary for development of severe seedling blight or for infection and endophytic colonization of seedlings. Production of the antimicrobials does not appear to be a highly effective resistance mechanism against F. verticillioides. C1 USDA ARS, TMRU, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Glenn, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, TMRU, Russell Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32-AI-07373] NR 37 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 15 IS 2 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.2.91 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 522UW UT WOS:000173916200001 PM 11876429 ER PT J AU Andersen, B Kroger, E Roberts, RG AF Andersen, B Kroger, E Roberts, RG TI Chemical and morphological segregation of Alternaria arborescens, A-infectoria and A-tenuissima species-groups SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HOST-SPECIFIC TOXINS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; RAPD-PCR; THEMES; FUNGI; CULTURES; NUCLEAR; TOMATO AB Correct morphological identification of Alternaria is important and demands a combination of modern standardised methods and up-to-date literature. The production of secondary metabolites has previously been used as a means of identification and classification. In this study, 153 fungal isolates belonging to the genus Alternaria were examined. They were grown under standardised conditions and subjected to morphological and chemical examination. All isolates were grouped according to their three-dimensional sporulation pattern on potato carrot agar and their colony colour on dichloran rose bengal yeast extract sucrose agar (DRYES). After extraction, all isolates were analysed by a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector and the resulting metabolite profiles were subjected to multivariate statistic analyses. The analyses of metabolite profiles showed that the isolates could be divided into three major species-groups that were morphologically identifiable as the A.. infectoria species-group, the A. arborescens species-group and the A.. tenuissima species-group. The A. infectoria species-group is chemically very different from both the A. arborescens and the A. tenuissima species-groups with only a few metabolites in common. None of the 35 A. infectoria species-group isolates produced any known metabolites and all had white or greyish white colonies on DRYES. The A. arborescens species-group and the A. tenuissima species-group, shared most of the known metabolites and had colonies of various shades of green on DRYES. One cluster of isolates belonging to the A. tenuissima species-group was able to produce tentoxin, which has not been reported previously from any A. tenuissima isolate. The results suggest that each species-group contains several taxa and these taxa need to be formally described before species specific metabolite profiles can be established. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, BioCentrum, Mycol Grp, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Andersen, B (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, BioCentrum, Mycol Grp, Bldg 221, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. EM birgitte.andersen@biocentrum.dtu.dk RI Andersen, Birgitte/F-3922-2012 OI Andersen, Birgitte/0000-0002-4544-9886 NR 55 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 106 BP 170 EP 182 DI 10.1017/S0953756201005263 PN 2 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 553LA UT WOS:000175675600008 ER PT J AU Quail, PH AF Quail, PH TI Phytochrome photosensory signalling networks SO NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID BACTERIAL SENSOR PROTEINS; GFP FUSION PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; NUCLEAR IMPORT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; AVENA PHYTOCHROME; CIRCADIAN CLOCK; REGULATED GENE; LIGHT SIGNALS; BHLH PROTEIN AB Light is life for plants. To continuously assess and adapt to fluctuations in the quality and quantity of this essential commodity, plants deploy sensory photoreceptors, including the phytochromes. Having captured an incoming photon, the activated phytochrome molecule must relay this information to nuclear genes that are poised to respond by directing appropriate adjustments in growth and development. Defining the intricate intracellular signalling networks through which this sensory information is transduced is an area of intense research activity. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 104 TC 397 Z9 437 U1 4 U2 60 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1471-0072 J9 NAT REV MOL CELL BIO JI Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 3 IS 2 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1038/nrm728 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 521CR UT WOS:000173821700018 PM 11836510 ER PT J AU Zoico, E Roubenoff, R AF Zoico, E Roubenoff, R TI The role of cytokines in regulating protein metabolism and muscle function SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE cytokines; protein metabolism; muscle function ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CHRONIC HEART-FAILURE; HAMSTER DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTILITY; FACTOR-ALPHA; CANCER CACHEXIA; GENE-EXPRESSION; TNF-ALPHA AB Multiple lines of evidence suggest that cytokines influence different physiologic functions of skeletal muscle cells, including anabolic and catabolic processes and programmed cell death. Cytokines play an important role not only in muscle homeostasis, therefore, but also in the pathogenesis of different relevant clinical conditions characterized by alterations in protein metabolism. Recently discovered cytokines, such as ciliary neurotrophic factor and growth/differentiation factor-8, as well as the more studied tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and the interferons, have been implicated in the regulation of muscle protein turnover. Their postreceptor signaling pathways, proteolytic systems, and the mechanisms of protein synthesis inhibition involved in different catabolic conditions have been partially clarified. Moreover, recent studies have shown that cytokines can directly influence skeletal muscle contractility independent of changes in muscle protein content. Even though several gaps remain in our understanding, these observations may be useful in the development of strategies to control protein metabolism and muscle function in different clinical conditions. C1 Univ Verona, Cattedra Geriatria, I-37100 Verona, Italy. Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Zoico, E (reprint author), Univ Verona, Cattedra Geriatria, I-37100 Verona, Italy. OI ZOICO, Elena/0000-0002-5235-1545 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG15797] NR 111 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 60 IS 2 BP 39 EP 51 DI 10.1301/00296640260085949 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 520JC UT WOS:000173777100001 PM 11852969 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Estes, TL Allen, R Baker, JL Hornsby, AG Jones, RL Richards, RP Gustafson, DI AF Wauchope, RD Estes, TL Allen, R Baker, JL Hornsby, AG Jones, RL Richards, RP Gustafson, DI TI Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicidetolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE atrazine; corn (Zea mays); glufosinate; glyphosate; drinking water; transgenic crops ID AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; SURFACE-WATER; GLYPHOSATE; RUNOFF; BASIN AB In the intensely farmed corn-growing regions of the mid-western USA, surface waters have often been contaminated by herbicides, principally as a result of rainfall runoff occurring shortly after application of these to corn and other crops. In some vulnerable watersheds, water quality criteria for chronic human exposure through drinking water are occasionally exceeded. We selected three settings representative of vulnerable corn-region watersheds, and used the PRZM-EXAMS model with the Index Reservoir scenario to predict corn herbicide concentrations in the reservoirs as a function of herbicide properties and use pattern, site characteristics and weather in the watersheds. We compared herbicide application scenarios, including broadcast surface pre-plant atrazine and alachlor applications with a glyphosate pre-plant application, scenarios in which losses of herbicides were mitigated by incorporation or banding, and scenarios in which only glyphosate or glufosinate post-emergent herbicides were used with corn genetically modified to be resistant to them. In the absence of drift, in almost all years a single runoff event dominates the input into the reservoir. As a result, annual average pesticide concentrations are highly correlated with annual maximum daily values. The modeled concentrations were generally higher than those derived from monitoring data, even for no-drift model scenarios. Because of their lower post-emergent application rates and greater soil sorptivity, glyphosate and glufosinate loads in runoff were generally one-fifth to one-tenth those of atrazine and alachlor. These model results indicate that the replacement of pre-emergent corn herbicides with the post-emergent herbicides allowed by genetic modification of crops would dramatically reduce herbicide concentrations in vulnerable watersheds. Given the significantly lower chronic mammalian toxicity of these compounds, and their vulnerability to breakdown in the drinking water treatment process, risks to human populations through drinking water would also be reduced. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Stone Environm Inc, Wilmette, IL 60091 USA. Aventis CropSci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Heidelberg Coll, Water Qual Lab, Tiffin, OH 44883 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA. RP Gustafson, DI (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 146 EP 160 DI 10.1002/ps.433 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 518CF UT WOS:000173648500004 PM 11852639 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Britton, WM MacDonald, A Primus, TM Goodal, MJ Yoder, CA Miller, LA Fagerstone, KA AF Johnston, JJ Britton, WM MacDonald, A Primus, TM Goodal, MJ Yoder, CA Miller, LA Fagerstone, KA TI Quantification of plasma and egg 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) residues for the efficient development of a nicarbazin-based contraceptive for pest waterfowl SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nicarbazin; 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide; DNC; geese; contraception AB Urbanization and associated landscaping has increased the abundance of year-round habitat for waterfowl, resulting in vegetation damage, loss of recreational activities, air transportation mishaps and health hazards. As part of a research program to develop socially acceptable techniques for management of pest bird populations, we are evaluating nicarbazin as a contraceptive in pest and surrogate avian species. As reproductive studies with Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) are tedious due to the difficulty of conducting controlled field studies and/or breeding geese in captivity, we evaluated the effects of oral nicarbazin administration on the production and hatchability of chicken eggs. Blood plasma and egg DNC concentrations were correlated to contraceptive efficacy. Subsequent studies are being conducted with geese to determine the diet nicarbazin concentration required to produce the desired blood and plasma DNC concentrations. This approach permits the expeditious evaluation of formulations and dosing regimes by simply monitoring blood DNC concentrations in target species. Published in 2001 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Pharma Sci Inc, N Caldwell, NJ 07006 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 197 EP 202 DI 10.1021/ps.439 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 518CF UT WOS:000173648500011 PM 11852646 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Johnson, BB Shier, WT Tak, H Jarvis, BB Boyette, CD AF Abbas, HK Johnson, BB Shier, WT Tak, H Jarvis, BB Boyette, CD TI Phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from Myrothecium verrucaria SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE kudzu; Pueraria montana Leguminosae; macrocyclic trichothecenes; mycotoxins; natural products; mycoherbicide; Myrothecium verrucaria; phytotoxins; phytotoxicity; cytotoxicity; biological control ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; CELL CULTURES; TOXIN AAL; LEAF-SPOT; FUMONISIN; RORIDUM; PLANT; MUSKMELON; TOXICITY; SERIES AB Macrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucaria (a phytopathogen of interest in biological weed control) and the non-trichothecene toxin atranone B from Stachybotiys atra were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) plantlet cultures and kudzu (Pueraria lobata L.) leaf disc assays, and for mammalian cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E and H, epi-isororidin E, and verrucarin A and J were phytotoxic (half-maximal effect in the concentration range 0.1-9.7 muM on duckweed and 1.5- >80 muM on kudzu) and cytotoxic to mammalian cell lines (half-maximal inhibition of proliferation in the concentration range 1-35 nM). Trichoverrins A and B and atranone B were moderately phytotoxic (half-maximal effect in the concentration range 19-69 muM on duckweed and 13- >80 muM on kudzu) and weakly cytotoxic with mammalian cell lines (half-maximal inhibition of proliferation in the concentration range 0.3- >2muM). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SWSRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SWSRU, 141 Expt Stn Rd,POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD FEB PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3 BP 309 EP 313 AR PII S0031-9422(01)00464-2 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00464-2 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 524BQ UT WOS:000173992400009 PM 11830139 ER PT J AU Landa, BB de Werd, HAE Gardener, BBM Weller, DM AF Landa, BB de Werd, HAE Gardener, BBM Weller, DM TI Comparison of three methods for monitoring populations of different genotypes of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens in the rhizosphere SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ID TAKE-ALL; METABOLITE 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS; NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS; IMPROVES BIOCONTROL; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; LABELED PROBE; ROOT-ROT; WHEAT; SUPPRESSION AB Pseudomonas fluorescens strains producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) have biocontrol activity against a broad spectrum of root and seedling diseases. In this study, we determined the effect of genotype on the ability to isolate and quantify introduced 2,4-DAPG producers from the rhizosphere of wheat using three different methods: traditional dilution plating on selective media, colony hybridization followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and phlD-specific PCR-based dilution endpoint assay. Regression analysis of the population densities of 10 2,4-DAPG-producing P. fluorescens, representing five genotypes, determined by the three different methods demonstrated that the relationship was linear (P < 0.001) and the techniques were very similar (i.e., slopes equal to 1.0). The phlD-specific PCR-based assay had a slightly lower limit of detection than the other two methods (log 3.3 versus log 4.0 CFU/g of fresh root weight). With the colony hybridization procedure, we observed that the phlD probe, derived from strain P. fluorescens Q8rl-96, hybridized more strongly to colonies of BOX-PCR genotypes D (strains W2-6, L5.1-96, Q8rl-96, and Q8r2-96) and K (strain F113) compared with strains of genotypes A (Pf-5 and CHA0), B (Q2-87), and L (1M1-96 and W4-4). Colony hybridization alone overestimated the actual densities of some strains, thus requiring an additional PCR step to obtain accurate estimates. In contrast, population densities estimated for three of the bacterial treatments (strains CHA0, W2-6, and Q8r2-96) with the PCR-based assay were significantly (P < 0.041) smaller by 7.6 to 9.2% and 6.4 to 9.4% than population densities detected by the dilution plating and colony hybridization techniques, respectively. In this paper, we discuss the relative advantages of the different methods for detecting 2,4-DAPG producers. