FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Riitters, KH Coulston, JW Wickham, JD AF Riitters, KH Coulston, JW Wickham, JD TI Localizing national fragmentation statistics with forest type maps SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; GIS; Montreal Process ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ANCILLARY DATA SOURCES; THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; ROADS AB Fragmentation of forest types is an indicator of biodiversity in the Montreal Process, but the available national data permit assessment of only overall forestland fragmentation, not forest type fragmentation. Here we illustrate how to localize national statistics from the 2003 National Report on Sustainable Forests by combining state vegetation maps with national forestland fragmentation maps. The degree and scale of fragmentation of different forest types can be gauged from the amount of forestland that meets certain fragmentation thresholds at multiple scales of analysis. C1 USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Environm Protect Agcy, Div Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Riitters, KH (reprint author), USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Serv, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 18 EP 22 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 683DP UT WOS:000183132700005 ER PT J AU Bergen, KM Conard, SG Houghton, RA Kasischke, ES Kharuk, VI Krankina, ON Ranson, KJ Shugart, HH Sukhinin, AI Treyfeld, RF AF Bergen, KM Conard, SG Houghton, RA Kasischke, ES Kharuk, VI Krankina, ON Ranson, KJ Shugart, HH Sukhinin, AI Treyfeld, RF TI NASA and Russian scientists observe land-cover and land-use change and carbon in Russian forests SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE international forestry; remote sensing; Russia ID WESTERN SAYANI MOUNTAINS; SATELLITE DETECTION; SAR DATA; EMISSIONS; SIBERIA; SMOKE AB In 1997, several project teams of the NASA Land-Cover Land-Use Change Program began working with Russian organizations to try to quantify and understand the past, present, and future land-cover and land-use trends in Russian boreal forests. Selected results of completed and ongoing research projects are discussed in four categories: forest dynamics, fire and fire behavior, carbon budgets, and new remote sensing analysis methods. This research has helped pave the way for collaborations with international organizations and other networks, and collaborations at several scales are now making it possible for Russian and US scientists to work together to further our knowledge on the influence of land-cover and land-use change throughout the world. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Russian & E European Studies, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Sukachev Forest Res Inst, Remote Sensing Facil, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. NW State Forest Inventory Enterprise, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Bergen, KM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, 430 E Univ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; Conard, Susan/H-8158-2013; Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 34 EP 41 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 683DP UT WOS:000183132700008 ER PT J AU Spencer, D Ksander, G AF Spencer, D Ksander, G TI Nutrient limitation of Zannichellia palustris and Elodea canadensis growing in sediments from Fall River, California SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; MINERAL-NUTRITION; GROWTH LIMITATION; WILD PLANTS; MACROPHYTES; NITROGEN AB Predicting aquatic plant growth based on-sediment nutrients is problematic. Two experiments with sandy or silty sediments from Fall River, California were performed to identify the limiting nutrient for two-abundant species of submersed plants in-the river. Growth of Zannichellia palustris L. or Elodea canadensis Rich. was significantly enhanced by the addition of N or a combination of N and P to sandy sediments but not those that were silty. Root:shoot ratios declined for plants growing with added nutrients. Plant tissue N concentrations increased as well. Tissue N:P ratios indicated that N rather than P limited growth. Results support the literature hypothesis that sediment N availability may limit growth and distribution of submersed rooted aquatic plants. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Robbins Hall,1 Shield Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9664486 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 675GP UT WOS:000182685800004 ER PT J AU Joyce, MP Hubert, WA AF Joyce, MP Hubert, WA TI Snorkeling as an alternative to depletion electrofishing for assessing cutthroat trout and brown trout in stream pools SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We compared abundance and length structure estimates of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) of 15 cm total length or greater obtained by snorkeling in stream pools with estimates obtained by depletion electrofishing. We sampled 12 pools in each of two streams formed by large springs in the Salt River Valley of western Wyoming. Snorkeling counts provided a relatively accurate index of depletion electrofishing estimates of abundance of cutthroat trout,but not brown trout. Linear regression analysis showed that snorkeling counts were significantly related to depletion electrofishing estimates for both cutthroat trout (P < 0.001) and brown trout (P = 0.002), but the coefficient of determination for brown trout (r(2) = 0.33). Was low compared to cutthroat trout (r(2) = 0.95). Frequencies of fish in three length classes observed by snorkeling and-depletion electrofishing were close to being significantly different for cutthroat trout (P = 0.066) and substantially different for brown trout (P = 0.005). Snorkeling frequently failed to observe fish in the shortest length class (15-29 cm total length) of both cutthroat trout and brown trout. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Joyce, MP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 412 Red Apple Rd, Manistee, MI 49060 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9664487 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 675GP UT WOS:000182685800005 ER PT J AU Sawada, H Kuykendall, LD Young, JM AF Sawada, H Kuykendall, LD Young, JM TI Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE evolution; legume symbiont; molecular phylogeny; polyphasic taxonomy; rhizobia; systematics ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; DNA-DNA HYBRIDIZATION; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS C58/; COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TUMOR-INDUCING TI; SP-NOV; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; POLYPHASIC TAXONOMY; MESORHIZOBIUM-LOTI AB As of February 2003, bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing symbiotic associations with legumes have been confirmed in 44 species of 12 genera. Phylogenies of these taxa containing legume symbionts based on the comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences show that they are not clustered in one lineage but are distributed in the classes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, and dispersed over the following nine monophyletic groups, being intermingled with other taxa that do not contain legume symbionts (shown in parentheses below): Group 1, which comprises Rhizobium and Allorhikobium, species containing legume symbionts (intermingled with Agrobacterium and Blastobacter species, which are nonsymbionts); Group 2, Sinorhizobium and Ensifer species (with unclassified nonsymbionts); Group 3, Mesorhikobium species (with nonsymbiotic Aminobacter and Pseudaminobacter species); Group 4, Bradyrhizobium species and Blastobacter denitrificans (with nonsymbiotic Agromonas, Nitrobacter, Afipia, and Rhodopseudomonas species); Group 5, "Methylobacterium nodulans" (with nonsymbiotic Methylobacterium species); Group 6, Azorhizobium species (with nonsymbiotic Xanthobacter and Aquabacter species); Group 7, "Devosia neptuniae" (with nonsymbiotic Devosia species and unclassified nonsymbionts); Group 8, symbiotic Burkholderia strains (with nonsymbiotic Burkholderia species); and Group 9, Ralstonia taiwanensis (with nonsymbiotic Ralstonia species). For Groups 5, 8, and 9, the present classification, in which "each monophyletic group comprises one genus wherein legume symbionts and nonsymbionts are intermingled with each other," is considered to be retained as is because they are clearly separated from other genera at high bootstrap values and have already been sufficiently characterized based on polyphasic taxonomy. As for the remaining six monophyletic groups, on the other hand, there are currently three options for emending their current classification (definitions and circumscriptions) at the generic level: A) the current classification shall be retained as is; 13) all the genera within each monophyletic group shall be amalgamated into one single genus in conformity with the results of phylogenetic analysis; or C) each subordinate lineage in each monophyletic group shall be proposed as a genus. It is considered that research and discussions will be continuously conducted for emending the classification of these monophyletic groups based chiefly on Options B and C as preferable candidates. C1 Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058604, Japan. USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Landcare Res, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Sawada, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058604, Japan. EM sawada@affrc.go.jp NR 96 TC 129 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 26 PU MICROBIOL RES FOUNDATION PI TOKYO PA JAPAN ACAD SOC CENTER BLDG 4-16 YAYOI 2-CHOME, TOKYO, 113-0032, JAPAN SN 0022-1260 EI 1349-8037 J9 J GEN APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 155 EP 179 DI 10.2323/jgam.49.155 PG 27 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 734GL UT WOS:000186046600002 PM 12949698 ER PT J AU Mason, PW Pacheco, JM Zhao, QZ Knowles, NJ AF Mason, PW Pacheco, JM Zhao, QZ Knowles, NJ TI Comparisons of the complete genomes of Asian, African and European isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease virus type O pandemic strain (PanAsia) SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOME ENTRY SITE; 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; RNA; AMPLIFICATION; SUBSTITUTION; PROTEIN; 3A AB During the last 12 years, a strain of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype 0, named PanAsia, has spread from India throughout Southern Asia and the Middle East. During 2000, this strain caused outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, Japan, Russia (Primorsky Territory), Mongolia and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal Province), areas which last experienced FMD outbreaks in 1934, 1908, 1964, 1974 and 1957, respectively. In February 2001, the PanAsia strain spread to the United Kingdom where, in just over 7 months, it caused outbreaks on 2030 farms. From the UK, it quickly spread to the Republic of Ireland, France and the Netherlands. Previous studies that utilized RT-PCR to sequence the VP1-coding region of the RNA genomes of approximately 30 PanAsia isolates demonstrated that the UK virus was most closely related to the virus from South Africa (99.7% nucleotide identity). To determine if there was an obvious genetic reason for the apparently high level of fitness of this new strain, and to further analyse the relationships between the PanAsia viruses and other FMDVs, complete genomes were amplified using long-range PCR techniques and the PCR products were sequenced, revealing the sequences for the entire genomes of five PanAsia isolates as well as an animal-passaged derivative of one of them. These genomes were compared to two other PanAsia genomes. These analyses revealed that all portions of the genomes of these isolates are highly conserved and provided confirmation of the close relationship between the viruses responsible for the South Africa and UK outbreaks, but failed to identify any genetic characteristic that could account for the unprecedented spread of this strain. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Lanzhou Vet Res Inst, Lanzhou, Gansu, Peoples R China. Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England. RP Mason, PW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Vaccine Dev, 3-206B MMN Pavil,301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. EM pwmason@utmb.edu OI Pacheco, Juan/0000-0001-5477-0201 NR 20 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 84 BP 1583 EP 1593 DI 10.1099/vir.0.18669-0 PN 6 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 687JC UT WOS:000183372300028 PM 12771429 ER PT J AU Lakrod, K Chaisrisook, C Skinner, DZ AF Lakrod, K Chaisrisook, C Skinner, DZ TI Expression of pigmentation genes following electroporation of albino Monascus purpureus SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transformation; pigment; polyketide; Anka; Ang-kak ID GENOMIC DNA; BANK METHOD; TRANSFORMATION; RICE; COMPLEMENTATION; MUTANTS; CLONING; CULTURE; ANKA AB A UV-induced albino strain of Monascus purpureus was subjected to electroporation in the presence of genomic DNA from a wild-type red strain of the fungus. Eight colonies expressed color after several weeks of growth. The growth rates of all eight color variants were significantly greater than the recipient and donor strains under some culture conditions. Spectrophotometric analysis of the pigments extracted from the color variants revealed the pigments had absorbance spectra different from the DNA donor strain. These color variants may have resulted from transformation with wild-type DNA, mutation reversion, or activation of alternative pathway(s) - i.e., new mutations - that resulted in pigment production. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kasetsart Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Microbiol, Bangkok, Thailand. RP Skinner, DZ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0058-9 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 720DL UT WOS:000185246200004 PM 12750945 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Rothwell, L Kaiser, P AF Kogut, MH Rothwell, L Kaiser, P TI Differential regulation of cytokine gene expression by avian heterophils during receptor-mediated phagocytosis of opsonized and nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; INTERFERON-GAMMA GENE; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; PLATELET PROTEIN; OXIDATIVE BURST; INNATE IMMUNITY; HOST-DEFENSE; CDNA CLONING; CHICKEN; RESPONSES AB Internalization of pathogens by phagocytic cells triggers the innate immune response, which in turn regulates the acquired response. Phagocytes express a variety of receptors that are involved in recognition of pathogens, including (1) pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which recognize conserved motifs, (2) complement receptors (CR), which recognize complement-opsonized pathogens, and (3) Fc receptors (FcR), which recognize antibody-opsonized pathogens. Recognition of microbes is accompanied by the induction of multiple cell processes, including the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The objective of the present experiments was to use probes to known avian proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and TaqMan technology to ascertain levels of cytokine gene expression in avian heterophils following receptor-mediated phagocytosis of either nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis (SE), serumopsonized SE, or IgG-opsonized SE. Expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, considered in mammals as a proinflammatory chemokine, were upregulated following exposure to the nonopsonized or the opsonized SE. However, mRNA expression for IL-18 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was downregulated, and the expression of mRNA for the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-beta4 (TGF-beta4) was upregulated. Interestingly, IL-1beta mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in heterophils that phagocytized either the nonopsonized SE via PRRs or IgG-opsonized SE via FcRs, whereas serum-opsonized SE phagocytized by CRs induced a downregulation of IL-1beta mRNA. These results suggest that signaling interactions initiated by receptor recognition of the microbe surface differentially regulate the induction of inflammatory cytokines in avian heterophils. C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPARC, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 47 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 6 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1089/107999003766628160 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 696AR UT WOS:000183863000005 PM 12859858 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM Becnel, JJ Oi, DH Williams, DF AF Shapiro, AM Becnel, JJ Oi, DH Williams, DF TI Ultrastructural characterization and further transmission studies of Thelohania solenopsae from Solenopsis invicta pupae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; MICROSPORIDIA; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 177 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00057-0 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 689KF UT WOS:000183491000014 PM 12788287 ER PT J AU Becnel, JJ White, SE Shapiro, AM AF Becnel, JJ White, SE Shapiro, AM TI Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV) infections in adult mosquitoes and possible mechanisms for dispersal SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACULOVIRUS C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00058-2 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 689KF UT WOS:000183491000015 PM 12788288 ER PT J AU Campbell, JF Lewis, EE Stock, SP Nadler, S Kaya, HK AF Campbell, JF Lewis, EE Stock, SP Nadler, S Kaya, HK TI Evolution of host search strategies in entomopathogenic nematodes SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 40th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Nematologists CY AUG 24-29, 2001 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Nematologists DE behavior; entomopathogen; evolution; foraging; host search; nematode; Steinernema. ID JUMPING BEHAVIOR; STEINERNEMA SPP.; VOLATILE CUES; HETERORHABDITIDAE; CONSEQUENCES; TURFGRASS; LIZARDS AB There is interspecific variation in infective juvenile behavior within the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema. This variation is consistent with rise of different foraging strategies along a continuum between ambush and cruise foraging. To address questions about the evolution of foraging strategy, behavioral and morphological characters were mapped onto a phylogeny of Steinernema. Three species, all in the same clade, were classified as ambushers based on standing bout duration and host-finding ability. One clade of six species were all cruisers based on both host-finding and lack of standing behavior. All species in the ambusher clade had a high rate of jumping, all species in the cruiser clade had no jumping, and most intermediate foragers exhibited some level of jumping. Response to volatile and contact host cues was variable, even within a foraging strategy. Infective Juveniles in the ambusher clade were all in the smallest size category, species in the cruiser clade were in the largest size categories, and intermediate foragers tended to be more intermediate in size. We hypothesize that the ancestral Steinernema species was an intermediate forager and that ambush and cruise foraging both evolved at least once in the genus. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Campbell, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 27 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 15 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 2 BP 142 EP 145 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 708EJ UT WOS:000184553900003 PM 19265988 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA Spinozzi, GM Simon, VA Kelley, DS Prior, RL Hess-Pierce, B Kader, AA AF Jacob, RA Spinozzi, GM Simon, VA Kelley, DS Prior, RL Hess-Pierce, B Kader, AA TI Consumption of cherries lowers plasma urate in healthy women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cherries; gout; humans; anti-inflammatory; fruit ID PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; TART CHERRIES; URIC-ACID; VITAMIN-C; DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID; DIETARY FLAVONOIDS; PRUNUS-CERASUS; ANTIOXIDANT; SERUM; ANTHOCYANINS AB To assess the physiologic effects of cherry consumption, we measured plasma urate, antioxidant and inflammatory markers in 10 healthy women who consumed Bing sweet cherries. The women, age 22-40 y, consumed two servings (280 g) of cherries after an overnight fast. Blood and urine samples were taken before the cherry dose, and at 1.5, 3 and 5 h postdose. Plasma urate decreased 5 h postdose, mean +/- SEM = 183 +/- 15 muLmol/L compared with predose baseline of 214 +/- 13 mumol/L (P < 0.05). Urinary urate increased postdose, with peak excretion of 350 +/- 33 mumol/mmol creatinine 3 h postdose compared with 202 +/- 13 at baseline (P < 0.01). Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations had decreased marginally 3 h postdose (P < 0.1), whereas plasma. albumin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were unchanged. The vitamin C content of the cherries was solely as dehydroascorbic acid, but postdose increases in plasma ascorbic acid indicated that dehydroascorbic acid in fruits is bioavailable as vitamin C. The decrease in plasma urate after cherry consumption supports the reputed anti-gout efficacy of cherries. The trend toward decreased inflammatory indices (CRP and NO) adds to the in vitro evidence that compounds in cherries may inhibit inflammatory pathways. J. Nutr. 133: 1826-1829, 2003. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 31 TC 81 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 133 IS 6 BP 1826 EP 1829 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 687BP UT WOS:000183356200011 PM 12771324 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA Mushi, A Hilmers, DC Griffin, IJ Davila, P Allen, L AF Abrams, SA Mushi, A Hilmers, DC Griffin, IJ Davila, P Allen, L TI A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Africa; fortified beverage; micronutrient deficiency; undernutrition ID ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; GROWTH; IRON; MALNUTRITION; DEFICIENCY; DIARRHEA; IMPROVES; INFANTS AB Due to their widespread acceptability, multinutrient-fortified foods and beverages may be useful in reducing micronutrient deficiencies, especially in developing countries. We studied the efficacy of a new fortified beverage in improving the nutritional status of children in Botswana. We screened 311 lower income urban school children, ages 6-11 y, in two primary schools near Gaborone. Children were given seven 240-mL servings weekly of either an experimental beverage (EXP) fortified with 12 micronutrients or an isoenergetic placebo drink (CON) for 8 wk. Weight, mid-upper arm circumference, hemoglobin, retinol, ferritin, vitamin B-12, folate and riboflavin status were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Plasma zinc and serum transferrin receptors also were measured at study end. A total of 145 children in the EXP group and 118 in the CON group completed the trial. Using multivariate analysis, the changes in mid-upper arm circumference, weight for age and total weight were significantly better in the EXP group than in the CON group (P < 0.01). Ferritin, riboflavin and folate status were significantly better in the EXP group than in the CON group at study end (P < 0.01), but serum vitamin B-12 was not. Zinc was significantly higher and transferrin receptors were significantly lower at the conclusion of the study in the EXP group than in the CON group (P < 0.001). Mean plasma retinol concentrations, which were low (<0.7 mumol/L) in both groups, did not change. We conclude that a micronutrient-fortified beverage may be beneficial as part of a comprehensive nutritional supplementation program in populations at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. J. Nutt. 133: 1834-1840, 2003. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Princess Marina Hosp, Gaborone, Botswana. Univ Calif Davis, Program Int Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 23 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 133 IS 6 BP 1834 EP 1840 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 687BP UT WOS:000183356200013 PM 12771326 ER PT J AU Liddell, S Parker, C Vinyard, B Jenkins, M Dubey, JP AF Liddell, S Parker, C Vinyard, B Jenkins, M Dubey, JP TI Immunization of mice with plasmid DNA coding for NcGRA7 or NcsHSP33 confers partial protection against vertical transmission of Neospora caninum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION; RECOMBINANT VACCINIA VIRUS; BALB/C MICE; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; INTERFERON-GAMMA; GENE; VACCINATION; ANTIGENS; PCR; MACROPHAGES AB The purpose of the present study was to use direct plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) injection to identify specific antigens that confer protection against congenital transfer of Neospora caninum. Inbred BALB/c mice were vaccinated before pregnancy with a recombinant plasmid containing sequences encoding N. caninum antigen NcGRA7 or NcsHSP33. The mice were challenged with N. caninum tachyzoites at 10-12 days of gestation. Whereas 100% of pups born from darns immunized with control plasmid contained detectable levels of N. caninum DNA in a Neospora-specific polymerase chain reaction assay, only 46% of pups from pCMVi-NcGRA7-immunized mice and 53% of pCMVi-NcsHSP33-immunized mice were N. caninum positive, and none of the mice immunized with tachyzoite extract contained N. caninum DNA. Thus, immunization of mice with plasmid DNA expressing N. caninum antigens conferred partial protection against congenital neosporosis. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liddell, S (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 89 IS 3 BP 496 EP 500 DI 10.1645/GE-2969 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 697QT UT WOS:000183955300012 PM 12880248 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Barfield, RC AF Fetterer, RH Barfield, RC TI Characterization of a developmentally regulated oocyst protein from Eimeria tenella SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAXIMA-OOCYSTS; SPORULATION; COCCIDIOSIS; EXPRESSION AB Changes in proteins during sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts were investigated. Unsporulated E. tenella oocysts collected from cecal tissue at 7 days postinoculation were sporulated in aerated media at 28 C for 0-48 hr. Gel analysis of Soluble protein extracts prepared front oocysts from their respective time points indicated the presence of 2 prominent bands with relative molecular weight (M,) in the range of 30 kDa and making up 20% of the total protein. These 2 bands, designated as major oocyst proteins (MOPs), were absent or barely detectable by 21 hr of sporulation. MOP bands were weakly reactive with glycoprotein stain but showed no mobility shift on deglycosylation. By gel analysis it was shown that the purified MOPs consisted of 2 bands of M-r 28.7 and 30.1 kDa. However, by matrix-assisted laser deabsorption-time of flight analysis it was shown that masses were about 17% lower. Internal sequence analysis of the 28.7-kDa protein generated 2 peptides of 17 and 14 amino acids in length, consistent with a recently described protein coded by the gam56 gene and expressed in E. maxima gametocytes. Rabbit antibodies made against MOPS were localized to outer portions of sporocysts before excystment and to the apical end of in vitro-derived sporozoites. These same antibodies were found to react with bands of M, 101 and 65 kDa by Western blot but did not recognize MOPS in soluble or insoluble sporozoite extracts. The data suggest that the MOPS are derived from part of a gametocyte protein similar to that coded by gam56 and are processed during sporulation into sporocyst and sporozoite proteins. Alternatively, the binding of anti-MOP to 101- and 65-kDa proteins may result from alternatively spliced genes as the development of parasite proceeds. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Sytemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Sytemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 89 IS 3 BP 553 EP 564 DI 10.1645/GE-3159 PG 12 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 697QT UT WOS:000183955300021 PM 12892046 ER PT J AU Muhitch, MJ AF Muhitch, MJ TI Distribution of the glutamine synthetase isozyme GS(p1) in maize (Zea mays) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutamine synthetase; isoenzyme distribution; maize; nitrogen metabolism ID AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; EXPRESSION; GENE; TRANSFORMATION; KERNELS; TISSUE AB In maize (Zea mays L.), GS(p1), the predominant GS isozyme of the developing kernel, is abundant in the pedicel and pericarp, but absent from the endosperm and embryo. Determinations of GS(p1) tissue distribution in vegetative tissues have been limited thus far to root and leaves, where the isozyme is absent. However, the promoter from the gene encoding GS(p1) has been shown to drive reporter gene expression not only in the maternal seed-associated tissues in transgenic maize plants, but also in the anthers, husks and pollen (Muhitch et al. 2002, Plant Sci 163: 865-872). Here we report chromatographic evidence that GS(p1) resides in immature tassels, dehiscing anthers, kernel glumes, ear husks, cobs and stalks of maize plants, but not in mature, shedding pollen grains. RNA blot analysis confirmed these biochemical data. In stalks, GS(p1) increased in the later stages of ear development, suggesting that it plays a role in nitrogen remobilization during grain fill. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Muhitch, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 160 IS 6 BP 601 EP 605 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-01046 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 701DR UT WOS:000184153400003 PM 12872481 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gore, M Irwin, P Feder, I AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gore, M Irwin, P Feder, I TI Factors affecting the bacterial capture efficiency of immuno beads: A comparison between beads with different size and density SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; ADDRESSABLE POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR; GROUND-BEEF; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; MAGNETIC BEADS; FOODS; SEPARATION; ASSAY; BIOSENSOR; LAPS AB Biotinylated anti E. coli O157 antibodies were linked to streptavidin coated magnetic and polystyrene beads of different sizes and densities. These beads were then used to capture cultured E. coli O157:H7. Complexes formed between fluorescein-conjugated anti E. coli O157 antibodies and urease-conjugated anti-fluorescein antibodies further labeled bead-captured bacteria. The extent of the bacterial capture was related to the signal intensity of a light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) that measured the pH changes associated with urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea. Under the conditions of applying the same amounts of biotinylated anti E. coli O157 antibody to beads, analyses of the capture kinetics indicated that heavier beads exhibited a better efficiency in capturing the target bacteria than that associated with the lighter beads of the same size. Furthermore, with the same density, larger bead diameters were more effective in capturing the bacteria. Since sedimentation volumes for the heavier and larger beads are greater than those of the lighter and smaller beads, more interactions with the target by the heavier and larger beads are expected. Consequently, the observation is in agreement with a hydrodynamic kinetic model that predicts the bacterial capture is controlled by the sedimentation motion of the beads. C1 USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Polysci Inc, Warrington, PA 18976 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM stu@arserrc.gov NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI '. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 11 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2003.tb00406.x PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 695CP UT WOS:000183813800004 ER PT J AU Giese, AR Forsman, ED AF Giese, AR Forsman, ED TI Breeding season habitat use and ecology of male northern pygmy-owls SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Northern Pygmy-Owl; Glaucidium gnoma; fragmentation; habitat use ID FLAMMULATED OWLS; HOME-RANGE AB We examined habitat use, nest location, diet, and activity patterns of radio-marked Northern Pygmy-Owls (Glaucidium gnoma) during four breeding seasons (1994-97) in fragmented forests on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. We observed foraging in all available vegetation categories, but patterns of use were non-random. Structurally diverse and older forests were most heavily used, openings and patches of saplings received the least use, and use of edge was intermediate. We located eight nests, all in woodpecker cavities in patches of structurally-diverse forest. We found no clear evidence that nests were located near edges. Northern Pygmy-Owls were diurnally active, and male owls delivered food to females during nest establishment and incubation, and to both females and nestlings during brooding. Date of fledging varied from mid-June to mid-July. Fledging was synchronous, and minimum estimates of brood size ranged from 1-5. Diet included a mix of small birds, mammals and insects. Our results suggest that the creation of openings by clear-cut logging is unlikely to benefit Northern Pygmy-Owls, and that the replacement of structurally diverse forests with uniform forests may be detrimental. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Giese, AR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 16 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 37 IS 2 BP 117 EP 124 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 702PQ UT WOS:000184232600003 ER PT J AU Canavelli, SB Bechard, MJ Woodbridge, B Kochert, MN Maceda, JJ Zaccagnini, ME AF Canavelli, SB Bechard, MJ Woodbridge, B Kochert, MN Maceda, JJ Zaccagnini, ME TI Habitat use by Swainson's hawks on their austral wintering grounds in Argentina SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Swainson's Hawk; Buteo swainsoni; agroecosystems; Argentina; habitat use; wintering grounds ID AVAILABILITY DATA; SELECTION; MORTALITY AB We examined the use of agricultural habitats by Swainson's Hawks' (Buteo swainsoni) in La Pampa and Santa Fe provinces, Argentina. We found an association of foraging Swainsons' Hawks with permanent pastures such as fallow, natural, and alfalfa fields. The hawks also used plowed fields for sunning, resting, and preening. Fields planted with annual crops and pastures were used very little, except when they were cut for hay, plowed, and harvested, or when low crop height and cover allowed the hawks to land in fields. The availability of abundant, yet widely-spaced and transient food-sources, such as insect outbreaks, appeared to be the principal factor influencing habitat use by the hawks. Their reliance on agricultural habitats makes Swainson's Hawks highly vulnerable to pesticide contamination and has contributed to the occurrence of significant mortality events on their wintering grounds. C1 EEA Parana, INTA, RA-3100 Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina. Boise State Univ, Dept Biol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Klamath Natl Forest, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Univ La Pampa, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Nat, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. RP Canavelli, SB (reprint author), EEA Parana, INTA, Ruta 11 Km 12, RA-3100 Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina. NR 55 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 37 IS 2 BP 125 EP 134 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 702PQ UT WOS:000184232600004 ER PT J AU House, L Hanson, TR Sureshwaran, S AF House, L Hanson, TR Sureshwaran, S TI US consumers: Examining the decision to consume oysters and the decision of how frequently to consume oysters SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE consumer preference; double-hurdle model; food safety; marketing; oyster industry ID DEMAND; FINFISH AB Oyster consumption has been decreasing in the United States. Investigating consumer attitudes and preferences can help identify factors involved in this decrease. This study used data obtained through a nationwide survey in a double-hurdle regression model to determine factors that influence both the decision to consume oysters and frequency of consumption. Results indicate there is a significant difference in the reasons people choose to eat oysters or not and the reasons oyster consumers choose how frequently to eat oysters. Concern for product safety significantly influenced the decision of how frequently to consume but not whether to consume oysters. Consumers also indicated a potential willingness to pay for measures that would increase product safety. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Food & Resource Econ, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, Higher Educ Programs, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP House, L (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Food & Resource Econ, POB 110240, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 705AC UT WOS:000184373200005 ER PT J AU Delaney, MA Brady, YJ Worley, SD Huels, KL AF Delaney, MA Brady, YJ Worley, SD Huels, KL TI The effectiveness of n-halamine disinfectant compounds on Perkinsus marinus, a parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oyster; Perkinsus marinus; disease; disinfection; n-halamine ID HAPLOSPORIDIUM-NELSONI MSX; CHLORINATED SEAWATER; ACUTE TOXICITY; PATHOGEN; APICOMPLEXA; INFECTION AB The pathogenic protozoan Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen and Collier) is the cause of extensive mortalities in Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations along the Gulf and East Coasts of the United States. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine the effect of N-halamine disinfectants on this protozoan parasite. The organic N-halamine disinfectants, 1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (DC) and 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC), apparently damage the permeability of the parasites outer membrane and alter the osmoregulatory functions of the cell. Damaged parasites were unable to reproduce at concentrations as low as 14.9 mg/L DC at 8 h exposure, or for the chemical MC at 24.9 mg/L at 12 h exposure. The chemical compounds appear to lyse the larger meronts first, followed by lysis of the daughter spores. These studies strongly suggest that the chemical compounds DC and MC can be used to disinfect seawater allowing the production of specific pathogen-free stock in oyster hatcheries, and having the potential to prevent the spread of these parasites from contaminated oysters to uninfected oysters. C1 USDA, ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Chem, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Delaney, MA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. EM mdelaney@vetmed.auburn.edu NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 91 EP 94 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 705AC UT WOS:000184373200010 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Van Hekken, D AF Tunick, MH Van Hekken, D TI Torsion analysis of fresh and aged cheeses SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article ID CHEDDAR CHEESE; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; PROTEOLYSIS; TECHNOLOGY; TEXTURE AB Six cheese varieties encompassing a wide compositional and age range were analyzed fresh and after aging to determine correlations between casein proteolysis products, fat content, moisture content, and torsion results. Shear stress, a measure of the strength of the casein matrix, was dependent on the amount of intact a(sl)-casein. Shear strain, a measure of the cohesiveness of a structure, exhibited a negative correlation with fat content and a positive correlation with moisture content. Shear strain was also correlated with the ratio of moisture to protein, an indication of the interaction between casein particles. Torsion tests provide information on the level of degradation of the casein network in cheese, which can be used by manufacturers to alter storage conditions to optimize the quality of their aged cheese. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 2 BP 219 EP 229 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2003.tb01376.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 700DH UT WOS:000184097000007 ER PT J AU Kim, MK Ordovas, JM Selhub, J Campos, H AF Kim, MK Ordovas, JM Selhub, J Campos, H TI B vitamins and plasma homocysteine concentrations in an urban and rural area of Costa Rica SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; B vitamins; folate; Hispanic; Costa Rica ID SERUM TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; DIETARY-INTAKE; FOLATE AB Objective: We studied the association between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations and folate, B-12, and B-6 status in the urban and rural areas of Costa Rica. Subjects and Methods: We determined plasma tHcy concentrations and assessed dietary folate, B-12 and B-6 intake by a food frequency questionnaire in 462 subjects selected by stratified random sampling in the urban and rural areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica. Plasma folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations were measured in women. Results: THcy concentrations were higher (p < 0.01) in the rural compared with the urban area: 12.0 mumol/L vs. 8.9 mumol/L in men, and women 7.3 mumol/L vs. 5.5 mumol/L in women, respectively. The prevalence of hyperhomocystememia (greater than 15.0 mumol/L) was twice as high in rural compared with urban men (19.8% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.06) and women (6.6% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.26). Most study subjects (98%) had folate intakes that were less than the recommended 400 mug/day. In women, 31% of those living in the urban area and 40% of those in the rural area had plasma folate concentrations of less than 6.8 nmol/L, an indicator of folate deficiency. In women, age-adjusted mean tHcy concentrations (mumol/L) were higher in the lowest compared with highest quintiles for dietary vitamin B-6 (9.9 vs. 5.4, p < 0.05), B-12 (9.2 vs. 4.9, p < 0.01), and folate (7.0 vs. 5.7, p = 0.87). Similar results were found for plasma B-12 (9.9 vs. 5.4, p < 0.01) and folate (10.5 vs. 5.0, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Residents of the rural area in Puriscal, Costa Rica have higher plasma concentrations of tHcy and lower intake of B vitamins, particularly in women. Because these characteristics are associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease, the efficacy of food fortification program in rural areas should be carefully addressed. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hanyang Univ, Coll Med, Seoul 133791, South Korea. RP Campos, H (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Room 353A,665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 49086] NR 45 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 224 EP 231 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 689XU UT WOS:000183518900006 PM 12805249 ER PT J AU Most, MM Ershow, AG Clevidence, BA AF Most, MM Ershow, AG Clevidence, BA TI An overview of methodologies, proficiencies, and training resources for controlled feeding studies SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TRIAL AB Dietary intervention studies of human beings produce valuable information regarding dietary effects on biological processes and risk factors for chronic diseases. Using the well-controlled feeding approach, participants consume only foods that have been precisely prepared in a research kitchen, whereas in behavioral counseling studies, participants self-select their foods within guidelines. Because controlled feeding studies meticulously control experimental diets, they are intellectually and logistically challenging to conduct. They afford exciting opportunities for dietetic professionals in designing protocols, developing budgets, and collaborating in multidisciplinary research teams. Research dietitians use food composition data and chemical analysis of menus to prepare research diets with precision. They determine the energy requirements of subjects and adjust diets as required, most often for weight maintenance, throughout the study. All people involved in research must be attentive to the ethical treatment of the study participants while motivating them to adhere to the protocol requirements. Dietitians possess many of these skills, but may require training specific to well-controlled feeding studies. Information related to the conduct of controlled feeding studies has recently become more accessible. We provide an overview of well-controlled feeding study methodologies, proficiencies for planning and implementing these studies, and training resources. C1 Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. Natl Heart Lung & Blood, Div Heart & Vasc Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Most, MM (reprint author), Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 103 IS 6 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.1053/jada.2003.50132 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 684PW UT WOS:000183216600016 PM 12778045 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Bailey, DG Dimaio, GL Dudley, RL Marmer, WN Mazenko, CE AF Gehring, AG Bailey, DG Dimaio, GL Dudley, RL Marmer, WN Mazenko, CE TI Rapid oxidative unhairing with alkaline calcium peroxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WILSON-MEMORIAL-LECTURE; LEATHER AB Sodium sulfide is frequently used to remove hair from animal hides during tanning operations. However, since sodium sulfide is an environmental pollutant that is quickly converted to highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas if accidentally exposed to acid, an alternative unhairing agent is desired. We have observed that calcium peroxide may be used to rapidly unhair cattle hides with efficiency similar to that of sodium sulfide. Under alkaline conditions (pH similar to 13), 5-15% (w/w) calcium peroxide mixture applied in two back-to-back applications, afforded either complete or nearly complete unhairing within 10 minutes of total reaction time at a reaction temperature of similar to45degreesC. Most of the removed hair was essentially broken down or dissolved in this rapid oxidative hairburn process. Alternatively, intact, long strands of hair could be removed and recovered (hairsave) with a single application of the calcium peroxide solution (solids removed) followed by rapid adjustment of the hair solids to an approximately neutral pH. However, hair stubble remained on the hide after subjected to this latter hairsave process. The alkaline calcium peroxide hairburn and hairsave processes were studied using hide pieces (laboratory-scale experiments) and matched sides (pilot-scale experiments) and compared to conventional hairburn with sodium sulfide. The studies revealed that shrinkage temperature, physical testing, dye shading, dye levelness and grain appearance were comparable. In addition, several commercially available non-sulfide sharpening agents, added during reliming of hide pieces, were demonstrated to remove residual hair stubble that remained after rapid oxidative hairburn. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 216 EP 223 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 688GK UT WOS:000183425700002 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE King, DJ AF Swayne, DE King, DJ TI Avian influenza and Newcastle disease SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; HONG-KONG; H5N1 VIRUSES; INFECTION; PANDEMICS; POULTRY; RISK; H9N2; CONJUNCTIVITIS; TRANSMISSION C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 63 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 1 PY 2003 VL 222 IS 11 BP 1534 EP 1540 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1534 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 684UQ UT WOS:000183225300033 PM 12784958 ER PT J AU Mendez, A Goodrich, DC Osborn, HB AF Mendez, A Goodrich, DC Osborn, HB TI Rainfall point intensities in an air mass thunderstorm environment: Walnut Gulch, Arizona SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE meteorology/climatology; Walnut Gulch watershed; rainfall; frequency analysis; climate variability ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST AB Point rainfall intensities for a given return period are often used to formulate design storms for rainfall/runoff models to simulate design floods. These design floods are in turn used to design bridges, culverts, and a variety of drainage and flood control structures. The projected rapid growth in the southwestern United States will require very substantial monetary investments in drainage infrastructure. Accurate estimates of point rainfall intensities are critical to ensure both safe designs while not wasting dollars in overdesign. Rainfall point intensities (accumulated rainfall depth over a specified duration) for 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-minute durations for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year return periods were determined for southeast Arizona. Thirty-five years of rainfall record (1961 to 1995) were used in this study. The records came from 20 stations that were grouped into five sets of four independent stations to extend the rainfall records. The stations are in the USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW), which is representative of large portions of the Southwest whose runoff generation is dominated by air-mass thunderstorms. The 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-minute maximum intensities per year followed log-normal distributions. The mean point rainfall intensities of the five sets of gages are very close (between 0 and 11 percent) to the NOAA values of the 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-minute durations for all return periods. Much larger differences between the mean point rainfall intensities for all durations were found when these results were compared to those of a previous study done with a shorter rainfall record (between 14 and 33 percent for the 25-, 50-, and 100-year return-periods). The difference between the largest and the smallest values of point rainfall intensities recorded by each group, for all durations, usually increases as the return period increases. C1 Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, ARS, SWRC, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Mendez, A (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 BP 611 EP 621 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03679.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 696FQ UT WOS:000183876800008 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ Ferreira, PSF AF Henry, TJ Ferreira, PSF TI Three new genera and three new species of neotropical hyaliodini (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Miridae : Deraeocorinae), with new combinations and new synonymy SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Heteroptera; new genera Dicyphanisca; Froeschnerisca; Paracarniella; new species; dominicanensis; marginella; puertoricensis; new combinations; new synonymy; Western Hemisphere AB Three new genera of Hyaliodini are described in the subfamily Deraeocorinae. The new genus Dicyphanisca is described to accommodate the new species D. marginella from Ecuador; the new genus Froeschnerisca, for Hyaliodocoris (described in Hyaliodomiris Carvalho) andinus (Carvalho), n. comb.; and the new genus Paracarniella, for Paracurnus cubanus Bruner (type species), n. comb., Paracarnus mexicanus Distant, n. comb., Hyaliodes sabaensis Carvalho, n. comb., and the new species P. dominicanensis from the Dominican Republic and P. puertoricensis from Puerto Rico. Hyaliodes azteca Carvalho is considered a new junior synonym of Paracarnus mexicanus Distant. Provided for each taxon are a dorsal and lateral adult photograph, selected scanning electron photomicrographs, illustrations of male and female genitalia, and descriptions and diagnoses to help distinguish these new taxa from other Hyaliodini. C1 USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Anim, BR-36571000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM thenry@sel.barc.usda.gov; pfiuza@ufv.br NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SUM-FAL PY 2003 VL 111 IS 2-3 BP 96 EP 119 DI 10.1664/0028-7199(2003)111[0096:TNGATN]2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 762WG UT WOS:000188004700002 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ Costa, LAA AF Henry, TJ Costa, LAA TI Review of the neotropical phyline genus Platyscytisca (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Miridae), with the description of a new species from Bahia, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE herniptera; Heteroptera; miridae; phylinae; Playtscytisca nelsoni; new species; descriptions; key; distribution AB The phyline genus Platyscytisca Costa and Henry is reviewed and one new species, P. nelsoni, is described from Bahia, Brazil. Platyscytisca nelsoni, the second species recognized in the genus, represents a considerable northern range extension for the genus from the state of Sao Paulo. Provided for P. bergmannae Costa and Henry and P. nelsoni are illustrations of the adults, figures of male genitalia, and a key to help separate these two species. C1 USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Museo Nacl Hist Nat, Dept Entomol, BR-20942 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM thenry@sel.barc.usda.gov; tlcosta@uol.com.br NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SUM-FAL PY 2003 VL 111 IS 2-3 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1664/0028-7199(2003)111[0120:ROTNPG]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 762WG UT WOS:000188004700003 ER PT J AU Li, MH Mannning, BB Robinson, EH Bosworth, BG AF Li, MH Mannning, BB Robinson, EH Bosworth, BG TI Effect of dietary protein concentration and stocking density on production characteristics of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; FEEDING RATE AB Diets containing 28% and 32% crude protein were compared for pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked at densities of 14,820, 29,640, or 44,460 fish/ha. Fingerling channel catfish with average initial weight of 48.5 g/fish were stocked into 30 0.04-ha ponds. Five ponds were randomly allotted for each dietary protein X stocking density combination. Fish were fed once daily to satiation for two growing seasons. There were no interactions between dietary protein concentration and stocking density for any variables. Dietary protein concentrations (28% or 32%) did not affect net production, feed consumption and weight gain per fish, feed conversion ratio, survival, processing yields, fillet moisture, protein and ash concentrations, or pond water ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Fish fed the 32% protein diet had slightly but significantly lower levels of visceral and fillet fat than fish fed the 28% protein diet. As stocking density increased, net production increased, while weight gain of individual fish, feed efficiency, and survival decreased. Stocking densities did not affect processing yield and fillet composition of the fish. Although highly variable among different ponds and weekly measurements, ponds stocked at the highest density exhibited higher average levels of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N) than ponds stocked at lower densities. However, stocking density had no significant effect on un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, calculated based on water temperature, pH. and TAN. By comparing to the reported critical concentration, a threshold below which is considered not harmful to the fish, these potentially toxic nitrogenous compounds in the pond water were generally in the range acceptable for channel catfish. It appears that a 28% protein diet can provide equivalent net production, feed efficiency, and processing yields as a 32% protein diet for channel catfish raised in ponds from advanced fingerlings to marketable size at densities varying from 14,820 to 44,460 fish/ha under single-batch cropping systems. Optimum dietary protein concentration for pond-raised channel catfish does not appear to be affected by stocking density. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Robinson, EH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 197, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 2 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00051.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 692NH UT WOS:000183666800004 ER PT J AU Cilek, JE Kline, DL Hallmon, CF AF Cilek, JE Kline, DL Hallmon, CF TI Evaluation of a novel removal trap system to reduce biting midge (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) populations in Florida backyards SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE removal trapping; control; Culicoides mississippiensis; Culicoides barbosai; Culicoides melleus AB A removal trapping method that employed individual lure-baited insect suction traps for the reduction of adult biting midges (Culicoides spp.) was evaluated in a coastal residential neighborhood of northwestern Florida during 2000. Six backyards were used in the study. Lure-baited traps consisted of one ABC PRO insect suction trap (fitted with a 30 by 30-mesh polyester screen bag) baited with carbon dioxide (500ml/min) and a 4:1:8 mixture of 1 octen-3-ol, 3-n-propylphenol, and 4-methylphenol (5.39+/-0.54 mg/h) placed in each of three backyards. Lure-baited traps ran continuously during the 4-mo study. Three backyards without lure-baited traps served as controls. Adult midge populations were monitored twice weekly for 24-h in each backyard using an additional ABC PRO trap baited with carbon dioxide (500ml/min) only. Five species of biting midges were collected from all traps in each backyard (in descending order): Culicoides mississippiensis, C. barbosai, C. melleus, C. furens, and C. hollensis. Overall reduction was not consistent in lure-baited backyards and ranged from 2.3% to 70.6% on 16 of the 30 sample dates. But when biting midge populations seasonally declined to a weekly average of <500 midges per lure-baited trap, reduction occurred more frequently. Midge reduction did not appear to be species specific. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Publ Hlth Entomol Res & Educat Ctr, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Cilek, JE (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Publ Hlth Entomol Res & Educat Ctr, 4000 Frankford Ave, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 USA SN 1081-1710 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 693MR UT WOS:000183721800003 PM 12831125 ER PT J AU Solberg, VB Miller, JA Hadfield, T Burge, R Schech, JM Pound, JM AF Solberg, VB Miller, JA Hadfield, T Burge, R Schech, JM Pound, JM TI Control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) with topical self-application of permethrin by white-tailed deer inhabiting NASA, Beltsville, Maryland SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tick control; deer ticks; deer ectoparasites; '4 Poster'; Lyme disease ID AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; SOUTHERN NEW-YORK; DAMMINI ACARI; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; REDUCED ABUNDANCE; TICKS ACARI; CONNECTICUT; INFECTION; DISPERSAL AB We report the first successful area-wide reduction of Ixodes scapularis by using minimal amounts of permethrin self-applied by free-ranging white-tailed deer in as little as 3 y of nearly continuous treatment. The study to control all active stages of I. scapularis Say was initiated in April 1995, at the Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Beltsville, Maryland (treated location), and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland (non-treated location). The locations had similar flora and fauna, and pre-treatment sampling (April to October 1995) of deer, plots, and mice for L scapularis indicated nearly similar tick populations at both locations. After pre-treatment sampling, 4 deer '4-poster' stations were placed at NASA, while the control area received none. Ten percent permethrin, supplied to 4 roller covers on each station, was passively transferred to the head, neck, and ears of free-ranging deer feeding at the stations. This treatment resulted in elimination of adult I. scapularis on sampled deer (100% control) by the 2(nd) y of treatment and reductions of immature tick stages on mice. During the 31 y of treatment, adult, nymphal, and larval questing ticks were reduced by 91-100% from sampled plots, and nymphal and larval ticks were reduced by 70-95% on sampled mice. C1 Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. Armed Forces Inst Res, Dept Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Solberg, VB (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI CORONA PA 1966 COMPTON AVE, CORONA, CA 92881 USA SN 1081-1710 EI 1948-7134 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 1 BP 117 EP 134 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 693MR UT WOS:000183721800014 PM 12831136 ER PT J AU Moon, HW Kirk-Baer, C Ascher, M Cook, RJ Franz, DR Hoy, M Husnik, DF Jensen, HH Keller, KH Lederberg, J Madden, LV Powers, LS Steinberg, AD Strating, A Smith, RE Kuzma, J Grossblatt, N Holliday, L Sweatt, D Strongin, S AF Moon, HW Kirk-Baer, C Ascher, M Cook, RJ Franz, DR Hoy, M Husnik, DF Jensen, HH Keller, KH Lederberg, J Madden, LV Powers, LS Steinberg, AD Strating, A Smith, RE Kuzma, J Grossblatt, N Holliday, L Sweatt, D Strongin, S TI US agriculture is vulnerable to bioterrorism SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on An Agenda for Action: Veterinary Medicines Role in Biodefense and Public Health CY NOV 01-03, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Richmond, CA USA. US Dept HHS, Off Publ Hlth Preparedness, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. So Res Inst, Frederick, MD USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USA. Univ Minnesota, Hubert H Humphrey Inst Publ Affairs, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ohio State Univ, Wooster, OH USA. Utah State Univ, Natl Ctr Design Mol Funct, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Mitre Corp, Mclean, VA USA. RE Smith Consulting Inc, Newport, VT USA. RP Moon, HW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Jensen, Helen/0000-0001-6878-1729 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV TORONTO PRESS INC PI TORONTO PA JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, TORONTO, ON M3H 5T8, CANADA SN 0748-321X J9 J VET MED EDUC JI J. Vet. Med. Educ. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 BP 96 EP 104 DI 10.3138/jvme.30.2.96 PG 9 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Veterinary Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Veterinary Sciences GA 704WE UT WOS:000184363200004 PM 12970850 ER PT J AU McLean, RG AF McLean, RG TI West Nile virus: Emerging threat to public health and animal health SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on An Agenda for Action: Veterinary Medicines Role in Biodefense and Public Health CY NOV 01-03, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. C1 WS APHIS USDA, Res Program, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP McLean, RG (reprint author), WS APHIS USDA, Res Program, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV TORONTO PRESS INC PI TORONTO PA JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, TORONTO, ON M3H 5T8, CANADA SN 0748-321X J9 J VET MED EDUC JI J. Vet. Med. Educ. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 BP 143 EP 144 DI 10.3138/jvme.30.2.143 PG 2 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Veterinary Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Veterinary Sciences GA 704WE UT WOS:000184363200013 PM 12970859 ER PT J AU Fajt, VR Apley, MD Roth, JA Frank, DE Brogden, KA Skogerboe, TL Shostrom, VK Chin, YL AF Fajt, VR Apley, MD Roth, JA Frank, DE Brogden, KA Skogerboe, TL Shostrom, VK Chin, YL TI The effects of danofloxacin and tilmicosin on neutrophil function and lung consolidation in beef heifer calves with induced Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica pneumonia SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; RESPIRATORY BURST; IMMUNE FUNCTION; CATTLE; ANTIBIOTICS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; INFECTION; SWINE; VIRUS AB Pneumonia caused by Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica was induced in weaned beef heifer calves, approximately 6 months of age. Calves were treated at 20 h after challenge with therapeutic doses of danofloxacin or tilmicosin. Peripheral blood neutrophils were collected at 3, 24 and 48 h after treatment. The ex vivo effects on neutrophil function, neutrophil apoptosis, and hematological parameters were examined, as was the effect on percentage lung consolidation. Neutrophil function assays included random migration under agarose, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, chemotaxis, and antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was determined using a cell death detection kit. Killing was performed at 72 h after treatment. Statistical comparisons were made among the three groups of challenged-treated animals: saline, danofloxacin, and tilmicosin. Comparisons were also made between nonchallenged nontreated animals (NCH) and challenged saline-treated animals. There were no significant differences for any of the neutrophil function assays or neutrophil apoptosis among the challenged-treated groups. This suggests that danofloxacin and tilmicosin have no clinically significant effects on neutrophil function or apoptosis. There were also no significant differences in percentage lung consolidation among the challenged-treated groups. Significant differences were found between the NCH calves and the challenged saline-treated calves in several neutrophil assays, which were attributed to effects of P. haemolytica infection. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. Pfizer Anim Hlth, Lees Summit, MO USA. RP Fajt, VR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, POB 3020, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Roth, James/A-7122-2009; OI Roth, James/0000-0003-3562-668X; Fajt, Virginia/0000-0003-0697-7149 NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7783 J9 J VET PHARMACOL THER JI J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00477.x PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Veterinary Sciences SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Veterinary Sciences GA 681AD UT WOS:000183011500003 PM 12755900 ER PT J AU Humphries, AD Raffatellu, M Winter, S Weening, EH Kingsley, RA Droleskey, R Zhang, SP Figueiredo, J Khare, S Nunes, J Adams, LG Tsolis, RM Baumler, AJ AF Humphries, AD Raffatellu, M Winter, S Weening, EH Kingsley, RA Droleskey, R Zhang, SP Figueiredo, J Khare, S Nunes, J Adams, LG Tsolis, RM Baumler, AJ TI The use of flow cytometry to detect expression of subunits encoded by 11 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial operons SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TYPE-1 FIMBRIAE; KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHASE VARIATION; ENTERITIDIS; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; PROMOTER; PLASMID AB The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) genome contains 13 putative fimbrial operons termed agf (csg), fim, pef, lpf, bcf, saf, stb, stc, std, stf, sth, sti and stj. Evidence for in vitro expression of fimbrial proteins encoded by these operons is currently only available for agf, fim and pef. We raised antisera against putative major fimbrial subunits of S. Typhimurium, including AgfA, FimA, PefA, LpfA, BcfA, StbA, StcA, StdA, StfA, SthA and StiA. Elaboration of StcA on the bacterial surface could be detected by flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy after expression of the cloned stcABCD operon from a heterologous T7 promoter in Escherichia coli. To study the expression of fimbrial antigens in S. Typhimurium by flow cytometry, we constructed strains carrying deletions of agfAB, pefBACDI, lpfABCDE, bcfABCDEFG, stbABCD, stcABC, stdAB, stfACDEFG, sthABCDE or stiABCDE. Using these deletion mutants for gating, expression of fimbrial antigens was measured by flow cytometry in cultures grown in vitro or in samples recovered 8 h after infection of bovine ligated ileal loops with S. Typhimurium. FimA was the only fimbrial antigen expressed by S. Typhimurium after static growth in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. Injection of static LB broth cultures of S. Typhimurium into bovine ligated ileal loops resulted in the expression of BcfA, FimA, LpfA, PefA, StbA, StcA, StdA, StfA and StiA. These data show that in vivo growth conditions drastically alter the repertoire of fimbrial antigens expressed in S. Typhimurium. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Baumler, AJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, 407 Reynolds Med Bldg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Baumler, Andreas/H-2301-2011; Winter, Sebastian/A-4118-2009; OI Baumler, Andreas/0000-0001-9152-7809; Tsolis, Renee/0000-0001-9131-6657; Winter, Sebastian/0000-0003-1532-9178 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI40124, AI44170] NR 50 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1357 EP 1376 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03507.x PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 684FP UT WOS:000183195000018 PM 12787362 ER PT J AU Alverson, J Bundle, SF Sohaskey, CD Lybecker, MC Samuels, DS AF Alverson, J Bundle, SF Sohaskey, CD Lybecker, MC Samuels, DS TI Transcriptional regulation of the ospAB and ospC promoters from Borrelia burgdorferi SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-SURFACE-PROTEIN; VIRULENCE GENE-EXPRESSION; LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNA; ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; IXODES-SCAPULARIS; CIRCULAR PLASMID; GYRB MUTATIONS AB OspA, OspB and OspC are the major outer surface proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi that are differentially synthesized in response to environmental conditions, including culture temperature. We found that DNA was more negatively supercoiled in B. burgdorferi cultures grown at 23degreesC compared with cultures grown at 35-37degreesC. We examined the regulation of ospAB and ospC transcription by temperature and DNA supercoiling. DNA supercoiling was relaxed by adding coumermycin A(1), an antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase. Syntheses of the major outer surface proteins, expression of the ospA and ospC genes and the activities of the ospAB operon and ospC gene promoters were assayed. ospA product levels decreased, whereas ospC product levels increased after shifting from 23degreesC to 35degreesC or after adding coumermycin A(1). In addition, OspC synthesis was higher in a gyrB mutant than in wild-type B. burgdorferi . Promoter activity was quantified using cat reporter fusions. Increasing temperature or relaxing supercoiled DNA resulted in a decrease in ospAB promoter activity in B. burgdorferi, but not in Escherichia coli , as well as an increase in ospC promoter activity in both bacteria. ospC promoter activity was increased in an E. coli gyrB mutant with an attenuated DNA supercoiling phenotype. These results suggest that B. burgdorferi senses environmental changes in temperature by altering the level of DNA supercoiling, which then affects the expression of the ospAB operon and the ospC gene. This implies that DNA supercoiling acts as a signal transducer for environmental regulation of outer surface protein synthesis. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, TB Res Lab 151, Long Beach, CA 90822 USA. RP Samuels, DS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, 32 Campus Dr 4824, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Samuels, D Scott/B-7549-2012 OI Samuels, D Scott/0000-0001-8352-7593 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI41559] NR 85 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1665 EP 1677 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03537.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 687GZ UT WOS:000183369500018 PM 12791146 ER PT J AU Seifert, KA Aoki, T Baayen, RP Brayford, D Burgess, LW Chulze, S Gams, W Geiser, D de Gruyter, J Leslie, JF Logrieco, A Marasas, WFO Nirenberg, HI O'Donnell, K Rheeder, J Samuels, GJ Summerell, BA Thrane, U Waalwijk, C AF Seifert, KA Aoki, T Baayen, RP Brayford, D Burgess, LW Chulze, S Gams, W Geiser, D de Gruyter, J Leslie, JF Logrieco, A Marasas, WFO Nirenberg, HI O'Donnell, K Rheeder, J Samuels, GJ Summerell, BA Thrane, U Waalwijk, C TI The name Fusarium moniliforme should no longer be used SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT News Item ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. Plantenziekundige Dienst, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. CABI Biosci UK Ctr Egham, Egham TW20 9TY, Surrey, England. Univ Sydney, Fac Agr A05, Fusarium Res Lab, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, Dpto Microbiol & Inmunol, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fusarium Res Ctr, Buckhout Lab 121, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4002, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. CNR, Inst Sci Food Prod, Toxigen Fungi Unit, I-70125 Bari, Italy. S African MRC, PROMEC, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa. BBA, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Royal Bot Gardens, Plant Dis Diagnost Unit, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Proc Biotechnol, Bioctr, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Plant Res Int, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Seifert, KA (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RI Summerell, Brett/B-4934-2010; Thrane, Ulf/G-2978-2016; OI Thrane, Ulf/0000-0002-6040-4141; Logrieco, Antonio Francesco/0000-0002-8606-451X NR 6 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 107 BP 643 EP 644 DI 10.1017/S095375620323820X PN 6 PG 2 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 714MU UT WOS:000184918700002 ER PT J AU Palik, B Cease, K Egeland, L Blinn, C AF Palik, B Cease, K Egeland, L Blinn, C TI Aspen regeneration in riparian management zones in northern Minnesota: Effects of residual overstory and harvest method SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE riparian forests; aspen; overstory retention; BMP ID FORESTS AB We examined aspen regeneration under different riparian management zone (RMZ) treatments in aspen forests in northern Minnesota. We also compared aspen regeneration in partially harvested RMZs to adjacent upland clearcuts. The four RMZ treatments included: (1) full control (no cutting in RMZ or upland; (2) riparian control (RMZ uncut; upland clearcut); and partially harvested RMZs cut to 54 ft(2)/ac, with upland clearcut using (3) cut-to-length (CTL), or (4) tree-length harvesting. Three years after harvest, aspen sucker densities in the tree-length and CTL treatments were significantly higher than the full control, but did not differ from each other or the riparian control. Mean individual sucker heights (63-73 in) and aboveground biomass (2.4-3.4 oz) varied among the riparian treatments, but not significantly. Sucker densities were 62% higher in the adjacent clearcuts than in the partially harvested RMZs. Mean suckers heights did not differ between the two locations (71 in.), but aboveground biomass of suckers did differ significantly, averaging 3.4 oz in the partially harvested RMZs and 4.5 oz in the clearcuts. Our results indicate that 60% removal of basal area within RMZs increases density and size of aspen regeneration significantly, compared to uncut forest, but stocking is still below what is considered adequate for 3-yr-old stands. Suckering responses were similar with cut-to-length and tree-length harvesting, suggesting that harvest system has little effect on sucker development. While aspen likely will be a component of partially harvested RMZs, density and biomass increment will be much lower than in single-cohort stands and lower than what is considered desirable for commercial production. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Palik, B (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 79 EP 84 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 688LZ UT WOS:000183437800004 ER PT J AU Lhotka, JM Zaczek, JJ AF Lhotka, JM Zaczek, JJ TI Effects of scarification disturbance on the seedling and midstory layer in a successional mixed-oak forest SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE oak regeneration; soil scarification; silviculture; Quercus ID CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA; RED OAK; REGENERATION; SHELTERWOOD; GROWTH; VALLEY; FIRE AB This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of abundant white oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns and other mast could be used to increase the density of oak reproduction and reduce competitive midstory species in a mid-successional mixed-oak upland forest. The study was conducted in a 7.3 ha forest with a mature oak overstory and a well-developed midstory of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and pawpaw (Asmina triloba Dunal.) in southern Illinois. The soil scarification was conducted in the autumn after acorn dissemination using a crawler tractor with a six-tooth brush rake. One growing season after treatment, significantly higher numbers of oak seedlings, primarily white oak, were present in the scarified plots (5,164 ha(-1)) compared to the control plots (1, 273 ha(-1)). Seedling density of all other species classes did not differ between treatments. Scarification affected 61% of midstory trees and thus reduced their density and competitive position. Of these trees, 21% of stems were completely removed by the scarification treatment. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the number of new oak germinants in stands lacking advanced oak reproduction. Finally, because scarification increased the density of oak seedlings and reduced competing midstory trees, it can play a role in promoting the establishment of advanced oak reproduction. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Zaczek, JJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow Forestry Sci Lab, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM zaczek@siu.edu NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 85 EP 91 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 688LZ UT WOS:000183437800005 ER PT J AU Sanscrainte, CL Peterson, DL McKay, S AF Sanscrainte, CL Peterson, DL McKay, S TI Carbon storage in subalpine tree islands, North Cascade Range, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; OLYMPIC-MOUNTAINS; BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION; WESTERN OREGON; CLIMATE; FOREST; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; MEADOWS; ECOSYSTEMS AB Quantifying carbon (C) pools in subalpine systems is an important first step to understanding the effects of climatic variability on terrestrial C dynamics in temperate mountainous regions. We quantified C and other soil characteristics for tree islands and the vegetatively distinct meadows surrounding the tree islands at three subalpine sites (Thornton Lakes, Heather Pass, and Harts Pass) in the North Cascade Range. O-horizon C storage ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 kg m(-2) in meadows and from 3.1 to 5.8 kg m(-2) in tree islands. Gradual vegetative transitions and similar soil depths result in similar quantities of mineral soil C in meadows and tree islands at Thornton Lakes (8.1 vs. 8.3 kg m(-2))and Heather Pass (7.9 vs. 10.3 kg m(-2)). Abrupt vegetative transitions and deeper soils may allow more mineral-soil C to be stored in meadows than tree islands at Harts Pass (14.1 vs. 7.2 kg m(-2)), although these mean values are not significantly different due to high variability in soil profile properties. Mean C concentrations in mineral soil horizons have no consistent relationship with vegetation type (tree island vs. meadow). Total ecosystem C storage is higher in tree islands (range, 35.1 to 98.5 kg m(-2)) than meadows (range, 7.4 to 18.0 kg m(-2)), primarily due to large amounts of C in the aboveground biomass of trees. Consequently, the effects of future climatic variability on C storage in subalpine ecosystems will largely depend on the degree to which conditions that limit tree island expansion (winter snowpack, summer drought) are affected. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 400 N 34th St,Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. EM peterson@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 77 IS 3 BP 255 EP 268 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 731AY UT WOS:000185863400008 ER PT J AU Phongpan, S Mosier, AR AF Phongpan, S Mosier, AR TI Effect of crop residue management on nitrogen dynamics and balance in a lowland rice cropping system SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE N-15 balance; ammonia volatilization; denitrification; flooded rice; nitrogen loss; urea ID FLOODED RICE; GRAIN-YIELD; ALGAL INHIBITORS; N-15 BALANCE; AMMONIA LOSS; OXIDE; SOIL; UREA; NITRIFICATION; DINITROGEN AB Two field experiments were conducted in a rice-fallow-rice cropping sequence during consecutive dry and wet seasons of 1997 on a Fluvic Tropaquept to determine the fate and efficiency of broadcast urea in combination with three residue management practices (no residue, burned residue and untreated rice crop residue). Ammonia volatilization losses from urea (70 kg N ha(-1)) broadcast into floodwater shortly after transplanting for 11 d were 7, 12 and 8% of the applied N from no residue, burned residue and residue treated plots, respectively. During that time, the cumulative percent of N-2 + N2O emission due to urea addition corresponded to 10, 4.3 and nil, respectively. The N-15 balance study showed that at maturity of the dry season crop, fertilizer N recovery by the grain was low, only 9 to 11% of the N applied. Fifty to 53% of the applied N-15 remained in the soil after rice harvest, mainly in the upper 0-5 cm layer. The unaccounted for N-15 ranged from 27 to 33% of the applied N and was unaffected by residue treatments. Only 4 to 5% of the initial N-15-labeled urea applied to the dry season rice crop was taken up by the succeeding rice crop, to which no additional N fertilizer was applied. Grain yield and N uptake were significantly increased (P=0.05) by N application in the dry season, but not significantly affected by residue treatments in either season. C1 Dept Agr, Div Agr Chem, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Phongpan, S (reprint author), Dept Agr, Div Agr Chem, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 66 IS 2 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1023915015259 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 684JX UT WOS:000183203700003 ER PT J AU Qi, L Shen, H Ordovas, I AF Qi, L Shen, H Ordovas, I TI Hearts and bones SO NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES LA English DT Review DE cardiovascular diseases; nutrition; genetic polymorphisms; aging; lipoproteins; transcription factors ID CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; CAG REPEAT POLYMORPHISM; TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA-1 GENE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; BEAM COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE; HIP FRACTURE RISK; MINERAL DENSITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN AB Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and osteoporosis (OP) are two common degenerative processes that contribute in great measure to the decline in performance and quality of life of the elderly population. Traditionally, these disorders have been considered as distinct and unrelated entities. However, over the last few years, there has been increasing evidence supporting an important link between CVD and OP. Several genetic association and linkage studies have shown the existence of common genetic determinants for cardiovascular and skeletal diseases. These genes code for several key players on the metabolism of nutrients, such as lipids, calcium and folate, as well as other factors (e.g. sex hormone receptors) that are known to be subject to dietary modulation, suggesting the links at the level of dietary response. Some dietary factors have shown similarities in influencing the risks of both conditions. However, some others act differently in relation with their effects on the development of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. We therefore suggest that, any dietary and behavioral recommendations targeting to the 'global health' of the ageing population would take a comprehensive consideration of their potentially diverse effects (beneficial or deleterious) on the risks of various ageing related disorders, and would be tailored to the individual genetic background. (C)2003, Medikal Press. C1 Tufts Univ, JM, USDA, HNRCA,Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, I (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM, USDA, HNRCA,Nutr & Genom Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776]; PHS HHS [1-38038] NR 109 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU MEDIKAL PRESS S R L PI MILAN PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA, 30, 20153 MILAN, ITALY SN 0939-4753 J9 NUTR METAB CARDIOVAS JI Nutr. Metab. Carbiovasc. Dis. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 165 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0939-4753(03)80176-X PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 705UM UT WOS:000184413500008 PM 12955798 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Denisova, NA Arendash, G Gordon, M Diamond, D Shukitt-Hale, B Morgan, D AF Joseph, JA Denisova, NA Arendash, G Gordon, M Diamond, D Shukitt-Hale, B Morgan, D TI Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model SO NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE APP/PS1 transgenic mice; signaling; cognitive behavior; blueberry supplementation ID K-M GTPASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; CONTROLLED TRIAL; PROTEIN-KINASES; PC12 CELLS; WATER MAZE; MEMORY; DEMENTIA; BETA AB Previously, we showed that blueberry (BB) supplementation reversed the deleterious effects of aging on motor behavior and neuronal signaling in senescent rodents. We now report that BB-fed (from 4 months of age) APP+PS1 transgenic mice showed no deficits in Y-maze performance (at 12 months of age) with no alterations in amyloid beta burden. It appeared that the protective mechanisms are derived from BB-induced enhancement of memory-associated neuronal signaling (e.g. extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and alterations in neutral sphingomyelin-specific phospholipase C activity. Thus, our data indicate for the first time that it may be possible to overcome genetic predispositions to Alzheimer disease through diet. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Psychol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Pharmacol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Morgan, David/J-5989-2012; Gordon, Marcia N./K-2420-2012 OI Gordon, Marcia N./0000-0002-4051-9283 NR 55 TC 235 Z9 247 U1 2 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1028-415X J9 NUTR NEUROSCI JI Nutr. Neurosci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 6 IS 3 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1080/1028415031000111282 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 684YL UT WOS:000183234000002 PM 12793519 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW AF Morrison, LW TI Plant species persistence and turnover on small Bahamian islands SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE extinction; hurricane; immigration; island biogeography; metapopulation ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIUM-THEORY; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; POPULATION-SIZE; VASCULAR PLANTS; CORAL CAY; BIOGEOGRAPHY; RATES; MODEL AB I conducted surveys of the plant species occupying 136 small islands in the Exuma Cays and 58 small islands near Andros, Bahamas. Most species occurred on relatively few islands, and most islands contained relatively few species. Identities of the most common species differed between the two archipelagos. Comparisons with earlier surveys revealed species extinctions and immigrations. Turnover was relatively low on both a per island and a per species basis on both archipelagos, although significant spatial variation in turnover rates between archipelagos was found. Most islands experienced no turnover; islands on which turnover did occur were larger and had higher species richness. Likewise, most species did not turnover, although much variation existed in turnover rates among those that did. Experimental introductions of two species to very small islands naturally devoid of vegetation revealed that these islands could support plant life. One species survived on eight of ten islands for >9 years, including the effects of a moderate (class 2) hurricane. This hurricane caused substantial damage and loss of plant biomass, but resulted in no species extinctions on 30 small islands. Data for the small islands in this region, now spanning almost a decade, reveal that most populations are persistent over periods of years to decades, rarely going extinct or immigrating. Even moderate hurricanes seem to have little impact on species compositions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Div Biol Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 46 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 2003 VL 136 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1252-1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 692AK UT WOS:000183638000006 PM 12695903 ER PT J AU Husseman, JS Murray, DL Power, G Mack, C Wenger, CR Quigley, H AF Husseman, JS Murray, DL Power, G Mack, C Wenger, CR Quigley, H TI Assessing differential prey selection patterns between two sympatric large carnivores SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID GLACIER NATIONAL-PARK; SNOWSHOE HARES; WOLF PREDATION; SUBSTANDARD INDIVIDUALS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; HUNTING BEHAVIOR; BODY CONDITION; SIZE; ELK; VULNERABILITY AB Several conceptual models describing patterns of prey selection by predators have been proposed, but such models rarely have been tested empirically, particularly with terrestrial carnivores. We examined patterns of prey selection by sympatric wolves (Canis lupus) and cougars (Puma concolor) to determine i) if both predators selected disadvantaged prey disproportionately from the prey population, and ii) if the specific nature and intensity of prey selection differed according to disparity in hunting behavior between predator species. We documented prey characteristics and kill site attributes of predator kills during winters 1999-2001 in Idaho, and located 120 wolf-killed and 98 cougar-killed ungulates on our study site. Elk (Cervus elephus) were the primary prey for both predators, followed by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Both predators preyed disproportionately on elk calves and old individuals; among mule deer, wolves appeared to select for fawns, whereas cougars killed primarily adults. Nutritional status of prey, as determined by percent femur marrow fat, was consistently poorer in wolf-killed prey. We found that wolf kills occurred in habitat that was more reflective of the entire study area than cougar kills, suggesting that the coursing hunting behavior of wolves likely operated on a larger spatial scale than did the ambush hunting strategy of cougars. We concluded that the disparity in prey selection and hunting habitat between predators probably was a function of predator-specific hunting behavior and capture success, where the longer prey chases and lower capture success of wolf packs mandated a stronger selection for disadvantaged prey. For cougars, prey selection seemed to be limited primarily by prey size, which could be a function of the solitary hunting behavior of this species and the risks associated with capturing prime-aged prey. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Lemhi Cty Winter Predator Study, Salmon, ID 83467 USA. Nez Perce Tribe, Lapwai, ID 83501 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Salmon Challis Natl Forest, Salmon, ID 83467 USA. Hornocker Wildlife Inst, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Husseman, JS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM jason-husseman@hotmail.com NR 61 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 6 U2 75 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 591 EP 601 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12230.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680PH UT WOS:000182986200017 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Sreekumar, C Lindsay, DS Hill, D Rosenthal, BM Venturini, L Venturini, MC Greiner, EC AF Dubey, JP Sreekumar, C Lindsay, DS Hill, D Rosenthal, BM Venturini, L Venturini, MC Greiner, EC TI Besnoitia oryctofelisi n. sp (Protozoa : Apicomplexa) from domestic rabbits SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Besnoitia oryctofelisi; n. sp.; B. darlingi; rabbits; cats; gerbils; mice; schizonts; cell culture; Argentina ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-MARSUPIALIS; RANGIFER-TARANDUS-TARANDUS; EXPERIMENTAL INTERMEDIATE; SARCOCYSTIS-FALCATULA; CAPRINE BESNOITIOSIS; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CYCLIC TRANSMISSION; CELL CULTURES; JELLISONI; DARLINGI AB A species of Besnoitia from naturally infected rabbits from Argentina was propagated experimentally in mice, gerbils, rabbits, cats, and cell cultures. Cats fed tissue cysts from rabbits shed oocysts with a prepatent period of nine to 13 days. Sporulated oocysts were infective to gerbils, rabbits, outbred Swiss Webster and interferon gamma gene knockout mice. Bradyzoites were infective orally to gerbils and cats. Tachyzoites were successfully cultivated and maintained in vitro in bovine monocytes and African green monkey kidney cells. Schizonts were seen in the lamina propria of the small intestine of cats fed tissue cysts; the largest ones measured 52 x 45 mum. Schizonts were also present in mesenteric lymph nodes, livers, and other extra-intestinal organs of cats fed tissue cysts. Oocysts were 10-14 x 10-13 mum in size. This rabbit-derived species of Besnoitia resembled B. darlingi of the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana with an opossum-cat cycle, but it was not transmissible to D. virginiana, and B. darlingi of opossums was not transmissible to rabbits. Based on biological, serological, antigenic, and molecular differences between the rabbit and the opossum Besnoitia, a new name, B. oryctofelisi is proposed for the parasite from domestic rabbits from Argentina. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Vet, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773; Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 76 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD JUN PY 2003 VL 126 BP 521 EP 539 DI 10.1017/S0031182003003123 PN 6 PG 19 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 750ZX UT WOS:000187029300003 PM 12879849 ER PT J AU Ragsdale, NN AF Ragsdale, NN TI Pest management research in the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ragsdale, NN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 597 EP 599 DI 10.1002/ps.618 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700001 PM 12846307 ER PT J AU Calkins, CO Faust, RJ AF Calkins, CO Faust, RJ TI Overview of areawide programs and the program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed by the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; mating disruption; integrated pest management; pheromone AB An areawide suppression program for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L) populations was initiated in 1995 in Washington, Oregon and California under the direction of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with Washington State University, Oregon State University and University of California, Berkeley. Mating disruption was used to reduce the pest population while reducing and eliminating the use of organophosphate insecticides. During the 5-year program, the original 1064 hectares were expanded to 8400 hectares and from 66 grower participants to more than 400 participants. The acreage under mating disruption in the three states increased from 6000 hectares in 1994 to 54 000 hectares in the year 2000. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Calkins, CO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 7 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 601 EP 604 DI 10.1002/ps.712 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700002 PM 12846308 ER PT J AU Chandler, LD AF Chandler, LD TI Corn rootworm areawide management program: United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn rootworm; Diabrotica spp; areawide pest management; insecticide baits; maize ID INSECTICIDE-RESISTANT; POPULATIONS COLEOPTERA; SOIL INSECTICIDES; CHRYSOMELIDAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARBARYL; METABOLISM; INDUCTION AB The corn rootworm areawide management program was implemented by USDA-ARS in 1995 at five locations across the USA. This program is based on the use of a semiochemical insecticide bait applied to maize (Zea mays L) during peak adult corn rootworm. activity. Managing adult rootworms minimizes the number of eggs laid, resulting in fewer larvae available to economically damage maize roots in the following growing season. To date, rootworm populations have been significantly reduced at all participating locations and new bait products have been developed and evaluated for use in rootworm-infested areas. C1 USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Chandler, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 605 EP 608 DI 10.1002/ps.683 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700003 PM 12846309 ER PT J AU Anderson, GL Prosser, CW Wendel, LE Delfosse, ES Faust, RM AF Anderson, GL Prosser, CW Wendel, LE Delfosse, ES Faust, RM TI The Ecological Areawide management (TEAM) of leafy spurge program of the United States Department of agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE leafy spurge; TEAM; biological control; herbicides; integrated pest management AB The Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) of Leafy Spurge program was developed to focus research and control efforts on a single weed, leafy spurge, and demonstrate the effectiveness of a coordinated, biologically based, integrated pest management program (IPM). This was accomplished through partnerships and teamwork that clearly demonstrated the advantages of the biologically based IPM approach. However, the success of regional weed control programs horizontally across several states and provinces also requires a vertical integration of several sectors of society. Awareness and education are the essential elements of vertical integration. Therefore, a substantial effort was made to produce a wide variety of information products specifically designed to educate different segments of society. During its tenure, land managers and agency decision makers have seen the potential of using the TEAM approach to accelerate the regional control of leafy spurge. The example set by the TEAM organization and participants is viewed as a model for future weed-control efforts. C1 USDA, ARS, NPARL, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Medora, ND 58645 USA. USDA, APHIS, Edison, CA 93220 USA. USDA, ARS, NPS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, GL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, NPARL, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 609 EP 613 DI 10.1002/ps.662 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700004 PM 12846310 ER PT J AU Flinn, PW Hagstrum, DW Reed, C Phillips, TW AF Flinn, PW Hagstrum, DW Reed, C Phillips, TW TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service stored-grain areawide Integrated Pest Management Program SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE areawide; integrated pest management; stored-grain; grain quality-; insect damage-; grain elevator AB The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) funded a demonstration project (1998-2002) for areawide IPM for stored wheat in Kansas and Oklahoma. This project was a collaboration of researchers at the ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, and Oklahoma State University. The project utilized two elevator networks, one in each state, for a total of 28 grain elevators. These elevators stored approximately 31 million bushels of wheat, which is approximately 1.2% of the annual national production. Stored wheat was followed as it moved from farm to the country elevator and finally to the terminal elevator. During this study, thousands of grain samples were taken in concrete elevator silos. Wheat stored at elevators was frequently infested by several insect species, which sometimes reached high numbers and damaged the grain. Fumigation using aluminum phosphide pellets was the main method for managing these insect pests in elevators in the USA. Fumigation decisions tended to be based on past experience with controlling stored-grain insects, or were calendar based. Integrated pest management (IPM) requires sampling and risk benefit analysis. We found that the best sampling method for estimating insect density, without turning the grain from one bin to another, was the vacuum probe sampler. Decision support software, Stored Grain Advisor Pro (SGA Pro) was developed that interprets insect sampling data, and provides grain managers with a risk analysis report detailing which bins are at low, moderate or high risk for insect-caused economic losses. Insect density was predicted up to three months in the future based on current insect density, grain temperature and moisture. Because sampling costs money, there is a trade-off between frequency of sampling and the cost of fumigation. The insect growth model in SGA Pro reduces the need to sample as often, thereby making the program more cost-effective. SGA Pro was validated during the final year of the areawide program. Based on data from 533 bins, SGA Pro accurately predicted which bins were at low, moderate or high risk. Only in two out of 533 bins did SGA Pro incorrectly predict bins as being low risk and, in both cases, insect density was only high (>two insects kg(-1)) at the surface, which suggested recent immigration. SGA Pro is superior to calendar-based management because it ensures that grain is only treated when insect densities exceed economic thresholds (two insects kg(-1)). This approach will reduce the frequency of fumigation while maintaining high grain quality. Minimizing the use of fumigant improves worker safety and reduces both control costs and harm to the environment. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Flinn, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 13 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 614 EP 618 DI 10.1002/ps.695 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700005 PM 12846311 ER PT J AU Throne, JE Hallman, GJ Johnson, JA Follett, PA AF Throne, JE Hallman, GJ Johnson, JA Follett, PA TI Post-harvest entomology research in the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE postharvest entomology; stored products; quarantine treatments ID MEXICAN FRUIT-FLY; NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; CRYPTOPHLEBIA SPP. LEPIDOPTERA; INDIANMEAL MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; ENSURE QUARANTINE SECURITY; FLOUR BEETLES COLEOPTERA; THERMAL-DEATH KINETICS; HOT-WATER IMMERSION; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; ORYZAEPHILUS-SURINAMENSIS AB This is a review of current post-harvest entomology research conducted by the Agricultural Research Service, the research branch of the US Department of Agriculture. The review covers both durable and perishable commodities. Research on biochemistry, genetics, physiology, monitoring and control of insects infesting stored grain, dried fruits and nuts, and processed commodities is reviewed. Research on development of quarantine treatments, particularly for fruit flies, is also reviewed, including research on thermal and irradiation treatments and a discussion of risk management for quarantine pests. Two areas of research are covered more extensively: a project to map the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the use of near-infrared spectroscopy for detection of hidden infestations in grain, quantification of insect fragments in food, determination of quality in dried fruits, identification of insect species and age-grading insects. Future research directions are identified. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66503 USA. USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Throne, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66503 USA. NR 96 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 619 EP 628 DI 10.1002/ps.690 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700006 PM 12846312 ER PT J AU Cleveland, TE Dowd, PF Desjardins, AE Bhatnagar, D Cotty, PJ AF Cleveland, TE Dowd, PF Desjardins, AE Bhatnagar, D Cotty, PJ TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE mycotoxins; Aspergillus; Fusarium; pre-harvest; prevention; management; crops; biocontrol ID SOUTHWESTERN CORN-BORER; ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT; ENVIRONMENTALLY SELECTIVE CONTROL; MALATHION FLOUR GRANULES; COLI BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT; CHEWING INSECT PESTS; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MAIZE KERNELS AB Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cleveland, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM eclevela@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 153 TC 114 Z9 124 U1 3 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 629 EP 642 DI 10.1002/ps.724 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700007 PM 12846313 ER PT J AU Hopper, KR AF Hopper, KR TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE biological control; parasitoid; predator; Hymenoptera; augmentation; conservation; foreign exploration ID APHELINUS-ASYCHIS HYMENOPTERA; COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS HYMENOPTERA; DIURAPHIS-NOXIA HOMOPTERA; FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; APHIDIUS-MATRICARIAE HYMENOPTERA; LONGICAUDATA ASHMEAD HYMENOPTERA; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; DIADEGMA-INSULARE HYMENOPTERA; GEOCORIS-PUNCTIPES HEMIPTERA; ARCHYTAS-MARMORATUS DIPTERA AB During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Unit, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Hopper, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Unit, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 107 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 30 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 643 EP 653 DI 10.1002/ps.707 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700008 PM 12846314 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Lohrke, SM AF Roberts, DP Lohrke, SM TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research programs in biological control of plant diseases SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE antibiosis; biological control; colonization; competition; fermentation; formulation; microbial communities ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS PF-5; PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF; COMPETITIVE ROOT COLONIZATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SCLEROTIA; FUNGUS GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; SIGMA-FACTOR SIGMA(S); GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS AB A number of USDA-ARS programs directed at overcoming impediments to the use of biocontrol agents on a commercial scale are described. These include improvements in screening techniques, taxonomic studies to identify beneficial strains more precisely, and studies on various aspects of the large-scale production of biocontrol agents. Another broad area of studies covers the ecological aspects of biocontrol agents-their interaction with the pathogen, with the plant and with other aspects of the environmental complex. Examples of these studies are given and their relevance to the further development and expansion of biocontrol agents is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), Bldg 001,Room 140,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 130 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 654 EP 664 DI 10.1002/ps.613 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700009 PM 12846315 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF AF Meyer, SLF TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research programs on microbes for management of plant-parasitic nematodes SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biocontrol; fungi; natural products; nematode ID FUNGUS VERTICILLIUM-LECANII; SOYBEAN CYST-NEMATODE; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; CRICONEMELLA-XENOPLAX; BURKHOLDERIA-CEPACIA; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; PASTEURIA-PENETRANS; TRICHODERMA-VIRENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AB Restrictions on the use of conventional nematicides have increased the need for new methods of managing plant-parasitic nematodes. Consequently, nematode-antagonistic microbes, and active compounds produced by such organisms, are being explored as potential additions to management practices. Programs in this area at the USDA Agricultural Research Service investigate applied biocontrol agents, naturally occurring beneficial soil microbes and natural compounds. Specific research topics include use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cultural practices for management of root-knot and ring nematodes, determination of management strategies that enhance activity of naturally occurring Pasteuria species (bacterial obligate parasites of nematodes), studies on interactions between biocontrol bacteria and bacterial-feeding nematodes, and screening of microbes for compounds active against plant-parasitic nematodes. Some studies involve biocontrol agents that are active against nematodes and soil-borne plant-pathogenic fungi, or combinations of beneficial bacteria and fungi, to manage a spectrum of plant diseases or to increase efficacy over a broader range of environmental conditions. Effective methods or agents identified in the research programs are investigated as additions to existing management systems for plant-parasitic nematodes. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011A,Room 165B,BARC West,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 665 EP 670 DI 10.1002/ps.708 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700010 PM 12846316 ER PT J AU Quimby, PC De Loach, CJ Wineriter, SA Goolsby, JA Sobhian, R Boyette, CD Abbas, HK AF Quimby, PC De Loach, CJ Wineriter, SA Goolsby, JA Sobhian, R Boyette, CD Abbas, HK TI Biological control of weeds: research by the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural research service: selected case studies SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Tamarix spp; Diorhabda elongata deserticola; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Boreioglycaspis melaleucae; Fergusonina turneri; Galium spurium; Galium aparine; Cecidophyes rouhollahi; Pueraria lobata; Myrothecium verrucaria; mycotoxins ID GALIUM-APARINE L; MYROTHECIUM-VERRUCARIA; MELALEUCA-QUINQUENERVIA; ISOLATE; SPURIUM; AGENT AB Research by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on biological control of weeds has been practiced for many years because of its inherent ecological and economic advantages. Today, it is further driven by ARS adherence to Presidential Executive Order 13112 (3 February 1999) on invasive species and to USDA-ARS policy toward developing technology in support of sustainable agriculture with reduced dependence on non-renewable petrochemical resources. This paper reports examples or case studies selected to demonstrate the traditional or classical approach for biological control programs using Old World arthropods against Tamarix spp, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) ST Blake and Galium spurium L/G apatine L, and the augmentative approach with a native plant pathogen against Pueraria lobata Ohwi = P montana. The examples illustrated various conflicts of interest with endangered species and ecological complexities of arthropods with associated microbes such as nematodes. C1 USDA ARS, OIRP, European Biol Control Lab, Montferrier Sur Lez, France. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Florida Biol Control Lab, Gainesville, FL USA. CSIRO, USDA ARS, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia. USDA ARS, So Weed Res Unit, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Quimby, PC (reprint author), Campus Int Baillarguet,CS 90013,Montferrier Sur L, F-34988 St Gely De Fesc, France. EM cquimby@ars-ebcl.org NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 671 EP 680 DI 10.1002/ps.700 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700011 PM 12846317 ER PT J AU Hapeman, CJ McConnell, LL Rice, CP Sadeghi, AM Schmidt, WF McCarty, GW Starr, JL Rice, PJ Angier, JT Harman-Fetcho, JA AF Hapeman, CJ McConnell, LL Rice, CP Sadeghi, AM Schmidt, WF McCarty, GW Starr, JL Rice, PJ Angier, JT Harman-Fetcho, JA TI Current United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on understanding agrochemical fate and transport to prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pesticide; herbicide; BMPs; environmental fate; air quality; water quality; sorption ID CURRENT-USE PESTICIDES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; METHYL-BROMIDE EMISSION; MANAGEMENT MODEL REMM; PLAIN RIPARIAN SYSTEM; NEVADA MOUNTAIN-RANGE; SILT LOAM SOIL; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; WATER-QUALITY; METOLACHLOR CONFORMATIONS AB Environmentally and economically viable agriculture requires a variety of cultivation practices and pest management options as no one system will be appropriate for every situation. Agrochemicals are some of the many pest control tools used in an integrated approach to pest management. They are applied with the intent of maximizing efficacy while minimizing off-site movement; however, their judicious use demands a practical knowledge of their fate and effects in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Agrochemical distribution into environmental compartments is influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the agrochemical and environmental conditions, ie soil type and structure, and meteorological conditions. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers working in the area of agrochemical fate have focused on accurately describing those processes that govern the transport, degradation and bioavailability of these chemicals under conditions reflecting actual agronomic practices. Results from ARS research concerning the environmental fate and effects of agrochemicals have led to the development of science-based management practices that will protect vulnerable areas of the ecosystem. The new challenge is to identify these vulnerable areas and the temporal and spatial variations prior to use of the chemical by predicting how it will behave in environmental matrices, and using that information, predict its transport and transformation within an air- or watershed. With the development of better predictive tools and GIS (Geographic Information System)-based modeling, the risks of agricultural management systems can be assessed at the watershed and basin levels, and management strategies can be identified that minimize negative environmental impacts. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hapeman, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 88 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 681 EP 690 DI 10.1002/ps.720 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700012 PM 12846318 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Ahuja, LR Arnold, JG Bingner, R Lowrance, R van Genuchten, MT Adams, LD AF Wauchope, RD Ahuja, LR Arnold, JG Bingner, R Lowrance, R van Genuchten, MT Adams, LD TI Software for pest-management science: computer models and databases from the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE simulation model; database; pesticide transport; pesticide fate; non-point pollution; risk assessment; runoff; leaching; erosion; riparian buffer; watershed ID SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; WATER; PESTICIDES; PARAMETERS; SYSTEMS; SCALE AB We present an overview of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) computer models and databases related to pest-management science, emphasizing current developments in environmental risk assessment and management simulation models. The ARS has a unique national interdisciplinary team of researchers in surface and sub-surface hydrology, soil and plant science, systems analysis and pesticide science, who have networked to develop empirical and mechanistic computer models describing the behavior of pests, pest responses to controls and the environmental impact of pest-control methods. Historically, much of this work has been in support of production agriculture and in support of the conservation programs of our 'action agency' sister, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service). Because we are a public agency, our software/database products are generally offered without cost, unless they are developed in cooperation with a private-sector cooperator. Because ARS, is a basic and applied research organization, with development of new science as our highest priority, these products tend to be offered on an 'as-is' basis with limited user support except for cooperating R&D relationship with other scientists. However, rapid changes in the technology for information analysis and communication continually challenge our way of doing business. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Wauchope, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 691 EP 698 DI 10.1002/ps.682 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700013 PM 12846319 ER PT J AU Smith, LA Thomson, SJ AF Smith, LA Thomson, SJ TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research in application technology for pest management SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE application technology; application systems; drift management; spray drift; application efficacy; pesticide application; remote sensing; precision agriculture ID SPECTRA; SYSTEM AB A research summary is presented that emphasizes ARS achievements in application technology over the past 2-3 years. Research focused on the improvement of agricultural pesticide application is important from the standpoint of crop protection as well as environmental safety. Application technology research is being actively pursued within the ARS, with a primary focus on application system development, drift management, efficacy enhancement and remote sensing. Research on application systems has included sensor-controlled hooded sprayers, new approaches to direct chemical injection, and aerial electrostatic sprayers. For aerial application, great improvements in on-board flow controllers per. it it accurate field application of chemicals. Aircraft parameters such as boom position and spray release height are being altered to determine their effect on drift. Other drift management research has focused on testing of low-drift nozzles, evaluation of pulsed spray technologies and evaluation of drift control adjuvants. Research on the use of air curtain sprayers in orchards, air-assist sprayers for row crops and vegetables, and air deflectors on aircraft has documented improvements in application efficacy. Research has shown that the fate of applied chemicals is influenced by soil properties, and this has implications for herbicide efficacy and dissipation in the environment. Remote sensing systems are being used to target areas in the field where pests are present so that spray can be directed to only those areas. Soil and crop conditions influence propensity for weeds and insects to proliferate in any given field area. Research has indicated distinct field patterns favorable for weed growth and insect concentration, which can provide further assistance for targeted spraying. C1 USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Smith, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 699 EP 707 DI 10.1002/ps.697 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700014 PM 12846320 ER PT J AU Duke, SO Baerson, SR Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Scheffler, BE Tellez, MR Wedge, DE Schrader, KK Akey, DH Arthur, FH De Lucca, AJ Gibson, DM Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Gealy, DR Tworkoski, T Wilson, CL Morris, JB AF Duke, SO Baerson, SR Dayan, FE Rimando, AM Scheffler, BE Tellez, MR Wedge, DE Schrader, KK Akey, DH Arthur, FH De Lucca, AJ Gibson, DM Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Gealy, DR Tworkoski, T Wilson, CL Morris, JB TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on natural products for pest management SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE natural product; insecticide; fungicide; herbicide; allelochemical; allelopathy; pest management; phytotoxin ID P-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE; NUTSEDGE CYPERUS-ESCULENTUS; FLOUR BEETLES COLEOPTERA; WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACTS; DIATOMACEOUS-EARTH; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; SEED-GERMINATION; CANDIDA-SAITOANA; IPOMOEA-BATATAS; STREPTOMYCES-ACIDISCABIES AB Recent research of the Agricultural Research Service of USDA on the use of natural products to manage pests is summarized. Studies of the use of both phytochemicals and diatomaceous earth to manage insect pests are discussed. Chemically characterized compounds, such as a saponin from pepper (Capsicum frutescens L), benzaldehyde, chitosan and 2-deixy-D-glucose are being studied as natural fungicides. Resin glycosides for pathogen resistance in sweet potato and residues of semitropical leguminous plants for nematode control are also under investigation. Bioassay-guided isolation of compounds with potential use as herbicides or herbicide leads is underway at several locations. New natural phytotoxin molecular target sites (asparagine synthetase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase) have been discovered. Weed control in sweet potato and rice by allelopathy is under investigation. Molecular approaches to enhance allelopathy in sorghum are also being undertaken. The genes for polyketide synthases involved in production of pesticidal polyketide compounds in fungi are found to provide clues for pesticide discovery. Gene expression profiles in response to fungicides and herbicides are being generated as tools to understand more fully the mode of action and to rapidly determine the molecular target site of new, natural fungicides and herbicides. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Program Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, Biol Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, Germany. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Program Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. EM sduke@ars.usda.gov RI Moreira, Eder/B-2309-2010; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009; OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499; Scheffler, Brian/0000-0003-1968-8952 NR 82 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 7 U2 38 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 708 EP 717 DI 10.1002/ps.633 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700015 PM 12846321 ER PT J AU Lynch, RE Guo, BZ Timper, P Wilson, JP AF Lynch, RE Guo, BZ Timper, P Wilson, JP TI United States department of agriculture agricultural research service research on improving host-plant resistance to pest SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE plant resistance; insects; nematodes; plant pathogens; diseases ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SOUTHWESTERN CORN-BORER; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; ZEA-MAYS L.; GUARDIAN PEACH ROOTSTOCK; EXPERIMENTAL MAIZE LINES; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; STEM ROT RESISTANCE; MELOIDOGYNE-JAVANICA AB Host-plant resistance is an efficient, economical and environmentally benign approach used to manage many pests and diseases of agricultural crops. After nearly a century of research, the resources and tools have become more refined, but the basic tasks in breeding for resistance have not changed. Resistance must be identified, incorporated into elite germplasm, and deployed in a form useful to growers. In some instances, biotechnology has expedited this process through incorporating a foreign gene(s) for resistance into elite germplasm. The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has made significant contributions in the development of germplasm with resistance to insects, nematodes and plant diseases. Because resistant plant varieties are an essential component of sustainable production systems, ARS is committed to developing techniques and germplasm to help meet this goal. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Lynch, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 110 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 718 EP 727 DI 10.1002/ps.636 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700016 PM 12846322 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Beeman, RW AF Handler, AM Beeman, RW TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service: advances in the molecular genetic analysis of insects and their application to pest management SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insect genetics; host-plant resistance; homeotic genes; insect transformation; genomics ID GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; HOBO TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; EFFECT SELFISH GENES; NON-DROSOPHILID INSECTS; RED-FLOUR BEETLE; COMPLEX HOM-C; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; PIGGYBAC TRANSPOSON; FRUIT-FLY; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS AB USDA-ARS scientists have made important contributions to the molecular genetic analysis of agriculturally important insects, and have been in the forefront of using this information for the development of new pest management strategies. Advances have been made in the identification and analysis of genetic systems involved in insect development, reproduction and behavior which enable the identification of new targets for control, as well as the development of highly specific insecticidal products. Other studies have been on the leading edge of developing gene transfer technology to better elucidate these biological processes though functional genomics and to develop new transgenic strains for biological control. Important contributions have also been made to the development and use of molecular markers and methodologies to identify and track insect populations. The use of molecular genetic technology and strategies will become increasingly important to pest management as genomic sequencing information becomes available from important pest insects, their targets and other associated organisms. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 62 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 728 EP 735 DI 10.1002/ps.719 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700017 PM 12846323 ER PT J AU Bell, AA Wheeler, MH Liu, JG Stipanovic, RD AF Bell, AA Wheeler, MH Liu, JG Stipanovic, RD TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service studies on polyketide toxins of Fusarium oxysporum f sp vasinfectum: potential targets for disease control SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; cotton; Gossypium; polyketides; naphthazarins ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; NECTRIA-HAEMATOCOCCA; NAPHTHAZARIN TOXINS; COTTON PLANTS; WILT; BIKAVERIN; PATHOGENICITY; FUNGAL; RACES AB group of 133 isolates of the cotton wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f sp vasinfectum (Atk) Sny & Hans, representing five races and 20 vegetative compatibility groups within race 1 were used to determine the identity, biosynthetic regulation and taxonomic distribution of polyketide toxins produced by this pathogen. All isolates of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum produced and secreted the nonaketide naphthazarin quinones, bikaverin and norbikaverin. Most isolates of race I (previously denoted as races 1, 2 and 6; and also called race A) also synthesized the heptaketide naphthoquinones, nectriafurone, anhydrofusarubin lactol and 5-O-methyljavanicin. Nine avirulent isolates of F oxysporum from Upland cotton roots, three isolates of race 3 of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum, and four isolates of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum from Australia, all of which previously failed to cause disease of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in stem-puncture assays, also failed to synthesize or secrete more than trace amounts of the heptaketide compounds. These results indicate that the heptaketides may have a unique role in the virulence of race 1 to Upland cotton. The synthesis of all polyketide toxins by ATCC isolate 24908 of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum was regulated by pH, carbon/nitrogen ratios, and availability of calcium in media. Synthesis was greatest below pH 7.0 and increased progressively as carbon/nitrogen ratios were increased by decreasing the amounts of nitrogen added to media. The nonaketides were the major polyketides accumulated in synthetic media at pH 4.5 and below, whereas the heptaketides were predominant at pH 5.0 and above. The heptaketides were the major polyketides formed when 10 F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum race I isolates were grown on sterilized stems of Fusarium wilt-susceptible cotton cultivars, but these compounds were not produced on sorghum grain cultures. Both groups of polyketide toxins were apparently secreted by F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum, since half of the toxin in 2-day-old shake culture was present in the supernatant. Secretion was enhanced by calcium. Glutamine and glutamic acid inhibited both nonaketide and heptaketide syntheses, even at low nitrogen levels, indicating that glutamine may be a key regulator of the polyketide pathways. The implications of these findings for control of Fusarium wilt of cotton by new technologies are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Bell, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPARC, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM abell@cpru.usda.gov NR 65 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1526-498X EI 1526-4998 J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 736 EP 747 DI 10.1002/ps.713 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700018 PM 12846324 ER PT J AU Chitwood, DJ AF Chitwood, DJ TI Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aminopeptidase; hsp90; resistance; ribosomal DNA; sterol; systematics ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; HSP90; RESISTANCE AB The recent de-registration of several chemical nematicides and the impending loss of methyl bromide from the pest-control market necessitate the development of new methods for controlling nematode-induced crop damage. One approach for developing novel target-specific controls is by exploiting fundamental differences between the biological processes of nematodes and their host plants. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the US Department of Agriculture are actively exploring these differences. Research accomplishments include the discovery of heat shock protein genes possibly involved in developmental arrest of the soybean cyst nematode, the identification of neuropeptides and female-specific proteins in the soybean cyst nematode, the disruption of nematode reproduction with inhibitors of nematode sterol metabolism, the development of novel morphological and molecular (heat shock protein genes and the D3 segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA) features useful for nematode identification and classification, and the elucidation of the population genetics of potato cyst nematode pathotypes. In addition, several ARS researchers are investigating biological determinants of nematode response to management strategies utilized in agricultural fields. These collective efforts should lead to new chemical and non-chemical alternatives to conventional nematode control strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chitwood, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011A,BARC West, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 123 Z9 162 U1 1 U2 52 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 748 EP 753 DI 10.1002/ps.684 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700019 PM 12846325 ER PT J AU Forcella, F AF Forcella, F TI United States department of agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Research on pest biology: weeds SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aquatic; control; diversity; dormancy; horticulture; poisonous; seedbank; seedling; soil; weed biology ID GOATGRASS AEGILOPS CYLINDRICA; WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; CELLULOSE BIOSYNTHESIS; POTAMOGETON-NODOSUS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RUSSIAN THISTLE; BUD DORMANCY; COVER CROPS; HERBICIDE; SEED AB Over 125 permanent full-time scientists conduct research within the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on issues related to weeds. The research emphasis of most of these scientists involves ecology and management or biological control of weeds. Many scientists perform research on weed biology as components of their primary projects on weed control and integrated crop and soil management. Describing all ARS projects involved with weed biology is impossible, and consequently only research that falls within the following arbitrarily chosen topics is highlighted in this article: dormancy mechanisms; cell division; diversity of rangeland weeds; soil resources and rangeland weeds; poisonous rangeland plants; horticultural weeds; weed traits limiting chemical control; aquatic and semi-aquatic weeds; weed/transgenic wheat hybrids; seedbanks, seedling emergence and seedling populations; and weed seed production. Within these topics, and others not highlighted, the desire of ARS is that good information on weed biology currently translates or eventually will translate into practical advice for those who must manage weeds. C1 USDA ARS, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Forcella, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 64 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 754 EP 763 DI 10.1002/ps.620 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700020 PM 12846326 ER PT J AU Vaughn, KC AF Vaughn, KC TI Herbicide resistance work in the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide resistance; triazine resistance; dinitroaniline resistance; paraquat resistance; propanil resistance; acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistance ID VELVETLEAF ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; RYEGRASS LOLIUM-MULTIFLORUM; FOXTAIL SETARIA-VIRIDIS; ATRAZINE RESISTANCE; CROSS-RESISTANCE; CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANES; DICLOFOP RESISTANCE; AMARANTHUS-HYBRIDUS; TRIAZINE-RESISTANT; COMMON GROUNDSEL AB Herbicide-resistant weed biotypes are an increasing problem in agriculture, with reports of resistance to almost every herbicide class at some place in the world, and the total number of resistant biotypes at over 250. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have been key players in this area since the first substantiated occurrence of these resistant biotypes in the 1970s. The most significant of their contributions is the complete unraveling of the mechanism of triazine resistance by Arntzen and colleagues, then with ARS at the University of Illinois. These studies established a high benchmark for research in this area and are a model for all studies in this area. Other ARS scientists have investigated a large number of weed biotypes with resistance to a wide range of herbicide classes and mechanisms of resistance. Collectively, these studies have been used to generate herbicide resistance-management schemes for growers, based upon the herbicide site and the potential for resistance development. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Vaughn, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM kvaughn@ars.usda.gov NR 51 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 764 EP 769 DI 10.1002/ps.696 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700021 PM 12846327 ER PT J AU Elzen, GW Hardee, DD AF Elzen, GW Hardee, DD TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Research on managing insect resistance to insecticides SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insecticide; resistance; insects; mites ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; PARASITOID ANISOPTEROMALUS-CALANDRAE; PLANT BUG HETEROPTERA; VARROA-JACOBSONI; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; MIRIDAE POPULATIONS; MALATHION-RESISTANT; FIELD PERFORMANCE; HORN FLIES AB Insecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest-control products. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Jamie Whitten Delta Res Ctr, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Elzen, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413E,Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM gelzen@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 54 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 770 EP 776 DI 10.1002/ps.659 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700022 PM 12846328 ER PT J AU Aldrich, JR Bartelt, RJ Dickens, JC Knight, AL Light, DM Tumlinson, JH AF Aldrich, JR Bartelt, RJ Dickens, JC Knight, AL Light, DM Tumlinson, JH TI Insect chemical ecology research in the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pheromone; kairomone; green-leaf volatiles; tritrophic interactions; Colorado potato beetle; codling moth; chrysomelidae ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; COLORADO-POTATO-BEETLE; MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; CYDIA-POMONELLA L.; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; PLANT VOLATILES; HOST-PLANT; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; ORAL SECRETIONS AB This multi-author paper reviews current work by USDA-ARS scientists in the field of chemical ecology. Work with pheromones, the discovery and development of the codling moth kairomone, studies on insect-plant interactions and chemically mediated tritrophic plant-insect interactions have led to practical methods for control of important insect pests. C1 USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 007,Room 302,BARC West, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 87 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 777 EP 787 DI 10.1002/ps.710 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700023 PM 12846329 ER PT J AU Lax, AR La Osbrink, W AF Lax, AR La Osbrink, W TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service - research on targeted management of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Formosan subterranean termite; Coptotermes formosanus; biological control; population management ID RETICULITERMES-FLAVIPES ISOPTERA; CHITIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; NEW-ORLEANS; INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; LABORATORY BIOASSAYS; BAIT MATRIX; WOOD; KALOTERMITIDAE AB The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is currently one of the most destructive pests in the USA. It is estimated to cost consumers over US $1 billion annually for preventative and remedial treatment and to repair damage caused by this insect. The mission of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Service is to demonstrate the most effective existing termite management technologies, integrate them into effective management systems, and provide fundamental problem-solving research for long-term, safe, effective and environmentally friendly new technologies. This article describes the epidemiology of the pest and highlights the research accomplished by the Agricultural Research Service on area-wide management of the termite and fundamental research on its biology that might provide the basis for future management technologies. Fundamental areas that are receiving attention are termite detection, termite colony development, nutrition and foraging, and the search for biological control agents. Other fertile areas include understanding termite symbionts that may provide an additional target for control. Area-wide management of the termite by using population suppression rather than protection of individual structures has been successful; however, much remains to be done to provide long-term sustainable population control. An educational component of the program has provided reliable information to homeowners and pest-control operators that should help slow the spread of this organism and allow rapid intervention in those areas which it infests. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lax, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 114 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 788 EP 800 DI 10.1002/ps.721 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700024 PM 12846330 ER PT J AU Anderson, LWJ AF Anderson, LWJ TI A review of aquatic weed biology and management research conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE aquatic herbicide; water weeds; riparian weeds; invasive weeds; biological control; phenology; management strategy ID SPODOPTERA-PECTINICORNIS LEPIDOPTERA; HYDRILLA HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; PLANT PISTIA-STRATIOTES; MELALEUCA-QUINQUENERVIA; CONTROL AGENT; OXYOPS-VITIOSA; VALLISNERIA-AMERICANA; POTAMOGETON-NODOSUS; MICROBIAL PRODUCTS; SOUTHERN FLORIDA AB Ever-increasing demand for water to irrigate crops, support aquaculture, provide domestic water needs and to protect natural aquatic and riparian habitats has necessitated research to reduce impacts from a parallel increase in invasive aquatic weeds. This paper reviews the past 4-5 years of research by USDA-ARS covering such areas as weed biology, ecology, physiology and management strategies, including herbicides, biological control and potential for use of natural products. Research approaches range from field-level studies to highly specific molecular and biochemical work, spanning several disciplines and encompassing the most problematic weeds in these systems. This research has led to new insights into plant competition, host-specificity, and the fate of aquatic herbicides, their modes of action and effects on the environment. Another hallmark of USDA-ARS research has been its many collaborations with other federal, state action and regulatory agencies and private industry to develop new solutions to aquatic weed problems that affect our public natural resources and commercial enterprises. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Anderson, LWJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 64 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 801 EP 813 DI 10.1002/ps.725 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700025 PM 12846331 ER PT J AU Schneider, SM Rosskopf, EN Leesch, JG Chellemi, DO Bull, CT Mazzola, M AF Schneider, SM Rosskopf, EN Leesch, JG Chellemi, DO Bull, CT Mazzola, M TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on alternatives to methyl bromide: pre-plant and post-harvest SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methyl bromide; pre-plant; post-harvest; strawberry; tomato; pepper; flower; ornamental; apple; grape; organic farming; chemical control; cultural control; biological control; plant pathogens; nematodes; weeds ID FRUIT-FLY DISINFESTATION; APPLE REPLANT DISEASE; SOIL SOLARIZATION; CARBONYL SULFIDE; FUSARIUM-WILT; FORCED-AIR; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SULFURYL FLUORIDE; FIELD-EVALUATION; CODLING MOTH AB Methyl bromide is a widely used fumigant for both pre-plant and post-harvest pest and pathogen control. The Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act mandate a phase-out of the import and manufacture of methyl bromide, beginning in 2001 and culminating with a complete ban, except for quarantine and certain pre-shipment uses and exempted critical uses, in January 2005. In 1995, ARS built on its existing programs in soil-borne plant pathology and post-harvest entomology and plant pathology to initiate a national research program to develop alternatives to methyl bromide. The focus has been on strawberry, pepper, tomato, perennial and nursery cropping systems for pre-plant methyl bromide use and fresh and durable commodities for post-harvest use. Recently the program has been expanded to include research on alternatives for the ornamental and cut flower cropping systems. An overview of the national research program is presented. Results from four specific research trials are presented, ranging from organic to conventional systems. Good progress on short-term alternatives is being made. These will be used as the foundation of integrated management systems which begin with pre-plant management decisions and continue through post-harvest processing. C1 USDA ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Serv Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Prot Res Unit, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Schneider, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Serv Ctr, 9611 So Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. EM sschneider@fresno.ars.usda.gov NR 90 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 6 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 814 EP 826 DI 10.1002/ps.728 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700026 PM 12846332 ER PT J AU Carruthers, RI AF Carruthers, RI TI Invasive species research in the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE invasive species; weeds; insect pests; plant protection; pesticides; biological control; sampling technologies; host plant resistance ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; PINK-BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FUNGI BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; PAECILOMYCES-FUMOSOROSEUS; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; WHITEFLIES HOMOPTERA; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; INDIANMEAL MOTH AB Invasive pests cause huge losses both to agricultural production systems and to the natural environment through displacing native species and decreasing biodiversity. It is now estimated that many thousand exotic insect, weed and pathogen species have been established in the USA and that these invasive species are responsible for a large portion of the $130 billion losses estimated to be caused by pests each year. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has responded with extensive research and action programs aimed at understanding these problems and developing new management approaches for their control. This paper provides an overview of some of the ARS research that has been conducted on invasive species over the past few years and addresses both different categories of research and some specific pest systems of high interest to the US Department of Agriculture. C1 USDA ARS, WRRC, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Carruthers, RI (reprint author), USDA ARS, WRRC, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM ric@pw.usda.gov NR 103 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1526-498X EI 1526-4998 J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 827 EP 834 DI 10.1002/ps.616 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700027 PM 12846333 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA AF Hogsette, JA TI United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on veterinary pests SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE veterinary entomology; ticks; flies; mosquitoes; fire ants; Culicoides ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STOMOXYS-CALCITRANS DIPTERA; VARIIPENNIS COMPLEX DIPTERA; DECAPITATING FLIES DIPTERA; BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS ACARI; TOPICAL TREATMENT DEVICE; MOSQUITO AEDES-AEGYPTI; HUMAN SKIN EMANATIONS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS AB An overview of ARS research in the field of veterinary pests is presented. Results of research from the past three years on ticks, fire ants, nuisance flies, mosquitoes, sand flies and black flies, among others, are included. Where applicable, significance of research is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. EM jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1526-498X EI 1526-4998 J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6-7 BP 835 EP 841 DI 10.1002/ps.617 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 687WV UT WOS:000183400700028 PM 12846334 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL Hart, GF AF Hatfield, JL Hart, GF TI Agricultural research service contributions to remote sensing SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM hatfield@nstl.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 613 EP 613 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400002 ER PT J AU Pinter, PJ Ritchie, JC Hatfield, JL Hart, GF AF Pinter, PJ Ritchie, JC Hatfield, JL Hart, GF TI The agricultural research service's remote sensing program: An example of interagency collaboration SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID WHEAT; WATER AB Interagency programs have made it possible for scientists from the USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to conduct remote sensing research with researchers from various federal, state, and private organizations since 1965. Cumulative results from these cooperative studies have established the scientific basis for using remotely acquired imagery to better understand and manage the Earth's agricultural and natural resources. Examples of these partnerships include the 1965 Statement of Agreement between USDA and NASA that formally began ARS's remote sensing research, the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE, 1974), the ARS Wheat Yield Project (1976), Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing (AgRISTARS, 1980), the China Wheat Project (1983), and AG 20120 (1999). This paper provides a brief overview of these collaborations. C1 USDA ARS, Environm & Plant Dynam Res Unit, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Unit, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pinter, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm & Plant Dynam Res Unit, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM ppinter@uswcl.ars.ag.gov; jritchie@hydrolab.arsusda.gov; hatfield@nstl.gov; galenhart@aol.com NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 615 EP 618 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400003 ER PT J AU Barnes, EM Sudduth, KA Hummel, JW Lesch, SM Corwin, DL Yang, CH Daughtry, CST Bausch, WC AF Barnes, EM Sudduth, KA Hummel, JW Lesch, SM Corwin, DL Yang, CH Daughtry, CST Bausch, WC TI Remote- and ground-based sensor techniques to map soil properties SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Review ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES; CROP RESIDUE COVER; CONDUCTIVITY-DEPTH RELATIONS; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; SALT-AFFECTED SOILS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; INFRARED REFLECTANCE; SPATIAL PREDICTION; CONE PENETROMETER AB Farm managers are becoming increasingly aware of the spa-tial variability in crop production with the growing availability of yield monitors. Often this variability can be related to differences in soil properties (e.g., texture, organic matter, salinity levels, and nutrient status) within the field. To develop management approaches to address this variability, high spatial resolution soil property maps are often needed. Some soil properties have been related directly to a soil spectral response, or inferred based on remotely sensed measurements of crop canopies, including soil texture, nitrogen level, organic matter content, and salinity status. While many studies have obtained promising results, several interfering factors can limit approaches solely based on spectral response, including tillage conditions and crop residue. A number of different ground-based sensors have been used to rapidly assess soil properties "on the go" (e.g., sensor mounted on a tractor and data mapped with coincident position information) and the data from these sensors compliment image-based data. On-the-go sensors have been developed to rapidly map soil organic matter content, electrical conductivity, nitrate content, and compaction. Model and statistical methods show promise to integrate these ground-and image-based data sources to maximize the information from each source for soil property mapping. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, AERC, CSU, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Barnes, EM (reprint author), Cotton Inc, 6399 Weston Pkwy, Cary, NC 27513 USA. EM Ebarnes@cottoninc.com NR 114 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 619 EP 630 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400004 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP French, AN Hatfield, JL Jackson, TJ Moran, MS Rango, A Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ AF Kustas, WP French, AN Hatfield, JL Jackson, TJ Moran, MS Rango, A Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ TI Remote sensing research in hydrometeorology SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Review ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS; AIRBORNE LASER MEASUREMENTS; CONSTANT LEAF TEMPERATURE; ESTIMATING SOIL-MOISTURE; THERMAL INFRARED DATA; MICROWAVE EMISSION; CANOPY TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION INDEX; ENERGY FLUXES; HEAT-FLUX AB An overview of remote sensing research in hydrometeorol-ogy, with on emphasis on the major contributions that hove been made by United States Deportment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) scientists, is provided. The major contributions are separated into deriving from remote sensing (1) hydrometeorological state variables and (2) energy fluxes, particularly evapotranspiration which includes plant water stress. For the state variables, remote sensing algorithms have been developed for estimating land surface temperatures from brightness temperature observa-tions correcting for atmospheric and emissivity effects, estimating near-surface soil moisture from passive microwave remote sensing, determining snow cover from visible and snow water equivalent from microwave data, and estimating landscape roughness, topography, vegetation height, and fractional cover from lidar distancing technology. For the hydrometeorological fluxes, including plant water stress, models estimating evapotranspiration have been developed using land surface temperature as a key boundary condition with recent schemes designed to more reliably handle partial vegetation cover conditions. These research efforts in estimating evapotranspiration with remotely sensed surface temperatures have been utilized by ARS researchers in the development of the Crop Water Stress Index and Water Deficit Index for assessing plant water stress. In addition, the development of the Thermal Kinetic Window and Crop Specific Temperatures have revealed the dynamic interactions among foliage temperature, plant species, and the physical environment. ARS researchers continue to develop new and improved remote sensing algorithms for evaluating state variables and fluxes. Moreover, they are involved in new research directions to address science questions impeding hy-drometeorological research. These include investigating the utility of combining multifrequency remote sensing data for improved estimation of land surface properties, and incorporating remote sensing for evaluating the effects of landscape heterogeneity on atmospheric dynamics and mean air properties and resulting feedbacks on the land surface fluxes. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 007,Rm 104,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bkustas@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 116 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 631 EP 646 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400005 ER PT J AU Pinter, PJ Hatfield, JL Schepers, JS Barnes, EM Moran, MS Daughtry, CST Upchurch, DR AF Pinter, PJ Hatfield, JL Schepers, JS Barnes, EM Moran, MS Daughtry, CST Upchurch, DR TI Remote sensing for crop management SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Review ID WATER-STRESS INDEX; SPECTRAL-BIOPHYSICAL DATA; SOIL HEAT-FLUX; INFRARED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; CONSTANT LEAF TEMPERATURE; ADJUSTED VEGETATION INDEX; SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE; CLOVER-SEED PRODUCTION; GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM L AB Scientists with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and various government agencies and private institutions have provided a great deal of fundamental information relating spectral reflectance and thermal emittance properties of soils and crops to their agronomic and biophysical characteristics. This knowledge has facilitated the development and use of various remote sensing methods for non-destructive monitoring of plant growth and development and for the detection of many environmental stresses which limit plant productivity. Coupled with rapid advances in computing and position-locating technologies, remote sensing from ground-, air-, and space-based platforms is now capable of providing detailed spatial and temporal information on plant response to their local environment that is needed for site specific agricultural management approaches. This manuscript, which emphasizes contributions by ARS researchers, reviews the biophysical basis of remote sensing; examines approaches that have been developed, refined, and tested for management of water, nutrients, and pests in agricultural crops; and assesses the role of remote sensing in yield prediction. It concludes with a discussion of challenges facing remote sensing in the future. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil &Water Conservat Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM ppinter@uswcl.ars.ag.gov; hatfield@nstl.gov; jschepers1@unl.edu; Ebarnes@cottoninc.com; smoran@tucson.ars.ag.gov; cdaughtry@hydrolab.arsusda.gov; dupchurch@lbk.ars.usda.gov NR 256 TC 202 Z9 210 U1 6 U2 64 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 EI 2374-8079 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 647 EP 664 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400006 ER PT J AU Doraiswamy, PC Moulin, S Cook, PW Stern, A AF Doraiswamy, PC Moulin, S Cook, PW Stern, A TI Crop yield assessment from remote sensing SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION-MODELS; CORN CANOPIES; EPIC MODEL; REFLECTANCE; VEGETATION; RADIATION; GROWTH; AVHRR AB Monitoring crop condition and production estimates at the state and county level is of great interest to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture conducts field interviews with sampled farm operators and obtains crop cuttings to make crop yield estimates at regional and state levels. NASS needs supplemental spatial data that provides timely information on crop condition and potential yields. In this research, the crop model EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) was adapted for simulations at regional scales. Satellite remotely sensed data provide a real-time assessment of the magnitude and variation of crop condition parameters, and this study investigates the use of these parameters as an input to a crop growth model. This investigation was conducted in the semi-arid region of North Dakota in the southeastern part of the state. The primary objective was to evaluate a method of integrating parameters retrieved from satellite imagery in a crop growth model to simulate spring wheat yields at the sub-county and county levels. The input parameters derived from remotely sensed data provided spatial integrity, as well as a real-time calibration of model simulated parameters during the season, to ensure that the modeled and observed conditions agree. A radiative transfer model, SAIL (Scattered by Arbitrary Inclined Leaves), provided the link between the satellite data and crop model. The model parameters were simulated in a geographic information system grid, which was the platform for aggregating yields at local and regional scales. A model calibration was performed to initialize the model parameters. This calibration was performed using Landsat data over three southeast counties in North Dakota. The model was then used to simulate crop yields for the state of North Dakota with inputs derived from NOAA AVHRR data. The calibration and the state level simulations are compared with spring wheat yields reported by NASS objective yield surveys. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INRA, Unite Climat Sol Environm, F-84914 Avignon 9, France. USDA, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Div Res & Dev, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Doraiswamy, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 007,Rm 104, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pdoraiswamy@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 46 TC 89 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 665 EP 674 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400007 ER PT J AU Hunt, ER Everitt, JH Ritchie, JC Moran, MS Booth, DT Anderson, GL Clark, PE Seyfried, MS AF Hunt, ER Everitt, JH Ritchie, JC Moran, MS Booth, DT Anderson, GL Clark, PE Seyfried, MS TI Applications and research using remote sensing for rangeland management SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Review ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; RADIOMETRIC REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS; BROOMWEED ERICAMERIA-AUSTROTEXANA; MULTISPECTRAL DIGITAL IMAGERY; LASER ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS; SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ADJUSTED VEGETATION INDEX; SOUTH TEXAS RANGELANDS AB Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, and savannas used by wildlife for habitat and livestock in order to produce food and fiber. Assessment and monitoring of rangelands are currently based on comparing the plant species present in relation to an expected successional end-state defined by the ecological site. In the future, assessment and monitoring may be based on indicators of ecosystem health, including sustainability of soil, sustainability of plant production, and presence of invasive weed species. USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists are actively engaged in developing quantitative, repeatable, and low-cost methods to measure indicators of ecosystem health using remote sensing. Noxious weed infestations can be determined by careful selection of the spatial resolution, spectral bands, and timing of image acquisition. Rangeland productivity can be estimated with either Landsat or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data using models of gross primary production based on radiation use efficiency. Lidar measurements are useful for canopy structure and soil roughness, indicating susceptibility to erosion. The value Of remote sensing for rangeland management depends in part on combining the imagery with other spatial data within geographic information systems. Finally, ARS scientists are developing the knowledge on which future rangeland assessment and monitoring tools will be developed. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hunt, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,Room 104,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM erhunt@hydrolab.arsusda.gov OI Clark, Patrick/0000-0003-4299-1853 NR 150 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 59 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 675 EP 693 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400008 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC Zimba, PV Everitt, JH AF Ritchie, JC Zimba, PV Everitt, JH TI Remote sensing techniques to assess water quality SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS; LANDSAT MSS DATA; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS; AERIAL-PHOTOGRAPHY; THEMATIC MAPPER; DIGITAL DATA; LAKE CHICOT; HYDRILLA; TEMPERATURE AB Remote sensing techniques can be used to monitor water quality parameters (i.e., suspended sediments (turbidity), chlorophyll, and temperature). Optical and thermal sensors on boats, aircraft, and satellites provide both spatial and temporal information needed to monitor changes in water quality parameters for developing management practices to improve water quality. Recent and planned launches of satellites with improved spectral and spatial resolution sensors should lead to greater use Of remote sensing techniques to assess and monitor water quality parameters. Integration of remotely sensed data, GPS, and GIS technologies provides a valuable too] for monitoring and assessing waterways. Remotely sensed data can be used to create a permanent geographically located database to provide a baseline for future comparisons. The integrated use of remotely sensed data, GPS, and GIS will enable consultants and natural resource managers to develop management plans for a variety of natural resource management applications. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jrichie@hydrolab.arsusda.gov RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 69 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 10 U2 44 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 695 EP 704 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400009 ER PT J AU Moran, S Fitzgerald, G Rango, A Walthall, C Barnes, E Bausch, W Clarke, T Daughtry, C Everitt, J Escobar, D Hatfield, J Havstad, K Jackson, T Kitchen, N Kustas, W McGuire, M Pinter, P Sudduth, K Schepers, J Schmugge, T Starks, P Upchurch, D AF Moran, S Fitzgerald, G Rango, A Walthall, C Barnes, E Bausch, W Clarke, T Daughtry, C Everitt, J Escobar, D Hatfield, J Havstad, K Jackson, T Kitchen, N Kustas, W McGuire, M Pinter, P Sudduth, K Schepers, J Schmugge, T Starks, P Upchurch, D TI Sensor development and radiometric correction for agricultural applications SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SOIL ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES; REFERENCE REFLECTANCE PANELS; SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; VIDEO IMAGING-SYSTEM; CROP COEFFICIENTS; PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; INFRARED THERMOMETRY; SPATIAL PREDICTION AB This review addresses the challenges and progressing sensor development and radiometric correction for agricultural applications with particular emphasis on activities within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Examples of sensor development include on-site development of sensors and platforms, participation in cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA) with commercial companies, and membership on NASA science teams. Examples of progress made in sensor radiometric correction suitable for agriculture are presented for both laboratory and field environments. The direction of future sensor development includes integrated sensors and systems, sensor standardization, and new sensor technologies measuring fluorescence and soil electrical conductivity, and utilizing LIght Detection and Ranging (lidar), hyperspectral, and multiband thermal wavelengths. The upcoming challenges include definition of the core spectral regions for agriculture and the sensor specifications for a dedicated, orbiting agricultural sensor, determination of an operational approach for reflectance and temperature retrieval, and enhanced communication between image providers, research scientists, and users. This review concludes with a number of avenues through which USDA could promote sensor development and radiometric correction for agricultural applications. These include developing a network of large permanent calibration targets at USDA ARS locations; investing in new technologies; pooling resources to support large-scale field experiments; determining ARS-wide standards for sensor development, calibration, and deployment; and funding interagency agreements to achieve common goals. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85044 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, CSU, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Moran, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM smoran@tucson.ars.ag.gov NR 88 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 705 EP 718 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RA UT WOS:000221193400010 ER PT J AU Yee, WL AF Yee, WL TI Effects of sucrose concentrations and fly age on feeding responses and survival of female and male western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cherry fruit fly; feeding responses; Rhagoletis indifferens; sucrose concentrations; survival; tephritid ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; BEHAVIOR AB The effects of single meals of different sucrose concentrations on feeding responses and survival of 8-24-h-old, 1-2-, 10-12- and 31-36-day-old female and male western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined. Feeding time and food consumption response patterns in both sexes within age groups were curvilinear. Feeding times increased as sucrose concentrations increased, and were longest when the sucrose concentration was 100% (dry). Consumption of dilute wet sucrose was low, whereas consumption of concentrated wet sucrose was high. However, consumption of dry, 100% sucrose was also low. One to 2-day-old flies of both sexes that had not previously fed consumed more sucrose foods than unfed 8-24-h-old flies and 10-12- and 31-36-day-old flies that had been starved for 16-24 h. Females consumed more than males, but they consumed the same amount as males per mg bodyweight. When fed single 20% and 60% sucrose meals, 1-2-day-old flies survived longer compared to flies in all other age groups, with 31-36-day-old flies surviving shortest. Despite age-related differences in survival, in general, no sex differences in survival were seen in flies fed sucrose within any age groups, or in flies fed sucrose-yeast, cherry juice and honeydew foods. The results suggest that sugar-feeding behaviours and the energy invested in sugar 'seeking' by both sexes of R. indifferens should be the same throughout life. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2003.00326.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 686FM UT WOS:000183310800008 ER PT J AU Byrne, DN Hendrix, DL Williams, LH AF Byrne, DN Hendrix, DL Williams, LH TI Presence of trehalulose and other oligosaccharides in hemipteran honeydew, particularly Aleyrodidae SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphididae; carbohydrates; Cicadellidae; Coccidae; Homoptera; osmoregulation; Psyllidae; whitefly ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; PEA APHID; CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; UNUSUAL TRISACCHARIDE; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; PHLOEM SAP; SUCROSE; TABACI; OSMOREGULATION AB Production by a bacterium of the disaccharide trehalulose was reported 30 years ago. The association between the fabrication of trehalulose and Insecta was found more recently. It was initially discovered in the honeydew, excreta, of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci feeding on Euphorbia pulcherrima where it was the predominant sugar. In the present study, B. tabaci -produced trehalulose was again found in honeydew at significant levels, this time when the whitefly fed on 10 different plants. In seven of 10 Bemisia /host combinations, trehalulose accounted for more than 30% of the total carbohydrates found in their honeydew and was the principal oligosaccharide. Trehalulose constituents, glucose and fructose, were also present at lower levels, as were other oligosaccharides such as melezitose. Feeding by B. tabaci on the three other plant hosts also resulted in the production of trehalulose at relatively high levels (6.1-16.5%). Other whitefly species examined had little (e.g. B. afer and Aleurothrixus spp.), or no trehalulose (e.g. Trialeurodes spp. and Siphoninus phillyreae ), in their honeydew. Trehalulose was also found in the honeydew of two aphid and one scale insect species. In insects whose honeydew had low levels or no trehalulose, sucrose, its constituents, or larger sugars predominated. The trisaccharide bemisiose was also found in the honeydew of half the whitefly species examined. Bemisiose was discovered here for the first time in the honeydew of three aphid species and three species of scale insects. Reasons for the production of trehalulose are often linked to high levels of dietary sucrose in whiteflies. This is probably true in our case because cotton and cucurbits, at least, are known to contain a great deal of sucrose. Although other functional possibilities were explored, the data suggest that trehalulose, being less susceptible to hydrolysis than sucrose, is involved in osmoregulation. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Byrne, DN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 144 EP 149 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2003.00310.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 686FM UT WOS:000183310800010 ER PT J AU Strausbaugh, CA Miklas, PN Singh, SP Myers, JR Forster, RL AF Strausbaugh, CA Miklas, PN Singh, SP Myers, JR Forster, RL TI Genetic characterization of differential reactions among host group 3 common bean cultivars to NL-3 K strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE potyvirus ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; I-GENE; RESISTANCE; POTYVIRUS; REGISTRATION AB A previously unrecognized recessive resistance gene (or allele) was identified in three host group (HG) 3 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cvs. Olathe. Victor. and UI 37. based on genetic analysis of plants from five populations screened with the NL-3 K strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV). The gene (or allele) was associated with resistance to leaf stunting and deformity and reduction in plant height. The gene (or allele) provides similar, but slightly better resistance than the bc-1- gene that is characteristic of HG 3 cultivars. Traditional HG 3 cultivars like Redlands Greenleaf B with bc-1(2) are susceptible to NL-3 K, whereas this newly identified gene (or allele) conditions resistance to NL-3 K. Other slight variations in disease reaction pattern to a wide array of bean common mosaic (BCM)-inducing strains were noted among HG 3 differentials, indicating that additional resistance to BCM exists in common bean that remains to be exploited. To gauge the full breeding value of this newly identified gene (or allele), allelism tests with existing genes, namely bc-1(2) and further characterization of responses to all Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and BCMNV strains need to be conducted. Meanwhile, breeders should consider introgressing this more effective gene (or allele) into susceptible cultivars while plant pathologists continue to decipher the genetic variability present among HG 3 differential cultivars. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Kimberly Res & Extens Ctr, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Strausbaugh, CA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Kimberly Res & Extens Ctr, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 683 EP 690 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.6.683 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 682CA UT WOS:000183071900006 PM 18943054 ER PT J AU Kinloch, BB Sniezko, RA Dupper, GE AF Kinloch, BB Sniezko, RA Dupper, GE TI Origin and distribution of Cr2, a gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in natural populations of western white pine SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUGAR PINE; MONTICOLA AB The distribution and frequency of the Cr2 gene for resistance to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in western white pine (Pinus monticola) was surveyed in natural populations of the host by inoculation of open-pollinated seedlings from 687 individual seed parents from throuahout most of the species' range. Because Cr2 is dominant and results in a conspicuous hypersensitive reaction (HR) in pine needles, the phenotype can readily be detected in offspring of susceptible seed parents fertilized by unknown Cr2 donors in the ambient pollen cloud. Gametic frequencies of Cr2 were thus determined as the proportion of total challenged seedlings that were pollen receptors exhibiting the Cr2 phenotype. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. US Forest Serv, Dorena Genet Resources Ctr, USDA, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. RP Kinloch, BB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 12 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 691 EP 694 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.6.691 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 682CA UT WOS:000183071900007 PM 18943055 ER PT J AU Grunwald, NJ Goodwin, SB Milgroom, MG Fry, WE AF Grunwald, NJ Goodwin, SB Milgroom, MG Fry, WE TI Analysis of genotypic diversity data for populations of microorganisms SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; microbial ecology; population genetics ID SETOSPHAERIA-TURCICA POPULATIONS; CHESTNUT BLIGHT FUNGUS; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; MYCOSPHAERELLA-GRAMINICOLA; CRYPHONECTRIA-PARASITICA; PATHOGEN POPULATIONS; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; EVENNESS; DYNAMICS AB Estimation of genotypic diversity is an important component of the analysis of the genetic structure of plant pathogen and microbial populations. Estimates of genotypic diversity are a function of both the number of genotypes observed in a sample (genotype richness) and the evenness of distribution of genotypes within the sample. Currently used measures of genotypic diversity have inherent problems that could lead to incorrect conclusions, particularly when diversity is low or sample sizes differ. The number of genotypes observed in a sample depends on the technique used to assay for genetic variation; each technique will affect the maximum number of genotypes that can be detected. We developed an approach to analysis of genotypic diversity in plant pathology that makes specific reference to the techniques used for identifying genotypes. Preferably, populations that are being compared should be very similar in sample size. In this case, the number of genotypes observed can be used directly for comparing richness. In most cases, sample sizes differ and use of the rarefaction method to calculate richness is more appropriate. In all cases, scaling either Stoddart and Taylor's G or Shannon and Wiener's H' by sample size should be avoided. Under those circumstances where it might be important to distinguish whether richness or evenness contribute more to diversity, a bootstrapping approach, where confidence intervals are calculated for indices of diversity and evenness, is recommended. C1 USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Grunwald, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RI Grunwald, Niklaus/B-9535-2008; Grunwald, Niklaus/K-6041-2013 OI Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602 NR 47 TC 148 Z9 153 U1 4 U2 24 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 738 EP 746 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.6.738 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 682CA UT WOS:000183071900013 PM 18943061 ER PT J AU Rogers, ME Grieve, CM Shannon, MC AF Rogers, ME Grieve, CM Shannon, MC TI Plant growth and ion relations in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in response to the combined effects of NaCl and P SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; P nutrition; salinity; salt tolerance ID SALT TOLERANCE; SALINITY; PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHATE; NITROGEN; ALFALFA; TOMATO AB The combined effect of NaCl and P on the growth of lucerne was studied in two hydroponic greenhouse experiments. NaCl concentrations were identical in each experiment (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) while external P concentrations were low (viz. 0.002, 0.02 and 0.2 mM measured as 0.006, 0.026 and 0.2 mM, respectively) in one experiment and higher (0.5 and 5.0 mM) in the second. Plant biomass was reduced more by the low P levels than by high concentrations of NaCl. A significant NaCl*P effect was found where external P concentrations were low (0.006-0.2 mM) but there was no difference in plant production between the two P concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0 mM. Shoot and root concentrations of Na and Cl increased significantly with increasing NaCl concentration in both experiments and there were some differences in the concentrations of these ions at different external P levels. At low P, NaCl had no significant effect on shoot concentrations of P; however, root P concentrations tended to decrease with increasing NaCl level. Increasing external P from 0.006 to 0.2 mM led to significant increases in P concentrations in both roots and shoots. At higher P, concentrations of P in both the shoots and the roots did not differ with external NaCl or P conditions. Our results illustrate the complex relationship that exists between NaCl and P at low P levels. We conclude that high or non-limiting concentrations of P (0.2-5.0 mM) do not affect lucerne's response to NaCl. C1 Dept Primary Ind, Inst Sustainable Irrigated Agr, Tatura, Vic 3616, Australia. ARS, George E Brown Jr Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Rogers, ME (reprint author), Dept Primary Ind, Inst Sustainable Irrigated Agr, Ferguson Rd, Tatura, Vic 3616, Australia. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 2003 VL 253 IS 1 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1023/A:1024543215015 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 696VF UT WOS:000183907700014 ER PT J AU Klindworth, DL Williams, ND AF Klindworth, DL Williams, ND TI Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; T. turgidum; Secale cereale; interspecific hybridization; unreduced gametes; endosperm balance number AB The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two-third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum . Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum , respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Klindworth, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 122 IS 3 BP 213 EP 216 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00835.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 684JY UT WOS:000183203800005 ER PT J AU Jakse, M Havey, MJ Bohanec, B AF Jakse, M Havey, MJ Bohanec, B TI Chromosome doubling procedures of onion (Allium cepa L.) gynogenic embryos SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE chromosome doubling; embryos; amiprofos-methyl ID ANTIMICROTUBULE HERBICIDES; COLCHICINE; CULTURE AB A novel approach for chromosome doubling that consists of treating embryos instead of parts of micropropagated plants was investigated. Following 2-year trials, amiprofos-methyl (APM) was found to be superior to oryzalin on the basis of a lower toxicity, and we were able to narrow the range of concentrations of APM. The addition of 2% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and 1 % Triton X-100 to 25 muM APM had no effect in all treatments. A final experiment with 6,658 embryos demonstrated that a 2-day treatment in liquid media supplemented with 50 muM APM was the most successful with respect to chromosome doubling-36.7% of the plants were diploid-but the survival rate was reduced to 52.5% of that of the non-treated control. A 2-day treatment in liquid medium supplemented with 25 muM APM or a 2-day treatment on solid medium with 50 muM APM resulted in the production of diploids at a frequency of 28.9% and 21.3%, respectively. These may represent alternative methods for chromosome doubling since compared to the untreated control these two treatments reduced the survival rate by only about 24%. Final ploidy and fertility of the large proportion of induced mixoploid plants (up to 30.3%) need to be evaluated in further studies. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Dept Hort, Agr Res Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bohanec, B (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. NR 15 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 2003 VL 21 IS 9 BP 905 EP 910 DI 10.1007/s00299-003-0595-8 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 692ZZ UT WOS:000183691300011 PM 12789509 ER PT J AU Goldman, JJ Hanna, WW Fleming, G Ozias-Akins, P AF Goldman, JJ Hanna, WW Fleming, G Ozias-Akins, P TI Fertile transgenic pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] plants recovered through microprojectile bombardment and phosphinothricin selection of apical meristem-, inflorescence-, and immature embryo-derived embryogenic tissues SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE GFP; herbicide resistance; pearl millet; phosphinothricin; transformation ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; GENE-EXPRESSION; REGENERATION; AMERICANUM; CULTURES; TRANSFORMATION; GROWTH; RED AB Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a drought-tolerant cereal crop used for grain and forage. Novel traits from outside of the gene pool could be introduced provided a reliable gene-transfer method were available. We have obtained herbicide-resistant transgenic pearl millet plants by microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic tissues with the bar gene. Embryogenic tissues derived from immature embryos, inflorescences and apical meristems from diploid and tetraploid pearl millet genotypes were used as target tissues. Transformed cells were selected in the dark on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 15 mg/l phosphinothricin (PPT). After 3-10 weeks in the dark, herbicide-resistant somatic embryos were induced to germinate on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron and 0.1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine. Plants were transferred to the greenhouse after they were rooted in the presence of PPT and had passed a chlorophenol red assay (the medium turned from red to yellow). Transgenic plants were recovered from bombardments using intact pAHC25 plasmid DNA, a gel-purified bar fragment, or a mixture of pAHC25 plasmid or bar fragment and a plasmid containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene (p524EGFP.1). Analyses by the polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, GFP expression, resistance to herbicide application, and segregation of the bar and gfp genes confirmed the presence and stable integration of the foreign DNA. Transformed plants were recovered from all three explants, although transformation conditions were optimized using only the tetraploid inflorescence. Time from culture initiation to rooted transgenic plant using the tetraploid inflorescence ranged from 3-4 months. Seven independent DNA/gold precipitations were used to bombard 52 plates, 29 of which produced an average of 5.5 herbicide-resistant plants per plate. The number of herbicide-resistant plants recovered per successful bombardment ranged from one to 28 and the frequency of co-transformation with gfp ranged from 5% to 85%. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ozias-Akins, P (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 2003 VL 21 IS 10 BP 999 EP 1009 DI 10.1007/s00299-003-0615-8 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 695JB UT WOS:000183826400012 PM 12835911 ER PT J AU Wang, J Niblack, TL Tremain, JA Wiebold, WJ Tylka, GL Marett, CC Noel, GR Myers, O Schmidt, ME AF Wang, J Niblack, TL Tremain, JA Wiebold, WJ Tylka, GL Marett, CC Noel, GR Myers, O Schmidt, ME TI Soybean cyst nematode reduces soybean yield without causing obvious aboveground symptoms SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES AB Field experiments were conducted at locations in northern and southern Illinois, central Iowa, and central Missouri from 1997 to 1999 to investigate the effects of Heterodera glycines on soybean growth, development, and yield. A wide range of infestation levels was present at all locations. Two locally adapted cultivars, one resistant to H. glycines, were grown at each location. Cultivars were planted in alternating four-row strips with 76 cm between rows. For each cultivar, 20 1-m-long single-row plots were sampled every 2 weeks starting 4 weeks after planting. Infection by H. glycines reduced plant height and leaf and stem weight on the resistant cultivars in the first 12 weeks after planting, and delayed pod and seed development 12 to 14 weeks after planting. Biomass accumulation was not reduced on the susceptible cultivars until 10 weeks after planting; reduction in pod and seed development occurred throughout the reproductive stages. Susceptible cultivars produced significantly lower yields than resistant cultivars, but the yield reductions were not accompanied by visually detectable symptoms.. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Gen Agr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Niblack, TL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 17 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 87 IS 6 BP 623 EP 628 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.6.623 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 681QC UT WOS:000183046000003 ER PT J AU Bonde, MR Nester, SE Schaad, NW Frederick, RD Luster, DG AF Bonde, MR Nester, SE Schaad, NW Frederick, RD Luster, DG TI Improved detection of Tilletia indica teliospores in seed or soil by elimination of contaminating microorganisms with acidic electrolyzed water SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE disinfestant; Karnal bunt; sodium hypochlorite; superoxidized water ID KARNAL BUNT; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; OXIDIZING WATER; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; GERMINATION; EFFICACY; WALKERI AB Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) is a germicidal product of electrolysis of a dilute solution (e.g., 0.4% vol/vol) of sodium chloride. This solution can be used to disinfest wheat see or soil samples being tested for teliospores of Tilletia indica, causal agent of Karnal bunt, wit out risk of damaging the teliospores. The AEW used in this study had a pH of 2.5 to 2.8 and oxidation-reduction potential of approximately 1,130 mV. In simulations of routine extractions of wheat seed to detect teliospores of T. indica, the effectiveness of a 30-min AEW treatment was compared with a 2-min 0.4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment to eradicate bacteria and nonsmut fungi. Each treatment reduced bacterial and fungal populations in wheat seed extracts by 6 to 7 log(10) units when determined on 2% water agar with antibiotics. Reductions of 5 log(10) units or more were observed on other media. NaOCl and AEW also were very effective at eliminating bacteria and fungi from soil extracts. In studies to detect and quantitate T. indica teliospores in soil, AEW was nearly 100% effective at eliminating all nonsmut organisms. Free chlorine levels in AEW were very low, suggesting that compounds other than those with chlorine play a significant role in sanitation by AEW. The low pH of AEW was shown to contribute substantially to the effectiveness of AEW to reduce microorganisms. A standardized protocol is described for a 30-min AEW treatment of wheat seed washes or soil extracts to eliminate contaminating microorganisms. A significant advantage of the use of AEW over NaOCl is that, with AEW, teliospore germination is not reduced and usually is stimulated, whereas teliospore germination declines after contact with NaOCl. The protocol facilitates detection and enumeration of viable teliospores of T. indica in wheat seed or soil and the isolation of pure cultures for identification by polymerase chain reaction. The germicidal effects of AEW, as demonstrated in this study, illustrate the potential of AEW as an alternative to presently used seed disinfestants. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Bonde, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 87 IS 6 BP 712 EP 718 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.6.712 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 681QC UT WOS:000183046000018 ER PT J AU Molinero-Ruiz, ML Melero-Vara, JM Gulya, TJ Dominguez, J AF Molinero-Ruiz, ML Melero-Vara, JM Gulya, TJ Dominguez, J TI First report of resistance to metalaxyl in downy mildew of sunflower caused by Plasmopara halstedii in Spain. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 CSIC, IAS, Dept Crop Protect, Cordoba, Spain. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. CIFA Alameda Obispo, Dept Breeding & Agron, Cordoba, Spain. RP Molinero-Ruiz, ML (reprint author), CSIC, IAS, Dept Crop Protect, Apdo 4084, Cordoba, Spain. RI DOMINGUEZ, JUAN/J-1466-2012; Molinero-Ruiz, Leire/G-8627-2015 OI Molinero-Ruiz, Leire/0000-0001-5152-0418 NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 87 IS 6 BP 749 EP 749 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.6.749C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 681QC UT WOS:000183046000027 ER PT J AU Hernandez, JR Koike, T Scheck, HJ Hernandez, MEP AF Hernandez, JR Koike, T Scheck, HJ Hernandez, MEP TI First report of the rust Miyagia pseudosphaeria on Sonchus oleraceus in the Americas. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 USDA ARS, SBML, APHIS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Cooperat Extens, Salinas, CA 93901 USA. Agr Weights & Measures, Santa Barbara, CA 93110 USA. RP Hernandez, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, SBML, APHIS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 87 IS 6 BP 752 EP 752 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.6.752B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 681QC UT WOS:000183046000035 ER PT J AU Klein, PE Klein, RR Vrebalov, J Mullet, JE AF Klein, PE Klein, RR Vrebalov, J Mullet, JE TI Sequence-based alignment of sorghum chromosome 3 and rice chromosome 1 reveals extensive conservation of gene order and one major chromosomal rearrangement SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comparative mapping; sorghum; rice genomics ID BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES; MONOCOT-DICOT DIVERGENCE; GENOME SEQUENCE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GRASS GENOMES; MAIZE; MAP; REGIONS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB The completed rice genome sequence will accelerate progress on the identification and functional classification of biologically important genes and serve as an invaluable resource for the comparative analysis of grass genomes. In this study, methods were developed for sequence-based alignment of sorghum and rice chromosomes and for refining the sorghum genetic/physical map based on the rice genome sequence. A framework of 135 BAC contigs spanning approximately 33 Mbp was anchored to sorghum chromosome 3. A limited number of sequences were collected from 118 of the BACs and subjected to blastx analysis to identify putative genes and blastn analysis to identify sequence matches to the rice genome. Extensive conservation of gene content and order between sorghum chromosome 3 and the homeologous rice chromosome 1 was observed. One large-scale rearrangement was detected involving the inversion of an approximately 59 cM block of the short arm of sorghum chromosome 3. Several small-scale changes in gene collinearity were detected, indicating that single genes and/or small clusters of genes have moved since the divergence of sorghum and rice. Additionally, the alignment of the sorghum physical map to the rice genome sequence allowed sequence-assisted assembly of an approximately 1.6 Mbp sorghum BAC contig. This streamlined approach to high-resolution genome alignment and map building will yield important information about the relationships between rice and sorghum genes and genomic segments and ultimately enhance our understanding of cereal genome structure and evolution. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Klein, PE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pklein@tamu.edu NR 58 TC 41 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 5 BP 605 EP 621 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01751.x PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 682BE UT WOS:000183069700005 PM 12787243 ER PT J AU Engel, ML Chaboud, A Dumas, C McCormick, S AF Engel, ML Chaboud, A Dumas, C McCormick, S TI Sperm cells of Zea mays have a complex complement of mRNAs SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE maize; gamete; cDNA library; retroposons; whole-mount in situ hybridization ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; ZONA-PELLUCIDA BINDING; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; LILIUM-LONGIFLORUM; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; FLOWERING PLANTS; RNA LOCALIZATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNAS; POLLEN GRAINS AB Although double fertilization in angiosperm was discovered in 1898, we still know nothing about the proteins that mediate gamete recognition and fusion in plants. Because sperm are small and embedded within the large vegetative cell of the pollen grain, mRNAs from sperm are poorly represented in EST databases. We optimized fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in order to isolate Zea mays sperm free of contaminating vegetative cell cytoplasm, and constructed a cDNA library. Sequencing of over 1100 cDNAs from the unamplified library revealed that sperm have a diverse complement of mRNAs. Most transcripts were singletons; the most abundant was sequenced only 17 times. About 8% of the sequences are predicted to encode secreted or plasma membrane-localized proteins and are therefore candidates that might mediate gamete interactions. About 8% of the sequences correspond to retroposons. Plant sperm have condensed chromatin and are thought to be transcriptionally inactive. We used RT-PCR and in situ hybridization to determine when selected sperm mRNAs were transcribed. Sperm transcripts encoding proteins involved in general cell functions were present throughout pollen development and were more abundant in tricellular pollen than in sperm cells, suggesting that these transcripts were also present in the larger vegetative cell. However, several transcripts, which encode proteins that are most similar to hypothetical Arabidopsis proteins, appeared to be present exclusively in the sperm cells inside mature pollen, but were already present in unicellular microspores. This suggests that certain transcripts might be transcribed early during pollen development and later partitioned into the sperm cells. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Lyon 1, UMR 5667, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Lab Plant Reprod & Dev,CNRS,INRA,ENS, F-69365 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Flow Cytometry Facil, UMR5665, CNRS ENS, F-69364 Lyon, France. RP McCormick, S (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI McCormick, Sheila/0000-0001-9106-9385 NR 77 TC 123 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 5 BP 697 EP 707 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01761.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 682BE UT WOS:000183069700012 PM 12787250 ER PT J AU Srivastava, V Ow, DW AF Srivastava, V Ow, DW TI Rare instances of Cre-mediated deletion product maintained in transgenic wheat SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cre-lox; extra-chromosomal DNA; site-specific recombination; wheat transformation ID EXTRACHROMOSOMAL CIRCULAR DNA; PEA PISUM-SATIVUM; HIGHER-PLANTS; EXCISION; PROTEIN; GENOME; CELLS; MAIZE; RICE; GENE AB Previously, we described a Cre-lox based strategy to convert a complex multi-copy integration pattern to a single-copy transgene (Srivastava et al., 1999). When a lox-containing transgenic line of wheat was crossed with a cre-expressing line, extra copies of the transgene were deleted by site-specific recombination. This process included the removal of a lox-flanked selection marker gene, bar. Three out of six F-1 plants were chimeric for the resolved and the complex loci because both completely resolved and incompletely resolved patterns were found in the F-2 population. From one F-1 plant, 4 out of 20 F-2 progeny showed not only incomplete resolution of the complex integration pattern, but also the presence of a circular loxP-bar-nos3' fragment, which we refer to as the bar circle. This bar circle was detected in subsequent generations, and was associated with the presence of both the lox transgene and the cre locus. We hypothesize that the cre gene in these bar circle plants must have undergone a genetic or epigenetic change that altered the spatial and/or temporal pattern of cre expression. Late expression might excise the DNA incompletely, and late in development. What is surprising is that the DNA is not degraded, but remains in the cells as an extra-chromosomal circular molecule. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Srivastava, V (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 52 IS 3 BP 661 EP 668 DI 10.1023/A:1024839617490 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 703KP UT WOS:000184278800013 PM 12956534 ER PT J AU Dugan, FM Hellier, BC Lupien, SL AF Dugan, FM Hellier, BC Lupien, SL TI First report of Fusarium proliferatum causing rot of garlic bulbs in North America SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Intro Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Dugan, FM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Intro Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 52 IS 3 BP 426 EP 426 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00852.x PG 1 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 686FW UT WOS:000183311600038 ER PT J AU Hrabak, EM Chan, CWM Gribskov, M Harper, JF Choi, JH Halford, N Kudla, J Luan, S Nimmo, HG Sussman, MR Thomas, M Walker-Simmons, K Zhu, JK Harmon, AC AF Hrabak, EM Chan, CWM Gribskov, M Harper, JF Choi, JH Halford, N Kudla, J Luan, S Nimmo, HG Sussman, MR Thomas, M Walker-Simmons, K Zhu, JK Harmon, AC TI The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK superfamily of protein kinases SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CALMODULIN-LIKE DOMAIN; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE KINASE; DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS; SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; BARLEY ALEURONE LAYERS; PLANT SALT TOLERANCE; B-LIKE PROTEINS; ABSCISIC-ACID; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; GENE FAMILY AB The CDPK-SnRK superfamily consists of seven types of serine-threonine protein kinases: calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPKs), CDPK-related kinases (CRKs), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinases (PPCKs), PEP carboxylase kinase-related kinases (PEPRKs), calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs), calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs), and SnRKs. Within this superfamily, individual isoforms and subfamilies contain distinct regulatory domains, subcellular targeting information, and substrate specificities. Our analysis of the Arabidopsis genome identified 34 CDPKs, eight CRKs, two PPCKs, two PEPRKs, and 38 SnRKs. No definitive examples were found for a CCaMK similar to those previously identified in lily (Lilium longiflorum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) or for a CaMK similar to those in animals or yeast. CDPKs are present in plants and a specific subgroup of protists, but CRKs, PPCKs, PEPRKs, and two of the SnRK subgroups have been found only in plants. CDPKs and at least one SnRK have been implicated in decoding calcium signals in Arabidopsis. Analysis of intron placements supports the hypothesis that CDPKs, CRKs, PPCKs and PEPRKs have a common evolutionary origin; however there are no conserved intron positions between these kinases and the SnRK subgroup. CDPKs and SnRKs are found on all five Arabidopsis chromosomes. The presence of closely related kinases in regions of the genome known to have arisen by genome duplication indicates that these kinases probably arose by divergence from common ancestors. The PlantsP database provides a resource of continuously updated information on protein kinases from Arabidopsis and other plants. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Genet Program, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Biotechnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Agr Sci, Inst Arable Crops Res, Long Ashton Res Stn, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Plant Mol Sci Grp, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech 8618, Inst Biotechnol Plantes,Lab Biol Dev Plantes, Orsay, France. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Hrabak, EM (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, 46 Coll Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM emhrabak@cisunix.unh.edu RI Halford, Nigel/B-3872-2009; Kudla, Jorg/C-2174-2012; Zhu, Jian-Kang/F-7658-2011; OI Halford, Nigel/0000-0001-6488-2530; Kudla, Jorg/0000-0002-8238-767X; Zhu, Jian-Kang/0000-0001-5134-731X; Gribskov, Michael/0000-0002-1718-0242 FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/C/00004150]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01GM59138] NR 111 TC 424 Z9 565 U1 8 U2 95 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 666 EP 680 DI 10.1104/pp.102.011999 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FT UT WOS:000185076600028 PM 12805596 ER PT J AU Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Freshour, GD Hahn, MG Ye, ZH AF Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Freshour, GD Hahn, MG Ye, ZH TI Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PYROLYSIS MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SECONDARY CELL-WALL; CATALYTIC SUBUNITS; ARABIDOPSIS MUTANT; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; PLANTS; DEFICIENT; FIBER; CHROMATOGRAPHY; MICROFIBRILS AB Cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesAs) have been implicated in catalyzing the biosynthesis of cellulose, the major component of plant cell walls. Interactions between CesA subunits are thought to be required for normal cellulose synthesis, which suggests that incorporation of defective CesA subunits into cellulose synthase complex could potentially cause a dominant effect on cellulose synthesis. However, all CesA mutants so far reported have been shown to be recessive in terms of cellulose synthesis. In the course of studying the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary wall formation in fibers, we have found that a mutant allele of AtCesA7 gene in the fra5 (fragile fiber 5) mutant causes a semidominant phenotype in the reduction of fiber cell wall thickness and cellulose content. The fra5 missense mutation occurred in a conserved amino acid located in the second cytoplasmic domain of AtCesA7. Overexpression of the fra5 mutant cDNA in wild-type plants not only reduced secondary wall thickness and cellulose content but also decreased primary wall thickness and cell elongation. In contrast, overexpression of the fra6 mutant form of AtCesA8 did not cause any reduction in cell wall thickness and cellulose content. These results suggest that the fra5 mutant protein may interfere with the function of endogenous wild-type CesA proteins, thus resulting in a dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Ye, ZH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Hahn, Michael/0000-0003-2136-5191 NR 31 TC 70 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 786 EP 795 DI 10.1104/pp.102.019331 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FT UT WOS:000185076600041 PM 12805608 ER PT J AU Hoekenga, OA Vision, TJ Shaff, JE Monforte, AJ Lee, GP Howell, SH Kochian, LV AF Hoekenga, OA Vision, TJ Shaff, JE Monforte, AJ Lee, GP Howell, SH Kochian, LV TI Identification and characterization of aluminum tolerance loci in Arabidopsis (Landsberg erecta x Columbia) by quantitative trait locus mapping. A physiologically simple but genetically complex trait SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ORYZA-SATIVA L.; ROOT APICES; THALIANA; WHEAT; ACID; RICE; RESISTANCE; EXUDATION AB Aluminum (Al) toxicity, which is caused by the solubilization of Al(3+) in acid soils resulting in inhibition of root growth and nutrient/water acquisition, is a serious limitation to crop production, because up to one-half of the world's potentially arable land is acidic. To date, however, no Al tolerance genes have yet been cloned. The physiological mechanisms of tolerance are somewhat better understood; the major documented mechanism involves the Al-activated release of Al-binding organic acids from the root tip, preventing uptake into the primary site of toxicity. In this study, a quantitative trait loci analysis of Al tolerance in Arabidopsis was conducted, which also correlated Al tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) with physiological mechanisms of tolerance. The analysis identified two major loci, which explain approximately 40% of the variance in Al tolerance observed among recombinant inbred lines derived from Landsberg erecta (sensitive) and Columbia (tolerant). We characterized the mechanism by which tolerance is achieved, and we found that the two QTL cosegregate with an Al-activated release of malate from Arabidopsis roots. Although only two of the QTL have been identified, malate release explains nearly all (95%) of the variation in Al tolerance in this population. Al tolerance in Landsberg erecta X Columbia is more complex genetically than physiologically, in that a number of genes underlie a single physiological mechanism involving root malate release. These findings have set the stage for the subsequent cloning of the genes responsible for the Al tolerance QTL, and a genomics-based cloning strategy and initial progress on this are also discussed. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Inst Recerca & Tecnol Agroalimentaries, Dept Genet Vegetal, Cabrils 08348, Spain. Seoul Womens Univ, Inst Nat Sci, Seoul 139774, South Korea. Iowa State Univ, Inst Plant Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM lvk1@cornell.edu RI Vision, Todd/B-4867-2010; MONFORTE, Antonio Jose/B-4784-2009; OI Vision, Todd/0000-0002-6133-2581; MONFORTE, Antonio Jose/0000-0003-3461-3094; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 54 TC 91 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 936 EP 948 DI 10.1104/pp.103.023085 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FT UT WOS:000185076600055 PM 12805622 ER PT J AU Nakata, PA AF Nakata, PA TI Advances in our understanding of calcium oxalate crystal formation and function in plants SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE calcium; oxalate; crystal formation ID GLEDITSIA-TRIACANTHOS L; L-ASCORBIC-ACID; LEMNA-MINOR-L; DRACAENA-SANDERIANA; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; PISTIA-STRATIOTES; OXALIC-ACID; PANCRATIUM-SICKENBERGERI; MEDICAGO-TRUNCATULA; ACTINIDIA-DELICIOSA AB Calcium oxalate crystal formation in plants appears to play a central role in a variety of important functions, including tissue calcium regulation, protection from herbivory, and metal detoxification. Evidence is mounting to support ascorbic acid as the primary precursor to oxalate biosynthesis. The ascorbic acid utilized in oxalate biosynthesis is synthesized directly within the calcium oxalate crystal-accumulating cell, called the crystal idioblast. Several unique features of the crystal idioblast have been proposed as factors that influence calcium oxalate formation. These features include an abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), acidic proteins, cytoskeletal components, and the intravacuolar matrix. A number of mutants defective in different aspects of calcium oxalate crystal formation have been isolated. Cellular and biochemical characterizations of the various mutants have revealed mutations affecting crystal nucleation, morphology, distribution, and/or amount. Such mutants will be useful tools in continued efforts to decipher the pathways of crystal formation and function ill plants. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr,Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 105 TC 181 Z9 222 U1 5 U2 51 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 164 IS 6 BP 901 EP 909 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00120-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 681PR UT WOS:000183045000002 ER PT J AU Ozturk, L Karanlik, S Ozkutlu, F Cakmak, I Kochian, LV AF Ozturk, L Karanlik, S Ozkutlu, F Cakmak, I Kochian, LV TI Shoot biomass and zinc/cadmium uptake for hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species in response to growth on a zincdeficient calcareous soil SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cadmium; hyperaccumulator; Thlaspi caerulescens; Thlaspi arvense; zinc ID DURUM-WHEAT SEEDLINGS; CONTAMINATED SOILS; ZINC-DEFICIENCY; CAERULESCENS J; CADMIUM UPTAKE; C-PRESL; COMPARTMENTATION; TRANSPORT; LEAVES; RHIZOSPHERE AB Thlaspi caerulescens is one of the best-known heavy metal hyperaccumulating plant species. It exhibits the ability to extract metals from soils and accumulates them in shoots at extremely high concentrations, particularly zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). Using T caerulescens (J. and C. Presl, ecotype Prayon) and a closely related non-accumulator species T arvense, greenhouse experiments were carried out to study shoot growth (dry matter production) and Zn and Cd uptake from a severely Zn-deficient calcareous soil (DTPA-Zn: 0.09 mg kg(-1) soil) supplemented with increasing amounts of Zn (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 25 and 75 mg kg(-1) soil) and Cd (0 and 25 mg kg(-1) soil). Shoot dry matter production of T caerulescens was severely depressed by Zn deficiency, while in T arvense, Zn deficiency slightly reduced growth. At the lowest Zn supplies (0 and 0.05 mg Zn kg(-1) soil), T caerulescens showed very severe Zn deficiency symptoms, including decreased leaf size and development of chlorosis and whitish-brown necrosis on the younger leaves. These symptoms were slight in T arvense. At the highest Zn supply, leaves of T caerulescens did not show any symptoms, but in T. arvense there were some necrotic patches on the margins of older leaves, probably due to Zn toxicity. With increasing Zn supply from 0 to 75 mg kg(-1) soil, shoot dry matter production was increased by 4-fold in T caerulescens and only 1.3-fold in T arvense. Supply of Cd resulted in marked decrease in shoot growth of T. arvense, particularly under low Zn supply, but had no effect on the growth of T caerulescens. At the low soil Zn levels ( < 0.5 mg Zn kg(-1)) shoot Zn concentrations were lower in T caerulescens compared with T arvense, and were below 10 mg Zn kg(-1) dry weight. However, at the high supplies of Zn ( > 5 mg Zn kg(-1)), shoot Zn concentrations were considerably higher in T. caerulescens than T arvense. Increase in Zn supply from 0 to 75 mg kg(-1) enhanced shoot Zn concentrations by 84-fold in T caerulescens and only 8-fold in T arvense. Shoot Zn concentrations of both species were not affected by Cd supply, while increase in Zn supply did not affect Cd concentrations in shoot of T caerulescens, but markedly reduced them in T. arvense. The results demonstrate that T. caerulescens is extremely sensitive to Zn deficiency in soils, but tolerant to excessive accumulation of Zn and also Cd in shoot, while T arvense is tolerant to Zn deficiency but not to accumulation of Zn and Cd in shoot. Hyperaccumulation of Zn in T. caerulescens possibly depends on the existence of high concentrations of plant-available Zn in soils, which suggests that root-based mechanisms associated with increasing metal availability in the rhizosphere (e.g., rhizosphere acidification or release of Zn-mobilizing organic compounds from roots) only play a minor role in metal hyperaccumulation by T caerulescens. The findings also suggest that the processes causing the metal hyperaccumulation trait in T caerulescens also cause this plant species to be sensitive to Zn deficiency stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sabanci Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, TR-81474 Tuzla Istanbul, Turkey. Cukurova Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Soil Sci, TR-14853 Adana, Turkey. Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cakmak, I (reprint author), Sabanci Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, TR-81474 Tuzla Istanbul, Turkey. RI Cakmak, Ismail/A-2257-2009; Ozturk, Levent/H-3092-2011; OI Ozturk, Levent/0000-0002-0189-8196; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; karanlik, sema/0000-0002-0659-8627 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 41 U1 6 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 164 IS 6 BP 1095 EP 1101 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00118-3 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 681PR UT WOS:000183045000022 ER PT J AU Martin, AR Denes, FS Rowell, RM Mattoso, LHC AF Martin, AR Denes, FS Rowell, RM Mattoso, LHC TI Mechanical behavior of cold plasma-treated sisal and high-density polyethylene composites SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; GLOW-DISCHARGE; FIBER; POLYMERIZATION; POLYPROPYLENE AB Sisal fibers and finely powdered high-density polyethylene were surface functionalized with dichlorosilane on a RF(radio frequency)-plasma reactor. composites made from sisal and high-density polyethylene were compounded using a thermokinetic mixer. The discharged mass was cooled, granulated, and injected molded into composite specimens for testing. The mechanical behaviors (tensile, impact and thermal dynamical mechanical properties) of composites made from cold plasma-treated and untreated components are compared and discussed. The best mechanical performance was generally obtained for composites where only the inert thermoplastic matrix was plasma-functionalized. Plasma treatment of ligno-cellulosic fibers seems to induce decomposition processes of the surface layers structures exposed to the plasma that generally does not contribute to significant improvement on the mechanical behavior of the composite. C1 Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Mat Engn, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Plasma Aided Mfg, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Embrapa Instrumentacao Agropecuaria, BR-13560970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. RP Mattoso, LHC (reprint author), Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Mat Engn, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. RI Mattoso, Luiz H C/D-2794-2016 OI Mattoso, Luiz H C/0000-0001-7586-1014 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 24 IS 3 BP 464 EP 474 DI 10.1002/pc.10045 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 695UK UT WOS:000183848600017 ER PT J AU Lawrence, SS Walia, PS Willett, JL AF Lawrence, SS Walia, PS Willett, JL TI Starch-filled ternary polymer composites. I: Dynamic mechanical properties SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE COMPOSITES; SPHERICAL INCLUSIONS; ESTER ETHER); BEHAVIOR; BLENDS; POLYPROPYLENE; MORPHOLOGY; MOISTURE; BINARY AB The dynamic mechanical properties of starch-filled blends of polyethylene (PE) and poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) are strongly dependent on the proper-ties and distribution of the minor component (PHEE). The effect of the minor component on the viscoelastic properties was investigated by modeling the storage modulus, G', using a step-wise homogenization process. A comparison of theoretical and experimental data indicates that the morphology changes as the total volume fraction of filler phi(t) increases. At low phi(t), the PHEE encapsulates isolated starch granules. Above phi(t) similar to 0.2, the PHEE surface coating contributes to the formation of particle clusters. Evidence of particle encapsulation was provided by a microscopic examination of fractured tensile bars. At all filler contents, the decrease in the composite's modulus at the T-g of PHEE is larger than can be accounted for if this material is simply dispersed in the matrix. When the starch granules are clustered, the decrease is also too large to be accounted for by only considering particle encapsulation. The effect of particle clustering must be included in order for the model to correctly describe the temperature dependence of the storage modulus. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Engn Sci Polymer Proc, Midland, MI 48677 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1250 EP 1260 DI 10.1002/pen.10106 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 695TF UT WOS:000183845900008 ER PT J AU Bai, JH Saftner, RA Watada, AE AF Bai, JH Saftner, RA Watada, AE TI Characteristics of fresh-cut honeydew (Cucumis xmelo L.) available to processors in winter and summer and its quality maintenance by modified atmosphere packaging SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fresh-cut; honeydew; modified atmosphere packaging; quality; season; volatiles ID ZUCCHINI SQUASH SLICES; ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; STORAGE; CANTALOUPE; CALCIUM; VEGETABLES; PERSIMMONS; KIWIFRUIT; CULTIVAR; FRUITS AB Quality characteristics and physiology of fresh-cut honeydew cubes harvested in summer and winter were evaluated. Sanitized melon cubes were packaged and held at three different atmospheres; passively formed atmosphere (passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)), active flushing of package with 5 kPa O-2 + 5 kPa CO2 at packaging (active MAP), and perforated film package (PFP) and at three different temperature treatments; continuously at 5 or 10degreesC or 2 days at 5degreesC and transferred to 10degreesC for a total of I I days. Cubes of summer fruit had higher soluble solids content (SSC), respiration rate, and translucency than that of winter fruit. Translucency and off-odor were the main factors in deterioration of cubes. Cubes in active MAP had better color retention, reduced respiration rate and microbial population, and longer shelf-life than those in passive MAP, which was of better quality and had a longer shelf-life than cubes in PFP. The active MAP and 5degreesC continuous was the best combination and the PFP and 10degreesC continuous was the worst combination among the treatments for retaining quality and shelf-life of honeydew cubes. Quality attributes differed between cubes of fruit available in winter and summer, but the shelf-life was similar for both winter and summer cubes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 3 BP 349 EP 359 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00209-0 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00209-0 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 681PM UT WOS:000183044600002 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Buta, JG Wang, CY AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Buta, JG Wang, CY TI Methyl jasmonate and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of papaya 'Sunrise' SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE papaya; methyl jasmonate; film packaging; fungal decay; Anthracnose; chilling injury ID CHILLING INJURY; FRUIT; GRAPEFRUIT AB Exposure of papaya (Carica papaya L., cv. Sunrise) fruit to methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapors (10(-5) or 10(-4) M) for 16 h at 20degreesC inhibited fungal decay and reduced chilling injury development and loss of firmness during storage for 14-32 days at 10degreesC and 4 days shelf life at 20degreesC. MJ-treated fruit also retained higher organic acids than the control fruit. Low density polyethylene film packaging prevented water loss and further loss of firmness as well as inhibiting yellowing (b* values) of papaya fruit. The modified atmosphere created (3-5 kPa O-2 and 6-9 kPa CO2) inside the package did not induce any off-flavor development during storage at 10degreesC. The postharvest quality of papaya was enhanced significantly by combining the MJ-treatments and MAP. Use of MJ at 10(-5) M with MAP is beneficial to maintaining postharvest quality of papaya during low temperature storage and shelf-life period. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo, AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RP Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 74 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 3 BP 361 EP 370 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00200-4 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00200-4 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 681PM UT WOS:000183044600003 ER PT J AU Bai, JH Hagenmaier, RD Baldwin, EA AF Bai, JH Hagenmaier, RD Baldwin, EA TI Coating selection for 'Delicious' and other apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coating; apple; internal gas; variety; ethanol ID LOWER OXYGEN LIMITS; SHELLAC COATINGS; WATER-VAPOR; FRUIT; PERMEABILITY; QUALITY; STORAGE; FLAVOR AB The gas permeabilities of shellac and several experimental coating formulations, including candelilla wax and shellac-carnauba were measured. These coatings, selected to have a wide range of gas permeabilities, were applied to freshly harvested and 5-month commercially stored 'Delicious', 'Fuji', 'Braeburn' and 'Granny Smith' apples. The coated apples were monitored during storage of 2 or 4 weeks at 20degreesC for changes in internal gases level, and for quality parameters (surface gloss, weight loss, flesh firmness, Brix, titratable acidity and ethanol content). The shellac coating resulted in maximum fruit gloss, lowest internal O-2, highest CO2, and least loss of flesh firmness for all of the varieties. The 'Granny Smith' with shellac had low internal O-2 (< 2 kPa) with both freshly harvested and 5 month-stored apples, and the freshly-harvested 'Braeburn' had high internal CO, (25 kPa). This excessive modification of internal gas induced an abrupt rise of the respiratory quotient, prodigious accumulation of ethanol in both 'Braeburn' and 'Granny Smith', and flesh browning at the blossom end of 'Braeburn'. In addition the shellac coating gave an unusual accumulation of ethanol in freshly harvested and 5 month-stored 'Fuji'. Candelilla and carnauba-shellac coatings maintained more optimal internal O-2 and CO2 and better quality for 'Fuji', 'Braeburn' and 'Granny Smith' apples, although even these coatings may present too much of a gas barrier for 'Granny Smith'. Therefore, this research recommends the best coatings as shellac for 'Delicious', and carnauba-shellac for 'Braeburn' or 'Fuji'. Best for 'Granny Smith' would seem to be a high-permeability wax similar to polyethylene, which has not been approved for apple by FDA. In general, the gas permeabilities of the coatings were useful as an indicator of differences in coating barrier properties, but did not account for differences in pore blockage. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Hagenmaier, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area, 600 Ave S,NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 3 BP 381 EP 390 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00201-6 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00201-6 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 681PM UT WOS:000183044600005 ER PT J AU Davis, AR Fish, WW Perkins-Veazie, P AF Davis, AR Fish, WW Perkins-Veazie, P TI A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lycopene; tomato; carotenoid; lycopene assay; lycopene quantitation; lycopene detection method ID MATURITY AB Lycopene is a carotenoid that has antioxidant properties and imparts the red pigment in some fruits and vegetables. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the predominant lycopene sources in a typical North American diet. Current methods to assay lycopene content in fruit are time consuming, expensive, and use hazardous organic solvents. Here, we report a method by which light absorbance measured with a scanning xenon flash colorimeter/spectrophotometer is used to quantify lycopene content in pureed translucent fruit samples. We evaluated 13 tomatoes (four different cultivars) and 38 tomato products. Our puree absorbance method (PAM) had linear correlation coefficients with lycopene content determined by hexane extraction/spectrophotometry of R-2 = 0.97 for fresh tomato, and 0.88 for tomato products. These linear correlations between methods show that this rapid method will likely work for quantitating lycopene content in purees of fresh tomatoes and some prepared foods. Since pureeing is the only processing required and no chemicals are needed, the method is rapid, inexpensive and requires no hazardous chemicals. Since lycopene has health benefits and food colorant potential, lycopene content in fruits is of interest to the food industry. This simple method for measuring lycopene content in a wide variety of foods and food products promises widespread use for lycopene quantitation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Davis, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 12 TC 62 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 3 BP 425 EP 430 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00203-X DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00203-X PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 681PM UT WOS:000183044600009 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Emara, MG AF Rath, NC Emara, MG TI Ancillary Scientists Symposium: Genetic Technology Applied to Poultry Production - Introduction SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE genomics; disease; biotechnology; production C1 USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 82 IS 6 BP 868 EP 869 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 684QA UT WOS:000183217000002 ER PT J AU Richards, MP AF Richards, MP TI Genetic regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE appetite; energy balance; leptin; melanocortin system; genetic regulation ID MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN HOMOLOG; CHICKEN LEPTIN GENE; FOOD-INTAKE; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; NEONATAL CHICKS; INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION; MESSENGER-RNA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; BODY-WEIGHT AB Intensive selection by poultry breeders over many generations for economically important production traits such as growth rate and meat production has been accompanied by significant changes in feed intake and energy balance. For example, the modern commercial broiler, selected for rapid growth and enhanced muscle mass, does not adequately regulate voluntary feed intake to achieve energy balance. When given unrestricted access to feed, broilers exhibit hyperphagia leading to an excessive accumulation of energy (fat) stores, making these birds prone to obesity an other health-related problems. Humoral and neural pathways have been identified and studied in mammals that link appetite and energy balance. A series of highly integrated regulatory mechanisms exists for both of these processes involving complex interactions between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Within the central nervous system, the brainstem and the hypothalamus play critical roles in the regulation of feed intake and energy balance. Genes encoding key regulatory factors such as hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and binding/transport proteins constitute the molecular basis for regulatory systems that derive from integrated sensing, signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, we do not yet have a complete understanding of the genetic basis for this regulation in poultry. This review examines what is currently known about the regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry. A better understanding of the genes associated with controlling feed intake and energy balance and how their expression is regulated by nutritional and hormonal stimuli will offer new insights into current poultry breeding and management practices. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Richards, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Growth Biol Lab, 10300 Balitmore Ave,Bldg 200,Room 206, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 59 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 16 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 82 IS 6 BP 907 EP 916 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 684QA UT WOS:000183217000009 PM 12817445 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Ricke, SC AF Gast, RK Ricke, SC TI Symposium: Current and future prospects for induced molting in laying hens - Introduction SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE molting; symposium; egg; poultry industry C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 82 IS 6 BP 964 EP 964 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 684QA UT WOS:000183217000016 ER PT J AU Holt, PS AF Holt, PS TI Molting and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection: The problem and some solutions SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE food safety; Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; molting; stress ID WHITE LEGHORN HENS; HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; LAYING CHICKENS; FEED WITHDRAWAL; SEVERITY AB Induced molting is an important economic tool used by the egg industry to recycle an aging layer flock. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the flocks nationwide and almost 100% in California are molted annually. Considering that there are approximately 240 million hens in production in the U.S., a rough estimate of the numbers of hens molted every year would be between 144 and 168 million birds, a substantial number. There are many methods to induce molt, but feed removal until hens lose a specific weight is the most prevalent molt strategy in the U.S. However, experimental studies in our laboratory have shown that induced molting via feed removal depresses the immune system of hens and exacerbates a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) problem in a simulated flock situation. Molted hens excreted significantly higher SE numbers in the feces, had higher numbers of SE in internal organs, and exhibited more intestinal inflammation. Molted hens were 100- to 1,000-fold more susceptible to infection by SE and therefore more readily transmitted the organism to uninfected hens in neighboring cages. With the problems identified, solutions were sought, and several were successful in ameliorating the SE issue. Antibiotic therapy, vaccination, and use of low-energy, low-calcium diets to molt hens all dramatically decreased SE shedding during molt. All of the solutions provide the producer with many potential solutions to the SE food safety issue and still allow them to recycle their hens. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 27 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1008 EP 1010 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 684QA UT WOS:000183217000022 PM 12817457 ER PT J AU Siopes, TD Proudman, JA AF Siopes, TD Proudman, JA TI Photoresponsiveness of turkey breeder hens changes during the egg-laying season: Relative and absolute photorefractoriness SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; photorefractoriness; prolactin; photoresponsiveness; luteinizing hormone ID THYROXINE; PROLACTIN AB Photosensitive species undergo neuroendocrine changes during a reproductive season that cause them to gradually become unresponsive to a photoperiod that initially stimulated reproduction. They may first become relatively photorefractory (rPR), when they will cease egg laying only if photoperiod is reduced, and then absolutely photorefractory (aPR), when they will cease laying despite long day length. Our objective was to test the photoresponsiveness of breeder turkey hens during egg production at various times following photostimulation and to relate photoresponsiveness to rPR and aPR as well as plasma levels of prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Hens were maintained in cages in light-controlled facilities and photostimulated at 31 wk of age (September) with a photoperiod of 16L:8D. At 8, 14, and 20 wk after photostimulation, treated hens received a 2-wk exposure to an 11.5L:12.5D photoperiod and were then returned to 16L:8D. Exposure to the shortened photoperiod at 8 wk of photostimulation resulted in three distinct responses of declining egg production: nonresponders (NR, 32.7% of hens), partial responders (PAR, 43.9%), or full responders (FR, 23.4%). Egg production returned to control levels following return to a 16L:8D photoperiod. This response repeated at the 14- and 20-wk treatment periods but with greater declines in egg production in the NR and PAR groups. The incidence of subsequent aPR in the NR, PAR, and FR groups was 5.7, 8.5 and 24%, respectively, as compared to 23.3% for the controls. Plasma LH and PRL concentrations also declined in response to 11.5L:12.5D and also rebounded following return to 16L:8D. The hormonal responses of NR, PAR, and FR were similar. We conclude that turkey hens exhibit varying degrees of rPR early during the egg laying season and that the incidence and severity of the rPR response increases as the laying season progresses. Further, PRL and LH levels did not reflect the differences in egg production among the responder and non-responder groups to changes in photoperiod. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Siopes, TD (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1042 EP 1048 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 684QA UT WOS:000183217000028 PM 12817463 ER PT J AU Gregoire, O Cleland, MR Mittendorfer, J Dababneh, S Ehlermann, DAE Fan, X Kappeler, F Logar, J Meissner, J Mullier, B Stichelbaut, F Thayer, DW AF Gregoire, O Cleland, MR Mittendorfer, J Dababneh, S Ehlermann, DAE Fan, X Kappeler, F Logar, J Meissner, J Mullier, B Stichelbaut, F Thayer, DW TI Radiological safety of food irradiation with high energy X-rays: theoretical expectations and experimental evidence SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MEV ELECTRONS; RADIOACTIVITY AB The radiological safety of red meat irradiated with 7.5 MeV X-rays ('bremsstrahlung) has been investigated theoretically and verified by dedicated experiments. Samples of meat and meat ash were located in a large volume of fresh meat at the position of the highest photoneutron fluence and irradiated to an X-ray dose of 15 kGy, twice the maximum dose allowed by the US FDA for meat irradiation. In order to evaluate the safety of treatment with any kind of electron accelerators, two experiments have been performed with different accelerators delivering electrons with a narrow and a broad energy spread. The measured activities and theoretical estimates are of the same order of magnitude. An evaluation of the corresponding radiation exposure from ingestion of the irradiated product has been compared to natural background radiation. The paper concludes that the risk to individuals from intake of food irradiated with X-rays from 7.5 MeV electrons, even with a broad energy spectrum, would be trivial. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 IBA Sa, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. High Tech Consulting, A-4600 Wels, Austria. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Bundesforschungsanstalt Ernahrung, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Ion Beam Applicat, Bridgeport, NJ 08014 USA. Meissner Consulting GmbH, D-80796 Munich, Germany. RP Gregoire, O (reprint author), IBA Sa, Chemin Cyclotron 3, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. RI Dababneh, Saed/E-7281-2017 OI Dababneh, Saed/0000-0002-7376-1084 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 169 EP 183 AR PII S0969-806X(02)00410-3 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(02)00410-3 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 679LV UT WOS:000182924700011 ER PT J AU Steed, JE DeWald, LE AF Steed, JE DeWald, LE TI Transplanting sedges (Carex spp.) in southwestern riparian meadows SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE revegetation; transplants; sedges; Carex; meadow restoration; riparian ID WATER-TABLE; CARBOHYDRATE-LEVELS; NEBRASKA SEDGE; UNITED-STATES; LIFE-HISTORY; LACUSTRIS; WETLANDS; NEBRASCENSIS; RESTORATION; TOLERANCE AB The success of revegetation efforts in southwestern U.S. riparian meadows has been limited because natural recolonization is often poor and little is known about establishment of transplanted native meadow species such as sedges. To evaluate their potential use in riparian restoration, the survival and growth of transplanted wildlings of three sedge species, Carex lanuginosa (woolly sedge), C. nebrascensis (Nebraska sedge), and C. rostrata (beaked sedge), were assessed. Transplanting occurred during two seasons (summer and fall) using two transplant sizes (295 and 680 cm(3)) at seven montane meadow sites in Arizona. Survival was similar among species, but shoot numbers were greater for C. lanuginosa (12.7 shoots/wildling) compared with C. nebrascensis (5.5 shoots/wildling) and C. rostrata (7.9 shoots/wildling). Survival was significantly greater for the summer transplant season (55.1%) versus fall (24.1%). Survival and growth were greater for the larger transplant size (46.1% large vs. 33.0% small; 8.1 shoots/wildling large vs. 6.4 small). Wildling survival was related to depth to groundwater for each species. Survival was highest for C. lanuginosa (78.6%), C. nebrascensis (88.2%), and C. rostrata (64.3%) where the groundwater depth was -48 to -60, -28 to -47, and -8 to -27 cm, respectively. These results suggest that restoration will be most successful if transplanting occurs in summer, using large wildling transplants when under stressful conditions such as waterlogged or dry soils, and when species are planted at appropriate groundwater depths. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Steed, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 52 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 247 EP 256 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00193.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 682EM UT WOS:000183078400014 ER PT J AU Chapin, CT Bridgham, SD Pastor, J Updegraff, K AF Chapin, CT Bridgham, SD Pastor, J Updegraff, K TI Nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon mineralization in response to nutrient and lime additions in peatlands SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mineralization; peatland; bog; fen; nitrogen; phosphorus; carbon ID GRADIENT; FOREST; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; WETLANDS; ALBERTA; LITTER; CANADA; SOILS; BOGS AB This objective of this study was to determine if mineralization of C, N, and P was pH stressed and/or nutrient limited in a bog and fen in northeastern Minnesota. Although soil activity in northern peatlands can be limited by low pH, low temperatures, high C:N and C:P ratios of soil organic matter, and/or anaerobic conditions, different classes of peatlands (bog and fen) vary in the type and degree of stress affecting soil processes. We employed in situ studies, laboratory incubations, and a fertilization and liming experiment to understand peatland mineralization dynamics further. Nitrogen mineralization in the field was higher in the fen than in the bog, but net P mineralization was close to zero in both sites. Soil cores were removed from plots that had been treated for 2 years with NH(4)(+), PO(4)(-2), and/or CaCO(3), followed by a 30-week lab incubation. Nutrient additions in the bog increased the labile N pool (NO), and cumulative N and P mineralization over 30 weeks, but lime addition had no effect. Nutrient additions to the fen did not significantly alter nutrient pool sizes (N(0), P(0)), cumulative mineralization totals, or mineralization rates. However, lime additions decreased potentially mineralizable N and cumulative N mineralization in the fen aerobic incubations, but increased cumulative P mineralization in the anaerobic incubations. Although both are peatlands, bog and fen nutrient cycles are controlled by different factors that may explain the differences in mineralization, total soil N and P, and respective labile pools. This information may be especially useful in anticipating changes brought about by anthropogenic nutrient/cation inputs and hydrologic alterations. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Fed Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Chapin, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Fed Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM ctc13@cornell.edu RI Pastor, John/F-6241-2011 NR 34 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 7 U2 61 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 168 IS 6 BP 409 EP 420 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000075286.87447.5d PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 691KL UT WOS:000183605400003 ER PT J AU Fortuna, A Harwood, RR Paul, EA AF Fortuna, A Harwood, RR Paul, EA TI The effects of compost and crop rotations on carbon turnover and the particulate organic matter fraction SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE compost; rotation; POM; C-13 natural abundance; C-4-C; turnover time; SOC ID NATURAL C-13 ABUNDANCE; SOIL CARBON; DYNAMICS; RESIDUE; CORN; AGROECOSYSTEMS; DECOMPOSITION; RESPIRATION; FERTILIZER; NITROGEN AB Management practices that influence the quantity of C inputs returned to the soil from cropping systems and compost applications alter subsequent biotic activity broadly, contribute to seasonal fluctuations in nutrient dynamics, and may increase C sequestration. The effects of crop rotations and compost applications on soil-C sequestration and decompostion, and the turnover time of C-4-derived corn C were assessed via changes in the C content and C-13 values of particulate organic matter (POM) and total soil organic C (SCIC). The majority of organic inputs entered the POM fraction, defined as the sand-sized soil separates remaining on a 53-mum sieve after removal of residues (>2 mm), dispersion in 5% sodium polyphosphate, and 12 h of shaking. Before the application of compost to soil, 85% of the C in the compost material was classified as PCIM. Measurements of POM-C in the soil were 45% higher and SOC was 16% greater where compost was applied in place of N fertilizer. Addition of compost to POM-C diminished the value of POM as an indicator of short-term changes in nutrient dynamics. However, POM-C remaining from compost applications made during the period 1993 to 1997 may be an indicator of enhanced macroaggregate stability: improved soil tilth and the retention of soil C and N. The turnover time of C4-derived C in the POM fraction was 11 years compared with 22 years in SOC. The presence of compost C did not affect the turnover time of corn-derived C. High cropping intensity and chisel plow management increased C sequestration relative to the preceding alfalfa management. C1 Univ Maine, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, USDA ARS, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Colorado State Univ, NESB, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Fortuna, A (reprint author), Univ Maine, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, USDA ARS, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RI Fortuna, Ann-Marie/G-4884-2012 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 29 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 168 IS 6 BP 434 EP 444 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000075288.53382.91 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 691KL UT WOS:000183605400005 ER PT J AU He, XD Chen, W Liu, TX AF He, XD Chen, W Liu, TX TI Attraction of diamondback moth to three commercial sex pheromone lures under laboratory and field conditions SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA LEPIDOPTERA; YPONOMEUTIDAE; COMMUNICATION; MANAGEMENT; ACETATE AB Several commercial pheromone lures for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) were used for monitoring male moths in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, in the 1990's; however, none were successful in capturing male moths. In this study, three commercial sex pheromone lures (Pherocon(TM), Scenturion 1(st) Watch(TM), and IPM(TM)) for P. xylostella were tested in a cabbage field and walk-in field cages using the Scentry and TRECE traps. All three pheromone lures were effective for capturing adult males of P. xylostella under field conditions. Among the three lures, Pherocon(TM) and IPM(TM) lures were significantly more effective in general than the Scenturion 1(st) Watch(TM). The effectiveness of the three lures lasted longer than seven weeks. There was no significant difference among the three lures in a no-choice test in the field cages. Mating disruption of the lures on male P. xylostella was observed in the two-lure-choice tests in the walk-in field cages. The ratio of the three components, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexedecenol was found to be 3:1:2 from 1- to 6-d old P. xylostella female abdominal tips using GC-MS analysis. The level of pheromones produced by females reached a maximum from 3-4 d old females. The ratios of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexedecenol were detected as 1.15:1.00:0.04, 1.60:1.00:0.23 and 0.52:1.00:0.03 from the commercial pheromone lures of Pherocon(TM), Scenturion 1(st) Watch(TM) and IPM(TM), respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP He, XD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 703DP UT WOS:000184265000003 ER PT J AU Raina, AK AF Raina, AK TI Pheromone production in corn earworm: Effect of temperature and humidity SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; CALLING BEHAVIOR; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; MOTHS LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUID MOTHS; TRAP CATCHES; LIGHT; MOONLIGHT; PERIODICITIES AB Females of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), produce a sex pheromone to attract conspecific males for mating. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of three temperatures and three levels of relative humidity (RH) on pheromone titer in the females measured as the quantity of Z11-hexadecenal, the major component of corn earworm sex pheromone. Under normal temperature and RH condition, females produced an average of 36.1 +/- 3.9 ng. Lowest pheromone titer (2.8 +/- 1.1 ng/female) was observed in females kept at cool (15degreesC) temperature and normal (50%) RH. Warm temperature (35degreesC) with any of the RH combinations (10, 50, or 90%) resulted in low pheromone production. Pheromone titer could be increased significantly by injecting pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) into females maintained at cool temperature; this treatment had no effect at the warm temperature. Thus, low availability of PBAN seems to be at least one of the factors contributing to the decreased pheromone titers at the cool temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Raina, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 703DP UT WOS:000184265000004 ER PT J AU Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Kindler, SD Jones, DB Tao, FL AF Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Kindler, SD Jones, DB Tao, FL TI The negative binomial distribution as a model for describing counts of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum, on wheat SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB One-hundred-thirty-two samples in which one or more tiller was infested with greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were taken during the fall growing season, and 232 samples with one or more greenbugs were taken during spring. The frequency distribution of greenbug counts differed significantly from that expected for a negative binomial distribution for six of 132 samples from fall (4.5%) and for six of 222 samples from spring (2.7%). Estimates of k were highly variable and changed systematically as (x) over bar increased. The parameters of a quadratic regression model fitted to samples with (x) over bar > 0.25 greenbugs per tiller did not differ significantly between samples from fall and spring. The expected value of k from the quadratic regression model varied from approximately 0.3 to 0.7 as (x) over bar varied from 2 to 12 greenbugs per tiller. Variation in estimates of k about the regression curve provided an indication of the extent to which k varied independent of greenbug population intensity. The mean square error of the regression was equal to 0.043 and was relatively large compared to k. This indicates that a sequential sampling scheme based on the negative binomial distribution should be evaluated by simulation and/or direct validation to verify the utility of a sampling scheme before operational use in a pest management program. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Elliott, NC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Lab, N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RI Royer, Tom/D-9737-2016 OI Royer, Tom/0000-0003-0912-7115 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 131 EP 136 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 703DP UT WOS:000184265000006 ER PT J AU Maas, DL Springer, TL Arnold, DC AF Maas, DL Springer, TL Arnold, DC TI Occurence of the maize billbug, Sphenophorus maidis in eastern gamagrass SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION C1 USDA ARS, SPRRS, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Maas, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPRRS, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 151 EP 152 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 703DP UT WOS:000184265000009 ER PT J AU Grubb, TG AF Grubb, TG TI Wintering bald eagle trends in Northern Arizona, 1975-2000 SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID ADULT AB Between 1975 and 2000, 4,525 sightings of wintering bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were recorded at Mormon Lake in northern Arizona. Numbers of wintering eagles fluctuated little in the 20 years from 1975 through 1994 (5.5 +/- 3.0 mean sightings per day). However, during the winters of 1995 through 1997 local record highs of 59 to 118 eagles increased mean sightings per day to 22.4 +/- 9.6. This dramatic population increase led to a major change in social behavior favoring consistent communal roosting; maximum roost counts of 2 to 8 eagles scattered among I I roosts in prior years shifted to maximums of 33 to 45 eagles regularly using 2 roosts during 1996 and 1997. Winter population averaged 58% adults and 42% immatures, but during 5 recent years of greatest numbers (greater than or equal to 40 eagles in 1989, 1995 through 1997, and 2000), the proportion of immatures increased to 58%. Local increases in the wintering eagle population at Mormon Lake were largely attributable to this greater proportion of immature bald eagles. Both age classes peaked in February, with adults more abundant during October through December and immatures more abundant from January through April. Weekly maximum counts for 1995 through 1997 indicated changing weather and prey conditions resulted in annual variation in local numbers and habitat use of wintering bald eagles. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Grubb, TG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 2 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0223:WBETIN>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 697HT UT WOS:000183937100006 ER PT J AU de los Reyes, BG McGrath, JM AF de los Reyes, BG McGrath, JM TI Cultivar-specific seedling vigor and expression of a putative oxalate oxidase germin-like protein in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE germination; abiotic stress; hydrogen peroxide; seedling vigor; molecular phenotyping ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PLANTS; WHEAT; CALCIUM; STRESS; MATRIX; ENZYME; WATER AB For genetic screening and breeding purposes, an in vitro germination system that reflects relative field emergence potential was used to screen for germination-enhancing and stress-induced genes from germinating seedlings from two varieties of sugar beet. Three full-length germin-like protein (GLP) gene classes were recovered from stress-germinated seedlings of a superior emerging variety. GLP gene expression, oxalate oxidase protein activity, the H2O2 content of stressed seedlings, but not catalase activity, were induced by stress germination conditions (e.g. excess water, NaCl, mannitol, or oxalate) in a good emerging hybrid and were not induced in a poor emerging variety. Only one of the three germin-like protein genes (BvGer165) was differentially regulated, and was induced only in the good emerger. Hydrogen peroxide promoted germination and partially compensated solute-depressed germination percentages. Unlike other solute recovery by hydrogen peroxide regimes, recovery in oxalic acid plus H2O2 was cultivar-independent. A block in oxalate metabolism is postulated to contribute to lower germination under stress in the lower emerging variety. Selection for stress-induced germin expression, or for down-stream targets, presents the first direct target to enable breeding for improved field emergence of sugar beet. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugar Beet & Bean Res Unit, PSSB 494, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP McGrath, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugar Beet & Bean Res Unit, PSSB 494, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 107 IS 1 BP 54 EP 61 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1229-9 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 695LG UT WOS:000183831800008 PM 12835933 ER PT J AU Medeiros, RMT Barbosa, RC Riet-Correa, F Lima, EF Tabosa, IM de Barros, SS Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ AF Medeiros, RMT Barbosa, RC Riet-Correa, F Lima, EF Tabosa, IM de Barros, SS Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ TI Tremorgenic syndrome in goats caused by Ipomoea asarifolia in Northeastern Brazil SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE Ipomoea asarifolia; ruminants; poisoning plants; tremorgenic phytotoxin ID SWAINSONINE AB Green leaves of Ipomoea asarifolia were dosed to 10 goats. Nine goats ingesting 5-37 g/kg bw daily had clinical signs in 4-38 days. One goat ingesting 2.5 g/kg bw daily during 125 days and two control goats had no clinical signs. Clinical signs were characteristic for a tremorgenic syndrome. Five goats recovered in 4-9 days after the withdrawal of the plant. Two goats died spontaneously and three were euthanased for histologic and ultrastructural studies. No significant lesions were observed at necropsies or on the histologic and ultrastructural studies. Samples of the plant analyzed for enzymatic inhibitors were negative for calystegines and contained an almost undetectable amount of swainsonine (less than 0.001%). It is concluded that I. asarifolia causes a tremorgenic syndrome due to an unknown tremorgenic phytotoxins or mycotoxins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Fed Campina Grande, Fac Vet, BR-58700970 Patos, PB, Brazil. Univ Fed Pelotas, Fac Vet, BR-96010900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Medeiros, RMT (reprint author), Univ Fed Campina Grande, Fac Vet, Campus Patos, BR-58700970 Patos, PB, Brazil. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 933 EP 935 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00044-8 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 692XJ UT WOS:000183685300024 PM 12782095 ER PT J AU Warren, JM Bassman, JH Fellman, JK Mattinson, DS Eigenbrode, S AF Warren, JM Bassman, JH Fellman, JK Mattinson, DS Eigenbrode, S TI Ultraviolet-B radiation alters phenolic salicylate and flavonoid composition of Populus trichocarpa leaves SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE black cottonwood; phenolic glycosides; plant-insect interactions; salicin ID PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; UV-B; HOST-PLANT; SECONDARY METABOLITES; OZONE DEPLETION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; LEAF-LITTER; FIELD; BEETLES; CHEMISTRY AB We investigated foliar phenolic composition of field- and greenhouse-grown Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (black cottonwood) ramets subjected to near zero (Ox), ambient (1x) or twice ambient (2x) concentrations of biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. After a 3-month treatment period, several age classes of foliage samples were harvested and the phenolic compounds extracted, separated by high performance liquid chromatography and identified and quantified by diode-array spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Foliar phenolic concentration was greater in 1x- and 2x-treated tissue than in Ox-treated tissue. Phenolic compounds that increased in response to UV-B radiation were predominantly flavonoids, primarily quercetin and kaempferol glycosides. Enhancement of UV-B radiation from 1x to 2x ambient concentration did not result in further flavonoid accumulation in either greenhouse or field ramets; however, a non-flavonoid phenolic glycoside, salicortin, increased in response to an increase in UV-B radiation from 1x to 2x ambient concentration. Increased salicortin concentrations accounted for at least 30-40% of the total (5%) increase in UV-absorption potential of 2x-treated tissue. Because salicortin and other salicylates are important in plant-herbivore-predator relationships, these increases are discussed in the context of collateral feeding studies. We conclude that enhanced solar UV-B radiation may significantly alter trophic structure in some ecosystems by stimulating specific phenolic compounds. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Bassman, JH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Warren, Jeffrey/B-9375-2012 OI Warren, Jeffrey/0000-0002-0680-4697 NR 74 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 8 BP 527 EP 535 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 685BH UT WOS:000183240600003 PM 12730044 ER PT J AU Hogenhout, SA Redinbaugh, MG Ammar, ED AF Hogenhout, SA Redinbaugh, MG Ammar, ED TI Plant and animal rhabdovirus host range: a bug's view SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MAIZE MOSAIC-VIRUS; RABIES VIRUS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SIGMA-RHABDOVIRUS; MATRIX PROTEIN; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; REF(2)P PROTEIN; SALIVARY-GLAND; GLYCOPROTEIN-G AB Rhabdoviruses affect human health, terrestrial and aquatic livestock and crops. Most rhabdoviruses are transmitted by insects to their vertebrate or plant hosts. For insect transmission to occur, rhabdoviruses must negotiate barriers to acquisition, replication, movement, escape and inoculation. A better understanding of the molecular interactions of rhabdoviruses with insects will clarify the complexities of rhabdovirus infection processes and epidemiology. A unique opportunity for studying how insects become hosts and vectors of rhabdoviruses is provided by five maize-infecting rhabdoviruses that are differentially transmitted by one or more related species of two divergent homopteran families. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Mol & Cellular Imaging Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Hogenhout, SA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Entomol, 120 Thorne Hall,1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI Hogenhout, Saskia/D-9266-2012 NR 70 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 11 IS 6 BP 264 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00120-3 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 697LV UT WOS:000183945400009 PM 12823943 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Tabachnick, WJ Higgs, S Azad, AF Beard, CB Beier, JC Handler, AM James, AA Lord, CC Nasci, RS Olson, KE Richmond, JY Scott, TW Severson, DW Walker, ED Wesson, ED AF Benedict, MQ Tabachnick, WJ Higgs, S Azad, AF Beard, CB Beier, JC Handler, AM James, AA Lord, CC Nasci, RS Olson, KE Richmond, JY Scott, TW Severson, DW Walker, ED Wesson, ED TI Arthropod containment guidelines - (Version 3.1) - A project of the American Committee of Medical Entomology - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene SO VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BIOSAFETY; VIRUSES C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. USDA, ARS, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Benedict, MQ (reprint author), CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1530-3667 J9 VECTOR-BORNE ZOONOT JI Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 3 IS 2 BP 63 EP + PG 33 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 802NM UT WOS:000220170200002 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Hackett, K Secrist, G AF Pfister, JA Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL Hackett, K Secrist, G TI Catastrophic cattle loss to low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) in Idaho SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; NELSONII AB Low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) is a toxic plant found on many western US rangelands. Episodes of fatal poisoning are often related to the abundance and toxicity of the low larkspurs. This report documents the fatal intoxication of 53 cattle in a herd of 404 animals in south-central Idaho during Spring 2002. Low larkspur had a toxic alkaloid concentration of 8.26 mg/g. Several factors were involved in a loss of this magnitude, including climatic conditions ideal for low larkspur growth, poor grass growth during the spring, the high alkaloid concentration in larkspur, and the deaths of many cattle while being moved from the pasture, It is important for livestock owners and managers to recognize toxic plants growing in their area. If there is an unusual abundance of larkspur or other toxic plants, correct identification can provoke caution in grazing management. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Bur Land Management, Shoshone, ID USA. Idaho Dept Agr, Boise, ID USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 137 EP 139 PG 3 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 681LB UT WOS:000183036700006 PM 12776789 ER PT J AU Wu, QH Moraes, MP Grubman, MJ AF Wu, QH Moraes, MP Grubman, MJ TI Recombinant adenovirus co-expressing capsid proteins of two serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): in vitro characterization and induction of neutralizing antibodies against SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease virus; adenovirus vector; Ad5 ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; INTERNAL INITIATION; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; VACCINE CANDIDATE; GENE-EXPRESSION; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; PROTECTION; CATTLE; SWINE AB Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) has been evaluated as a novel gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In this study, we constructed an Ad5 vector co-expressing the capsid precursor proteins, P1, of FMD virus (FMDV) field strains A24 Cruzeiro and O1 Campos and examined the neutralizing antibody responses in swine after inoculation with the vector. To construct the Ad5 vector, a bicistronic expression cassette containing a cytomegalovirus promoter, the P1 coding sequence of FMDV A24, the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of FMDV A12, the PI coding sequence of FMDV 01 Campos and the coding region of A12 3C protease was inserted into the El region of an E1/E3-deleted Ad5. The recombinant adenovirus, Ad5A24+O1, was generated by transfection of 293 cells with full-length pAd5A24+O1 recombinant plasmid DNA. The recombinant Ad5 co-expressed P1 of both A24 and O1 in infected 293 cells and PI of both serotypes was processed to produce VPO, VP3, and VP1. We further demonstrated the formation of capsid protein complexes by co-precipitation of VPO, VP3, and VP I with monoclonal antibodies against viral capsid proteins. Swine inoculated with Ad5A24+O1 generated neutralizing antibodies against both A24 and O1. However, the overall neutralizing antibody response was considerably lower than that induced by a commercial FMD vaccine or a monovalent Ad5-A24 vaccine. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 93 IS 2 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00116-3 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 691LU UT WOS:000183608400008 PM 12782369 ER PT J AU Waits, JL Avery, ML Tobin, ME Leberg, PL AF Waits, JL Avery, ML Tobin, ME Leberg, PL TI Low mitochondrial DNA variation in Double-crested Cormorants in Eastern North America SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Double-crested Cormorants; Phalacrocorax auritus; mtDNA; aquaculture; subspecies; migration ID UNITED-STATES; DELTA REGION; POPULATION; BIRDS; DIFFERENTIATION; MISSISSIPPI; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN AB Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) numbers are increasing throughout eastern North America. We compared variation for five portions of mtDNA to determine if genetic differences existed among portions of the breeding range that would need to be considered when formulating management programs. Sequences for four mtDNA regions were identical across sample locations; frequencies of two haplotypes of the mitochondrial Control Region were similar across sampling locations. There is no evidence of restricted gene flow among breeding areas, or between subspecies with different migratory patterns. C1 Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Waits, JL (reprint author), 1330 Waverly Pl, Owensboro, KY 42301 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD JUN PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2 BP 196 EP 200 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0196:LMDVID]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 688AE UT WOS:000183409300011 ER PT J AU Grundy, AC Peters, NCB Rasmussen, IA Hartmann, KM Sattin, M Andersson, L Mead, A Murdoch, AJ Forcella, F AF Grundy, AC Peters, NCB Rasmussen, IA Hartmann, KM Sattin, M Andersson, L Mead, A Murdoch, AJ Forcella, F TI Emergence of Chenopodium album and Stellaria media of different origins under different climatic conditions SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE predictive modelling; weed populations; winter chilling; weed seed origins; dormancy; emergence; Chenopodium album; Stellaria media; climate ID SEED DORMANCY; WEED SEEDS; GERMINATION; TIME; PHOTOCONTROL; TEMPERATURE; PENETRATION; GROWTH; LIGHT; SOIL AB The emergence behaviour of weed species in relation to cultural and meteorological events was studied. Dissimilarities between populations in dormancy and germination ecology, between-year maturation conditions and seed quality and burial site climate all contribute to potentially unpredictable variability. Therefore, a weed emergence data set was produced for weed seeds of Stellaria media and Chenopodium album matured and collected from three populations (Italy, Sweden and UK). The seeds were collected in two consecutive seasons (1999 and 2000) and subsequently buried in the autumn of the same year of maturation in eight contrasting climatic locations throughout Europe and the USA. The experiment sought to explore and explain differences between the three populations in their emergence behaviour. Evidence was demonstrated of synchrony in the timing of the emergence of different populations of a species at a given burial site. The relative magnitudes of emergence from the three populations at a given burial site in a given year were generally similar across all the burial sites in the study. The resulting data set was also used to construct a simple weed emergence model, which was tested for its application to the range of different burial environments and populations. The study demonstrated the possibility of using a simple thermal time-based model to describe part of the emergence behaviour across different burial sites, seed populations and seasons, and a simple winter chilling relationship to adjust for the magnitude of the flush of emergence at a given burial site. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing robust generic models for simple predictions of emergence timing across populations. C1 Hort Res Int, Plant Estab & Vegetat Management, Warwick CV35 9EF, England. Univ Bristol, Dept Agr Sci, Long Ashton Res Stn, Bristol, Avon, England. Res Ctr Flakkebjerg, Dept Crop Protect, Danish Inst Agr Sci, Slagelse, Denmark. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Bot 1, Erlangen, Germany. CNR Agripolis, Ist Biol Agrombientale & Forestale, Sez Malerbol, Padua, Italy. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Crop Prod Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Reading, Dept Agr, Seed Sci Lab, Reading RG6 2AT, Berks, England. ARS, USDA, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN USA. RP Grundy, AC (reprint author), Hort Res Int, Plant Estab & Vegetat Management, Warwick CV35 9EF, England. RI Sattin, Maurizio/I-9783-2014; OI Sattin, Maurizio/0000-0001-9144-3816; Andersson, Lars/0000-0002-1676-5361 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00330.x PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 677AZ UT WOS:000182785900002 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE Ruggiero, LF AF Pearson, DE Ruggiero, LF TI Transect versus grid trapping arrangements for sampling small-mammal communities SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE community composition; relative abundance; sampling methods; small mammals; species richness ID POPULATION; LINE; PEROMYSCUS; PITFALL; CAPTURE; TRAPS AB We compared transect and grid trapping arrangements for assessing small-mammal community composition and relative abundance for 2 years in 2 forest cover types in west-central Montana, USA. Transect arrangements yielded more total captures, more individual captures, and more species than grid arrangements in both cover types in both years. Differences between the 2 methods tended to be greatest when small mammals were least abundant, suggesting that advantages of transect arrangements for obtaining basic community information may be greatest when sampling returns are poorest. Our results suggest that transect arrangements are more efficient than grids for small-mammal surveys and studies of small-mammal community composition because transects provide better resolution of community structure for a given effort. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Pearson, DE (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 27 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 454 EP 459 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 701JY UT WOS:000184165500015 ER PT J AU Beringer, J VerCauteren, KC Millspaugh, JJ AF Beringer, J VerCauteren, KC Millspaugh, JJ TI Evaluation of an animal-activated scarecrow and a monofilament fence for reducing deer use of soybean fields SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal damage; crop depredation; fencing; frightening device; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DAMAGE; POPULATIONS; PERCEPTIONS; DETERRENTS; LOSSES AB We measured the efficacy of an animal-activated scarecrow (AAS) and a 5-strand monofilament fence (MF) at reducing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) use of 0.4-ha soybean plots in Missouri, USA. Our study design consisted of 9 soybean plots; 3 served as controls, 3 were surrounded by an MF, and 3 were surrounded by an AAS. Data collected for each protected plot included soybean height and weight taken from within and immediately adjacent to 10 unprotected, equally spaced 1-m(2) exclosures. A measure of deer use for each plot was collected with video cameras. A mixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that heights of protected and unprotected soybean plants were significantly different for MF plots (F-2 =93.6, P=0.01) and controls (F-2=47.6, P= 0.02) but not different for AAS plots (F-2=2.1 6, P=0.272). Soybean plants in AAS plots were heavier than those from MF or control plots (F-2=10.2, P=0.01). Plant weight differences in protected and unprotected areas for AAS plots were less than those from MF plots (t(6)=2.55, P=0.04) or control plots (t(6)=4.46, P=0.004). Plant weight differences between MF and control plots were marginally significant (t(6)=1.192, P=0.10). Deer spent less time in AAS plots than MF (t(6)=2.55, P=0.04) or control plots (t(6)=2.55, P= 0.01). Scarecrow activations increased over time in all 3 AAS plots (all 95% confidence intervals >0), suggesting that deer were habituating to the devices. We suggest that AAS may be useful for short-term deterrence of deer from small areas. C1 Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Beringer, J (reprint author), Missouri Dept Conservat, 1110 S Coll Ave, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 492 EP 498 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 701JY UT WOS:000184165500021 ER PT J AU VerCauteren, K Pipas, M Peterson, P Beckerman, S AF VerCauteren, K Pipas, M Peterson, P Beckerman, S TI Stored-crop loss due to deer consumption SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID PERCEPTIONS; MICHIGAN C1 Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Waupun, WI 53936 USA. RP VerCauteren, K (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 578 EP 582 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 701JY UT WOS:000184165500033 ER PT J AU Vega, FE Jackson, MA Mercadier, G Poprawski, TJ AF Vega, FE Jackson, MA Mercadier, G Poprawski, TJ TI The impact of nutrition on spore yields for various fungal entomopathogens in liquid culture SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beauveria; biocontrol; liquid production; Metarhizium; Paecilomyces ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; PAECILOMYCES-FUMOSOROSEUS; SUBMERGED-CULTURE; CONIDIA; BLASTOSPORES; GROWTH; GERMINATION AB Spore yields were measured for various fungal entomopathogens grown in six nutritionally different liquid media with low and high carbon concentrations (8 and 36 g l(-1), respectively) at carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios of 10:1, 30:1 and 50:1. Six fungi were tested: two Beauveria bassiana strains, three Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strains and one Metarhizium anisopliae strain. Spore yields were examined after 2, 4 or 7 days growth. In general, highest spore yields were obtained in media containing 36 g/l and a C: N ratio of 10: 1. After 4 days growth, highest spore yields were measured in the three Paecilomyces isolates (6.9-9.7 x 10(8) spores ml(-1)). Spore production by the B. bassiana isolates was variable with one isolate producing high spore yields (12.2 x 10(8) spores ml(-1)) after 7 days growth. The M. anisopliae isolate produced low spore concentrations under all conditions tested. Using a commercial production protocol, a comparison of spore yields for the coffee berry borer P. fumosoroseus and a commercial B. bassiana isolate showed that highest spore concentrations (7.2 x 10(8) spores ml(-1)) were obtained with the P. fumosoroseus isolate 2-days post-inoculation. The ability of the P. fumosoroseus strain isolated from the coffee berry borer to rapidly produce high concentrations of spores prompted further testing to determine the desiccation tolerance of these spores. Desiccation studies showed that ca. 80% of the liquid culture produced P. fumosoroseus spores survived the air-drying process. The virulence of freshly produced, air-dried and freeze-dried coffee berry borer P. fumosoroseus blastospores preparations were tested against silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii). While all preparations infected and killed B. argentifolii, fresh and air-dried preparations were significantly more effective. These results suggest that screening potential fungal biopesticides for amenability to liquid culture spore production can aid in the identification of commercially viable isolates. In this study, P. fumosoroseus was shown to possess the production and stabilization attributes required for commercial development. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, Montferrier Sur Lez, France. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Vega, FE (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 23 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 363 EP 368 DI 10.1023/A:1023924304456 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 684KF UT WOS:000183204800004 ER PT J AU Ordovas, J Pittas, A Greenberg, AS AF Ordovas, J Pittas, A Greenberg, AS TI Might the diabetic environment in utero, lead to type 2 diabetes? SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID HYPOTHESIS; BURDEN C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Obes & Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Greenberg, AS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 31 PY 2003 VL 361 IS 9372 BP 1839 EP 1840 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13537-4 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 684KL UT WOS:000183205800003 PM 12788565 ER PT J AU Pizzi, R Carta, L George, S AF Pizzi, R Carta, L George, S TI Oral nematode infection of tarantulas SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Vet Clin Studies, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Easter Bush Vet Ctr, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NW Labs, Little Singleton FY6 7LJ, Poulton Le Fyld, Wales. RP Pizzi, R (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Vet Clin Studies, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Easter Bush Vet Ctr, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD MAY 31 PY 2003 VL 152 IS 22 BP 695 EP 695 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 688UF UT WOS:000183454300014 PM 12803400 ER PT J AU Chopping, MJ Rango, A Havstad, KM Schiebe, FR Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ French, AN Su, LH McKee, L Davis, MR AF Chopping, MJ Rango, A Havstad, KM Schiebe, FR Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ French, AN Su, LH McKee, L Davis, MR TI Canopy attributes of desert grassland and transition communities derived from multiangular airborne imagery SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE desert grassland; transition communities; multiangular airborne imagery ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MODEL; DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; VEGETATION INDEX; ARID ECOSYSTEMS; NOAA AVHRR; NEW-MEXICO; SOIL; JORNADA; SURFACE; COVER AB The surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) contains valuable information on canopy physiognomy for desert grassland and grass-shrub transition communities. This information maybe accessed by inverting a BRDF model against sets of observations, which encompass important variations in viewing and illumination angles. This paper shows that structural canopy attributes can be derived through inversion of the Simple Geometric Model (SGM) of the BRDF developed in this paper. It is difficult to sample BRDF features from the ground because of the discontinuous nature of the canopies and long intrinsic length scales in remotely sensed spectral measures (>10 m). A multispectral digital camera was therefore used to derive spatial multiangular reflectance data sets from the air and the SGM was validated against and inverted with these. It was also validated using 3-D radiosity simulations driven with maps of field-measured plant dimensions. The interpretation of the retrieved parameter maps (shrub density, shrub width and canopy height) reveals variations in canopy structure within desert grassland and grassland-shrubland transition communities, which are clearly related to structural and optical features in high resolution panchromatic and vegetation index images. To our knowledge, this paper reports on the first attempts to acquire structural canopy attributes of desert landscapes using multiple view angle data at scales less than 1 km. The results point to further opportunities to exploit multiangular data from spacebome sensors such as the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) on the NASA Terra and European Space Agency's PROBA satellites, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All right reserved. C1 USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. SST Dev Grp Inc, Stillwater, OK 74701 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Res Ctr Remote Sensing, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Subtrop ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Chopping, MJ (reprint author), Montclair State Univ, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. NR 40 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 3 BP 339 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00012-9 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 675UV UT WOS:000182715300008 ER PT J AU Yanes, EG Miller-Ihli, NJ AF Yanes, EG Miller-Ihli, NJ TI Characterization of microconcentric nebulizer uptake rates for capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; nebulizer uptake rate; make-up buffer; hydrodynamic injection ID ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELEMENTAL SPECIATION; INVITED LECTURE; ICP-MS; INTERFACE; FLOW AB There is demonstrated interest in combining capillary electrophoresis (CE) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for speciation determinations. When self-aspirating nebulizers are used for this application, it is important to offset the suction effect to avoid degradation of the separation. In this study, sample uptake rates for three microconcentric nebulizers of the same model, in combination with a cyclonic spray chamber, were characterized and compared for future utilization in CE-ICP-MS interfaces. The specific model studied was a MicroMist with a nominal uptake rate of 100 mul/min at 1 l/min argon gas flow rate per the manufacturer's specifications. Sample uptake rates at various nebulizer gas flows were measured by aspirating water from a weighed container and calculating the uptake rate in microliter per minute. The nebulizers studied provided good reproducibility from day to day, but a comparison of the different nebulizers reflected a significant difference in performance. A characteristic observed during the study was that uptake rates decreased with increasing nebulizer gas flow. This can be used for sample introduction for CE-ICP-MS. Interestingly, very different performance was observed when comparing the three different nebulizers of the same model. Uptake rates showed strong dependence on argon gas flow rates and the dimensions of the sample uptake tubing. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD MAY 30 PY 2003 VL 58 IS 5 BP 949 EP 955 AR PII S0584-8547(03)00033-8 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(03)00033-8 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 691MJ UT WOS:000183609800014 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Graham, DH Dahl, E Hilali, M El-Ghaysh, A Sreekumar, C Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Lehmann, T AF Dubey, JP Graham, DH Dahl, E Hilali, M El-Ghaysh, A Sreekumar, C Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Lehmann, T TI Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens and ducks from Egypt SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; isolation; chickens; Gallus domesticus; ducks; Anas sp.; Egypt ID ACUTE VIRULENCE; OOCYSTS; MICE; RESPONSES; SHEEP; CATS AB The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens is a good indicator of the prevalence of T gondii oocysts in the environment because chickens feed from the ground. In the present study, prevalence of T gondii in 121 free range chickens (Gallus domesticus) and 19 ducks (Anas sp.) from a rural area surrounding Giza, Egypt was assessed. Blood, heart, and brain from each animal were examined for T gondii infection. Antibodies to T gondii, assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT), were found in 49 (40.4%) chickens in titers of 1:5 in 11, 1: 10 in four, 1:20 in four, 1:40 in eight, 1: 80 in 10, and 1: 160 or more in 12 chickens. Antibodies were found in three ducks each with a titer of 1:80. Hearts and brains of seropositive (MAT greater than or equal to 1:5) chickens and ducks were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and brains of seronegative (MAT < 1:5) animals were bioassayed in T gondii-free cats. T gondii was isolated from 19 of 49 seropositive chickens (one with a titer of 1:5, two with a titer of 1:20, one with a titer of 1:40, five with a titer of 1: 80, three with a titer of 1: 160, and seven with a titer of greater than or equal to 1:360). One cat fed tissues pooled from 15 seronegative chickens shed T gondii oocysts, while two cats fed tissues of 34 seronegative chickens did not shed oocysts. T gondii was isolated from one of the seropositive ducks by bioassay in mice. The two cats fed tissues from 16 seronegative ducks did not shed oocysts. Genotyping of 20 chicken isolates of T gondii using the SAG 2 locus indicated that 17 isolates were type III and three were type II. The duck isolate of T gondii was type III. The mice inoculated with tissue stages of all 21 isolates of T gondii from chickens and ducks remained asymptomatic, indicating that phenotypically they were not type I because type I strains are lethal for mice. Infections with mixed genotypes were not found. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Cairo Univ, Fac Med Vet, Dept Parasitol, Giza, Egypt. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, BARC E,Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Hilali, Mosaad/O-9443-2016; OI A. Hilali, Mosaad/0000-0002-9930-8501; Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 22 TC 54 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD MAY 30 PY 2003 VL 114 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00133-X PG 7 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 688YH UT WOS:000183464500002 PM 12781471 ER PT J AU Sharma, VK Dean-Nystrom, EA AF Sharma, VK Dean-Nystrom, EA TI Detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for genes encoding intimin and Shiga toxins SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli; Shiga toxins; hemorrhagic colitis ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; MOLECULAR BEACONS; RAPID DETECTION; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; BACTERIA; SEROTYPE; STRAINS AB A multiplex real-time PCR (R-PCR) assay was designed and evaluated on the ABI 7700 sequence detection system (TaqMan) to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in pure cultures, feces, and tissues. Three sets of primers and fluorogenic probes were used for amplification and real-time detection of a 106-bp region of the eae gene encoding EHEC O157:H7-specific intimin, and 150-bp and 200-bp segments of genes stx1 and stx2 encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of 67 bacterial strains demonstrated that the R-PCR assay successfully distinguished EHEC O157:H7 serotype from non-O157 serotypes and provided accurate profiling of genes encoding intimin and Shiga toxins. Bacterial strains lacking these genes were not detected with this assay. The detection range of the R-PCR assay for the three genes was linear over DNA concentrations corresponding from 10(3) to 10(8) CFU/ml of EHEC O157:H7. The R-PCR allowed construction of standard curves that facilitated quantification of EHEC O157:H7 in feces and intestinal tissues. Detection sensitivity of the R-PCR assay ranged from 10(4) to 10(8) CFU/g of feces or tissues without enrichment. Enrichment of feces in a non-selective broth for 4 and 16 h resulted in the detection of levels (from 10(0) to 10(3) CFU/g of feces) considered sufficient for infection in humans. The R-PCR assay for eae(O157:H7), stx1, and stx2 proved to be a rapid test for detection of EHEC O157:H7 in complex biological matrices and could also potentially be used for quantification of EHEC O157:H7 in foods or fecal samples. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sharma, VK (reprint author), ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 76 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAY 29 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 3 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00039-7 PG 14 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 672KW UT WOS:000182520600007 PM 12695048 ER PT J AU Wengier, D Valsecchi, I Cabanas, ML Tang, WH McCormick, S Muschietti, J AF Wengier, D Valsecchi, I Cabanas, ML Tang, WH McCormick, S Muschietti, J TI The receptor kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2 associate in pollen and when expressed in yeast, but dissociate in the presence of style extract SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BRASSICA SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY; PROTEIN-KINASE; GENE ENCODES; PISTIL INTERACTIONS; TUBE ADHESION; ARABIDOPSIS; LIGAND; LOCALIZATION; DOMAIN; TOMATO AB After pollen grains germinate on the stigma, pollen tubes traverse the extracellular matrix of the style on their way to the ovules. We previously characterized two pollen-specific, receptor-like kinases, LePRK1 and LePRK2, from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Their structure and immunolocalization pattern and the specific dephosphorylation of LePRK2 suggested that these kinases might interact with signaling molecules in the style extracellular matrix. Here, we show that LePRK1 and LePRK2 can be coimmunoprecipitated from pollen or when expressed together in yeast. In yeast, their association requires LePRK2 kinase activity. In pollen, LePRK1 and LePRK2 are found in an approximate to400-kDa protein complex that persists on pollen germination, but this complex is disrupted when pollen is germinated in vitro in the presence of style extract. In yeast, the addition of style extract also disrupts the interaction between LePRK1 and LePRK2. Fractionation of the style extract reveals that the disruption activity is enriched in the 3- to 10-kDa fraction. A component(s) in this fraction also is responsible for the specific dephosphorylation of LePRK2. The style component(s) that dephosphorylates LePRK2 is likely to be a heat-stable peptide that is present in exudate from the style. The generally accepted model of receptor kinase signaling involves binding of a ligand to extracellular domains of receptor kinases and subsequent activation of the signaling pathway by receptor autophosphorylation. In contrast to this typical scenario, we propose that a putative style ligand transduces the signal in pollen tubes by triggering the specific dephosphorylation of LePRK2, followed by dissociation of the LePRK complex. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Ingn Genet & Biol Mol, Dept fisiol & Biol Mol & Celular, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Muschietti, J (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Ingn Genet & Biol Mol, Dept fisiol & Biol Mol & Celular, Obligado 2490, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RI Tang, Wei-Hua/C-9989-2011; OI Tang, Wei-Hua/0000-0002-6167-7870; Muschietti, Jorge/0000-0002-5719-4833 NR 40 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 27 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 11 BP 6860 EP 6865 DI 10.1073/pnas.0631728100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 684DT UT WOS:000183190700101 PM 12748390 ER PT J AU Cheung, AK AF Cheung, AK TI Comparative analysis of the transcriptional patterns of pathogenic and nonpathogenic porcine circoviruses SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE circoviridae; RNAs of porcine circoviruses ID MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME; SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PLANT CIRCOVIRUSES; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; FEATHER DISEASE; VIRUS; PIGS; REPLICATION; CHLORIDE AB The RNAs of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) synthesized in PK15 cells were characterized. A total of 12 RNAs were detected. They include the viral capsid protein RNA (CR), 4 cluster of eight Rep-associated RNAs (designated Rep, Rep', Rep3a, Rep3b, Rep3c-1, Rep3c-2, Rep3c-3, and Rep3c-4), and three NS-associated RNAs (designated NS462, NS642, and NS0). Members of the Rep-associated RNA cluster all share common 5'- and 3'-nucleotide sequences and they share common 3'-nucleotide sequence with the NS-associated RNAs. Rep, capable of coding for the full-length replication-associated protein, appears to be the primary transcript that gives rise to the other seven Rep-associated RNAs by alternate splicing. NS462, NS642, and NS0 appear to have been transcribed from three different promoters present inside ORF1, independent from the Rep promoter. Based on sequence alignment analysis, both the nonpathogenic PCV1 and the pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (with nine RNAs: Rep, Rep', Rep3a, Rep3b, Rep3c, NS515, NS672, and NS0) utilize comparable genetic elements similarly located along the genome for viral gene expression. The Rep, Rep', Rep3a, Rep3b, and NS0 of PCV1 and PCV2 are considered equivalent entities in their respective systems. However, quantitative and qualitative differences (splice junction variation) were observed among the Rep3c- and NS-associated RNAs. This work provides a general framework and genetic basis to investigate the biologic properties (and differences) of PCV1 and PCV2. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Cheung, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 30 TC 44 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 25 PY 2003 VL 310 IS 1 BP 41 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00096-5 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 685XY UT WOS:000183290700006 PM 12788629 ER PT J AU Ghorbel, MT Sharman, G Leroux, M Barrett, T Donovan, DM Becker, KG Murphy, D AF Ghorbel, MT Sharman, G Leroux, M Barrett, T Donovan, DM Becker, KG Murphy, D TI Microarray analysis reveals interleukin-6 as a novel secretory product of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; HYPOTHALAMONEUROHYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; RAT-BRAIN; CDNA MICROARRAYS; DNA ARRAYS; IN-VITRO; VASOPRESSIN; NEURONS AB Physiological activation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) by dehydration results is a massive release of vasopressin (VP) from the posterior pituitary. This is accompanied by a functional remodeling of the HNS. In this study we used cDNA arrays in an attempt to identify genes that exhibit differential expression in the hypothalamus following dehydration. Our study revealed nine candidate genes, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a putative novel secretory product of HNS worthy of further analysis. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry confirmed that IL-6 is robustly expressed in the supraoptic (SON) and the paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. By double-staining immunofluorescence we showed that IL-6 is largely co-localized with VP in the SON and PVN. In situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting all revealed IL-6 up-regulation in the SON and PVN following dehydration, thus validating the array data. The same dehydration stimulus resulted in an increase in IL-6 immunoreactivity in the axons of the internal zone of the median eminence and a marked reduction in IL-6-like material in the posterior pituitary gland. We thus suggest that IL-6 takes the same secretory pathway as VP and is secreted from the posterior pituitary following a physiological stimulus. C1 Univ Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirm, Univ Res Ctr Neuroendocrinol, Bristol BS2 8HW, Avon, England. NIA, DNA Array Unit, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. USDA, Biotechnol & Germplasm Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ghorbel, MT (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Anat, MRC Ctr Synapt Plast, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England. RI Murphy, David/C-3967-2012; OI Murphy, David/0000-0003-2946-0353; Becker, Kevin/0000-0002-6794-6656 NR 40 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 23 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 21 BP 19280 EP 19285 DI 10.1074/jbc.M209902200 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 679PY UT WOS:000182932200073 PM 12639960 ER PT J AU Lee, ST Gardner, DR Garrosian, M Panter, KE Serrequi, AN Schoch, TK Stegelmeier, BL AF Lee, ST Gardner, DR Garrosian, M Panter, KE Serrequi, AN Schoch, TK Stegelmeier, BL TI Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for isocupressic acid and serum metabolites of isocupressic acid SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; isocupressic acid; agathic acid; dihydroagathic acid; tetrahydroagathic acid; cattle abortions ID PINE NEEDLE ABORTION; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; PONDEROSA PINE; RANGE CATTLE; BEEF-CATTLE; ABORTIFACIENT; IMMUNOASSAYS; INVITRO AB The consumption of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), common juniper (Juniperus communis), and Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) causes abortions in pregnant cattle. Recent studies have identified isocupressic acid (1) as the primary abortificient compound in these plants. In vitro and in vivo studies using rumen and blood have shown isocupressic acid (1) is rapidly metabolized to agathic acid (3), dihydroagathic acid (4), and tetrahydroagathic acid (5). Rapid and sensitive diagnostic techniques are needed to identify poisoned animals, to study toxicokinetics, and to elucidate the mechanism of isocupressic acid-induced abortion in cattle. In this study, four competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for isocupressic acid and its sera metabolites were developed using polyclonal antibodies. One assay is specific to 1, whereas the other three assays show cross-reactivity to 3-5 in addition to 1. The assay specific to 1 had a limit of detection of 44.1 pg. The other assays which demonstrated cross-reactivity to the isocupressic acid blood metabolites also had comparably low limits of detection. One assay was used to follow the absorption and elimination profile of isocupressic acid metabolites in both cow serum and urine after oral dosage of a cow with common juniper. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Biosyntech Canada Inc, Laval, PQ H7V 4B3, Canada. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Lee, ST (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. EM stlee@cc.usu.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41RR0954] NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3228 EP 3233 DI 10.1021/jf021095m PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700005 PM 12744647 ER PT J AU Chen, GY Schneider, MJ AF Chen, GY Schneider, MJ TI A rapid spectrofluorometric screening method for enrofloxacin in chicken muscle SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fluoroquinolone; enrofloxacin; fluorescence; fluorometry; chicken; muscle; screening ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS; MULTIRESIDUE ANALYSIS; TISSUES; QUINOLONES; RESIDUES AB A simple spectrofluorometric method was developed for screening enrofloxacin (ENRO) in chicken muscle. A single-step extraction with acidic acetonitrile gave the best results without further cleanup. Following centrifugation the supernatants were excited at 324 nm and the emission was measured at 442 nm. Using this procedure, 18 chicken breast samples from 3 producers were tested. The results showed background signal levels significantly lower than those corresponding to 300 mug/kg ENRO, the FDA approved tolerance level. Statistical treatment of these data established a threshold which can be used in subsequent screening of ENRO at the tolerance level. The calibration curve revealed a satisfactory linear relationship (R-2 = 0.9991) in a range of 0-700 mug/kg ENRO in fortified chicken breast. ENRO-incurred samples were examined using this approach, and the results agreed with those obtained from more extensive separation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Because the threshold can be set at the 3sigma limit, reliable screening can be accomplished with an error rate of less than 0.26%. Based on this investigation, a high-throughput screening method for ENRO in chicken tissue is proposed. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Chen, GY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Chen, Guoying/C-6800-2015 OI Chen, Guoying/0000-0001-9532-0696 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3249 EP 3253 DI 10.1021/jf0211332 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700008 PM 12744650 ER PT J AU Prior, RL Hoang, H Gu, LW Wu, XL Bacchiocca, M Howard, L Hampsch-Woodill, M Huang, DJ Ou, BX Jacob, R AF Prior, RL Hoang, H Gu, LW Wu, XL Bacchiocca, M Howard, L Hampsch-Woodill, M Huang, DJ Ou, BX Jacob, R TI Assays for hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(FL))) of plasma and other biological and food samples SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ORAC(FL); phenolics; antioxidant; free radical; lipophilic; hydrophilic; blueberry; fruit juices ID ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; CONSUMPTION; VEGETABLES; SERUM AB Methods are described for the extraction and analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, using modifications of the oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. These methods provide, for the first time, the ability to obtain a measure of "total antioxidant capacity" in the protein free plasma, using the same peroxyl radical generator for both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. Separation of the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant fractions from plasma was accomplished by extracting with hexane after adding water and ethanol to the plasma (hexane/plasma/ethanol/water, 4:1:2: 1, v/v). Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants were efficiently partitioned between hexane and aqueous solvents. Conditions for controlling temperature effects and decreasing assay variability using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe were validated in different laboratories. Incubation (37 degreesC for at least 30 min) of the buffer to which AAPH was dissolved was critical in decreasing assay variability. Lipophilic antioxidants represented 33.1 +/- 1.5 and 38.2 +/- 1.9% of the total antioxidant capacity of the protein free plasma in two independent studies of 6 and 10 subjects, respectively. Methods are described for application of the assay techniques to other types of biological and food samples. C1 USDA, ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Brunswick Labs, Wareham, MA 02571 USA. Univ Degli Studi Urbino, Inst Chim Biol, Urbino, Italy. Univ Arkansas, Dept Food Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RI Huang, Dejian/A-7439-2010; Gu, Liwei/H-5875-2011 NR 19 TC 686 Z9 725 U1 13 U2 133 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3273 EP 3279 DI 10.1021/jf0262256 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700012 PM 12744654 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Aung, LH Bridges, DL Mackey, BE AF Obenland, DM Aung, LH Bridges, DL Mackey, BE TI Volatile emissions of navel oranges as predictors of freeze damage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ethanol; esters; freeze injury; citrus ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; FLAVOR COMPONENTS; APPLE FRUIT; HOT-WATER; TEMPERATURE; INDICATORS; INJURY AB Volatile emissions of navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Washington) fruit were evaluated as a means for predicting and gauging freeze damage. The fruits were subjected to -5 or -7 degreesC treatments in a laboratory freezer for various time periods of 2-9.5 h and stored at 23 degreesC for 1, 2, or 7 days, after which time the emission of volatiles from the fruit was measured. Following the final day of volatile measurements the fruits were stored at 5 degreesC for an additional 2-3 weeks and then evaluated for fruit quality characteristics. Peel injury in the form of brown lesions, drying of the juice vesicles, a decline in acidity, and a loss of flavor were observed to occur as a result of freezing. Corresponding to the loss in fruit quality were large increases in the emissions of ethanol, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. With the exception of methyl hexanoate, for which volatile emissions decreased during storage for 7 days at 23 degreesC, all of the other volatiles were relatively unchanged in amount by storage. Treatment at -7 degreesC caused greater injury, quality loss, and more volatile emanation than did freezing at -5 degreesC. The measurement of volatile emissions appears to be a useful approach to identify freeze-damaged navel oranges. C1 USDA ARS, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Biometry Serv, USDA ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3367 EP 3371 DI 10.1021/jf021109o PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700026 PM 12744668 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD Stommel, JR AF Whitaker, BD Stommel, JR TI Distribution of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in fruit of commercial eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE eggplant fruit; Solanum melongena; chlorogenic acid; caffeoylquinic acid esters; caffeoylpolyamine amides; hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-O-acetyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid ID PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; CANCER PREVENTION; CHLOROGENIC ACIDS; VEGETABLES; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIOXIDANTS; INHIBITION; FLAVONOIDS; TUBEROSUM; ESTERS AB There is gathering evidence that antioxidant phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables have health-promoting effects. Eggplant fruit have a high content of antioxidant phenolic compounds. We evaluated the main class of eggplant phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, in the fruit of seven commercial cultivars. Fourteen conjugates were quantified and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, ES--MS, and H-1 NMR data. Significant differences in their content and composition were evident among cultivars and in tissue from stem, middle, and blossom end segments. Chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) was the predominant compound, and its 3-O-, 4-O-, and 5-O-cis isomers were also present. The 10 other phenolics fell into four groups, including 3,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers, four amide conjugates, two unknown caffeic acid conjugates, and 3-O-acetyl esters of 5-O- and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Dicaffeoylquinic and 3-O-acetyl chlorogenic acids were most variable among the cultivars. Dicaffeoyquinic acids were most abundant in the blossom end, whereas 3-O-acetyl esters were highest in the midsection. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM whitakeb@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3448 EP 3454 DI 10.1021/jf026250b PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700040 PM 12744682 ER PT J AU Ashby, KD Wen, J Chowdhury, P Casey, TA Rasmussen, MA Petrich, JW AF Ashby, KD Wen, J Chowdhury, P Casey, TA Rasmussen, MA Petrich, JW TI Fluorescence of dietary porphyrins as a basis for real-time detection of fecal contamination on meat SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE real-time detection; fluorescence spectroscopy; fecal contamination; food safety; chlorophyll degradation AB Digestion of green plants in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract produces degradation products from chlorophyll that cause ingesta and feces to be highly fluorescent. This property was exploited for development and construction of instruments to noninvasively detect minute quantities of feces on meat samples in real time. The presence of feces on meat products is a primary source of foodborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. This new technology provides a rapid and accurate alternative to the practice of visual inspection and augments more time-consuming biological testing methods. This innovation can assist meat processors and government inspectors in their efforts to provide safe and wholesome food to consumers. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Petrich, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Petrich, Jacob/L-1005-2015; OI Chowdhury, Pramit/0000-0002-9593-2577 NR 18 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 21 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3502 EP 3507 DI 10.1021/jf0211736 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 679QD UT WOS:000182932700047 PM 12744689 ER PT J AU Blanch, EW Kasarda, DD Hecht, L Nielsen, K Barron, LD AF Blanch, EW Kasarda, DD Hecht, L Nielsen, K Barron, LD TI New insight into the solution structures of wheat gluten proteins from Raman optical activity SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INTRINSICALLY UNSTRUCTURED PROTEINS; PROLAMIN STORAGE PROTEINS; RANDOM COIL CONFORMATION; ALPHA-HELIX FORMATION; POLYPROLINE-II HELIX; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; GLIADIN GENE FAMILY; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; UNFOLDED PROTEINS; BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN AB Vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of the wheat proteins a-gliadin (A-gliadin), omega-liadin, and a 30 kDa peptide called T-A-1 from the high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) Dx5 were measured to obtain new information about their solution structures. The spectral data show that, under the conditions investigated, A-gliadin contains a considerable amount of hydrated alpha-helix, most of which probably lies within a relatively structured C-terminal domain. Smaller quantities of beta-structure and poly(L-proline) II (PPII) helix were also identified. Addition of methanol was found to increase the alpha-helix content at the expense of some of the beta and PPII structure. In comparison, omega-gliadin and the T-A-1 peptide were found to consist of large amounts of well-defined PPII structure with some turns but no alpha-helix. The results for the T-A-1 peptide are in agreement with a model in which HMW-GS are extended but not highly rigid. Application of a pattern recognition technique, based on principal component analysis (PCA), to the ROA spectra reinforces these conclusions. C1 Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, DTU 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Blanch, EW (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. OI Blanch, Ewan/0000-0002-0781-4926 NR 70 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD MAY 20 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 19 BP 5665 EP 5673 DI 10.1021/bo027059y PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 679QW UT WOS:000182934300014 PM 12741823 ER PT J AU Garlotta, D Doane, W Shogren, R Lawton, J Willett, JL AF Garlotta, D Doane, W Shogren, R Lawton, J Willett, JL TI Mechanical and thermal properties of starch-filled poly(D,L-lactic acid)/poly(hydroxy ester ether) biodegradable blends SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biomaterials; composites; mechanical properties; morphology ID POLY(LACTIC ACID); BLOWN FILMS; MORPHOLOGY; COMPOSITES; BEHAVIOR; MOISTURE AB The mechanical, structural, and thermal properties of injection-molded composites of granular cornstarch, poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA), and poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) were investigated. These composites had high tensile strengths, ranging from 17 to 66 MPa, at starch loadings of 0-70 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of fracture specimens revealed good adhesion between the starch granule and the polymer matrix, as evidenced by broken starch granules. The adhesion of the starch granules to the polymer matrix was the greatest when the matrix PDLLA/PHEE ratios ranged from zero to unity. At a PDLLA/PHEE ratio of less than unity, as the starch content increased in the composites, there was an increase in the tensile strength and modulus, with a concurrent decrease in elongation. The effects of starch on the mechanical properties of starch/PDLLA composites showed that as the starch content of the composite increased, the tensile strength and elongation to break decreased, whereas Young's modulus increased. In contrast, the tensile strength of starch/PHEE composites increased with increasing starch content. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Biotechnol Res & Dev Corp, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Lawton, J (reprint author), ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 50 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD MAY 16 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 7 BP 1775 EP 1786 DI 10.1002/app.11736 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 654WU UT WOS:000181520600023 ER PT J AU House, JA House, C Dubourget, P Lombard, M AF House, JA House, C Dubourget, P Lombard, M TI Protective immunity in cattle vaccinated with a commercial scale, inactivated, bivalent vesicular stomatitis vaccine SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE vesicular stomatitis; protective immunity; inactivated vaccine ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK AB A commercially prepared oil-adjuvanted, inactivated vaccine containing antigens of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes New Jersey (NJ) and Indiana 1 (IND1) was administered to calves to determine its ability to induce protective immunity. Weekly serological studies were conducted. The 12 calves in Group I were vaccinated once and challenge inoculated with VSV New Jersey 28 days later. Two calves were fully protected and two were partially protected. The five calves in Group II were vaccinated twice 40 days apart and challenge inoculated on 14 days post-second vaccination (dp2v) with VSV Indiana 1. All animals were fully protected. The 14 calves in Group III were vaccinated twice 91 days apart and challenge inoculated on 91 dp2v with VSV Indiana 1. All animals were fully protected. All control calves in each group became clinically ill. Two calves inoculated with VSV Indiana 1 challenge virus on day 0 and 11 weeks later showed clinical disease after each inoculation. No virus was isolated from the blood of four acutely ill calves 48 h after challenge inoculation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs,Foreign Anim Diagnost Lab, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Merial SAS, F-69007 Lyon, France. RP House, JA (reprint author), 29745 Main Rd, Cutchogue, NY 11935 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 16 PY 2003 VL 21 IS 17-18 BP 1932 EP 1937 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00008-2 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 682PF UT WOS:000183100200018 PM 12706679 ER PT J AU Chen, HL Subbarao, K Swayne, D Chen, Q Lu, XH Katz, J Cox, N Matsuoka, Y AF Chen, HL Subbarao, K Swayne, D Chen, Q Lu, XH Katz, J Cox, N Matsuoka, Y TI Generation and evaluation of a high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza virus; H9N2 subtype; pandemic influenza vaccine ID AVIAN INFLUENZA; H5N1 VIRUSES; A VIRUSES; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; IMMUNITY; HUMANS AB H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely distributed in avian species and were isolated from humans in Hong Kong and Guangdong province, China in 1999 raising concern of their potential for pandemic spread. We generated a high-growth reassortant virus (G9/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the H9N2 avian influenza virus A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (G9) and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) by genetic reassortment, for evaluation as a potential vaccine candidate in humans. Pathogenicity studies showed that the G9/PR8 reassortant was not highly pathogenic for mice or chickens. Two doses of a formalin-inactivated G9/PR8 virus vaccine induced hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and conferred complete protection against challenge with G9 and the antigenically distinct H9N2 A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (G1-like) virus in a mouse model. These results indicate that the high growth G9/PR8 reassortant has properties that are desirable in a vaccine seed virus and is suitable for evaluation in humans for use in the event of an H9 pandemic. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA, ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), NIAID, LID, NIH, Bldg 50,Rm 6132,50 South Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 16 PY 2003 VL 21 IS 17-18 BP 1974 EP 1979 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00809-5 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 682PF UT WOS:000183100200024 PM 12706686 ER PT J AU McCoard, SA Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF McCoard, SA Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI Germ cell development in Meishan and White Composite gilts SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ovary; fetus; pig; germ cells; morphology ID ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; OVULATION RATE; CHINESE MEISHAN; FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT; HISTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; AROMATASE-ACTIVITY; OOCYTE MATURATION; EMBRYO SURVIVAL AB This study compared dynamics of the germ cell population in two swine breeds that differ in prolifacy, White Composite (WC) and Meishan (MS), during fetal and neonatal life and in mature sows. Germ cell populations developed in a similar pattern in these two diverse breeds during fetal life. Maximal germ cell number was observed at 90 days postcoitum (dpc) in both WC and MS gilts, and substantial oogonial apoptosis was evident thereafter with approximately 30% of maximal numbers present at 25 days postpartum (dpp). Neither gilt nor sow germ cell number was correlated with maternal ovulation rate. Postnatal MS gilts had larger pools of primordial follicles and consistently greater proportions and numbers of primary and secondary follicles compared to postnatal WC gilts, indicative of enhanced follicular recruitment and primordial follicle activation. Occasional antral follicles were present in MS ovaries by 25 dpp and numerous surface follicles were observed at 56 dpp in MS but not WC ovaries, indicative of more rapid ovarian maturation and early onset of puberty. Total germ cell number is unlikely to influence or to predict subsequent ovulation rate. These observations highlight important developmental events during late fetal and early postnatal life that prepare the ovarian environment for early onset of puberty and subsequent ovulation in MS gilts. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP McCoard, SA (reprint author), AgRes Ltd, Grasslands Res Ctr, Private Bag 11008,Tennent Dr, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NR 78 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(02)00236-1 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 671FR UT WOS:000182455100008 PM 12654530 ER PT J AU Byars, JA Carriere, CJ Inglett, GE AF Byars, JA Carriere, CJ Inglett, GE TI Constitutive modeling of beta-glucan/amylodextrin blends SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE rheology; constitutive modeling; beta-glucan/amylodextrin blends ID RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION; OAT; DEFORMATION; RELAXATION; EQUATION; SHEAR; DOUGH; GELS; BRAN AB Accurate constitutive equations are required for the understanding of many food processes. The purpose of this work was to test the ability of constitutive equations to model the rheological behavior of beta-glucan/amylodextrin blends in a range of flows. The predictions of the K-BKZ, Gieselcus, Phan-Thien-Tanner and Bird-Carreau models were compared to experimental results in steady shear, startup of steady shear, stress relaxation and biaxial extension flows. The K-BKZ model yielded the most accurate predictions across the range of flows. The Giesekus and Phan-Thien-Tanner models gave good results in shear flows, but failed to predict the correct strain dependence in stress relaxation. The Bird-Carreau model did not capture many features of the flow behavior. The results indicate the need to test thoroughly constitutive equations before using them to model food processes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Byars, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 52 IS 3 BP 243 EP 252 AR PII S0144-8617(02)00272-2 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00272-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 651FT UT WOS:000181310400005 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL AF Shogren, RL TI Rapid preparation of starch esters by high temperature/pressure reaction SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE starch; starch acetate; starch succinate; synthesis ID ACID AB This study was undertaken to determine if starch esters of moderate to high degree of substitution (DS) could be prepared more rapidly, efficiently and with fewer byproducts. The method selected was to heat mixtures of dry corn starch, glacial acetic acid and anhydrides under pressure in small (60 mul) stainless steel sealed pans. Starch acetates of DS 0.5-2.5 were prepared at temperatures of 160-180 degreesC in 2-10 min. Reaction efficiencies were essentially 100%. Reaction rates increased with increasing acetic acid concentration and decreased with increasing acetic anhydride concentration. The acetic acid remaining in the samples could be completely removed by vacuum stripping at 120-190 degreesC. Starch succinates of DS 1.0-1.5 were prepared at temperatures and times similar to those for starch acetates above. Longer reaction times (20-60 min) were required for the preparation of starch octenylsuccinates and dodecenylsuccinates having moderate DS values (similar to0.5). Significant acetylation due to esterification of starch with acetic acid also occurred in these systems for long heating times (> 20 min). This results in release of water and probably accounts for some of the apparent degradation (reduction in viscosity, browning) seen at long heating times. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 52 IS 3 BP 319 EP 326 AR PII S0144-8617(02)00305-3 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00305-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 651FT UT WOS:000181310400013 ER PT J AU Kriticos, DJ Brown, JR Maywald, GF Radford, ID Nicholas, DM Sutherst, RW Adkins, SW AF Kriticos, DJ Brown, JR Maywald, GF Radford, ID Nicholas, DM Sutherst, RW Adkins, SW TI SPAnDX: a process-based population dynamics model to explore management and climate change impacts on an invasive alien plant, Acacia nilotica SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Acacia nilotica; biological invasions; cohort-based model; DYMEX; global change; population modelling; simulation modelling; wind; climate change ID SIMULATION-MODEL; SEED PRODUCTION; LATERAL ROOTS; SAVANNAS; GROWTH; WATER; TRANSPIRATION; INTERFERENCE; COMPETITION; POLLINATION AB This paper describes a process-based metapopulation dynamics and phenology model of prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica, an invasive alien species in Australia. The model, SPAnDX, describes the interactions between riparian and upland sub-populations of A. nilotica within livestock paddocks, including the effects of extrinsic factors such as temperature, soil moisture availability and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. The model includes the effects of management events such as changing the livestock species or stocking rate, applying fire, and herbicide application. The predicted population behaviour of A. nilotica was sensitive to climate. Using 35 years daily weather datasets for five representative sites spanning the range of conditions that A. nilotica is found in Australia, the model predicted biomass levels that closely accord with expected values at each site. SPAnDX can be used as a decision-support tool in integrated weed management, and to explore the sensitivity of cultural management practices to climate change throughout the range of A. nilotica. The cohort-based DYMEX modelling package used to build and run SPAnDX provided several advantages over more traditional population modelling approaches (e.g. an appropriate specific formalism (discrete time, cohort-based, process-oriented), user-friendly graphical environment, extensible library of reusable components, and useful and flexible input/output support framework). (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CSIRO, Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA, NRCS Jornada Range, Las Cruces, NM USA. CSIRO, Entomol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosyst, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. CRC, Australian Weed Management, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Kriticos, DJ (reprint author), CSIRO, Entomol, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RI Kriticos, Darren/A-4170-2008 OI Kriticos, Darren/0000-0003-2599-8105 NR 79 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 163 IS 3 BP 187 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00009-7 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680DG UT WOS:000182960600002 ER PT J AU Bradford, SA Simunek, J Bettahar, M Van Genuchten, MT Yates, SR AF Bradford, SA Simunek, J Bettahar, M Van Genuchten, MT Yates, SR TI Modeling colloid attachment, straining, and exclusion in saturated porous media SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-BED FILTRATION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; PARTICLE-TRANSPORT; BACTERIOPHAGE PRD1; AQUIFER SEDIMENTS; DEPTH FILTRATION; WASTE-WATER; DEPOSITION; ADSORPTION; SAND AB A conceptual model for colloid transport is developed that accounts for colloid attachment, straining, and exclusion. Colloid attachment and detachment is modeled using first-order rate expressions, whereas straining is described using an irreversible first-order straining term that is depth dependent. Exclusion is modeled by adjusting transport parameters for colloid-accessible pore space. Fitting attachment and detachment model parameters to colloid transport data provided a reasonable description of effluent concentration curves, but the spatial distribution of retained colloids at the column inlet was severely underestimated for systems that exhibited significant colloid mass removal. A more physically realistic description of the colloid transport data was obtained by simulating both colloid attachment and straining. Fitted straining coefficients were found to systematically increase with increasing colloid size and decreasing median grain size. A correlation was developed to predict the straining coefficient from colloid and porous medium information. Numerical experiments indicated that increasing the colloid excluded volume of the pore space resulted in earlier breakthrough and higher peak effluent concentrations as a result of higher pore water velocities and lower residence times, respectively. Velocity enhancement due to colloid exclusion was predicted to increase with increasing exclusion volume and increasing soil gradation. C1 USDA ARS, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Bradford, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 50 TC 278 Z9 290 U1 14 U2 105 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2242 EP 2250 DI 10.1021/es025899u PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678KJ UT WOS:000182866000029 PM 12785531 ER PT J AU Beck, MA Williams-Toone, D Levander, OA AF Beck, MA Williams-Toone, D Levander, OA TI Coxsackievirus B3-resistant mice become susceptible in Se vitamin E deficiency SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE selenium; vitamin E; tocopherol; virus; myocarditis; oxidative damage; free radicals; disease resistance; disease susceptibility ID MURINE MYOCARDITIS; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GENE-EXPRESSION; VIRUS-INFECTION; INBRED STRAINS; B3 INFECTION; SELENIUM; THIOREDOXIN; METALLOTHIONEIN AB The severity of the heart damage caused by a coxsackievirus infection in mice is determined by several factors, including the genotype of the infecting virus as well as the genetic background of the infected host. Earlier work by us showed that the cardiovirulence of a given coxsackievirus genotype could be increased substantially by feeding the host a diet nutritionally deficient in either selenium or vitamin E. Here we report that host genetic background as a determinant of viral infection outcome is superseded by feeding the host a diet nutritionally deficient in both selenium and vitamin E. Mice of the C57B1/6 strain, normally resistant to coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis, become susceptible when fed such a doubly deficient diet. Our results demonstrate the powerful influence of host nutritional status on the course of viral infection compared to other variables traditionally considered to play major roles in determining the extent of virally induced inflammatory heart disease. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Beck, MA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, 535 Burnett Womack,CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1263 EP 1270 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00101-1 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 673GZ UT WOS:000182573500006 PM 12726914 ER PT J AU Bachelet, D Neilson, RP Hickler, T Drapek, RJ Lenihan, JM Sykes, MT Smith, B Sitch, S Thonicke, K AF Bachelet, D Neilson, RP Hickler, T Drapek, RJ Lenihan, JM Sykes, MT Smith, B Sitch, S Thonicke, K TI Simulating past and future dynamics of natural ecosystems in the United States SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE MC1; LPJ; climate change; fire; carbon; PDSI ID TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODEL; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; CO2 ENRICHMENT; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-BALANCE AB Simulations of potential vegetation distribution, natural fire frequency, carbon pools, and fluxes are presented for two DGVMs (Dynamic Global Vegetation Models) from the second phase of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project. Results link vegetation dynamics to biogeochemical cycling for the conterminous United States. Two climate change scenarios were used: a moderately warm scenario from the Hadley Climate Centre and a warmer scenario from the Canadian Climate Center. Both include sulfate aerosols and assume a gradual CO2 increase. Both DGVMs simulate a reduction of southwestern desert areas, a westward expansion of eastern deciduous forests, and the expansion of forests in the western part of the Pacific Northwest and in north-central California. Both DGVMs predict an increase in total biomass burnt in the next century, with a more pronounced increase under the Canadian scenario. Under the Hadley scenario, both DGVMs simulate increases in total carbon stocks. Under the Canadian scenario, both DGVMs simulate a decrease in live vegetation carbon. We identify similarities in model behavior due to the climate forcing and explain differences by the different structure of the models and their different sensitivity to CO2. We compare model output with data to enhance our confidence in their ability to simulate potential vegetation distribution and ecosystem processes. We compare changes in the area of drought-induced decreases in vegetation density with a spatial index derived from the Palmer Drought Severity Index to illustrate the ability of the vegetation to cope with water limitations in the future and the role of the CO2 fertilization effect. C1 Oregon State Univ, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Anal, Climate Impacts Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Potsdam Inst Cimate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. RP Bachelet, D (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015; Smith, Benjamin/I-1212-2016; Hickler, Thomas/S-6287-2016 OI Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561; Smith, Benjamin/0000-0002-6987-5337; Hickler, Thomas/0000-0002-4668-7552 NR 75 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 AR 1045 DI 10.1029/2001GB001508 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 682QK UT WOS:000183102900001 ER PT J AU Pendall, E Del Grosso, S King, JY LeCain, DR Milchunas, DG Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Parton, WA Tans, PP White, JWC AF Pendall, E Del Grosso, S King, JY LeCain, DR Milchunas, DG Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Parton, WA Tans, PP White, JWC TI Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects and soil water feedbacks on soil respiration components in a Colorado grassland SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE decomposition; rhizosphere respiration; stable isotopes; C-13/C-12; soil C cycling; shortgrass steppe ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; N AVAILABILITY; GAS-EXCHANGE; FINE ROOTS; ENRICHMENT; DYNAMICS; DECOMPOSITION AB The shortgrass steppe is a semi-arid grassland, where elevated CO2 reduces stomatal conductance and promotes soil moisture storage. Enhanced biomass growth from elevated CO2 has been attributed in part to soil moisture effects. However, the influence of this soil moisture feedback on C cycling has received little attention. We used open-top chambers to increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations to twice-ambient for four growing seasons. Soil respiration rates and stable C isotopes of soil CO2 were measured during the third and fourth seasons. Elevated CO2 increased soil respiration rates by similar to25% in a moist growing season and by similar to85% in a dry season. Stable C isotope partitioning of soil respiration into its components of decomposition and rhizosphere respiration was facilitated on all treatments by a C-13 disequilibrium between currently growing plants and soil organic matter. Decomposition rates were more than doubled by elevated CO2, whereas rhizosphere respiration rates were not changed. In general, decomposition rates were most significantly correlated with soil temperature, and rhizosphere respiration rates were best predicted by soil moisture content. Model simulations suggested that soil moisture feedbacks, rather than differences in substrate availability, were primarily responsible for higher total respiration rates under elevated CO2. By contrast, modeling demonstrated that substrate availability was at least as important as soil moisture in driving CO2 treatment differences in soil organic matter decomposition rates. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Pendall, E (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009; King, Jennifer Y./I-5986-2015; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; King, Jennifer Y./0000-0003-3433-5952; NR 63 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 AR 1046 DI 10.1029/2001GB001821 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 682QK UT WOS:000183102900002 ER PT J AU Liao, CH Fett, WF AF Liao, CH Fett, WF TI Isolation of Salmonella from alfalfa seed and demonstration of impaired growth of heat-injured cells in seed homogenates SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella isolation; alfalfa seed; repeated pre-enrichment; heat-injury; repair in seed homogenates ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157H7; CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE; SPROUTS; ENRICHMENT; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; RECOVERY; PREENRICHMENT; CHLORINE; FOODS AB Three major foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis in 1998 and 1999 were linked to the consumption of raw alfalfa sprouts. In this report, an improved method is described for isolation of Salmonella from alfalfa seed lots, which had been implicated in these outbreaks. From each seed lot, eight samples each containing 25 g of seed were tested for the presence of Salmonella by the US FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) procedure and by a modified method applying two successive pre-enrichment steps. Depending on the seed lot, one to-four out of eight samples tested positive for Salmonella by the standard procedure and two to seven out of eight samples tested positive by the modified method. Thus, the use of two consecutive pre-enrichment steps led to a higher detection rate than a single pre-enrichment step. This result indirectly suggested that Salmonella cells on contaminated seeds might be injured and failed to fully resuscitate in pre-enrichment broth containing seed components during the first 24 h of incubation. Responses of heat-injured Salmonella cells grown in buffered peptone water (BPW) and in three alfalfa seed homogenates were investigated. For preparation of seed homogenates, 25 g of seeds were homogenized in 200 ml of BPW using a laboratory Stomacher and subsequently held at 37degreesC for 24 h prior to centrifugation and filtration. While untreated cells grew at about the same rate in BPW and in seed homogenates, heat-injured cells (52degreesC, 10 min) required approximately 0.5 to 4.0 h longer to resuscitate in seed homogenates than in BPW This result suggests that the alfalfa seed components or fermented metabolites from native bacteria hinder the repair and growth of heat-injured cells. This study also shows that an additional pre-enrichment step increases the frequency of isolation of Salmonella from naturally contaminated seeds, possibly by alleviating the toxic effect of seed homogenates on: repair or growth of injured cells. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liao, CH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 82 IS 3 BP 245 EP 253 AR PII S0168-1605(02)00309-4 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00309-4 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 672EN UT WOS:000182508400005 PM 12593927 ER PT J AU Cosh, MH Brutsaert, W AF Cosh, MH Brutsaert, W TI Microscale structural aspects of vegetation density variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE vegetation; fractal dimension; spectral analysis; variogram; variability ID SCALE; PARAMETERS; IMPACT; IMAGES AB Current radiometric remote sensing technology enables high resolution data of vegetation biomass to be obtained in the form of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The present study uses such data to examine the spatial structure of vegetation density at the land surface by wavelet, semivariogram, and spectral analyses. Within the range of 30-800 m, the results show that vegetation density of arable cropland is persistent and can be characterized as a fractal with a dimension of 1.59. Within the same range of distances, vegetation density across a more diverse landscape (including besides cropland, also pasture and savanna) exhibits a fractal dimension of 1.69. In the Southern Great Plains, this range is of the order of the typical size of agricultural fields. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cosh, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Rm 104,Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015 OI Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 276 IS 1-4 BP 128 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00068-4 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 689BF UT WOS:000183471200009 ER PT J AU Erpul, G Norton, LD Gabriels, D AF Erpul, G Norton, LD Gabriels, D TI Sediment transport from interrill areas under wind-driven rain SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE wind-driven rain; slope gradient and aspect; interrill erosion; rainsplash transport; thin flow transport ID SOIL DETACHMENT; WATER EROSION; OVERLAND-FLOW; MODEL; RAINSPLASH; IMPACT; RUNOFF; CAPACITY; TUNNEL; DEPTH AB In nature, erosive rainstorms are usually associated with high winds. Therefore, a quantification of wind and rain interactions and the effects of wind on detachment and transport processes provides a great opportunity for a given prediction technology to improve the estimation of erosion. This paper presents experimental data obtained on interrill erosion processes under wind-driven rain. In a wind tunnel facility equipped with a rainfall simulator, windless rains and the rains driven by horizontal wind velocities of 6, 10, and 14 m s(-1) were applied to three agricultural soils packed into 20 by 55 cm soil pan at both windward and leeward slopes of 7, 15, and 20%. Wind-driven rainsplash transport was measured by trapping the splashed particles at distances on a 7-m uniform slope segment in the upslope and downslope directions, respectively, for windward and leeward slopes. The process was adequately described by relating the rainsplash transport rate to the rainfall parameter, fluxes of rain energy or momentum, and wind shear velocity by log-linear regression technique. Sediment transport by rain-impacted thin flow was measured by collecting sediment and runoff samples at 5-min intervals after runoff onset. This process was also adequately described by rainfall and flow parameters. Comparing the process contribution to the total sediment transport, it is concluded that rainsplash transport is a significant process that should not be neglected in accurately predicting interrill water erosion under wind-driven rain. Mean values for the ratio of rainsplash erosion to the corresponding total sediment transport were 14.6 +/- 6.4, 23.9 +/- 7.8, and 38.1 +/- 8.7% for the rains driven by 6, 10, and 14 m s(-1) wind, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Soil Sci, TR-06110 Ankara, Turkey. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. State Univ Ghent, Dept Soil Management & Soil Care, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Erpul, G (reprint author), Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Soil Sci, TR-06110 Ankara, Turkey. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 276 IS 1-4 BP 184 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00070-2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 689BF UT WOS:000183471200013 ER PT J AU Wiens, GD Brown, M Rittenberg, MB AF Wiens, GD Brown, M Rittenberg, MB TI Repertoire shift in the humoral response to phosphocholine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin: V-H somatic mutation in germinal center B cells impairs T15 Ig function SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY IMMUNE-RESPONSE; COMPLEMENTARITY-DETERMINING REGION-2; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; T-CELL; HEAVY-CHAIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; SECRETION DEFECT; ANTIGEN-BINDING; DEFICIENT MICE AB Phosphocholine (PC) is a naturally occurring Ag common to many pathogenic microorganisms. Early in the primary response to PC conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), T15 Id(+) Abs constitute >90% of the serum Ig in BALB/c mice. During the late primary and memory response to PC-protein, a shift in the repertoire occurs and T15 Id(+) Abs lose dominance. In this study, we use immunohistochemistry and single germinal center microdissection to locate T15 Id(+) cells in the spleen in a primary response to PC-KLH. We demonstrate T15 Id(+) B cells and V(H)1-DFL16.1-JH1 and Vkappa22-Jkappa5 rearrangements in germinal centers early in the immune response; thus loss of T15 dominance is not due to lack of T15 cells within germinal centers. One-hundred thirty one V(H)1 and 57 Vkappa22 rearrangements were cloned and sequenced. Thirty four percent of the V(H)1 clones and 37% of the Vkappa22 clones contained somatic mutations indicating participation in the germinal center response. Six variant T15 H clones were expressed with wild-type T15 L chain in vitro. Two of these Abs were defective in secretion providing the first evidence that mutation occurring in vivo can disrupt Ig assembly and secretion. Of the four secretion-competent Abs, two failed to display binding to PC-protein, while the other two displayed altered carrier recognition. These results indicate that somatic mutation of T15 in vivo can result in the loss of binding and secretion, potentially leading to B cell wastage. The failure of T15 to gain affinity enhancing mutations in the face of these detrimental changes may contribute to repertoire shift. C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Portland, OR USA. RP Wiens, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, 11876 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM gwiens@ncccwa.ars.usda.gov OI Wiens, Gregory/0000-0002-5478-7780 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-26827, AI-14985] NR 73 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 EI 1550-6606 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 170 IS 10 BP 5095 EP 5102 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 676NJ UT WOS:000182758200027 PM 12734355 ER PT J AU Thurmond, MC Gibbs, EPJ Brown, CC Wagner, GG Wilson, TM Lautner, BA AF Thurmond, MC Gibbs, EPJ Brown, CC Wagner, GG Wilson, TM Lautner, BA TI Educational preparedness of veterinarians for foreign animal diseases SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet & Emergency Serv, Armed Forces Med Intelligence Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Natl Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 50306 USA. RP Thurmond, MC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 222 IS 10 BP 1352 EP 1357 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1352 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 677VV UT WOS:000182830100019 PM 12762377 ER PT J AU Edwards, JF Angulo, AB Pannill, EC AF Edwards, JF Angulo, AB Pannill, EC TI Theriogenology question of the month SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID CACHE VALLEY VIRUS; MALFORMATIONS; INOCULATION; INFECTION AB The American College of Theriogenologists sponsors this feature. Readers of the JAVMA are invited to submit contributions. Contributions should provide a learning exercise about theriogenology. A specific question should be posed for the readers. The author's answer to the question and a brief discussion should be presented. Possible topics include commonly seen problems in domestic or exotic animals. Herd problems in dairy and beef cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and exotic hoofstock, problems in kennels or catteries, or flock problems in domestic and exotic fowl also are appropriate. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Vet Med Diagnost Labs, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv Anim Care, Staples, TX 78670 USA. RP Edwards, JF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 222 IS 10 BP 1361 EP 1362 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1361 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 677VV UT WOS:000182830100021 PM 12762379 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Juaraez, B Watson, MA Richard, OA AF Lamikanra, O Juaraez, B Watson, MA Richard, OA TI Effect of cutting and storage on sensory traits of cantaloupe melon cultivars with extended postharvest shelf life SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE muskmelon; shelf life; ethylene; volatile aroma compounds; polygalacturonase; pectinase; fruit ID MUSKMELON FRUIT; POLYGALACTURONASE; QUALITY; AROMA AB Fresh cut cantaloupe melons (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus) from fruits with extended postharvest shelf life were analysed for changes in their volatile aroma compounds and polygalacturonase activity during storage. The total volatile aroma contents and the number of volatile compounds in fruits with extended shelf life were significantly less than those present in the traditional shelf life cultivar Mission. Esters were the major volatile compounds present in the fruits, and their concentrations decreased considerably with storage of the cut fruit for 24h at 4degreesC. Polygalacturonase activity was detected from measurements of the hydrolytic release of reducing groups after storage of the cut fruit for 3 days. Enzymatic activity decreased thereafter in all fruits. The results indicate a lack of correlation between the postharvest shelf life of whole cantaloupe and that of fresh cut fruit. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Woodland, CA 95695 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 7 BP 702 EP 708 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1337 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 676QH UT WOS:000182763100014 ER PT J AU Wylie, BK Johnson, DA Laca, E Saliendra, NZ Gilmanov, TG Reed, BC Tieszen, LL Worstell, BB AF Wylie, BK Johnson, DA Laca, E Saliendra, NZ Gilmanov, TG Reed, BC Tieszen, LL Worstell, BB TI Calibration of remotely sensed, coarse resolution NDVI to CO2 fluxes in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE carbon dioxide; primary production; respiration; NDVI; Artemisia ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SATELLITE DATA; SOIL RESPIRATION; BOREAL FOREST; GROSS PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AB The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon flux can be partitioned into gross primary productivity (GPP) and respiration (R). The contribution of remote sensing and modeling holds the potential to predict these components and map them spatially and temporally. This has obvious utility to quantify carbon sink and source relationships and to identify improved land management strategies for optimizing carbon sequestration. The objective of our study was to evaluate prediction of 14-day average daytime CO2 fluxes (F-day) and nighttime CO2 fluxes (R-n) using remote sensing and other data. F-day and R-n were measured with a Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) technique in a sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)-steppe ecosystem in northeast Idaho, USA, during 1996-1999. Micrometeorological variables aggregated across 14-day periods and time-integrated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (iNDVI) were determined during four growing seasons (1996 - 1999) and used to predict F-day and R-n. We found that iNDVI was a strong predictor of F-day (R-2=0.79, n=66, P<0.0001). Inclusion of evapotranspiration in the predictive equation led to improved predictions of F-day (R-2=0.82, n = 66, P < 0.0001). Crossvalidation indicated that regression tree predictions of F-day were prone to overfitting and that linear regression models were more robust. Multiple regression and regression tree models predicted R-n quite well (R-2 = 0.75 - 0.77, n = 66) with the regression tree model being slightly more robust in crossvalidation. Temporal mapping of F-day and R-n is possible with these techniques and would allow the assessment of NEE in sagebrush -steppe ecosystems. Simulations of periodic F-day measurements, as might be provided by a mobile flux tower, indicated that such measurements could be used in combination with iNDVI to accurately predict Fday. These periodic measurements could maximize the utility of expensive flux towers for evaluating various carbon management strategies, carbon certification, and validation and calibration of carbon flux models. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Raytheon Syst Co, USGS, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Wylie, BK (reprint author), Raytheon Syst Co, USGS, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 111 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY 15 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 2 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00004-X PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 668LF UT WOS:000182291900009 ER PT J AU Craven, LA Wilson, FD Fryxell, PA AF Craven, LA Wilson, FD Fryxell, PA TI A taxonomic review of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Western Australia and the Northern Territory SO AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article AB Recent collections have extended significantly the known morphological diversity in Hibiscus sect. Furcaria in north-western Australia. This additional knowledge required a review of the taxonomy, as a result of which several new taxa are described, namely H. aneuthe, H. aphelus, H. bacalusius, H. fallax, H. fryxellii var. mollis, H. inimicus, H. kenneallyi, H. marenitensis, H. petherickii, H. reflexus, H. riceae, H. squarrulosus, H. stewartii and H. thegaleus. Hibiscus mustiae is included in H. zonatus. An identification key, synoptic treatments and distribution maps are provided for all taxa occurring in the region In addition, all new taxa are described and all, with the exception of H. thegaleus, are illustrated. An exsiccatae list is provided. C1 CSIRO Plant Ind, Ctr Plant Biodivers Res, Australian Natl Herbarium, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Biol, Dept Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Craven, LA (reprint author), CSIRO Plant Ind, Ctr Plant Biodivers Res, Australian Natl Herbarium, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1030-1887 J9 AUST SYST BOT JI Aust. Syst. Bot. PD MAY 13 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 2 BP 185 EP 218 DI 10.1071/SB01046 PG 34 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 678WB UT WOS:000182888700004 ER PT J AU Bannantine, JP Zhang, Q Li, LL Kapur V AF Bannantine, JP Zhang, Q Li, LL Kapur, V TI Genomic homogeneity between Mycobacterium avium subsp avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis belies their divergent growth rates SO BMC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INITIATOR PROTEIN DNAA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DEPENDENT MYCOBACTERIA; REPLICATION ORIGINS; REGION; CHROMOSOME; SEQUENCE; GENE; HYBRIDIZATION; SMEGMATIS AB Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium ( M. avium) is frequently encountered in the environment, but also causes infections in animals and immunocompromised patients. In contrast, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( M. paratuberculosis) is a slow-growing organism that is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and chronic granulomatous infections in a variety of other ruminant hosts. Yet we show that despite their divergent phenotypes and the diseases they present, the genomes of M. avium and M. paratuberculosis share greater than 97% nucleotide identity over large ( 25 kb) genomic regions analyzed in this study. Results: To characterize genome similarity between these two subspecies as well as attempt to understand their different growth rates, we designed oligonucleotide primers from M. avium sequence to amplify 15 minimally overlapping fragments of M. paratuberculosis genomic DNA encompassing the chromosomal origin of replication. These strategies resulted in the successful amplification and sequencing of a contiguous 11-kb fragment containing the putative Mycobacterium paratuberculosis origin of replication (oriC). This fragment contained 11 predicted open reading frames that showed a conserved gene order in the oriC locus when compared with several other Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, a GC skew analysis identified the origin of chromosomal replication which lies between the genes dnaA and dnaN. The presence of multiple DnaA boxes and the ATP-binding site in dnaA were also found in M. paratuberculosis. The strong nucleotide identity of M. avium and M. paratuberculosis in the region surrounding the origin of chromosomal replication led us to compare other areas of these genomes. A DNA homology matrix of 2 million nucleotides from each genome revealed strong synteny with only a few sequences present in one genome but absent in the other. Finally, the 16s rRNA gene from these two subspecies is 100% identical. Conclusions: We present for the first time, a description of the oriC region in M. paratuberculosis. In addition, genomic comparisons between these two mycobacterial subspecies suggest that differences in the oriC region may not be significant enough to account for the diverse bacterial replication rates. Finally, the few genetic differences present outside the origin of chromosomal replication in each genome may be responsible for the diverse growth rates or phenotypes observed between the avium and paratuberculosis subspecies. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Minnesota, Biomed Genom Ctr, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Bannantine, JP (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 N Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jbannant@nadc.ars.usda.gov; qing@mail.ahc.umn.edu; lixxx068@gold.tc.umn.edu; vkapur@tc.umn.edu RI Kapur, Vivek/F-7610-2013 NR 37 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2180 J9 BMC MICROBIOL JI BMC Microbiol. PD MAY 9 PY 2003 VL 3 AR 10 DI 10.1186/1471-2180-3-10 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 710YC UT WOS:000184709600002 PM 12740027 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ Day, RM Tan, CC Sandven, TH Liang, QR Molkentin, JD Fanburg, BL AF Suzuki, YJ Day, RM Tan, CC Sandven, TH Liang, QR Molkentin, JD Fanburg, BL TI Activation of GATA-4 by serotonin in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; EXON/INTRON ORGANIZATION; PROMOTER ACTIVITY; SUPEROXIDE ANION; CYCLIN D2; AP-1 SITE; IN-VIVO; GENE; HYPERTENSION; EXPRESSION AB Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is a mitogen of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and plays an important role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Signal transduction initiated by 5-HT involves serotonin transporter-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the MEK-ERK pathway. However, the downstream transcriptional regulatory components have not been identified. In systemic smooth muscle cells, GATA-6 has been shown to regulate mitogenesis by driving cells into a quiescent state, and the down-regulation of GATA-6 induces mitogenesis. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that 5-HT induces mitogenesis of PASMC by down-regulating GATA-6. Quiescent bovine PASMC were treated with 5-HT, and the binding activity of nuclear extracts toward GATA DNA sequence was monitored. Surprisingly, PASMC express GATA-4, and 5-HT up-regulates the GATA DNA binding activity. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of serotonin transporter, reactive oxygen species, and MEK blocks GATA-4 activation by 5-HT. GATA-4 is not activated when the ERK phosphorylation site is mutated, indicating that 5-HT phosphorylates GATA-4 via the MEK/ERK pathway. GATA up-regulation is also induced by other mitogens of PASMC such as endothelin-1 and platelet-derived growth factor. Dominant negative mutants of GATA-4 suppress cyclin D2 expression and cell growth, indicating that GATA-4 activation regulates PASMC proliferation. Thus, GATA-4 mediates 5-HT-induced growth of PASMC and may be an important therapeutic target for the prevention of pulmonary hypertension. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Tupper Res Inst, Pulm Crit Care & Sleep Div,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL32723, R01 HL072844, R01-HL67340] NR 41 TC 51 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 9 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 19 BP 17525 EP 17531 DI 10.1074/jbc.M210465200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 677QG UT WOS:000182818600141 PM 12615926 ER PT J AU Ashworth, AC Thompson, FC AF Ashworth, AC Thompson, FC TI A fly in the biogeographic ointment SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; SIRIUS GROUP; ANTARCTICA C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Geosci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Smithsonian Inst, USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Ashworth, AC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Geosci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 8 PY 2003 VL 423 IS 6936 BP 135 EP 136 DI 10.1038/423135a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 675MR UT WOS:000182699600033 PM 12736672 ER PT J AU Robbins, RJ AF Robbins, RJ TI Phenolic acids in foods: An overview of analytical methodology SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE phenolic acids; analytical methodology; HPLC; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; antioxidant, foods ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.; PLANT-CELL WALLS; HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDS; FERULIC ACID; CAFFEIC ACID; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Phenolic acids are aromatic secondary plant metabolites, widely spread throughout the plant kingdom. Existing analytical methods for phenolic acids originated from interest in their biological roles as secondary metabolites and from their roles in food quality and their organoleptic properties. Recent interest in phenolic acids stems from their potential protective role, through ingestion of fruits and vegetables, against oxidative damage diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancers). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as gas chromatography (GC) are the two separation techniques reviewed. Extraction from plant matrixes and cleavage reactions through hydrolysis (acidic, basic, and enzymatic) are discussed as are the derivatization reagents used in sample preparation for GC. Detection systems discussed include UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical, and fluorometric detection. The most common tandem techniques are HPLC/UV and GC/MS, yet LC/MS is becoming more common. The masses and MS fragmentation patterns of phenolic acids are discussed and tabulated as are the UV absorption maxima. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Robbins, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Bldg 161,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM robbins@bhnrc.usda.gov NR 161 TC 475 Z9 496 U1 23 U2 222 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 7 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2866 EP 2887 DI 10.1021/jf026182t PG 22 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 673YX UT WOS:000182609800003 PM 12720366 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Snook, ME Bohac, JR Jackson, DM AF Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Snook, ME Bohac, JR Jackson, DM TI Quantity and potential biological activity of caffeic acid in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] storage root periderm SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani; Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Rhizopus stolonifer; Panicum milliaceum; Cyperus escutentus; phenolic acid; fungicide; pest resistance; allelopathy ID PHENOLIC-ACIDS; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; PLANTS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IDENTIFICATION; FILTRATE; ESTERS; FUNGI AB The caffeic acid content of storage root periderm and cortex tissues of genetically diverse sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars and breeding clones was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Periderm caffeic acid content of the clones ranged from 0.008 to 7.97 mg/g dry weight, whereas the highest cortex content was 0.047 mg/g. Clones varied greatly in periderm caffeic acid content in all experiments, but there were also differences between experiments in content averaged for all clones. This indicates that periderm caffeic acid content is subject to genetic and environmental influences. Caffeic acid inhibited the growth of four sweet potato pathogenic fungi and germination of proso millet seeds in bioassays. Inhibitory activity in the bioassays suggests that high periderm caffeic acid levels contribute to the storage root defense chemistry of some sweet potato genotypes. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30163 USA. RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 44 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 7 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2943 EP 2948 DI 10.1021/jf0211229 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 673YX UT WOS:000182609800012 PM 12720375 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Roitman, JN Kozukue, N AF Friedman, M Roitman, JN Kozukue, N TI Glycoalkaloid and calystegine contents of eight potato cultivars SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE potatoes; potato peel; potato flesh; Solanum tuberosum; glycoalkaloids; alpha-chaconine; alpha-solanine; HPLC; calystegine A(3); calystegine B-2; GC-MS ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; JIMSON WEED DATURA; ALPHA-CHACONINE; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; STEROIDAL GLYCOALKALOIDS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; XENOPUS EMBRYOS; PLANTS; SEPARATION; ALKALOIDS AB Diverse procedures have been reported for the separation and analysis by HPLC of the two major glycoalkaloids present in potatoes, alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine. To further improve the usefulness of the HPLC method, studies were carried out on the influence of several salient parameters on the analysis of the two potato glycoalkaloids. Effects On retention (elution, separation) times of the (a) composition and pH of the mobile phase (acetonitrile and phosphate buffer), (b) concentration of the phosphate buffer, (c) capacity values of column packing of four commercial HPLC amino columns, (d) column temperature were studied. Except for pH, all of the variables significantly influenced the retention times. The results make it possible to select analysis. conditions that produce well-separated as well as symmetrical peaks of the two glycoalkaloids. This improved HPLC method (limit of detection of similar to150 ng) was evaluated with extracts from the cortex of one whole potato variety (May Queen) grown in Japan and the freeze-dried peel and flesh from the following eight cultivars grown in the United States: Atlantic, Dark Red Norland, Ranger Russet, Red Lasoda, Russet Burbank, Russet Norkota, Shepody, and Snowden. In addition, the same samples were analyzed by GC-MS for the presence of two water-soluble nortropane alkaloids, calystegine A(3) and calystegine B-2, reported to be potent glycosidase inhibitors. The following ranges for the eight varieties of total glycoalkaloid and calystegine levels were observed: dry flesh, 5-592 and 6-316 mg/kg; dry peel, 84-2226 and 218-2581 mg/kg; dry whole potatoes, 40-883 and 34-326 mg/kg; wet flesh, 1-148 and 1-68 mg/kg; wet peel, 12-429 and 35-467 mg/kg; wet whole potatoes, 7-187 and 5-68 mg/kg. The possible significance of the results to plant and food sciences is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 59 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 7 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2964 EP 2973 DI 10.1021/jf021146f PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 673YX UT WOS:000182609800015 PM 12720378 ER PT J AU Butchko, RAE Plattner, RD Proctor, RH AF Butchko, RAE Plattner, RD Proctor, RH TI FUM13 encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reduction during fumonisin biosynthesis in Gibberella moniliformis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fumonisin; Gibberella moniliformis; Fusarium verticillioides; mycotoxin; gene cluster ID MATING POPULATION-A; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; GENES; MYCOTOXINS; B-1 AB Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins produced by the filamentous fungus Gibberella moniliformis (anamorph Fusarium verticillioides). Wild-type strains of the fungus produce predominantly four B-series fumonisins, designated FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4. Recently, a cluster of 15 putative fumonisin biosynthetic genes (FUM) was described in G. monififormis. We have now conducted a functional analysis of FUM13, a gene in the cluster that is predicted by amino acid sequence similarity to encode a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR). Mass spectrometric analysis of metabolites from FUM13 deletion mutants revealed that they produce approximately 10% of wild-type levels of B-series fumonisins as well as two previously uncharacterized compounds. NMR analysis revealed that the new compounds are similar in structure to FB3 and FB4 but that they have a carbonyl function rather than a hydroxyl function at carbon atom 3 (C-3). These results indicate that the FUM13 protein catalyzes the reduction of the C-3 carbonyl to a hydroxyl group and are the first biochemical evidence directly linking a FUM gene to a specific reaction during fumonisin biosynthesis. The production of low levels of FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, which have a C-3 hydroxyl, by the FUM13 mutants suggests that G. monififormis has an additional C-3 carbonyl reductase activity but that this enzyme functions less efficiently than the FUM13 protein. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Butchko, RAE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 7 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 3000 EP 3006 DI 10.1021/jf0262007 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 673YX UT WOS:000182609800020 PM 12720383 ER PT J AU Boulay, R Katzav-Gozansky, T Vander Meer, RK Hefetz, A AF Boulay, R Katzav-Gozansky, T Vander Meer, RK Hefetz, A TI Colony insularity through queen control on worker social motivation in ants SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE nestmate recognition; queen; social motivation; trophallaxis; hydrocarbons; colony merging ID APHAENOGASTER-SENILIS HYMENOPTERA; KIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; CAMPONOTUS-FELLAH; CATAGLYPHIS-NIGER; CARPENTER ANT; GESTALT ODOR; FORMICIDAE; BEHAVIOR; OCTOPAMINE AB We investigated the relative contribution of the queen and workers to colony nestmate recognition cues and on colony insularity in the Carpenter ant Camponotus fellah. Workers were either individually isolated, preventing contact with both queen and workers (colonial deprived, CD), kept in queenless groups, allowing only worker-worker interactions (queen deprived, QD) or in queenright (QR) groups. Two weeks post-separation QD and QR workers were amicable towards each other but both rejected their CD nestmates, which suggests that the queen does not measurably influence the colony recognition cues. By contrast, aggression between QD and QR workers from the same original colony was apparent only after six months of separation. This clearly demonstrates the power of the Gestalt and indicates that the queen is not a dominant contributor to the nestmate recognition cues in this species. Aggression between nestmates was correlated with a greater hydrocarbon (HC) profile divergence for CD than for QD and QR workers, supporting the importance of worker-worker interactions in maintaining the colony Gestalt odour. While the queen does not significantly influence nestmate recognition cues, she does influence colony insularity since within 3 days QD (queenless for six months) workers from different colony origins merged to form a single queenless colony. By contrast, the corresponding QR colonies maintained their territoriality and did not merge. The originally divergent cuticular and postpharyngeal gland HC profiles became congruent following the merger. Therefore, while workers supply and blend the recognition signal, the queen affects worker-worker interaction by reducing social motivation and tolerance of alien conspecifics. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Boulay, R (reprint author), CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Apdo 1056, Seville 41013, Spain. EM boulay@ebd.csic.es RI Boulay, Raphael/I-3735-2015; Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015; CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 OI Boulay, Raphael/0000-0002-0138-0856; CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 NR 33 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAY 7 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1518 BP 971 EP 977 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2325 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 680GY UT WOS:000182969000012 PM 12803913 ER PT J AU Sonneveld, BGJS Nearing, MA AF Sonneveld, BGJS Nearing, MA TI A nonparametric/parametric analysis of the Universal Soil Loss Equation SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE Universal Soil Loss Equation; nonparametric regression; parametric regression; robustness; model fit ID LAND-USE; EROSION; RUSLE; USLE; GIS AB Due to its modest data demands and transparent model structure, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) remains the most popular tool for water erosion hazard assessment. However, the model has several shortcomings, two of which are likely to have prominent implications for the model results. First, the mathematical form of the USLE, the multiplication of six factors, easily leads to large errors whenever one of the input data is misspecified. Second, the USLE has a modest correlation between observed soil losses and model calculations, even with the same data that was used for its calibration. This raises questions about its mathematical model structure and the robustness of the assumed parameter values that are implicitly assigned to the model. This paper, therefore, analyzes if the USLE could benefit from mathematical model transformations that, on one hand, mitigate the impact of incorrect input factors and, on the other hand, result in a better fit between model results and observed soil losses. For the analysis, we revisit the original data set and consider the USLE factors as variables rather than their common interpretation as parameters. We first use both nonparametric and parametric techniques to test the robustness of the implicit parameter assignments in the USLE equation. Next, we postulate alternative mathematical forms and use parametric test statistics to evaluate parameter significance and model fit. A tenfold cross-validation of the model with the best fit tests the sensitivity of the parameters for inclusion or exclusion of the data. The results show that the C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr World Food Studies, SOW VU, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Sonneveld, BGJS (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr World Food Studies, SOW VU, Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 5 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD MAY 6 PY 2003 VL 52 IS 1 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00150-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 670KU UT WOS:000182407600002 ER PT J AU Sherwin, CM Christiansen, SB Duncan, IJ Erhard, HW Lay, DC Mench, JA O'Connor, CE Petherick, JC AF Sherwin, CM Christiansen, SB Duncan, IJ Erhard, HW Lay, DC Mench, JA O'Connor, CE Petherick, JC TI Guidelines for the ethical use of animals in applied ethology studies SO APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Congress of the International-Society-for-Applied-Ethology CY 2001 CL DAVIS, CA SP Int Soc Appl Ethol DE applied ethology; behaviour; ethics; guidelines; welfare ID SOMATOSENSORY-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WELFARE IMPLICATIONS; EUTHANASIA; ARGON; PIGS; DECAPITATION; SLAUGHTER; BEHAVIOR; AVERSION AB Applied ethology has a continuing interest in the promotion of animal welfare and the ethical treatment of animals used in research. However, in contrast to some other fields involving animal research, there are currently no guidelines written specifically for those engaged in applied ethology studies. We aim here, to provide members of the profession with a basis for structured self-evaluation of the ethical nature of their work, and to serve as inspiration for those planning research involving the use of animals. The first three sections of this document discuss the background to why ethical guidelines are needed in applied ethology studies and the relation between these guidelines and legislation. In the first section, we briefly discuss the relevant ethical principles and decision models. The main body of the guidelines then discuss how 'costs' to the animals in applied ethology research can be minimised (using the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement) and 'benefits' maximised. An earlier version of this manuscript was presented to the Annual General Meeting of the International Society of Applied Ethology, which accepted this as the basis of ethical review for papers presented at their International Congresses. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bristol, Ctr Behav Biol, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Langford BS40 5DU, England. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Univ Guelph, Ctr Study Anim Welf, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Purdue, IN 47907 USA. Dept Primary Ind, Queensland Beef Ind Inst, Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia. RP Sherwin, CM (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Ctr Behav Biol, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, England. EM chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk RI Sherwin, Christopher/E-8811-2011; Erhard, Hans/C-8845-2016; OI Erhard, Hans/0000-0001-5446-4538; O'Connor, Cheryl/0000-0001-8958-9242 NR 34 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1591 J9 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI JI Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. PD MAY 2 PY 2003 VL 81 IS 3 BP 291 EP 305 DI 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00288-5 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences GA 648LB UT WOS:000181151900009 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Koehler, KJ AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Koehler, KJ TI Strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with various strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); pig-viruses; strain specificity; immunity; pneumonia ID ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; SYNDROME SIRS VIRUS; SWINE INFERTILITY; LELYSTAD VIRUS; FIELD STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; PRRS VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; GENETIC-VARIATION AB The primary objective of the study was to determine strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with selected strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The experimental design included five groups (I through V, six pigs per group) free of antibody for PRRS V at the beginning of the experiment (day 0). On day 0, groups III, IV, and V were vaccinated with attenuated versions of PRRS V strains 8, 9, and 14, respectively. On day 21, the immunity of group 11 (non-vaccinated/challenged controls) and groups III, IV, and V was challenged by exposing each pig to a composite of the virulent versions of these same three strains. On day 35, all pigs, including nonvaccinated/non-challenged pigs of group I, were necropsied. Lungs and selected lymph nodes were examined for lesions. Serum samples obtained at weekly intervals throughout the study and lung lavage fluids obtained at necropsy were tested for the presence of PRRS V and its strain identity. Before challenge the strain of PRRS V identified in the sera of vaccinated pigs was always that with which the particular pig had been vaccinated (i.e. homologous strain), whereas, with one exception, only heterologous strains were identified after challenge. This apparent strain exclusion as a result of vaccination was statistically significant (P = 0.004). The tendency for heterologous strains to predominate after challenge suggests that a pig's immune response to PRRSV has some degree of strain specificity. Whether this finding has any clinical relevance in regard to immunoprophylaxis remains to be determined. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM bbmengeling@aol.com NR 36 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAY 2 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00427-3 PG 12 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 657VH UT WOS:000181686700002 PM 12591203 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Clouser, DF AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC Clouser, DF TI Comparative safety and efficacy of attenuated single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig-viruses; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PRRS; vaccine ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; SYNDROME VIRUS PRRSV; PIGS; INOCULATION; OUTBREAKS; CHALLENGE; INFECTION; GILTS AB The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for the prevention of the respiratory facet of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The study comprised six groups of pigs (A through F, eight pigs per group). At the beginning of the study (Day 0) Groups C and D were vaccinated with a single-strain vaccine, and Groups E and F were vaccinated with a multi-strain vaccine. The multi-strain vaccine contained five attenuated strains of PRRSV including the strain used as the single-strain vaccine. On Day 28 Groups B (nonvaccinated/challenged control), D, and F were challenged with a highly virulent field strain of PRRS V that was unrelated to any of the strains used for vaccination. Group A was kept as a nonvaccinated/nonchallenged control. On Day 42 all pigs were necropsied. Their lungs and lymph nodes were examined for virus-induced changes. Serum samples obtained at weekly intervals during the study and lung lavage fluids obtained at necropsy were tested for the presence and titer of PRRS V Serum samples were also tested for antibody. The presence and severity of clinical signs and lesions were the primary means by which vaccine efficacy and safety were evaluated. Both vaccines provided a high level of protective immunity to challenge. However, appreciable lymph node enlargement in pigs vaccinated with multi-strain vaccine, with or without subsequent challenge, raised a question as to its safety. Collectively these results indicate that both single-strain and multi-strain attenuated PRRSV vaccines can be effective immunogens, but additional studies in regard to safety are needed before multi-strain vaccines can be recommended for routine field use. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM bbmengeling@aol.com NR 23 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAY 2 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 25 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00426-1 PG 14 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 657VH UT WOS:000181686700003 PM 12591204 ER PT J AU Hammack, L AF Hammack, L TI Volatile semiochemical impact on trapping and distribution in maize of northern and western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica barberi; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine; 2-phenyl-1-ethanol; 4-methoxyphenethanol; kairomone; plant attractant; behavioural manipulation; pest management ID DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; BARBERI COLEOPTERA; PEST-MANAGEMENT; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; LARVAL INJURY; TOXIC BAIT; ATTRACTANTS; OVIPOSITION; KAIROMONES; CUCURBITA AB 1 Field studies evaluated plant attractants and analogues as tools to move corn rootworm beetles (Diabrotica spp.) into areas to be treated with toxic baits for population suppression via mass removal/annihilation of reproductive adults. 2 When dispensed from sticky traps in maize, 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine and 2-phenyl-1-ethanol captured more northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi, than did 4-methoxyphenethanol. Only 2-phenyl-1-ethanol attracted the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, but not until maize matured beyond milk stage. 3 Attraction of D. barberi to the amine, alone or blended with 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, occurred before and after maize flowered but not during intervening silk or blister stages. Attraction recurred during early milk stage at or before 50% emergence of adult female D. barberi or D. v. virgifera, respectively, and before populations declined for the season. 4 Synergistic interaction of 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine with 2-phenyl-1-ethanol in attracting D. barberi females did not occur until maize matured to late milk stage. 5 The amine-alcohol blend (0.44 point sources m(-2)) doubled the density of D. barberi but not D. v. virgifera when applied to small plots within mostly milk-stage or younger maize. Traps without bait within attractant-treated plots captured more female, but not male, D. barberi than did traps in untreated control plots, hinting that females accounted for most of the observed increase in beetle density. 6 The results suggest that attractants can be used despite phenological limitations to concentrate preovipositional females within field areas and thus to complement a variety of corn rootworm control strategies. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 51 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-9555 J9 AGRIC FOR ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 113 EP 122 DI 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00171.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 685GE UT WOS:000183253200004 ER PT J AU Zhang, QH AF Zhang, QH TI Interruption of aggregation pheromone in Ips typographus (L.) (Col. Scolytidae) by non-host bark volatiles SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ips typographus; host selection; nonhost volatiles; NHVs; green leaf volatiles; GLVs; trans-conophthorin; 3-octanol; 1-octen-3-ol; verbenone; forest protection ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; NONHOST ANGIOSPERM; TOMICUS-PINIPERDA; DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE; OLFACTORY RECOGNITION; COLEOPTERA; RESPONSES; TREES; INHIBITION AB 1 The antennally active nonhost bark volatiles (NHVs): trans-conophthorin (tC), C-6-alcohols (green leaf volatiles; GLVs) and C-8-alcohols, were tested for their ability to reduce attraction of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L) (Col. Scolytidae) to its pheromone sources in both laboratory walking bioassy and field trapping experiments. 2 In the walking bioassay with I. typographus females, individual NHVs such as tC, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, and the unsuitable host signal, verbenone (Vn), were inactive at the doses tested. However, the blend of C-6-alcohols (3GLVs) and all the binary, ternary, or quarternary blends significantly reduced the female attraction to the pheromone sources. 3 In the field trapping experiments, individual NHV signals (tC, C-6-alcohols and C-8-alcohols) all reduced catch of I. typographus in pheromone-baited traps, with their inhibitory effects similar to that of the known inhibitor, Vn. The binary, ternary or quarternary combinations of these NHV signals or Vn, all caused significantly stronger reductions in trap catches than the individual signals. The blends showed similar levels of interruption, except the binary blend of C-8-alcohols (2C8OH) and Vn. 4 Difference in trapping mechanism between pipe traps (attraction and landing) and Lindgren funnel traps (attraction) did not affect the pattern of inhibition of these active NHV signals and Vn. 5 These behaviourally active nonhost volatiles and Vn might be used effectively to protect spruce trees or stands against attacks by I. typographus. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Crop Sci, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. RP Zhang, QH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, BARC W, B-007,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-9555 J9 AGRIC FOR ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00173.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 685GE UT WOS:000183253200007 ER PT J AU Koivisto, JM Devine, TE Lane, GPF Sawyer, CA Brown, HJ AF Koivisto, JM Devine, TE Lane, GPF Sawyer, CA Brown, HJ TI Forage soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the United Kingdom: test of new cultivars SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE soybeans; Glycine max; forage; NDF; ADF; CP AB Traditionally the soybean was used as a forage crop. Recently several cultivars and experimental lines have been bred for forage production. This coincides with the banning of meat and bone meal as a source of protein in ruminant diets in the European Union, which has led to a greater demand for high protein crops. Two USA bred cultivars, Derry and Donegal, were grown in a trial at the Royal Agricultural College in 2000 and 2001 to assess the viability of soybeans as a forage crop in the UK. In 2001 six experimental lines were added to the study. In 2000 dry matter yields ranged from 5.91 to 6.09 t.ha(-1) ( Derry and Donegal, respectively) for the early harvest and 7.68 to 7.95 t.ha(-1) DM (Derry and Donegal, respectively) for the late harvest. In the second season Donegal was the highest yielding at the early harvest with 12.1 t.ha(-1) and SG13#169 had 12.1 t.ha(-1) at the late harvest. The proportion of leaf was not consistently associated with protein content. Across the two years the pod component did not exceed 110 g.kg(-1). The experimental line SG13#169 had the highest CP, 153 g.kg(-1), and a yield of 8.51 t.ha(-1) (at the first cut), and at the second harvest the CP fell to 146 g.kg(-1), while the yield rose to 12.1 t.ha(-1). This more than offsetting the dilution of nutritional quality, by offering more CP.ha(-1) from the late harvest. Additional testing is required for more conclusive evaluation of these experimental lines. C1 Royal Agr Coll, Sch Agr, Cirencester, England. ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Koivisto, JM (reprint author), Royal Agr Coll, Sch Agr, Cirencester, England. EM kkoivisto@sympatico.ca NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 287 EP 291 DI 10.1051/agro:2003001 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 682FV UT WOS:000183081800002 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL Lesch, SM AF Corwin, DL Lesch, SM TI Application of soil electrical conductivity to precision agriculture: Theory, principles, and guidelines SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SPATIAL PREDICTION; UNDISTURBED SOIL; DEPTH PROFILES; WATER CONTENT; VADOSE ZONE; SALINITY AB Due in large measure to the prodigious research efforts of Rhoades and his colleagues at the George E. Brown, Jr., Salinity Laboratory over the past two decades, soil electrical conductivity (EC), measured using electrical resistivity and electromagnetic induction (EM), is among the most useful and easily obtained spatial properties of soil that influences crop productivity. As a result, soil EC has become one of the most frequently used measurements to characterize field variability for application to precision agriculture. The value of spatial measurements of soil EC to precision agriculture is widely acknowledged, but soil EC is still often misunderstood and misinterpreted. To help clarify misconceptions, a general overview of the application of soil EC to precision agriculture is presented. The following areas are discussed with particular emphasis on spatial EC measurements: a brief history of the measurement of soil salinity with EC, the basic theories and principles of the soil EC measurement and what it actually measures, an overview of the measurement of soil salinity with various EC measurement techniques and equipment (specifically, electrical resistivity with the Wenner array and EM), examples of spatial EC surveys and their interpretation, applications and value of spatial measurements of soil EC to precision agriculture, and current and future developments. Precision agriculture is an outgrowth of technological developments, such as the soil EC measurement, which facilitate a spatial understanding of soil-water-plant relationships. The future of precision agriculture rests on the reliability, reproducibility, and understanding of these technologies. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Corwin, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Poggio, Matteo/D-8973-2011 NR 69 TC 223 Z9 237 U1 7 U2 68 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 455 EP 471 PG 17 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300001 ER PT J AU Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR Bollero, GA Bullock, DG Wiebold, WJ AF Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR Bollero, GA Bullock, DG Wiebold, WJ TI Comparison of electromagnetic induction and direct sensing of soil electrical conductivity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; WATER-CONTENT; SPATIAL PREDICTION; SALINITY; DEPTH; SALT AB Apparent profile soil electrical conductivity (ECa) can be an indirect indicator of a number of soil physical and chemical properties. Commercially available ECa sensors can be used to efficiently and inexpensively develop the spatially dense data sets desirable for describing within-field spatial soil variability in precision agriculture. The objective of this research was to compare ECa measurements from a noncontact, electromagnetic induction-based sensor (Geonics EM38)(1) to those obtained with a coulter-based sensor (Veris 3100) and to relate ECa data to soil physical properties. Data were collected on two fields in Illinois (Argiudoll and Endoaquoll soils) and two in Missouri (Aqualfs). At 12 to 21 sampling sites in each field, 120-cm-deep soil cores were obtained for soil property determination. Depth response curves for each ECa sensor were derived or obtained from the literature. Within a single field and measurement date, EM38 data and Veris deep (0-100 cm depth) data were most highly correlated (r = 0.74-0.88). Differences between ECa sensors were more pronounced on the more layered Missouri soils due to differences in depth-weighted response curves. Correlations of ECa with response curve-weighted clay content and cation exchange capacity were generally highest and most persistent across all fields and ECa data types. Significant correlations were also seen with organic C on the Missouri fields and with silt content. Significant correlations of ECa With Soil moisture, sand content, or paste EC were observed only about 10% of the time. Data obtained with both types of ECa sensors were similar and exhibited similar relationships to soil physical and chemical properties. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Sudduth, KA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, 269 Agric Eng Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Poggio, Matteo/D-8973-2011 NR 29 TC 106 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 472 EP 482 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300002 ER PT J AU Kitchen, NR Drummond, ST Lund, ED Sudduth, KA Buchleiter, GW AF Kitchen, NR Drummond, ST Lund, ED Sudduth, KA Buchleiter, GW TI Soil electrical conductivity and topography related to yield for three contrasting soil-crop systems SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID PRECISION AGRICULTURE; GRAIN-YIELD; VARIABILITY; FIELD; CORN AB Many producers who map yield want to know how soil and landscape information can be used to help account for yield variability and provide insight into improving production. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of profile apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and topographic measures to grain yield for three contrasting soil-crop systems. Yield data were collected with combine yield-monitoring systems on three fields [Colorado (Ustic Haplargids), Kansas (Cumuic Haplustoll), and Missouri (Aeric Vertic Epiaqualfs)] during 1997-1999. Crops included four site-years of corn (Zea mays L.), three site-years of soybean (Glycine mar L.), and one site-year each of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Apparent soil electrical conductivity was obtained using a Veris model 3100 sensor cart system. Elevation, obtained by either conventional surveying techniques or real-time kinematic global positioning system, was used to determine slope, curvature, and aspect. Four analysis procedures were employed to investigate the relationship of these variables to yield: correlation, forward stepwise regression, nonlinear neural networks (NNs), and boundary-line analysis. Correlation results, while often statistically significant, were generally not very useful in explaining yield. Using either regression or NN analysis, ECa alone explained yield variability (averaged over sites and years R-2 = 0.21) better than topographic variables (averaged over sites and years R-2 = 0.17). In six of the nine site-years, the model R-2 was better with ECa than with topography. Combining ECa and topography measures together usually improved model R1 values (averaged over sites and years R-2 = 0.32). Boundary lines generally showed yield decreasing with increasing ECa for Kansas and Missouri fields. Results of this study can benefit farmers and consultants by helping them understand the degree to which sensor-based soil and topography information can be related to yield variation for planning site-specific management. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Veris Technol, Salina, KS 67401 USA. USDA ARS, Water Manage Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kitchen, NR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 49 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 483 EP 495 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300003 ER PT J AU Carbone, GJ Mearns, LO Mavromatis, T Sadler, EJ Stooksbury, D AF Carbone, GJ Mearns, LO Mavromatis, T Sadler, EJ Stooksbury, D TI Evaluating CROPGRO-Soybean performance for use in climate impact studies SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID CHANGE SCENARIOS; AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS; GENETIC COEFFICIENTS; SIMULATION-MODELS; YIELD; UNCERTAINTY; VARIABILITY; ADAPTATION; STATES; GLYCIM AB Researchers frequently use crop simulation models to estimate the impacts of climate change on agricultural production. While most models used for this purpose have been validated thoroughly at the research plot level, few studies have evaluated them for multiple years and sites and with inputs commonly used in climate impact studies. Here, we examine how well CROPGRO-Soybean performs across space and time using cultivar coefficients provided with the model, estimates of solar radiation, and soil inputs that were estimated from readily available soil surveys. Modeled yield for three maturity groups was compared with that observed from 8 to 23 yr at eight agricultural experiment stations in the southeastern United States. The model was evaluated with respect to its ability to replicate the mean and standard deviation of observed yield. The mean squared deviation (MSD), weighted according to the number of years at each station, was 0.42 (Mg ha(-1))(2). The model simulated mean yield and the magnitude of interannual yield variability very well. The component of MSD related to the pattern of interannual variability contributed most to MSD. Our results support the use of crop models in studies that require accurate simulation of the temporal mean and variance of yields. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Cent Atmos Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Carbone, GJ (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 537 EP 544 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300008 ER PT J AU Bandaranayake, W Qian, YL Parton, WJ Ojima, DS Follett, RF AF Bandaranayake, W Qian, YL Parton, WJ Ojima, DS Follett, RF TI Estimation of soil organic carbon changes in turfgrass systems using the CENTURY model SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID GREAT-PLAINS; WHEAT-FALLOW; SEQUESTRATION; DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS AB Soil organic C (SOC) directly affects soil quality by influencing aeration and water retention and serving as a major repository and reserve source of plant nutrients. Limited information is available concerning the long-term SOC changes in turfgrass systems. The CENTURY simulation model offers an opportunity to predict long-term SOC trends based on mathematical representations of C-cycling processes in the soil-plant systems. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability and effectiveness of the CENTURY model to simulate the long-term SOC dynamics in highly managed turfgrass ecosystems and (ii) simulate long-term SOC changes for golf course fairway and putting green scenarios with the CENTURY model. The CENTURY model simulations near Denver and Fort Collins, CO, indicate that turfgrass systems can serve as a C sink following establishment. Model estimates are that 23 to 32 Mg ha(-1) SOC were sequestered in the 0 to 20 cm below the soil surface after about 30 yr. Historic soil-testing data from parts of 16 golf courses with age ranging from 1 to 45 yr were used to compare with the simulated results. Model predictions of organic C accumulation compared reasonably well with observed SOC, with regression coefficients of 0.67 for fairways and 0.83 for putting greens. Our results suggest that the CENTURY model can be used to simulate SOC changes in turfgrass systems and has the potential to compare C sequestration under various turf management conditions. Simulation results also suggest that warming temperatures have greater degree of influence on SOC in turf systems compared with native grasslands. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, NREL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutr Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Qian, YL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 27 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 558 EP 563 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300010 ER PT J AU Jaynes, DB Kaspar, TC Colvin, TS James, DE AF Jaynes, DB Kaspar, TC Colvin, TS James, DE TI Cluster analysis of spatiotemporal corn yield patterns in an Iowa field SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID SOIL ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SITE-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT; CROP YIELD; ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE POSITION; WATER; CLASSIFICATION; FARMS AB Crop yields are frequently heterogeneous across space and time. We performed this study to determine if cluster analysis could be used to decipher the temporal and spatial patterns of corn (Zea mays L.) yield within a field. Nonhierarchal cluster analysis was applied to 6 yr of corn yield data collected for 224 yield plots on a regular grid on the southern half of a 32-ha field. We were able to group the yield observations into five temporal yield patterns or clusters. The clusters were not randomly distributed across the field but instead formed contiguous areas roughly equivalent to landscape positions. Cluster membership was determined primarily by yield differences in years with growing season precipitation greater than the 40-yr average. A multiple discriminant analysis was used to predict the spatial occurrence of the clusters from easily determined field attributes: soil electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, and plan and profile curvature. The multiple discriminant functions were unable to distinguish between the two clusters located on the lowest portions of the landscape. Because of similar temporal yield patterns in these two clusters, they were combined and the multiple discriminant analysis repeated for four clusters. Using a holdout sample approach, we achieved 76 and 80% success rates in classifying the yield plots into the correct yield clusters. If response curves for inputs such as N prove to be unique for the different yield clusters, then clustering of multiple-year yield data may prove an effective method for determining management zones within fields. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jaynes, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 42 TC 68 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 574 EP 586 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300012 ER PT J AU Brink, GE Rowe, DE Sistani, KR Adeli, A AF Brink, GE Rowe, DE Sistani, KR Adeli, A TI Bermudagrass cultivar response to swine effluent application SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN; FORAGE; REGISTRATION; PHOSPHORUS; REMOVAL AB Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] has great potential to recover nutrients due to its pronounced yield response to N. Our objective was to determine differences in forage dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient concentration, and nutrient uptake among diverse bermudagrass cultivars; fertilized with swine effluent. 'Alicia', 'Brazos', 'Coastal', 'Russell', 'Tifton 44', and 'Tifton 85' hybrid bermudagrass and common bermudagrass were grown on a Brooksville silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Hapludert) and fertilized with effluent to provide 370 and 61 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N and P, respectively (mean of 3 yr), and on an Atwood silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Paleudalf) and fertilized to provide 200 and 38 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N and P, respectively. Annual DM yields of Brazos, Coastal, Russell, and Tifton 85 were similar on Brooksville (23.3-24.2 Mg ha(-1)) and Atwood (1-2.3-14.1 Mg ha(-1)) soils. Annual N and P uptake ranged from 422 to 467 kg N ha(-1) and 50 to 58 kg P ha(-1) on the Brooksville soil and from 181 to 230 kg N ha(-1) and 32 to 40 kg P ha(-1) on the Atwood soil. Common bermudagrass uptake of N and P was similar to or greater than all hybrids except Russell on Atwood soil due to greater herbage N and P concentration. Hybrids generally recovered more K, Cu, and Zn than common bermudagrass. Relatively small differences in nutrient uptake among the bermudagrass cultivars; suggest that forage quality, winter hardiness, and establishment cost be given equal consideration when choosing a cultivar. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Manage & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Brink, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 597 EP 601 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300015 ER PT J AU Johnson, CK Eskridge, KM Wienhold, BJ Doran, JW Peterson, GA Buchleiter, GW AF Johnson, CK Eskridge, KM Wienhold, BJ Doran, JW Peterson, GA Buchleiter, GW TI Using electrical conductivity classification and within-field variability to design field-scale research SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; PRECISION AGRICULTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; SOIL-SALINITY; PSEUDOREPLICATION; TILLAGE AB Agronomic researchers are increasingly accountable for research programs and outcomes relevant to producers. Participatory research-where farmers assume leadership roles in identifying, designing, and managing on-farm field-scale research-addresses this directive. However, replication is often unfeasible at this level of scale, underscoring a need for alternative methods to estimate experimental error. We compared mean square errors to evaluate: (i) within-field variability for estimating experimental error (in lieu of replication) and (ii) classified within-field variability, using apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), for estimating plot-scale experimental error. Eight 31-ha fields, within a contiguous section of farmland (250 ha), were managed as two replicates of each phase of a no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-millet (Panicum millaceum L.)-fallow rotation. The section was ECa-mapped (approximately 0- to 30-cm depth) and separated into four classes (ranges of ECa). Georeferenced sites (n = 96) were selected within classes, sampled, and assayed for multiple soil parameters (0- to 7.5- and 0- to 30-cm depths) and residue mass. Within-field variance effectively estimated experimental error variance for several evaluated parameters, supporting its potential application as a surrogate for replication. Comparison of data from the field-scale experimental site. to that from a nearby plot-scale experiment revealed that ECa-classified within-field variance approximates plot-scale experimental error. We propose using this relationship for a systems approach to research wherein treatment differences and their standard errors, derived from ECa- classified field-scale experiments, are used to roughly evaluate treatments and identify research questions for further study at the plot scale. C1 USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Johnson, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 602 EP 613 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300016 ER PT J AU Cherney, JH Cherney, DJR Casler, MD AF Cherney, JH Cherney, DJR Casler, MD TI Low intensity harvest management of reed canarygrass SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID MILK FEVER; POTASSIUM; NITROGEN; FERTILIZATION; YIELD AB High K grass forage increases risk of animal metabolic disorders, and forage management of perennial grass grown under K-limiting soil conditions needs further study. Our objective was to evaluate forage nutritive value, yield, and stand persistence of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) under two-harvest management and low availability of soil K. Three N and three K fertilizer treatments were applied to reed canarygrass for 5 yr at two sites in central New York state with Niagara silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiqualfs) and Williamson silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudepts) soil types. Reed canarygrass persisted under all treatments throughout the experiment, although K deficiency symptoms appeared in the high N, low K fertilizer combination. At the high N fertilizer rate, dry matter (DM) yield increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased K fertilizer rate, while K fertilizer did not influence yield in the absence of N fertilizer. Recovery of K fertilizer was low and increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased N fertilizer rate from 6 to 42%. Soil test K increased to 59.9 mg kg(-1) with no N fertilization and decreased to 34.9 mg kg(-1) with 224 kg N ha(-1). Under high N fertilization with no K fertilization, grass forage K concentration averaged <12 g kg(-1) in the spring and <8 g kg(-1) in the fall. Sufficient yields of grass forage with reasonable quality and low concentrations of K were possible through high N, low K fertility management in a two-harvest system. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cherney, JH (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 503 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 627 EP 634 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300018 ER PT J AU Lamb, JFS Sheaffer, CC Samac, DA AF Lamb, JFS Sheaffer, CC Samac, DA TI Population density and harvest maturity effects on leaf and stem yield in alfalfa SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID MULTIFOLIOLATE ALFALFA; FORAGE QUALITY; COMPONENTS; HERBAGE; MORPHOLOGY; TRAITS AB A system has been proposed using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as a biofuel feedstock, where the stems would be processed to produce energy and the leaves used as a livestock feed. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects and interactions of environment, population density, and harvest maturity on leaf and stem yield of alfalfa germ-plasms differing in fall dormancy and leaf/stem ratio. Four alfalfa germplasms established at four population densities (450, 180, 50, and 16 plants m(-2)) were harvested at the early bud and green pod maturity stages and evaluated in three environments for leaf and stem yield. All main effects and several two-way interactions influenced leaf and stem yield (P > 0.01). The population density x harvest maturity interaction had the greatest impact on yield. Leaf and stem yield per unit area increased as population density increased from 16 to 450 plants m(-2) at the early bud stage. In contrast, leaf and stem yield increased as population density increased from 16 to 180 plants m(-2), but decreased dramatically at 450 plants m(-2) at the green pod maturity stage. Delaying harvest until the green pod maturity stage and decreasing population density to 180 plant m(-2) maximized both leaf and stem yield in all four alfalfa germplasms studied. Decreasing population density to 180 plants m(-2), and harvesting twice per season at a later maturity stage would be a effective management strategy for maximizing yield in an alfalfa biomass energy or biofuel production system. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Lamb, JFS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 6 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 635 EP 641 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300019 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Waldron, BL Asay, KH Johnson, DA Monaco, TA AF Jensen, KB Waldron, BL Asay, KH Johnson, DA Monaco, TA TI Forage nutritional characteristics of orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass at five irrigation levels SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID LINE-SOURCE SPRINKLER; TALL FESCUE; QUALITY; YIELD; MANAGEMENT; GRASSES; ALFALFA; GROWTH AB As water resources become limiting, the need to produce stable amounts of highly nutritional forage increases. An understanding of how levels of irrigation affect crude protein (CP), digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is critical in pasture forage management. Cultivars of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were established under a line-source irrigation system to evaluate the effect of five water levels (WLs) and three harvest dates on concentrations of CP, dNDF, IVTD, and NDF. Perennial ryegrass forage had higher CP, dNDF, and IVTD and lower NDF concentrations than orchardgrass at all harvest dates and within WLs. The most notable trend in nutritional value across WLs was the near linear increase in CP ranging from 175 g kg(-1) at the wettest WL to 217 g kg(-1) at the driest WL. Digestible NDF ranged from 709 to 757 g kg(-1) at corresponding WLs. These trends were particularly evident later in the growing season. Orchardgrass maturity (early vs. late) had little effect on forage nutritional characteristics across WLs. Combined over WLs, tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars averaged higher concentrations of CP, IVTD, and dNDF and lower NDF values compared with diploid cultivars. In general, as water stress increased, forage nutritional value (i.e., CP and dNDF) increased. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 668 EP 675 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300023 ER PT J AU Earl, HJ Davis, RF AF Earl, HJ Davis, RF TI Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation use efficiency and yield of maize SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; MAYS L. HYBRIDS; ZEA-MAYS; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; SOLAR-RADIATION; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ABSORBED RADIATION; INTERACTIVE WATER; GRAIN-YIELD; CO2 UPTAKE AB Drought stress reduces yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and other grain crops by (i) reducing canopy absorption of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), (ii) reducing radiation use efficiency (RUE), and (iii) reducing harvest index (HI). The primary objective of this work was to quantify yield losses attributable to each of these components for maize exposed to drought stress in a 2-yr field study. A second objective was to examine the relationship between RUE at the single leaf level (estimated using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques) and RUE at the whole crop level. Two levels of soil water deficit and a control treatment were established using drip tape irrigation, and dry matter harvests were taken at midseason and at physiological maturity. Mild and severe water stress treatments reduced final grain yield by 63 and 85%, respectively, in 2000, and by 13 and 26%, respectively, in 2001. Reduction of intercepted PAR (IPAR) was generally a very minor yield loss component. Yield losses attributable to reduced RUE and reduced HI were of similar magnitude. Weekly chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used to estimate the average quantum efficiency of photosystem 11 at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1200 mumol m(-2)s(-1) (Phi(II1200)) for each plot. Crop dry matter accumulation was not linearly related to IPAR, due to decreased RUE in the water stress treatments. However, the linear relationship was restored when daily IPAR was multiplied by the current estimate of Phi(II1200), suggesting that Phi(II1200) can be used as an indicator of whole-crop RUE. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Manage Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Earl, HJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Plant Agric, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Earl, Hugh/F-5683-2012 NR 36 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 54 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 688 EP 696 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300025 ER PT J AU Burke, JJ AF Burke, JJ TI Sprinkler-induced flower losses and yield reductions in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact. Flowers sprayed with known volumes of water showed that a single spray with 1 mL of water reduced seed set by 55%. Additional spray applications resulted in further losses and ultimately flower shedding. Field studies in 2000 and 2001 used a center pivot equipped with sprinklers and drag socks to determine the effect of timing and water application methods on fruit losses. Treatments included different application times (0800 to 1000 h, 1000 to 1200 h, 1200 to 1400 h, and 1400 to 1600 h) with 77 m(3) of water. The plots were irrigated eight times from 1 Aug. to 1 Sept. 2000 and 11 times from 10 July to 21 Aug. 2001. Flowers were tagged before irrigation and tracked throughout the season. No significant differences in fruit losses were observed in the 0800- to 1000-h treatment; however, fruit losses progressively increased under the sprinkler treatments compared with the drag sock treatments as the day progressed. Maximum fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h treatments. The time course of sprinkler-induced fruit losses tracked the opening of the flower and dehiscence of the pollen. Evaluation of seasonal lint yields showed a 21% reduction in 2000 and 11% yield reduction in 2001 under sprinkler irrigation compared with drag sock irrigation. These results emphasize the need to use production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowers. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Plant Stress & Water Conserv Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Burke, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Plant Stress & Water Conserv Lab, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 709 EP 714 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300028 ER PT J AU Wuest, SB Durr, D Albrecht, SL AF Wuest, SB Durr, D Albrecht, SL TI Carbon dioxide flux measurement during simulated tillage SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of Soil Electrical Conductivity in Precision Agriculture CY NOV 08, 2000 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA ID MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; SOIL RESPIRATION; MINERALIZATION; TEMPERATURE; KINETICS; BIOMASS AB Measurement of tillage effects often includes CO2 flux from soil before and after tillage. Our objective was to create a device to measure CO2 flux continuously before, during, and after a simulated tillage operation. We put an auger inside a chamber to till the soil while monitoring CO2 flux. We tested three soil conditions. First, cores stored long-term produced large peaks immediately after tillage followed by a steady rate decay. Second, simulated tillage in a summer fallow field produced a more modest peak, a rapid return to pretillage rate, and then a gradual climb in CO2 flux rate over the next 10 min. The third soil condition, having sterilized topsoil, produced a peak and then immediately returned to the pretillage flux rate. We conclude that continuous monitoring before, during, and after tillage will be important for proper interpretation of flux data. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wuest, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 715 EP 718 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 685HJ UT WOS:000183256300029 ER PT J AU Flores, A Wood, M AF Flores, A Wood, M TI New cuisine wins rave reviews from honey bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Flores, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 143 IS 5 BP 368 EP 369 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 675NN UT WOS:000182701600010 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Harper, C AF Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Harper, C TI An evaluation of ARS Russian honey bees in combination with other methods for the control of varroa mites SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FAR-EASTERN RUSSIA; ACARAPIS-WOODI ACARI; APIS-MELLIFERA L; COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE; TRACHEAL MITES; UNITED-STATES; JACOBSONI; INFESTATION; STOCKS; HYMENOPTERA AB The effects of several management tools for the control of Varroa destructor were evaluated. Both domestic and Russian honey bee (ARS Primorsky) colonies were provided with: 1) a single application of formic acid in gel formulation in hives with solid bottom boards, 2) a single application of formic acid in gel formulation in hives with screened bottom boards, 3) no chemical treatment to hives with screened bottom boards, or 4) no chemical treatment to hives with solid bottom boards. Overall, Russian honey bees had about half the number of V destructor found in domestic colonies at the end of the experiments. Formic acid reduced the numbers of mites in colonies regardless of the type of bottom board. Screened bottom boards did not reduce the number of mites in colonies. The combination that resulted in the fewest number of mites was Russian colonies in hives that were treated with formic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Harpers Honey Farm, Carencro, LA 70521 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 143 IS 5 BP 410 EP 413 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 675NN UT WOS:000182701600022 ER PT J AU Yen, ST Lin, BH Smallwood, DM AF Yen, ST Lin, BH Smallwood, DM TI Quasi- and simulated-likelihood approaches to censored demand systems: Food consumption by food stamp recipients in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE censoring; GHK simulator; microdata; National Food Stamp Program Survey ID BINDING NONNEGATIVITY CONSTRAINTS; NON-NEGATIVITY CONSTRAINTS; MODELS; REGRESSION; EQUATIONS; COHERENCY; MEAT AB A quasi-maximum-likelihood estimator is proposed and applied to a censored Translog demand system for foods, using a sample of food stamp recipients in the United States. The procedure produces remarkably close parameter and elasticity estimates to those of the simulated-maximum-likelihood procedure. A two-step procedure is also considered but it produces different elasticities. Demands are found to be price elastic for pork and fish but price inelastic for all other food products. Gross complementarity and net substitutability are obvious but these cross-price effects are much less pronounced than own-price and total food expenditure effects. C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Yen, ST (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 47 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 85 IS 2 BP 458 EP 478 DI 10.1111/1467-8276.00134 PG 21 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 672ET UT WOS:000182508800015 ER PT J AU Carlson, A Senauer, B AF Carlson, A Senauer, B TI The impact of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children on child health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE child health; food programs; NHANES; nutrition; WIC program ID PRENATAL WIC PARTICIPATION; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; BIRTH-WEIGHT; COSTS; INCOME; CARE; LIFE AB Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey are used to analyze the effect of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program and other factors on the health of U.S. preschool children. Ordered probit equations are estimated for the physician's overall evaluation of the child's health. The WIC Program has a significant positive impact on the overall health of children. In particular, children in households participating in WIC are significantly more likely to be in excellent health. Increased household income also improves their health. C1 USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Carlson, A (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 85 IS 2 BP 479 EP 491 DI 10.1111/1467-8276.00135 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 672ET UT WOS:000182508800016 ER PT J AU Fisher, JO Rolls, BJ Birch, LL AF Fisher, JO Rolls, BJ Birch, LL TI Children's bite size and intake of an entree are greater with large portions than with age-appropriate or self-selected portions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE portion size; children's eating behavior; food intake; preschool-aged children ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS; CALORIC COMPENSATION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; FOOD-INTAKE; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; RISK AB Background: Whether large portion sizes affect children's eating behavior has rarely been studied. Objectives: Our objectives were 1) to determine the effects of repeated exposure to a large portion of an entree on preschool-aged children's awareness of portion size, self-selected portion size, and food intake and 2) to evaluate associations of children's responsiveness to portion size with weight status and overeating. Design: Energy intake, bite size, and comments about portion size were evaluated among 30 children at 2 series of lunches in which either an age-appropriate portion or a large portion of an entree was served. On separate occasions, the children's self-served portions, weight, height, and tendency to overeat were assessed. Results: Doubling an age-appropriate portion of an entree increased entree and total energy intakes at lunch by 25% and 15%, respectively. Changes were attributable to increases in the average size of the children's bites of the entree without compensatory decreases in the intake of other foods served at the meal. These increases were seen even though observational data indicated that the children were largely unaware of changes in portion size. Greater responsiveness to portion size was associated with higher levels of overeating. The children consumed 25% less of the entree when allowed to serve themselves than when served a large entree portion. Conclusions: Large entree portions may constitute an "obesigenic" environmental influence for preschool-aged children by producing excessive intake at meals. Children with satiety deficits may be most susceptible to large portions. Allowing children to select their own portion size may circumvent the effects of exposure to large portions on children's eating. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Nutr Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biobehav Hlth, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Dev & Family Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fisher, JO (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 33 TC 195 Z9 195 U1 9 U2 23 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1164 EP 1170 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 672LC UT WOS:000182521200012 ER PT J AU Conway, JM Ingwersen, LA Vinyard, BT Moshfegh, AJ AF Conway, JM Ingwersen, LA Vinyard, BT Moshfegh, AJ TI Effectiveness of the US Department of Agriculture 5-step multiple-pass method in assessing food intake in obese and nonobese women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE food intake; energy intake; obesity; dietary assessment; 24-h dietary recall; 5-step multiple-pass method; US Department of Agriculture; women ID 24-HOUR DIETARY RECALLS; NORMAL-WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS; TOTAL-ENERGY EXPENDITURE; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; SELF-REPORTS; IN-PERSON; RECORDS; VALIDATION; VALIDITY AB Background: National surveys of food intake rely on the 24-h dietary recall method for assessing the nutrient intakes of Americans. Objectives: This observational validation study was conducted under controlled conditions to test the effectiveness of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 5-step multiple-pass method for dietary recall; to test the ability of normal weight, overweight, and obese women to recall food intake; and to test the accuracy of macronutrient recall. Design: Women (n = 49) aged 21-65 y with a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 20-45 selected all meals and snacks for 1 d from a wide variety of foods. A 24-h dietary recall with the use of the USDA 5-step multiple-pass method was administered by telephone the following day. Analysis of variance and covariance tested the overall accuracy of recall and the effect of BMI on dietary recall. Results: As a population, the women overestimated their energy and carbohydrate intakes by 8-10%. No significant differences between mean actual and recalled intakes of energy and the macronutrients were observed in the obese women. Normal-weight and overweight women significantly (P < 0.01) overestimated their energy, protein,, and carbohydrate intakes. Recalled fat intake was not significantly different from actual intake in women across the BMI range studied. Conclusions: The USDA 5-step multiple-pass method effectively assessed mean energy intake within 10% of mean actual intake on the previous day. Obese women more accurately recalled food intake than did overweight and normal-weight women despite undereating on the day of the study. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab,Beltsville Agr Res C, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Food Surveys Res Grp, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, Biometr Consulting Serv, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Conway, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab,Beltsville Agr Res C, Bldg 308,Room 122, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 250 Z9 255 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1171 EP 1178 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 672LC UT WOS:000182521200013 PM 12716668 ER PT J AU Sabatier, M Keyes, WR Pont, F Arnaud, MJ Turnlund, JR AF Sabatier, M Keyes, WR Pont, F Arnaud, MJ Turnlund, JR TI Comparison of stable-isotope-tracer methods for the determination of magnesium absorption in humans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Magnesium International Symposium (MAG 2000) CY SEP 10-25, 2000 CL VICHY, FRANCE DE magnesium absorption; stable isotopes; mass spectrometry; double-labeling methods; dysprosium; men ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FRACTIONAL ABSORPTION; ZINC; BIOAVAILABILITY; CALCIUM; MG; CHILDREN; DISEASE; COPPER; MG-26 AB Background: The double-labeling (DL) method for determining magnesium absorption is less cumbersome than is the fecal monitoring method, which has been used most often, but it has not been validated. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare methods and several sampling protocols for determining magnesium absorption to establish a simple and reliable alternative to the fecal monitoring approach. Fecal monitoring was used as the standard against which the DL methods based on urine data (DLU), plasma data (DLP), and plasma kinetics with the use of a deconvolution analysis (DP) were compared. Design: Six healthy adult men received 70 mg Mg-26 