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Landa, BB (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009; Landa, Blanca/K-9629-2014 OI Landa, Blanca/0000-0002-9511-3731 NR 47 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.129 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 516EE UT WOS:000173538300002 PM 18943085 ER PT J AU Howell, CR AF Howell, CR TI Cotton seedling preemergence damping-off incited by Rhizopus oryzae and Pythium spp. and its biological control with Trichoderma spp. SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; GERMINATION; ULTIMUM; SPORANGIA AB Planting the cotton cv. Sure-Grow 747 in cotton seedling disease plots during the 2001 growing season resulted in high levels of preemergence damping-off among the seedlings. Four cotton pathogens, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, an unidentified Pythium sp., and Rhizopus oryzae, were isolated from diseased seed embryos and seedlings. Disease incited by the Pythium spp. could be controlled by seed treatment with Metalaxyl, but disease incited by R. oryzae could not. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl in naturally infested field soil was only partially effective; therefore, symptoms in 47% of the diseased seedlings could be attributed to R. oryzae. Susceptibility to disease appeared to be related to release in the spermosphere, by the germinating seeds, of compounds that stimulate pathogen propagule germination, because exudates from seed of the suscept Sure-Grow 747 and extracts from wheat bran induced pathogen germination and growth, whereas exudates from resistant cv. Stoneville 213 did not. However, even Stoneville 213 became susceptible when infested soil was amended with wheat bran. Seed treatment with preparations of Trichoderma virens parent, mutant, and hybrid strains gave effective biological control of preemergence damping-off. Disease control was attributable to metabolism by the biocontrol agent of pathogen germination stimulants released by the seed, because amendment of pathogen-infested soil with the propagule germination stimulants in wheat bran negated the protective effect of the seed treatment. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Howell, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 16 TC 48 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 177 EP 180 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.177 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 516EE UT WOS:000173538300008 PM 18943091 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG Rowe, DE AF Pratt, RG Rowe, DE TI Enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in populations of alfalfa selected for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WALL-DEGRADING ENZYMES; OXALIC-ACID; PATHOGENICITY; INOCULATION; VIRULENCE; CULTURE AB Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii are pathogens for which similar mechanisms of parasitism have been proposed. This suggested that resistance to these pathogens may be related in a common host plant. This study was undertaken to determine whether selection for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa also increases resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii as expressed in excised leaf tissues and whole plants. Resistance in excised leaf tissues was evaluated according to the rate of necrosis induced by Sclerotium rolfsii following inoculation with mycelium. Resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in whole plants was evaluated according to their survival following crown inoculations. Three alfalfa populations previously selected from cv. Delta for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii, in comparison with Delta or with susceptible populations, in excised leaf tissues. When whole plants of Delta and two of these populations, Sclerotinia trifoliorum resistant (STR) and Mississippi Sclerotinia resistant (MSR), were inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii at 3 to 8 weeks of age, significant (P = 0.01) differences in survival were attributed to plant age at inoculation and alfalfa populations. Survival of both MSR and STR was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than for Delta; the best differential results were obtained by inoculating plants 5 to 7 weeks old. To evaluate relationships of resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii over a broader genetic background, additional populations were selected for resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum from four other alfalfa cultivars by leaf-inoculation techniques, and this resistance was confirmed by whole-plant inoculations. In excised leaf tissues, all four of these populations also expressed enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in comparison with either parent cultivars or populations of comparable size selected at random. These results establish that selection for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa also confers enhanced resistance to Sclerothium rolfsii as expressed in excised leaf tissues and whole plants. Results suggest, therefore, that genes for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii in alfalfa are likely to be synonymous, overlapping, or closely linked. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 204 EP 209 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.204 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 516EE UT WOS:000173538300012 PM 18943095 ER PT J AU Frederick, RD Snyder, CL Peterson, GL Bonde, MR AF Frederick, RD Snyder, CL Peterson, GL Bonde, MR TI Polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection and discrimination of the soybean rust pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P-meibomiae SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT-DISEASE; POTATO-TUBERS; PCR; VIRUS AB Soybean rust occurs in Australia and many countries throughout Africa, Asia, and South America. The causal agents of soybean rust are two closely related fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, which are differentiated based upon morphological characteristics of the telia. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed greater than 99% nucleotide sequence similarity among isolates of either P. pachyrhizi or P. meibomiae, but only 80% sequence similarity between the two species. Utilizing differences within the ITS region, four sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed specifically for P. pachyrhizi and two sets for P. meibomiae. Classical and real-time fluorescent PCR assays were developed to identify and differentiate between P. pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae. Identification of P. pachyrhizi from infected soybean leaves using the real-time PCR assay will allow for more rapid diagnoses. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Frederick, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RI Moreira, Eder/B-2309-2010 NR 26 TC 97 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.217 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 516EE UT WOS:000173538300014 PM 18943097 ER PT J AU Keyser, JD Cash, PC AF Keyser, JD Cash, PC TI A carved quirt handle from the warm springs reservation: Northern Plains biographic art in the Columbia Plateau SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE historic period; horse accoutrements; biographic art AB An antler tine quirt collected from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, shows a mixture of Plains and Plateau traits. Beadwork attached to the specimen is of the Transmontane Style, most often associated with the Nez Perce and other tribes from the eastern Columbia Plateau, although also done by the Crow. Drawings on the antler tine handle mimic almost exactly those drawn by Sioux artists in their winter counts and ledger drawings in the late 1800s. Analysis of the beadwork and drawings leads us to conclude that the piece originated with the Sioux and was traded to the Warm Springs reservation in the late Historic period, probably through the hands of Nez Perce and possibly Crow middlemen. C1 US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Keyser, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, POB 3623, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 410 WEDGEWOOD DRIVE, LINCOLN, NE 68510 USA SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 47 IS 180 BP 51 EP 59 PG 9 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 527RG UT WOS:000174200200005 ER PT J AU Ray, JD Gesch, RW Sinclair, TR Allen, LH AF Ray, JD Gesch, RW Sinclair, TR Allen, LH TI The effect of vapor pressure deficit on maize transpiration response to a drying soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE FTSW; maize; soil water; transpiration; vapor pressure deficit ID LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE; WATER TRANSPORT; STOMATAL RESPONSES; GROWTH; RESISTANCE; HUMIDITY; PLANT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CONDUCTANCE; SIZE AB A decline in plant transpiration has been widely observed to occur within a fairly stable range of threshold values of fraction transpirable soil water (FTSW). usually 0.3-0.4. However, the stability of this function has not been compared at various levels of atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Soil hydraulic conductivity is likely to be involved in determining the threshold where water supply is limiting. Thus. it was hypothesized that at a high VPD resulting in increased transpiration rates, the FTSW threshold for the decline of transpiration rates as a result of drying soil would be increased. This study was undertaken in controlled environment chambers with two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (Pioneer Brand Hybrids '3165' and '3737') so as to subject plants to four VPD levels ( 1.1 2.0, 2.9 and 3.6 kPa) during a soil drying experiment. In contrast to the original hypothesis, there was little (less than or equal to0.05 FTSW) change in the threshold FTSW in response to increased VPD for either hybrid. In fact. over the narrow 0.31-0.38 FTSW range observed, the two hybrids showed opposite trends in FTSW threshold as VPD increased. These results supported the view that the FTSW threshold for the decline in transpiration with drying soil is stable. showing little sensitivity to changes in VPD. C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Ray, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2002 VL 239 IS 1 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1023/A:1014947422468 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 552PA UT WOS:000175627700010 ER PT J AU Blank, RR AF Blank, RR TI Amidohydrolase activity, soil N status, and the invasive crucifer Lepidium latifolium SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE amidase; asparaginase; available N; Elytrigia elongata; glutaminase; Lepidium latifolium; N mineralization ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; SUCCESSION; ECOSYSTEM; CARBON AB Wetlands and riparian habitats in the western United States are being invaded by the exotic crucifer Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed. tall whitetop). It was hypothesized that L. latifolium was an effective competitor due to its ability to make available and take up more nitrogen than vegetation it is replacing. The hypothesis was tested by comparing amidohydrolase activities, available soil N, 30 day aerobic N-mineralization rates, and plant uptake of N in paired L. latifolium invaded and non-invaded plots Occupied by Elytrigia elongata (tall wheatgrass). Attributes were measured by date (June 1998, September 1998, April 1999, and May 2000) and by soil depth (0-15, 15-30, 30-50, and 50-86 cm). Lepidium latifolium invaded sites had significantly (pless than or equal to0.05) greater urease, amidase. glutaminase, and asparaginase activities than sites occupied by E. elongata for most dates and soil depths. In addition, despite far greater uptake of N per unit area, L. latifolium sites still had significantly greater available N and N-mineralization potentials than E. elongata for most dates and depths. In general, enzyme activities significantly correlated with available soil N, with a stronger relationship for sites invaded by L. latifolium. There were few significant linear correlations of enzyme activities with net N mineralization potentials for L. latifolium sites, but many for sites occupied by E. elongata. These data Support the working hypothesis. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Blank, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2002 VL 239 IS 1 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1023/A:1014943304721 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 552PA UT WOS:000175627700014 ER PT J AU Rahim, M Jan, CC Gulya, TJ AF Rahim, M Jan, CC Gulya, TJ TI Inheritance of resistance to sunflower downy mildew races 1, 2 and 3 in cultivated sunflower SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; Plasinopara halstedii; inheritance; resistance ID PLASMOPARA-HALSTEDII AB Sunflower downy mildew (SDM) caused by Plasmopara halstedii, is a major disease of sunflower Eleven resistance genes have been identified, but allelic relationships among these genes are not clear. This study examined the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes conferring resistance to SDM races 1, 2 and 3 (virulence phenotypes 100, 300 and 700, respectively) and confirmed a twelfth resistance gene. Three USDA Flant Introductions, AMES 3235, PI 497250, and PI 497938, and three released lines, RHA 266, RHA 274 and DM-2 were Studied. RHA 266 has only the Pl(1) gene for race I resistance. Digenic inheritance of resistance was found in AMES 3235, PI 497250, and RHA 274, These lines have the Pl(1) and Pl(12) genes, conferring resistance to race 1, and the Pl(2) and Pl(11) genes, conferring resistance to race 2. DM-2 and PI 497938 have Pl(12) (but not Pl(1)) for resistance to race 1, the Pl(12) gene (but not the Pl(2)) for resistance to race 2, and Pl(5) for resistance to race 3. These resistance genes will serve as a foundation for future gene designations and genetic diversity studies of resistance to SDM. C1 Agr Res Stn Mingora, SWAT, NWFP, Saidu Sharif 19200, Pakistan. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Jan, CC (reprint author), Agr Res Stn Mingora, SWAT, NWFP, POB 22, Saidu Sharif 19200, Pakistan. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 121 IS 1 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00680.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 529ED UT WOS:000174286300009 ER PT J AU Meinzer, FC AF Meinzer, FC TI Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hydraulic architecture; leaf water potential; plant hydraulic conductance; stomatal regulation; transpiration ID SHOOT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE; LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; XYLEM CAVITATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; HYMENOCLEA-SALSOLA; EVAPORATIVE DEMAND; MERCURIC-CHLORIDE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; PRESSURE CHAMBER AB The pathway for water movement from the soil through plants to the atmosphere can be represented by a series of liquid and vapour phase resistances. Stomatal regulation of vapour phase resistance balances transpiration with the efficiency of water supply to the leaves, avoiding leaf desiccation at one extreme, and unnecessary restriction of carbon dioxide uptake at the other. In addition to maintaining a long-term balance between vapour and liquid phase water transport resistances in plants, stomata are exquisitely sensitive to short-term, dynamic perturbations of liquid water transport. In balancing vapour and liquid phase water transport, stomata do not seem to distinguish among potential sources of variation in the apparent efficiency of delivery of water per guard cell complex. Therefore, an apparent soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance based on relationships between liquid water fluxes and driving forces In situ seems to be the most versatile for interpretation of stomatal regulatory behaviour that achieves relative homeostasis of leaf water status in intact plants. Components of dynamic variation in apparent hydraulic conductance in intact plants include, exchange of water between the transpiration stream and internal storage compartments via capacitive discharge and recharge, cavitation and its reversal, temperature-induced changes in the viscosity of water, direct effects of xylem sap composition on xylem hydraulic properties, and endogenous and environmentally induced variation in the activity of membrane water channels in the hydraulic pathway. Stomata[ responses to humidity must also be considered in interpreting co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport because homeostasis of bulk leaf water status can only be achieved through regulation of the actual transpirational flux. Results of studies conducted with multiple species point to considerable convergence with regard to co-ordination of stomatal and hydraulic properties. Because stomata apparently sense and respond to integrated and dynamic soil-to-leaf water transport properties, studies involving intact plants under both natural and controlled conditions are likely to yield the most useful new insights concerning stomata[ co-ordination of transpiration with soil and plant hydraulic properties. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Meinzer, FC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 84 TC 159 Z9 176 U1 1 U2 30 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00781.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 525GX UT WOS:000174061500013 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Sinclair, TR TI Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE crop growth; drought stress; osmotic adjustment ID ENGINEERED PLANTS RESISTANT; INTERPRET OSMOTIC RELATIONS; WATER-LIMITED CONDITIONS; BICOLOR L MOENCH; DEHYDRATION TOLERANCE; GRAIN-YIELD; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; GENOTYPIC VARIATION; STRESS TOLERANCE; RICE CULTIVARS AB Osmolyte accumulating (OA) is frequently cited as a key putative mechanism for increasing yields of crops subjected to drought conditions. The hypothesis is that OA results in a number of benefits that sustain cell and tissue activity under water-deficit Conditions. It has been proposed as an effective tolerance mechanism for water deficits, which could be enhanced in crops by traditional plant breeding, marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering, to generate drought-tolerant crops. However, field studies examining the association between OA and crop yield have tended to show no consistent benefit. The few, often-cited, investigations with positive associations were obtained under severe water deficits with extremely low yields or conditions with special water-supply scenarios when much of the benefit is plant survival. Under conditions where water deficits threaten crop survival, yields are so low that even large fractional yield gains offer little practical benefit to growers. Indeed, the often-cited benefit of turgor maintenance in cells is likely to result in crop behaviour that is exactly opposite to what is beneficial to crops. The one clear mechanism identified in this review for beneficial yield responses to OA is in the maintenance of root development in order to reach water that may be available deeper in the soil profile. C1 Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Lab Physiol Vegetale, Marrakech 2390, Morocco. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, USDA,ARS,SAA,SMAVE,CGERU, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Lab Physiol Vegetale, Marrakech 2390, Morocco. NR 77 TC 299 Z9 329 U1 5 U2 49 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00754.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 525GX UT WOS:000174061500018 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB AF Krishnan, HB TI Evidence for accumulation of the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] embryonic axes SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE beta-conglycinin; embryonic axis; Glycine max; immunocytochemistry; storage protein ID SEED STORAGE PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; COTYLEDONS; GENES; WHEAT AB Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total proteins from soybean cotyledons and embryonic axes revealed the presence of similar storage proteins in both organs. Results from Western blot analysis conducted with antibodies raised against the purified beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin demonstrated accumulation of the beta-subunit in embryonic axes. This accumulation followed a temporal pattern similar to that shown by the cotyledons. Axis beta-conglycinin was broken down during the initial stage(s) of seed germination and was completely mobilized within 3 days after imbibition. Subcellular fractions were isolated from developing embryonic axes using metrizamide density gradients and analyzed by Western blots. Storage proteins were enriched in the lighter fractions of the gradient as well as with immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein. Electron microscopy of the storage-protein-enriched gradient fraction revealed small vesicles and protein aggregates. Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry was used to localize the occurrence of the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin within the protein aggregates present in the metrizamide gradient and in the protein bodies present in mature embryonic axes. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 108 W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD FEB PY 2002 VL 20 IS 9 BP 869 EP 875 DI 10.1007/s00299-001-0400-5 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 530FX UT WOS:000174348600016 ER PT J AU Cui, KR Li, J Xing, GM Li, JL Wang, LH Wang, YF AF Cui, KR Li, J Xing, GM Li, JL Wang, LH Wang, YF TI Effect of hydrogen peroxide on synthesis of proteins during somatic embryogenesis in Lycium barbarum SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE hydrogen peroxide; in vitro translation; Lycium barbarum L.; somatic embryogenesis; synthesis of proteins ID GENE-EXPRESSION; CELL PROLIFERATION; OXIDATIVE BURST; SALICYLIC-ACID; DEFENSE; SIGNAL; TRANSDUCTION; ACCUMULATION; RESISTANCE; INDUCTION AB Direct exposure of calluses of Lycium barbarum L. to an auxin-free medium can induce somatic embryogenesis. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on synthesis of proteins during somatic embryogenesis in Lycium barbarum L. was studied. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that new protein was synthesized by embryogenic callus II (in MS+200 mumol l(-1) H2O2 medium). Therefore, we suggested that there was a synthesis of H2O2-induced protein during somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum L. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the synthesis of the new protein (H2O2-induced) effectively. The results of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the differences in the protein patterns between embryogenic callus occurred at 35similar to55 kDa with a pI-level of about 5similar to6. Changes at the transcriptional level in embryogenic callus I and II were analyzed by comparing in vitro translation patterns. The results showed that several new in vitro-translated proteins were found in embryogenic callus treated with hydrogen peroxide. It suggests that the exogenous added H2O2 induced genes expression at the mRNA level during somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum L. C1 Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Arid Agroecol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. NIA, Cellular & Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cuiusda@hotmail.com NR 35 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 EI 1573-5044 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 68 IS 2 BP 187 EP 193 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 512XN UT WOS:000173349000009 ER PT J AU Ferreira, SA Pitz, KY Manshardt, R Zee, F Fitch, M Gonsalves, D AF Ferreira, SA Pitz, KY Manshardt, R Zee, F Fitch, M Gonsalves, D TI Virus coat protein Transgenic papaya provides practical control of Papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE coat protein transgenic resistance ID CROSS-PROTECTION; GENE AB Since 1992, Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) destroyed nearly all of the papaya hectarage in the Puna district of Hawaii, where 95% of Hawaii's papayas are grown. Two field trials to evaluate transgenic resistance (TR) were established in Puna in October 1995. One trial included the following: SunUp, a newly named homozygous transformant of Sunset; Rainbow, a hybrid of SunUp, the nontransgenic Kapoho cultivar widely grown in Puna, and 63-1, another segregating transgenic line of Sunset. The second trial was a 0.4-ha block of Rainbow, simulating a near-commercial planting. Both trials were installed within a matrix of Sunrise, a PRSV-susceptible sibling line of Sunset. The matrix served to contain and trace pollen flow from TR plants, and as a secondary inoculum source. Virus infection was first observed 3.5 months after planting. At a year, 100% of the non-TR control and 91% of the matrix plants were infected, while PRSV infection was not observed on any of the TR plants. Fruit production data of SunUp and Rainbow show that yields were at least three times higher than the industry average, while maintaining percent soluble solids above the minimum of 11% required for commercial fruit. These data suggest that transgenic SunUp and Rainbow, homozygous and hemizygous for the coat protein transgene, respectively, offer a good solution to the PRSV problem in Hawaii. C1 Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, NYS Agr Res Stn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ferreira, SA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 16 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 86 IS 2 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.2.101 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 512YT UT WOS:000173351700002 ER PT J AU Mora, F Iverson, L AF Mora, F Iverson, L TI A spatially constrained ecological classification: rationale, methodology and implementation SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecological classification; ecological weights; geostatistics; landscape structure and patterning; scales; spatial weights; spatial variation ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; SEMI-VARIOGRAMS; SOIL PROPERTIES; PUTTING THINGS; ORDINATION; PATTERN; ORDER AB The theory, methodology and implementation for an ecological and spatially constrained classification are presented. Ecological and spatial relationships among several landscape variables are analyzed in order to define a new approach for a landscape classification. Using ecological and geostatistical analyses, several ecological and spatial weights are derived to recreate landscape pattern and structure in a classification model. An ecological and spatial constrained classification is obtained such that it describes the forms of scale and spatial variation of several ecological variables. As an example, several ecological factors are identified applying multivariate analysis methods on a collection of variables (remotely sensed measures of vegetation activity and water balance variables) to define ecological weights. Posteriorly, by analyzing the forms of spatial variation and scales through semivariogram analysis, several necessary spatial weights are derived to spatially constrain the classification. Ecological and spatial information derived from previous analysis is used as GIS mapping tools (i.e, constrained rules) to recreate patterns of regional ecosystems. The approach is successfully implemented for the analysis of tropical forest ecosystems in Mexico. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. EM fmora@mail.cidiroax.jpn.mx RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 45 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 EI 1573-5052 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 158 IS 2 BP 153 EP 169 DI 10.1023/A:1015534615415 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 552TM UT WOS:000175636200003 ER PT J AU Long, JC Zhao, W Rashotte, AM Muday, GK Huber, SC AF Long, JC Zhao, W Rashotte, AM Muday, GK Huber, SC TI Gravity-stimulated changes in auxin and invertase gene expression in maize pulvinal cells SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAF-SHEATH PULVINUS; OAT AVENA-SATIVA; MESSENGER-RNA; SUCROSE METABOLISM; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; EXTRACELLULAR INVERTASE; CHENOPODIUM-RUBRUM; SHOOT PULVINI; HIGHER-PLANTS; GROWTH AB Maize (Zea mays) stem gravitropism involves differential elongation of cells within a highly specialized region, the stem internodal pulvinus. In the present study, we investigated factors that control gravitropic responses in this system. In the graviresponding pulvinus, hexose sugars (D-Glc and D-Fru) accumulated asymmetrically across the pulvinus. This correlated well with an asymmetric increase in acid invertase activity across the pulvinus. Northern analyses revealed asymmetric induction of one maize acid invertase gene, Ivr2, consistent with transcriptional regulation by gravistimulation. Several lines of evidence indicated that auxin redistribution, as a result of polar auxin transport, is necessary for gravity-stimulated Ivr2 transcript accumulation and differential cell elongation across the maize pulvinus. First, the auxin transport inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, inhibited gravistimulated curvature and Ivr2 transcript accumulation. Second, a transient gradient of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) across the pulvinus was apparent shortly after initiation of gravistimulation. This temporarily free IAA gradient appears to be important for differential cell elongation and Ivr2 transcript accumulation. This is based on the observation that N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid will not inhibit gravitropic responses when applied to pulvinus tissue after the free IAA gradient peak has occurred. Third, IAA alone can stimulate Ivr2 transcript accumulation in non-gravistimulated pulvini. The gravity- and IAA-stimulated increase in Ivr2 transcripts was sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Based on these results, a two-phase model describing possible relationships between gravitropic curvature, IAA redistribution, and Ivr2 expression is presented. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci & Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 50 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 128 IS 2 BP 591 EP 602 DI 10.1104/pp.010579 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 523VC UT WOS:000173977100030 PM 11842162 ER PT J AU Farzad, M Griesbach, R Weiss, MR AF Farzad, M Griesbach, R Weiss, MR TI Floral color change in Viola cornuta L. (Violaceae): a model system to study regulation of anthocyanin production SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anthocyanidin; malvidin; johnny-jump-up ID PETUNIA-HYBRIDA; FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; GENE-EXPRESSION; LIGHT; POLLINATION; ETHYLENE; PH; PIGMENTATION; LISIANTHUS AB Open flowers of Viola cornuta (Violaceae) cv. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (YTT) undergo a striking color change from white to purple over 5-8 days. In this paper we describe the physiological and biochemical bases of the color change, and examine possible environmental signals that influence anthocyanin expression. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to identify malvidin as the major anthocyanidin and myricetin as the major copigment in YTT. The amount of malvidin increases as color appears, while the myricetin concentration remains constant. A slight decrease in petal pH values as the flowers age is not sufficient to cause a color change. Comparison of emasculated and intact flowers shows that the presence of pollen on the stigma is necessary to produce the color change. YTT flowers exposed to light change color while those maintained in darkness do not. Applying an ethylene inhibitor, silver thiosulphate, does not prevent color change. The increase in malvidin over time suggests that anthocyanin synthesis is upregulated by proximate triggers such as pollination and light. YTT presents an excellent model system for the study of anthocyanin regulation because it is a floriferous annual, the appearance of color is easily triggered, and only one anthocyanin is involved. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. USDA, BARC, Floral & Nursery Plant Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weiss, MR (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Reiss Sci Bldg Rm 406 37th & O Sts NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 7 U2 61 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00557-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 518MX UT WOS:000173673400006 ER PT J AU Nakata, PA AF Nakata, PA TI The generation of a transposon-mutagenized Burkeholderia glumae library to isolate novel mutants SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE transposom; mutagenesis; Burkeholderia glumae; auxotroph ID SHEATH ROT COMPLEX; PSEUDOMONAS-PLANTARII; GRAIN DISCOLORATION; BACTERIAL DISEASES; SP-NOV; RICE; BURKHOLDERIA; PHILIPPINES AB The gram-negative bacterium. Burkeholderia glumae. is a pathogen of rice. As a step toward identifying pathogenicity determinants, a transposon mutagenized B. glumae library was generated. A transposition frequency of 2.1 x 10(6) cfu/mug of DNA was achieved using a recently developed Tn5-derived transposon system. Southern-blot analysis of several randomly selected colonies indicated that the transpositions were single. random events. Two genetic screens were conducted to assess the mutagenic frequency of the generated library. Screening of 1000 colonies for auxotrophs resulted in the identification of 46 mutants. The 46 mutants were subdivided into five classes based on their ability to grow, on supplemented medias. Exposure of 1000 mutagenized colonies to UV light, as part of a second screen, identified two fluorescent mutants. The transposon library will be a useful tool in the investigation of metabolic pathways in B. glumae and allow a direct route to the affected gene. Current emphasis is directed toward identifying the factors required for plant infection. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA, ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA, ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2 BP 267 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00566-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 518MX UT WOS:000173673400012 ER PT J AU Parmentier-Line, CM Panta, GR Rowland, LJ AF Parmentier-Line, CM Panta, GR Rowland, LJ TI Changes in dehydrin expression associated with cold, ABA and PEG treatments in blueberry cell cultures SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blueberry; dehydrin; in vitro; Vaccinium ID INDUCED WATER-STRESS; PERSICA L BATSCH; ABSCISIC-ACID; SUSPENSION CULTURES; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; LOW-TEMPERATURE; BROMUS-INERMIS; FREEZING TOLERANCE; GENE-EXPRESSION; PLANT-CELLS AB Cell cultures of highbush blueberry cultivar 'Gulfcoast' (Vaccinium corymbosum L. x Vaccinium darrowi Camp) were used to determine if tissue cultures could be used as a surrogate for whole plants in studying dehydrin expression. Cell clusters in liquid medium were subjected to treatments known to induce dehydrins in whole plants, and dehydrin protein and RNA levels were monitored. Two dehydrins of 65 and 30 kDa were detected with a polyclonal antibody raised against the 65 kDa dehydrin of blueberry. Using a full-length cDNA clone of blueberry dehydrin 1 as a probe, one mRNA of 0.75 kb, an appropriate size to encode the 30 kDa dehydrin, was detected on RNA blots. When cells were grown at 4 degreesC, abundance of the 30 kDa dehydrin increased, but the 65 kDa dehydrin did not. Level of the 0.75 kb message increased temporarily then decreased with cold treatment. Disparities between protein and transcript levels suggested that post-transcriptional mechanisms were involved in regulation of dehydrin expression. Some of the abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations tested induced expression of both dehydrins. Polyethylene glycol in the cultures repressed expression of both dehydrins and of the 0.75 kb mRNA. Results obtained from cell culture differed in too many ways from those on whole plants to make cell culture suitable for studying dehydrin expression in blueberry. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA, ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cp121@umail.umd.edu; gpanta@utmem.edu; rowlandj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 57 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2 BP 273 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00563-5 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 518MX UT WOS:000173673400013 ER PT J AU Ebbs, S Lau, I Ahner, B Kochian, L AF Ebbs, S Lau, I Ahner, B Kochian, L TI Phytochelatin synthesis is not responsible for Cd tolerance in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescenes (J. and C. Presl) SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE cadmium; hyperaccumulator; metal tolerance; phytochelatin; Thlaspi (Cd tolerance) ID VULGARIS MOENCH GARCKE; SILENE-VULGARIS; NICKEL HYPERACCUMULATION; GOESINGENSE HALACSY; METAL ACCUMULATION; CONTAMINATED SOIL; INDIAN MUSTARD; OAT ROOTS; CADMIUM; ZINC AB Thlaspi caerulescens (J. & C. Presl, "Prayon") is a heavy-metal hyperaccumulator that accumulates Zn and Cd to high concentrations (40,000 and 4,000 mg kg DW-1, respectively) without phytotoxicity. The mechanism of Cd tolerance has not been characterized but reportedly involves vacuolar sequestration. The role of phytochelatins (PCs) in metal tolerance in T. caerulescens and the related non-accumulator T. arvense was examined. Although PCs were produced by both species in response to Cd, these peptides do not appear to be involved in metal tolerance in the hyperaccumulator. Leaf and root PC levels for both species showed a similar positive correlation with tissue Cd, but total PC levels in the hyperaccumulator were generally lower, despite correspondingly higher metal concentrations. The lack of a role for PCs in the hyperaccumulator's response to metal stress suggests that other mechanisms are responsible Cd tolerance. The lower level of leaf PCs in T. caerulescens also implies that Cd in the shoot is sequestered in a compartment or form that does not elicit a PC response. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ebbs, S (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 41 TC 141 Z9 164 U1 4 U2 18 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD FEB PY 2002 VL 214 IS 4 BP 635 EP 640 DI 10.1007/s004250100650 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 530FW UT WOS:000174348500017 PM 11925047 ER PT J AU Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, JC Rango, A Pelgrum, H AF Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, JC Rango, A Pelgrum, H TI Temperature and emissivity separation from multispectral thermal infrared observations SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; ALGORITHM; WINDOW; SATELLITE; FLUXES; IMAGES AB Knowledge of the surface emissivity is important for determining the radiation balance at the land surface. For heavily vegetated surfaces, there is little problem since the emissivity is relatively uniform and close to one. For and lands with sparse vegetation, the problem is more difficult because the emissivity of the exposed soils and rocks is highly variable, With multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) observations, it is possible to estimate the spectral emissivity variation for these surfaces. We present data from the TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) instrument, which has six channels in the 8- to 12-mum region. TIMS is a prototype of the TIR portion of the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) instrument on NASA's Terra (EOS-AM1) platform launched in December 1999. The Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm, developed for use with ASTER data, is used to extract the temperature and six emissivities from the six channels of TIMS data. The algorithm makes use of the empirical relation between the range of observed emissivities and their minimum value. This approach was applied to the TIMS data acquired over the USDA/ARS Jornada Experimental Range in New Mexico. The Jornada site is typical of a desert grassland where the main vegetation components are grass (black grama) and shrubs (primarily mesquite) in the degraded grassland. The data presented here are from flights at a range of attitudes from 800 to 5000 in, yielding a pixel resolution from 3 to 12 in. The resulting spectral emissivities are in qualitative agreement with laboratory measurements of the emissivity for the quartz rich soils of the site. The derived surface temperatures agree with ground measurements within the standard deviations of both sets of observations. The results for the 10.8- and 11.7-mum channels show limited variation of the emissivity values over the mesquite and grass sites indicating that split window approaches may be possible for conditions like these. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Div Earth Sci, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Schmugge, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 79 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00272-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 510WN UT WOS:000173230400005 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Hymer, DC Qi, JG Kerr, Y AF Moran, MS Hymer, DC Qi, JG Kerr, Y TI Comparison of ERS-2 SAR and Landsat TM imagery for monitoring agricultural crop and soil conditions SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID APERTURE RADAR DATA; LEAF-AREA INDEX; BARE SOIL; SCATTERING MODEL; KU-BAND; X-BANDS; C-BAND; SURFACE; CANOPY; BACKSCATTERING AB Studies over the past 25 years have shown that measurements of surface reflectance and temperature (termed optical remote sensing) are useful for monitoring crop and soil conditions. Far less attention has been given to the use of radar imagery, even though synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems have the advantages of cloud penetration, all-weather coverage, high spatial resolution, day/night acquisitions, and signal independence of the solar illumination angle. In this study, we obtained coincident optical and SAR images of an agricultural area to investigate the use of SAR imagery for farm management. The optical and SAR data were normalized to indices ranging from 0 to 1 based on the meteorological conditions and sun/sensor geometry for each date to allow temporal analysis. Using optical images to interpret the response of SAR backscatter (sigmadegrees) to soil and plant conditions, we found that SAR sigmadegrees was sensitive to variations in field tillage, surface soil moisture, vegetation density, and plant litter. In an investigation of the relation between SAR sigmadegrees and soil surface roughness, the optical data were used for two purposes: (1) to filter the SAR images to eliminate fields with substantial vegetation cover and/or high surface soil moisture conditions, and (2) to evaluate the results of the investigation. For dry, bare soil fields, there was a significant correlation (r(2) = .67) between normalized SAR sigmadegrees and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance, due to the sensitivity of both measurements to surface roughness. Recognizing the limitations of optical remote sensing data due to cloud interference and atmospheric attenuation, the findings of this study encourage further studies of SAR imagery for crop and soil assessment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ctr Etud Spatiale Biosphere, CESBIO, Toulouse, France. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 79 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00276-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 510WN UT WOS:000173230400009 ER PT J AU Chang, CW Laird, DA AF Chang, CW Laird, DA TI Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic analysis of soil C and N SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS); partial least squares regression (PLSR); organic C; inorganic C; total C; total N; C : N ratio ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; ORGANIC-MATTER; CARBON; MINERALS; MOISTURE; NITROGEN AB Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and nondestructive analytical technique that can be used to quantify various soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of NIRS to evaluate independently organic C, inorganic C, and total N content of diverse soil materials. Samples (n = 108) were prepared by mixing soil with CaCO3, humic acid, and/or compost materials. About 30% of the samples were selected randomly for the validation set, and the remaining samples were assigned to the calibration set. NIR spectra of these samples were correlated with measured values of organic C, inorganic C, total C, total N, and C:N ratios using partial least squares regression. Leave-one-out cross-validation analysis yielded r(2) values between the measured and predicted soil properties higher than 0.86 for all tested properties. Similar results were obtained from analysis of the validation set (r(2)>0.85). The successful prediction of total N and C:N ratios for the studied samples indicates that NIRS predictions of total N for soils are based not on the strong correlation between levels of C and N but rather on an independent response to soil N. The results indicate that MRS can be used to quantify independently and simultaneously organic C, inorganic C, and total N for soils with diverse C and N compositions. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM laird@nstl.gov RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 19 TC 192 Z9 245 U1 4 U2 50 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA SN 0038-075X EI 1538-9243 J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 167 IS 2 BP 110 EP 116 DI 10.1097/00010694-200202000-00003 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 524TN UT WOS:000174029100003 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Ghezzehei, TA Or, D AF Leij, FJ Ghezzehei, TA Or, D TI Modeling the dynamics of the soil pore-size distribution SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil hydraulic properties; compaction; wetting; drying; pore-size distribution; analytical solution ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; WATER RETENTION; STOCHASTIC-MODEL; CONSTANT; EQUATION; SPACE AB Soil tillage often results in a structurally unstable soil layer with an elevated inter-aggregate porosity that is gradually decreased by the interplay of capillary and theological processes. We have previously proposed to describe the evolution of the pore-size distribution (PSD) with the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE). The coefficients of this equation quantify the drift, dispersion, and degradation processes acting upon the PSD. An analytical solution for the PSD is presented for the case where drift and degradation coefficients depend on time, and the, dispersion coefficient is proportional to the drift coefficient. These coefficients can be estimated from independent measurements of the PSD or (surrogate) water retention data or from mechanistic models. In this paper, we illustrate the application of the pore-size evolution model for: (i) a generic drift coefficient, (ii) static water retention data for soils under different tillage regimes, and (iii) dynamic hydraulic data for a soil subject to a sequence of wetting and drying cycles. These applications show the viability of our approach to model pore-size evolution. However, the development and application of the model is hampered by a lack of definitive data on soil structural and hydraulic dynamics. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92502 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Ghezzehei, Teamrat/G-7483-2011; Or, Dani/D-8768-2012 OI Ghezzehei, Teamrat/0000-0002-0287-6212; Or, Dani/0000-0002-3236-2933 NR 35 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00257-4 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 514UC UT WOS:000173458600005 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Karmon, JL Posadas, A Shaw, RK AF Gimenez, D Karmon, JL Posadas, A Shaw, RK TI Fractal dimensions of mass estimated from intact and eroded soil aggregates SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil structure; fractal models; tillage; lacunarity; mass scaling ID FRAGMENTATION; TILLAGE; STRENGTH; SURFACE AB Scaling of mass within soil aggregates is characterized with a power-law model relating mass, M, and radius, r, of aggregates. When distribution of mass is fractal, the constants of the power-law model are the fractal dimension of mass, D-m, with a value <3, and a linear constant k(m). Tillage may alter mass scaling in soil by changing the internal arrangement of matter inside aggregates. Estimates of D-m and k(m) have been made from measurements of mass contained in aggregates covering a range of sizes, but they could also be obtained by eroding aggregates of a single size class. Studies on eroded aggregates have shown that matter may be concentrically arranged in soil aggregates as a result of wetting and drying processes. The objective of this study was to estimate and compare D-m and k(m) values from intact and eroded aggregates from wooded and cultivated sites of the same soil. Soil aggregates were sampled from the surface horizon of wooded and cultivated sites of a Typic Hapludults (Gladstone series), an Aquic Hapiudults (Holmdel series), and an Ultic Hapludalfs (Ryder series) soil. A group of initially large air-dried aggregates was subjected to cycles of erosion that removed concentric layers of soil leaving increasingly smaller aggregates. Volumes of intact and eroded aggregates were measured by submerging kerosene-saturated aggregates in a 1:1 mix of water and glycerin and estimating the volume displaced by solving a balance of forces. An equivalent aggregate radius, r, was calculated as the cubic root of aggregate volume. Parameters D-m and k(m), and the variance of k(m) (lacunarity), were estimated separately from the air-dried mass and r of intact and eroded aggregates with r > 1 cm and r < 1 cm. Scaling of mass was influenced by the soil type and soil management. In general, fractal scaling of mass was consistently found only in intact and eroded aggregates (r > 1) of the Gladstone and Holmdel soils. For the wooded Gladstone and Holmdel soils, mass scaling of intact and eroded aggregates was statistically characterized by the same values of D-m and k(m), suggesting a concentric arrangement of mass, but only within aggregates that are not subjected to tillage. The k(m) values of intact and eroded aggregates were correlated (R = 0.97) to aggregate bulk density of intact aggregates. Typically, small aggregates (r < 1 cm), aggregates from wooded sites, and intact aggregates had larger values of lacunarity than their corresponding counterparts. This study indicates that fractal scaling of mass cannot be assumed for all soils, but it can be maintained in cultivated soils despite changes in mass scaling introduced by tillage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00253-7 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 514UC UT WOS:000173458600013 ER PT J AU Shiau, RJ Smith, RL Shaffer, RM Cesa, ET AF Shiau, RJ Smith, RL Shaffer, RM Cesa, ET TI Effective communication of technology in logging: A portable timber bridge example SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE portable timber bridges; communication; technology transfer; loggers AB Communication channels for effective transfer of portable timber bridge technology, to loggers were investigated within the eastern half of the United States. Loggers received most technology, information by, personal contact with other loggers, followed by personal contact with industry foresters. However, this study identified different preferred channels (e.g., personal contact, logger education programs, or trade shows) of receiving new technology, information by loggers in different U.S. regions. Loggers indicated that the best method for transferring technology was by word of mouth (logger to logger), followed by field demonstrations. Loggers who had utilized portable timber bridge technology indicated that the most important factor in the decision was ease of operation, followed by environmental considerations. This study, indicated that loggers have become aware of the benefits of utilizing portable timber bridges. However, loggers indicated that initial cost, availability of product information, and promotional efforts were the major reasons for the low utilization rate. Traditional methods, such as word of mouth (logger to logger) and field demonstrations are still effective for transferring new technology to loggers. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Yu Da Inst Commerce, Miaoli, Taiwan. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, Natl Wood Transportat Program, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, 1650 Rambling Rd,Mail Code 0503, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 5 EP 12 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579ND UT WOS:000177184000002 ER PT J AU Elliott, KJ Vose, JM Clinton, BD AF Elliott, KJ Vose, JM Clinton, BD TI Growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) related to forest floor consumption by prescribed fire in the Southern Appalachians SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE mountain laurel; Kalmia latifolia; evergreen shrubs; dry ridges; fell and burn ID HARDWOOD STANDS; PONDEROSA PINE; SOIL-NITROGEN; PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT; MOISTURE; PUNGENS; CARBON; POOLS; WATER AB Chainsaw, felling, burning, and planting of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L) have been prescribed on degraded pine/hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachians to improve overstory composition and productivity. The desired future condition of the overstory is a productive pine/hardwood mixture, with white pine, which is resistant to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), as the dominant pine. We evaluated the growth of white pine planted after fell-and-burn treatments through eight growing seasons after planting on three sites that differed in their fire characteristics and carbon and nitrogen losses. The three sites (JE, JW and DD) differed in heat penetration and forest floor consumption, Although very little consumption of the Oe+Oa humus layer occurred during burning, consumption of the Oi litter layer was 94%, 94%, and 63% at JE, JW, and DD, respectively. Corresponding to the forest floor layer consumption (Oi and Oe+Oa combined), 46% of forest floor N was lost at JE, 45% of forest floor N was lost at JW, and less than 0.1% of the forest floor was lost at DD. Biomass and density of woody competitor species were not significantly related to white pine size or growth. By the eighth growing season, no differences in white pine size or growth were detected between JE and JW, but DD had significantly, smaller white pine trees, The size difference between DD and the other two sites was attributed to the replanting of seedlings at DD in 1992. However, relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly, higher on DD in 1998 than the other two sites. Eight growing seasons after planting, white pine growth was negatively related to percent Oi layer consumed on the JE and JW sites. We also found significant relationships between white pine RGR and percent Oi consumed using data from all three sites. Although fire severity had a long-term effect on pine growth,fire severity, was considered low overall oil these sites because there were limited losses from the forest floor Oe+Oa layer. However, white pine increment and RGR were significantly related to percent forest floor Oi mass and N loss. This loss of site N capital could have a significant negative effect on growth of planted white pine over the long term. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Elliott, KJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 18 EP 25 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579ND UT WOS:000177184000004 ER PT J AU Liechty, HO Shelton, MG Luckow, KR Turton, DJ AF Liechty, HO Shelton, MG Luckow, KR Turton, DJ TI Impacts of shortleaf pine-hardwood forest management on soils in the Ouachita Highlands: A review SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE sustainable management; soil productivity; soil compaction; forest floor; nutrients ID WHOLE-TREE; SITE PREPARATION; HARVEST; CALCIUM; LOSSES AB Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) is the most ecologically and economically important tree species in the Ouachita Highlands of the southcentral United States. This species can occur in relatively pure stands but most frequently exists in mixed stands with various hardwood species. Because of the diversity of land ownership, public concerns about forest management, and increased intensity of forest practices, the Ouachita Highlands have been a focal point for numerous research projects over the past 20 yr that have studied how forest management affects soils. We summarized information in four fundamental areas: (1) compaction, (2) soil loss, (3) organic matter, and (4) nutrients to better evaluate if and to what degree management practices such as harvesting and prescribed fire modify the productivity, and sustainability of soils in this region. The review indicated that soils with less than 15% rock content or sandy loam textures were susceptible to compaction when harvested during wet weather conditions. Although partial harvesting techniques, such as single-tree or group selection, tended to reduce overall soil disturbance in a stand, it increased soil compaction on primary skid trails by concentrating traffic on fewer skid trails. Compaction on skid trails frequently elevated bulk density to levels that could reduce regeneration success or seedling growth. Using current harvesting systems, soil losses and displacement to streams after harvesting appeared to have little or no effect on long-term soil productivity. Harvesting and prescribed fires significantly, altered nutrient and organic matter contents of the forest floor and mineral soil. However, recovery of these nutrient or organic pools often occurred rapidly after these cultural practices occurred. Little information was available for determining how repeated silvicultural practices over multiple rotations would affect long-term soil productivity in the Ouachita Highlands. C1 Univ Arkansas, Sch Forest Resources, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ouachita Natl Forest, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Liechty, HO (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Sch Forest Resources, POB 3468, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. EM Liechty@uamont.edu NR 58 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 579ND UT WOS:000177184000008 ER PT J AU Rousselle, MA AF Rousselle, MA TI Determining the molecular weight distribution of cotton cellulose: A new GPC solvent SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-CHLORIDE; SYSTEM AB Dimethylimidazolidinone/lithium chloride (DMI/LiCL) is shown to be an effective solvent system for a variety of celluloses, including the high molecular weight cellulose of cotton, when a swelling pretreatment in sodium hydroxide is incorporated. DMI/0.5% LiCl is suitable for use as a mobile phase in gel permeation chromatography to determine the molecular weight of cellulose. The results of using the DMI/LiCl solvent system to determine molecular weight parameters (number-average, weight-average, and peak molecular weight) of a variety of celluloses (cotton, rayon, tencel, linen, ramie, flax, kenaf) are reported. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Rousselle, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 72 IS 2 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1177/004051750207200207 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 526EH UT WOS:000174116200007 ER PT J AU Gamble, GR AF Gamble, GR TI Thermochemical degradation of melezitose and trehalulose as related to cotton stickiness SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The melezitose and trehalulose contents of a cotton sample heavily contaminated by whitefly honeydew are analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) as a function of heating time at 200degreesC. Results indicate that the concentrations of melezitose and trehalulose on the surface of the cotton decrease exponentially as a result of thermochemical reactions. The mechanism and rate of each reaction is elucidated by similar heat treatment of pure melezitose and trehalulose with subsequent analysis of reaction products, The rate of thermochemical degradation in the case of trehalulose is of sufficient magnitude that its concentration on the cotton surface may be substantially decreased under controlled conditions of heat and time. The degradation rate of melezitose is nearly an order of magnitude smaller, and its concentration on the cotton surface is not substantially affected under similar conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Gamble, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0040-5175 EI 1746-7748 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 72 IS 2 BP 174 EP 177 DI 10.1177/004051750207200215 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 526EH UT WOS:000174116200015 ER PT J AU Francki, MG Berzonsky, WA Ohm, HW Anderson, JM AF Francki, MG Berzonsky, WA Ohm, HW Anderson, JM TI Physical location of a HSP70 gene homologue on the centromere of chromosome 1B of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE centromere; 1BL.1RS; translocation, HSP70; wheat ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HETEROCHROMATIC GENE; CEREAL CHROMOSOMES; SEQUENCE; ORGANIZATION; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; MINICHROMOSOME; REGISTRATION AB Cereal centromeres consist of a complex organization of repetitive DNA sequences. Several repetitive DNA sequences are common amongst members of the Triticeae family, and others are unique to particular species. The organization of these repetitive elements and the abundance of other types of DNA sequences in cereal centromeres are largely unknown. In this study, we have used wheat-rye translocation lines to physically map 1BL.1RS centromeric breakpoints and molecular probes to obtain further information on the nature of other types of centromeric DNA sequences. Our results, using the rye-specific centromeric sequence, pAWRC.1. indicate that 1BL.1RS contains a small portion of the centromere from 1R of rye. Further studies used molecular markers to identify centromeric segments on wheat group-1 chromosomes. Selected RFLP markers, clustered around the centromere of wheat homoeologous group-IS chromosomes, were chosen as probes during Southern hybridization. One marker, PSR161, identified a small 1BS segment in all 1BL.1RS lines. This segment maps proximal to pAWRC.1 in 1BL.1RS and on the centromere of 1B. Sequence analysis of PSR161 showed high homology to HSP70 genes and Northern hybridization showed that this gene is constitutively expressed in leaf tissue and induced by heat shock and light stimuli. The significance of this work with respect to centromere organization and the possible significance of this HSP70 gene homologue are discussed. C1 Dept Agr, Bently Delivery Ctr, Bentley, WA 6983, Australia. N Dakota State Univ, Plant Sci Dept, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Francki, MG (reprint author), Dept Agr, Bently Delivery Ctr, Locked BMG 4, Bentley, WA 6983, Australia. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 184 EP 191 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0781-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400004 ER PT J AU Ulloa, M Meredith, WR Shappley, ZW Kahler, AL AF Ulloa, M Meredith, WR Shappley, ZW Kahler, AL TI RFLP genetic linkage maps from four F-2.3 populations and a joinmap of Gossypium hirsutum L. SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L.; RFLP; restriction fragment length polymorphism; genetic map; linkage; upland cotton; delta cotton; Texas high plain cotton ID BRASSICA-OLERACEA; UPLAND COTTON; REGISTRATION; MARKERS; TOMATO; RNA AB An RFLP genetic linkage joinmap was constructed from four different mapping populations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Genetic maps from two of the four populations have been previously reported. The third genetic map was constructed from 199 bulk-sampled plots of an F-2.3 (HQ95-6x'MD51ne') population. The map comprises 83 loci mapped to 24 link-age groups with an average distance between markers of 10.0 centiMorgan (cM), covering 830.1 cM or approximately 18% of the genome. The fourth genetic map was developed from 155 bulk-sampled plots of an F,,3 (1195 sub-okrax'MD51ne') population. This map comprises 56 loci mapped to 16 linkage groups with an average distance between markers of 9.3 cM, covering 520.4 cM or approximately 11% of the cotton genome. A core of 104 cDNA probes was shared between populations, yielding I I I RFLP loci. The constructed genetic linkage joinmap from the above four populations comprises 284 loci mapped to 47 linkage groups with the average distance between markers of 5.3 cM, covering 1,502.6 cM or approximately 31% of the total recombinational length of the cotton genome. The linkage groups contained from 2 to 54 loci each and ranged in distance from 1.0 to 142.6 cM. The joinmap provided further knowledge of competitive chromosome arrangement, parental relationships, gene order, and increased the potential to map genes for the improvement of the cotton crop. This is the first genetic linkage joinmap assembled in G. hirsutum with a core of RFLP markers assayed on different genetic backgrounds of cotton populations (Acala, Delta, and Texas plain). Research is ongoing for the identification of quantitative trait loci for agronomic, physiological and fiber quality traits on these maps, and the identification of RFLP loci lineage for G. hirsutum from its diploid progenitors (the A and D genomes). C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. Biogenet Serv Incorp, Brookings, SD USA. RP Ulloa, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 40 TC 63 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 200 EP 208 DI 10.1007/s001220100739 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400006 ER PT J AU Sewell, MM Davis, MF Tuskan, GA Wheeler, NC Elam, CC Bassoni, DL Neale, DB AF Sewell, MM Davis, MF Tuskan, GA Wheeler, NC Elam, CC Bassoni, DL Neale, DB TI Identification of QTLs influencing wood property traits in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). II. Chemical wood properties SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda L.; QTL mapping; wood chemistry; alpha-cellulose; hemicellulose; lignin ID OUTBRED PEDIGREE; LINKAGE MAPS; LOCI; SPECTROSCOPY; CONSTRUCTION; POPULUS AB Chemical wood property traits were analyzed for the presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a three-generation outbred pedigree of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). These traits were assayed using pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry and include mass spectrum peak intensities associated with carbohydrates, a-cellulose and hemicellulose sugars, and lignin. Models for projection to latent structures (PLS) were used to also estimate the chemical composition of cell walls (i.e., a-cellulose, galactan and lignin) from mass spectrum data using multivariate regression. Both earlywood and latewood fractions from the fifth annual ring were analyzed for each trait. An interval mapping approach designed for an outbred pedigree was used to estimate the number of QTLs, the magnitude of QTL effects, and their genomic position. Eight unique QTLs influencing cell wall chemistry were detected from multiple peak intensities and/or PLS estimates using the one- and two- QTL models. Significant differences in chemical contents were observed among the populations from North Carolina vs Oklahoma, and results from QTLxenvironment analyses suggest that QTLs interact with environmental location. QTLs should be verified in larger experiments and in different genetic and environmental back-grounds. QTL mapping will help towards eventually identifying genes having a major effect on chemical wood properties. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, USDA Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, George Staebler Res Ctr, Centralia, WA 98531 USA. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, USDA Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Tuskan, Gerald/A-6225-2011; OI Tuskan, Gerald/0000-0003-0106-1289; davis, mark/0000-0003-4541-9852 NR 34 TC 66 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.1007/s001220100697 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400008 ER PT J AU Lewers, K Heinz, R Beard, H Marek, L Matthews, B AF Lewers, K Heinz, R Beard, H Marek, L Matthews, B TI A physical map of a gene-dense region in soybean linkage group A2 near the black seed coat and Rhg(4) loci SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bacterial artificial chromosome; Heterodera glycines; resistance gone; soybean; soybean cyst nematode ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES; MOLECULAR MARKERS; CYST-NEMATODE; RESISTANCE GENE; CLUSTERS; FAMILY; RHG4 AB Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) linkage group A2 contains a major resistance gene to the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) at the Rhg(4) locus near a gene encoding aspartokinase homoserine dehydrogenase (AK-HSDH) and also near the I locus affecting seed coat color. To identify clones related to this region of the genome, we used a PCR assay using primers designed from a gene encoding AKHSDH to screen approximately 40,000 clones from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library constructed from genomic DNA of the susceptible cv. Williams 82. The identified BACs were screened with a second PCR assay using primers designed from DNA sequence associated with the I locus to confirm the location of the BACs. Only BAC Gm_ISb001_056_G02 (56G2) was positive for both assays. BAC 56G2 contains several genes previously associated with stress or defense response including genes with high sequence similarity to those encoding chalcone synthase, glucosyl-transferase, a heat-shock transcription factor, a membrane-associated salt-inducible protein, adenosyl homocysteinase, a protein kinase, and a G10-like protein. The map contributes to our understanding of the organization of the soybean genome and to the completion of a physical map of the soybean genome. In addition, the genes identified provide landmarks to identify BAC clones near the Rhg(4) locus in resistant soybean genomic libraries and provide a foundation for comparison of soybean cyst nematode resistant and -susceptible DNA sequences in this region. C1 USDA ARS PSI, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CICVyA, INTA, Inst Biotecnol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Matthews, B (reprint author), USDA ARS PSI, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Bldg 006 BARC West, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1007/s00122-001-0780-5 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400014 ER PT J AU Song, QJ Fickus, EW Cregan, PB AF Song, QJ Fickus, EW Cregan, PB TI Characterization of trinucleotide SSR motifs in wheat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE wheat; simple sequence repeat (SSR); microsatellites; trinucleotide motifs; molecular markers ID CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINES; MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS; SEQUENCE REPEAT MARKERS; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; HUMAN GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; BREAD WHEAT; RICE; IDENTIFICATION; GENE AB Length differences among trinucleotide-based microsatellite alleles can be more easily detected and frequently produce fewer "stutter bands" as compared to dinucleotide-based microsatellite markers. Our objective was to determine which trinucleotide motif(s) would be the most-polymorphic and abundant source of trinucleotide microsatellite markers in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four genomic libraries of cultivar 'Chinese Spring' were screened with nine trinucleotide probes. Based on the screening of 28550 clones, the occurrences of (CTT/GAA)(n), (GGA/CCT)(n), (TAA/ATT)(n), (CAA/GTT)(n), (GGT/CCA)(n), (CAT/GTA)(n), (CGA/GCT)(n), (CTA/GAT)(n), and (CGT/GCA)(n) repeats were estimated to be 5.4x10(4), 3.5x10(4), 3.2x10(4), 1.2x10(4), 6.3x10(3), 4.9x10(3), 4.5x10(3), 4.5x10(3) and 3.6x10(3), i.e., once every 293 kbp, 456 kbp, 500 kbp, 1.3 Mbp, 2.6 Mbp, 3.2 Mbp, 3.6 Mbp, 3.6 Mbp and 4.5 Mbp in the wheat genome, respectively. Of 236 clones selected for sequencing, 38 (93%) (TAA/ATT)(n), 30 (43%) (CTT/GAA)(n), 16 (59%) (CAA/GTT)(n), 3 (27%) (CAT/GTA)(n), and 2 (4%) (GGA/CCT)(n) clones contained microsatellites with eight or more perfect repeats. From these data, 29, 27 and 16 PCR primer sets were designed and tested to the (TAA/ATT)(n), (CTT/GAA)(n), and (CAA/GTT)(n) microsatellites, respectively. A total of 12 (41.4%) primers designed to (TAA/ATT)(n), four (14.8%) to (CTT/GAA)(n), and two (12.5%) to (CAA/GTT)(n), resulted in polymorphic markers. The results indicated that (TAA/ATT)(n) microsatellites would provide the most abundant and the most-polymorphic source of trinucleotide microsatellite markers in wheat. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Bldg 006, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 121 Z9 144 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 286 EP 293 DI 10.1007/s001220100698 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400018 ER PT J AU Masci, S Rovelli, L Kasarda, DD Vensel, WH Lafiandra, D AF Masci, S Rovelli, L Kasarda, DD Vensel, WH Lafiandra, D TI Characterisation and chromosomal localisation of C-type low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE C subunits; low-molecular-weight glutenins; chromosomal localisation; wheat storage proteins; glutenin; protein sequencing ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CYSTINE PEPTIDES; DISULFIDE BONDS; BAKING QUALITY; DURUM-WHEAT; PROTEINS; FRACTIONATION; ENDOSPERM; SEQUENCE AB Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits are classically divided into the 13, C and D groups. Most attention has been paid to the characterisation of the B and D groups, whereas C subunits, although represented by a large number of protein components, have not been thoroughly characterised, mainly because they tend to separate with the gliadins in many fractionation procedures. Here we describe a procedure for obtaining a fraction strongly enriched in C subunits that has allowed us to determine the chromosomal location of these subunits in the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. This analysis has shown that these subunits are coded on chromosome groups 1 and 6. Comparison between N-terminal amino acid sequencing of B and C subunits has shown that, whereas the former group includes mainly subunits with typical LMW-GS type sequences (76%), the C subunit group is made up almost completely of subunits with gliadin-like sequences (95%), including the a-type. These results indicate that the LMW-GSs are likely to be coded not only by the typical Glu-3 loci, but also by loci tightly linked to, and possibly included within, the Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Lafiandra, D (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, Via S Camillo Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. EM lafiandr@unitus.it RI Masci, Stefania/B-6690-2013; OI Masci, Stefania/0000-0003-2857-4498; Vensel, William/0000-0001-9454-2705 NR 23 TC 44 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2-3 BP 422 EP 428 DI 10.1007/s001220100761 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 530UB UT WOS:000174376400034 ER PT J AU Yang, SH Moran, DL Jia, HW Bicar, EH Lee, M Scott, MP AF Yang, SH Moran, DL Jia, HW Bicar, EH Lee, M Scott, MP TI Expression of a synthetic porcine alpha-lactalbumin gene in the kernels of transgenic maize SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE kernel; maize; synthetic gene; targeting; alpha-lactalbumin ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INSECT CONTROL; POTATO PLANTS; TERMINAL KDEL; RICE PLANTS; PROTEIN; TOBACCO; PROTOPLASTS; SEQUENCE; ALBUMIN AB The main nutritional limitation of maize used for feed is the content of protein that is digestible, bioavailable and contains an amino acid balance that matches the requirements of animals. In contrast, milk protein has good digestibility, bioavailability and amino acid balance. As an initial effort to create maize optimized as a source of swine nutrition, a codon-adjusted version of a gene encoding the milk protein porcine alpha-lactalbumin was synthesized. Maize expression vectors containing this gene under the control of the Ubi-1 promoter and nos 3' terminator were constructed. These vectors were used to transform maize callus lines that were regenerated into fertile plants. The alpha-lactalbumin transgenes were transmitted through meiosis to the sexual progeny of the regenerated plants. Porcine alpha-lactalbumin was detected in callus and kernels from transgenic maize lines that were transformed by two constructs containing the 27-kDa maize gamma-zein signal sequence at the 5' end of the synthetic porcine alpha-lactalbumin coding sequence. One of these constructs contained an ER retention signal and the other did not. Expression was not observed in kernels or callus from transgenic maize lines that were transformed by a construct that does not contain an exogenous protein-targeting signal. This suggests that the signal peptide might play an important role in porcine alpha-lactalbumin accumulation in transgenic maize kernels. C1 ARS, USDA, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Unit, Washington, DC USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. RP ARS, USDA, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Unit, Washington, DC USA. EM pscott@iastate.edu RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 39 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 EI 1573-9368 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1023/A:1013996129125 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 515TZ UT WOS:000173513900003 PM 11874099 ER PT J AU Irvine, J Law, BE Anthoni, PM Meinzer, FC AF Irvine, J Law, BE Anthoni, PM Meinzer, FC TI Water limitations to carbon exchange in old-growth and young ponderosa pine stands SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aging in Pacific Northwest Forests CY OCT 19, 2000 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Western Regional Ctr, Nat Inst Global Environm Change HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE chronosequence; eddy covariance; net ecosystem exchange; Pinus ponderosa; soil CO2 fluxes; soil water deficit; stomatal conductance; transpiration ID FLUX MEASUREMENTS; SOIL RESPIRATION; FOREST; CONDUCTANCE; ECOSYSTEM; LEAF; TRANSPIRATION; VEGETATION; TREES AB We investigated the impact of seasonal soil water deficit on the processes driving net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) in old-growth and recently regenerating ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws.) stands in Oregon. We measured seasonal patterns of transpiration, canopy conductance and NEE, as well as soil water, soil temperature and soil respiration. The old-growth stand (O) included two primary age classes (50 and 250 years), had a leaf area index (LAI) of 2.1 and had never been logged. The recently regenerating stand (Y) consisted predominantly of 14-year-old ponderosa pine with an LAI of 1.0. Both stands experienced similar meteorological conditions with moderately cold wet winters and hot dry summers. By August, soil volumetric water content within the upper 30 cm had declined to a seasonal minimum of 0.07 at both sites. Between April and June, both stands showed similar rates of transpiration peaking at 0.96 mm day(-1); thereafter, trees at the Y site showed increasing drought stress with canopy stomatal resistance increasing 6-fold by mid-August relative to values for trees at the O site. Over the same period, predawn water potential (Psi(pd)) of trees at the Y site declined from -0.54 to -1.24 MPa, whereas Psi(pd) of trees at the O site remained greater than -0.8 MPa throughout the season. Soil respiration at the 0 site showed a strong seasonal correlation with soil temperature with no discernible constraints imposed by declining soil water. In contrast, soil respiration at the Y site peaked before seasonal maximal soil temperatures and declined thereafter with declining soil water. No pronounced seasonal pattern in daytime NEE was observed at either site between April and September. At the Y site this behavior was driven by concurrent soil water limitations on soil respiration and assimilation, whereas there was no evidence of seasonal soil water limitations on either process at the O site. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Irvine, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012; OI Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203 NR 31 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 13 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 196 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522TN UT WOS:000173913200013 PM 11830415 ER PT J AU Phillips, N Bond, BJ McDowell, NG Ryan, MG AF Phillips, N Bond, BJ McDowell, NG Ryan, MG TI Canopy and hydraulic conductance in young, mature and old Douglas-fir trees SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aging in Pacific Northwest Forests CY OCT 19, 2000 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Western Regional Ctr, Nat Inst Global Environm Change HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE forest age; hydraulic limitation; Pseudotsuga menziesii; sap flux; xylem ID SAP FLOW; TRANSPIRATION; PATTERNS; LEAF; GROWTH; LIMITS AB We tested for reductions in water transport with increasing tree size, a key component in determining whether gas exchange and growth are hydraulically limited in tall trees. During the summers of 1998 and 1999, we measured water transport with Granier-type, constant-heat sap flow probes, vapor pressure deficit, and leaf and soil water potentials in overstory Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco trees in three stands differing in size and age (15, 32 and 60 m in height and about 20, 40 and 450 years in age, respectively) in a P. menziesii-dominated forest in the Pacific Northwest, USA. A total of 24 trees were equipped with sap flow sensors-six 60-m trees, nine 32-m trees and nine 15-m trees. Based on the sap flow measurements and leaf area information estimated from leaf area-sapwood area relationships, we estimated crown-averaged stomatal conductance (G(S)) and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K-L). We tested the hypothesis that G(S) and K-L vary inversely with tree height (15 > 32 > 60 m). Analysis of variance of GS ranked as 15 = 60 > 32 m during the early summer and 15 > 60 > 32 m during late season drought. Over the growing season, mean daily G(S) (+/- SE) was 29.2 +/- 4.4, 24.0 +/- 6.8 and 17.7 +/- 7.2 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the 15-, 60- and 32-m trees, respectively. The value of K-L differed among tree heights only during late season drought and ranked 15 > 32 = 60 m. A hydraulic mass balance suggests that greater sapwood conductivity in 60-m trees compared with 32- and 15-m trees is a likely cause for the departure of the above rankings from those predicted by height and leaf-to-sapwood area ratio. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Phillips, N (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 27 TC 104 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 27 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 205 EP 211 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522TN UT WOS:000173913200015 PM 11830417 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hill, DE Lindsay, DS Jenkins, MC Uggla, A Speer, CA AF Dubey, JP Hill, DE Lindsay, DS Jenkins, MC Uggla, A Speer, CA TI Neospora, caninum and Hammondia heydorni are separate species SO TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; NATURALLY INFECTED-DOG; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; TISSUE CYSTS; TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE; OBLIGATE HETEROXENY; OOCYSTS; DNA; ULTRASTRUCTURE; SARCOCYSTIDAE AB Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni are two coccidian parasites with morphologically similar oocysts in canine feces. It was recently proposed that they are one species. In this paper, we review the biology and morphology of these parasites and present evidence that N. caninum and H. heydormi are separate species. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Vet Inst, SWEPAR, Dept Parasitol, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Tennessee, Coll Agr Sci & Nat Resources, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-4922 J9 TRENDS PARASITOL JI Trends Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 18 IS 2 BP 66 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02172-9 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 517RX UT WOS:000173624600006 PM 11832296 ER PT J AU Hussain, K Campagnolo, ER AF Hussain, K Campagnolo, ER TI Suspected cresol poisoning in cattle presented for slaughter SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLISM AB Cresol poisoning was suspected in a group of cattle presented for slaughter at a federally inspected plant in Illinois. Four cattle died shortly after being unloaded at the slaughter facility, while another animal died after being returned to the feedlot of origin in Iowa. The clinical signs in the affected cattle were lethargy, depression, ataxia, leg weakness, sternal recumbency, dehydration, and severe bloating. Metacresol (3-methyl phenol), commons found in disinfectants used to clean and sanitize farm equipment and barns, was detected in rumen content from 4 necropsied animals ranging from 25.3 to 52.6 ppm. The exact source of exposure was not identified, but was probably accidental on the farm of origin or on the trailers used for animal transit to the slaughter plant. C1 Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Chicago Dist Off, Lombard, IL 60148 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Springfield, IL 62704 USA. RP Hussain, K (reprint author), Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Chicago Dist Off, 1919 S Highland Ave,Suite 115C, Lombard, IL 60148 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 44 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 513DQ UT WOS:000173363000005 PM 11824764 ER PT J AU Bresnahan, G Dexter, A Koskinen, W Lueschen, W AF Bresnahan, G Dexter, A Koskinen, W Lueschen, W TI Influence of soil pH-sorption interactions on the carry-over of fresh and aged soil residues of imazamox SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE desorption; aged residues; bioavailability ID IMAZETHAPYR; DESORPTION; CROPS; TIME AB Long-term carry-over of some imidazolinone herbicides has been observed in soil that is below pH 6.5., resulting in significant damage to sugarbeet. In a field study in south-west Minnesota, imazamox concentration decreased rapidly in soil, regardless of pit. Despite similar amounts of aged soil residues of imazamox remaining at different pH levels, bioavailability differed with pH as a result of pH effects on sorption desorption interactions. At low pH, more imazamox was sorbed than at high pH, but it was readily desorbed. At high pH, less imazamox was sorbed initially, but it did not readily desorb. Thus, after 3 months, the remaining imazamox in low-pH soil was desorbable and bioavailable, resulting in injury to oilseed rape and sugarbeet. In aged, low-pH soil, adding lime released bound imazamox, which was then degraded, resulting in less carry-over. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bresnahan, G (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 13 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 42 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00261.x PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 527ZA UT WOS:000174216900005 ER PT J AU Warning, M Key, N AF Warning, M Key, N TI The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: An equilibrium analysis of the Arachide de Bouche Program in Senegal SO WORLD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Africa; Senegal; contract farming; impact assessment; income distribution; local information ID RURAL-DEVELOPMENT; GENDER AB This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of a contract-farming program in Senegal. We examine the access of poorer community members to contracts and the effect of the program on the income of participants. The program performs very well on both counts: participants and nonparticipants are indistinguishable by wealth measures and farmers increase their income substantially by participating in the program. We attribute the former to the program's mobilization of local information through its use of village intermediaries, permitting the substitution of social collateral for physical collateral and making the program more accessible to the poor, (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Warning, M (reprint author), Univ Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. NR 17 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-750X J9 WORLD DEV JI World Dev. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 255 EP 263 AR PII S0305-750X(01)00104-8 DI 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00104-8 PG 9 WC Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 528BZ UT WOS:000174225100006 ER PT J AU Schwartz, MK Mills, LS McKelvey, KS Ruggiero, LF Allendorf, FW AF Schwartz, MK Mills, LS McKelvey, KS Ruggiero, LF Allendorf, FW TI DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GENE FLOW; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; DIFFERENTIATION; MIGRATION; PATTERNS AB Population dynamics of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have been of interest to ecologists for nearly sixty years(1-4). Two competing hypotheses concerning lynx population dynamics and large-scale spatial synchrony are currently debated. The first suggests that dispersal is substantial among lynx populations(5), and the second proposes that lynx at the periphery of their range exist in small, isolated patches that maintain cycle synchrony via correlation with extrinsic environmental factors(2). Resolving the nature of lynx population dynamics and dispersal is important both to ecological theory and to the conservation of threatened lynx populations: the lack of knowledge about connectivity between populations at the southern periphery of the lynx's geographic range delayed their legal listing in the United States(6). We test these competing hypotheses using microsatellite DNA markers and lynx samples from 17 collection sites in the core and periphery of the lynx's geographic range. Here we show high gene flow despite separation by distances greater than 3,100 km, supporting the dispersal hypothesis. We therefore suggest that management actions in the contiguous United States should focus on maintaining connectivity with the core of the lynx's geographic range. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USDA, USFS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Schwartz, MK (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Mills, L. Scott/K-2458-2012; Schwartz, Michael/C-3184-2014 OI Mills, L. Scott/0000-0001-8771-509X; Schwartz, Michael/0000-0003-3521-3367 NR 28 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 30 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 31 PY 2002 VL 415 IS 6871 BP 520 EP 522 DI 10.1038/415520a PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 516PQ UT WOS:000173564300045 PM 11823858 ER PT J AU Joung, YH Liao, MS Roh, MS Kamo, K Song, JS AF Joung, YH Liao, MS Roh, MS Kamo, K Song, JS TI In vitro propagation of Campanula glomerata, 'Acaulis' from leaf blade explants SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE perennial; shoot regeneration; light irradiance; temperature; plant growth regulator ID ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT REGENERATION; MICROPROPAGATION; ISOPHYLLA AB Development of an in vitro regeneration system for Campanula using leaf blades as a source of explants is useful for mass propagation to produce uniform size plants that can tie used for evaluation of new hybrids and for investigation of genetic transformation. Campanula glomerata, 'Acaulis' is relatively easy to propagate in vitro as compared to other Campanula spp., tested. C. glomerata, 'Acaulis' plants cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts medium containing 1.0 mg/l (4.4 muM) N-6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.01 mg/l (0.05 muM) alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were the source of leaf explants. Maintenance of plants in vitro in low light irradiance (10 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) is recommended because high light irradiance (100 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) suppressed regeneration. Maintenance of plants at 14 degreesC in vitro under low light for at least 2 months resulted in optimum regeneration from leaf blades as compared to 18 degreesC. Explants obtained from leaves of the in vitro grown plants regenerated best (2-3 shoots/explant) on MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/l (17.6 muM) BA and 0.1 mg/l (0.5 muM) NAA. BA was more effective, than 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP). This is the first successful report of the regeneration from leaf blades of Campanula. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rural Dev Adm, Natl Hort Res Inst, New Ornamental Plants Res Lab, Suwon, South Korea. RP Roh, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum Floral & Nursery Plants Res Uni, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD JAN 31 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00282-5 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 512AM UT WOS:000173299000006 ER PT J AU Fett, WF AF Fett, WF TI Reduction of the native microflora on alfalfa sprouts during propagation by addition of antimicrobial compounds to the irrigation water SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; sprout; antimicrobial; alfalfa; yeast mold ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; BEAN SPROUTS; BIOFILMS AB Alfalfa and other types of sprouts are known to harbor large populations of native microorganisms. As some of these microbes may be causes of reduced shelf life of the product (plant pathogens and other spoilage organisms) and sprouts may, on occasion, harbor bacteria pathogenic towards humans, the addition of antimicrobial compounds to the irrigation water may be warranted. In this study, we tested the efficacy of several antimicrobial compounds for reducing the native microbial populations on alfalfa sprouts during propagation. These compounds included H2O2, peroxyacetic acid+hydrogen peroxide (Tsunami 100(TM)), acidified NaClO2, NaClO2 (Aquatize(TM)), EDTA, Na3PO4 and NaOCl. When added to the irrigation water at various concentrations, none of the antimicrobial compounds reduced the levels of any class of native microflora by more than 1 log(10) without evidence of phytotoxicity. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Plant Sci & Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fett, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Plant Sci & Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JAN 30 PY 2002 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00730-9 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 518NX UT WOS:000173675700002 PM 11843404 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Monge, A Pepperman, A AF Eggleston, G Monge, A Pepperman, A TI Preheating and incubation of cane juice prior to liming: A comparison of intermediate and cold lime clarification SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cane juice incubation; cold lime clarification; dextran; intermediate lime clarification; heated cane juice; raw sugar manufacture; starch ID RAW SUGAR MANUFACTURE; HOT AB In the U.S., cold lime clarification remains the clarification process of choice in raw sugar manufacturing. A comparative study of cold vs intermediate lime clarification was undertaken at a factory that operated intermediate liming (similar to30% mixed juice (MJ) of pH 5.2 +/- 0.3 was preheated to 87-93 degreesC to help maintain clean limed juice heaters, incubated at similar to54 degreesC, and then limed) but still had the pipes to revert to cold liming (MJ incubated and limed at similar to40 degreesC) for this study. Hourly samples were collected over a 6 h sampling period across cold and intermediate clarification processes on two consecutive days, respectively, and this was repeated three times across the 1999 grinding season. A total of 1.57% less sucrose was lost to inversion reactions across intermediate rather than cold liming. In intermediate liming, which required similar to4.6% less lime, preheating of only 30% of the MJ markedly removed color (-29%), dextran (-10%), and starch (-24%) and caused large flocs to form that settled faster in the clarifiers. Faster settling led to an impressive 4.6% (season average) more turbidity removal across the clarifiers in intermediate rather than cold liming. Intermediate clarified juice (CJ) turbidity (season average 2028 ICU +/- 675) was approximately half of cold CJ turbidity (average 3952 ICU +/- 1450) with over 2-fold more CJ turbidity control. Subsequent turbidity values and control were significantly improved in the final evaporator syrup samples too. For both processes, juice incubation caused similar to10% color removal, but this was offset by color formation on liming, because of the alkaline degradation of invert; however, overall, more color was removed than formed in intermediate liming. Starch was reduced in the incubator tank, for both processes, because added filtrate reduced the acidity enabling natural diastase from the cane to degrade starch. Some dextran occasionally formed in the incubator tank, in both processes. Summed across measured parameters, intermediate liming appears to offer several advantages over cold liming. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Cora Texas Mfg Co, White Castle, LA 70788 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 484 EP 490 DI 10.1021/jf010999p PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 517LV UT WOS:000173612800013 PM 11804517 ER PT J AU Pline, WA Wilcut, JW Duke, SO Edmisten, KL Wells, R AF Pline, WA Wilcut, JW Duke, SO Edmisten, KL Wells, R TI Tolerance and accumulation of shikimic acid in response to glyphosate applications in glyphosate-resistant and nonglyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; shikimic acid; herbicide resistance; transgenic crops; cotton; reproductive tolerance ID PLANTS; PATHWAY; TOMATO; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSLOCATION; EXPRESSION; ABSORPTION; METABOLISM; SYNTHASE; GENES AB Measurement of shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase is a rapid and accurate assay to quantify glyphosate-induced damage in sensitive plants. Two methods of assaying shikimic acid, a spectrophotometric and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, were compared for their accuracy of recovering known amounts of shikimic acid spiked into plant samples. The HPLC method recovered essentially 100% of shikimic acid as compared with only 73% using the spectrophotometric method. Relative sensitivity to glyphosate was measured in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton leaves, fruiting branches, and squares (floral buds) by assaying shikimic acid. Accumulation of shikimic acid was not observed in any tissue, either GR or non-GR, at rates of 5 mM glyphosate or less applied to leaves. All tissues of non-GR plants accumulated shikimic acid in response to glyphosate treatment; however, only fruiting branches and squares of GR plants accumulated a slight amount of shikimic acid. In non-GR cotton, fruiting branches and squares accumulated 18 and 11 times, respectively, more shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than leaf tissue, suggesting increased sensitivity to glyphosate of reproductive tissue over vegetative tissue. GR cotton leaves treated with 80 mM of glyphosate accumulated 57 times less shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than non-GR cotton but only 12.4- and 4-fold less in fruiting branches and squares, respectively. The increased sensitivity of reproductive structures to glyphosate inhibition may be due to a higher demand for shikimate pathway products and may provide an explanation for reports of fruit abortion from glyphosate-treated GR cotton. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Wilcut, JW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 28 TC 78 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 506 EP 512 DI 10.1021/jf0110699 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 517LV UT WOS:000173612800017 PM 11804521 ER PT J AU Moyer, RA Hummer, KE Finn, CE Frei, B Wrolstad, RE AF Moyer, RA Hummer, KE Finn, CE Frei, B Wrolstad, RE TI Anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity in diverse small fruits: Vaccinium, Rubus, and Ribes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthocyanins; phenolics; ORAC; FRAP; blueberry; blackberry; black currant; rabbiteye; highbush; lowbush; marionberry; jostaberry; gooseberry ID FLAVONOIDS; BLACKBERRY; CULTIVARS; STORAGE; ASSAY AB Fruits from 107 genotypes of Vaccinium L., Rubus L., and Ribes L., were analyzed for total anthocyanins (ACY), total phenolics (TPH), and antioxidant capacities as determined by oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Fruit size was highly correlated (r = 0.84) with ACY within Vaccinium corymbosum L., but was not correlated to ACY across eight other Vaccinium species, or within 27 blackberry hybrids. Certain Vaccinium and Ribes fruits with pigmented flesh were lower in ACY, TPH, ORAC, and FRAP compared to those values in berries with nonpigmented flesh. ORAC values ranged from 19 to 131 mumol Trolox equivalents/g in Vaccinium, from 13 to 146 in Rubus, and from 17 to 116 in Ribes. Though ACY may indicate TPH, the range observed in ACY/TPH ratios precludes prediction of ACY from TPH and vice versa for a single genotype. In general, TPH was more highly correlated to antioxidant capacity than ACY was, This study demonstrates the wide diversity of phytochemical levels and antioxidant capacities within and across three genera of small fruit. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. King Coll, Bristol, TN 37620 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Linus Pauling Inst Sci & Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wrolstad, RE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, 100 Wiegand Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 30 TC 494 Z9 532 U1 8 U2 91 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1021/jf011062r PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 517LV UT WOS:000173612800019 PM 11804523 ER PT J AU Mellon, JE Dowd, MK Cotty, PJ AF Mellon, JE Dowd, MK Cotty, PJ TI Time course study of substrate utilization by Aspergillus flavus in medium simulating corn (Zea mays) kernels SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus flavus; corn lipids; cornstarch; Zea mays; zein ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; PH AB Utilization of the three major corn reserve materials, starch, triglycerides (refined corn oil), and zein (storage protein), by Aspergillus flavus was monitored in vitro over a 7-day fermentation. Medium composition in which proportions of reserve materials initially approximated proportions in mature corn kernels changed little over the first 18 h. Subsequently, hydrolysis of both starch and triglycerides occurred simultaneously, with peak concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids on day 2 of the fermentation period. Fatty acid concentrations dropped relatively rapidly after day 2 but increased again after day 6. Aflatoxin 131 production increased after 36 h, with a peak at day 4. Aflatoxin 131 production paralleled fungal biomass production during the exponential growth phase. A. flavus did not appear to preferentially utilize any of the released fatty acids. A number of fungus-specific metabolites were detected, including arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, trehalose, and kojic acid. Mannitol exceeded the other metabolites in concentration, and the timing of mannitol production closely paralleled that of aflatoxin B-1. Kojic acid concentrations peaked at day 6. In contrast to previously described selective use of simple carbohydrates by A. flavus, less discrimination was displayed when faced with utilization of complex substrates such as starch or triglycerides. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Mellon, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 648 EP 652 DI 10.1021/jf011048e PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 517LV UT WOS:000173612800039 PM 11804543 ER EF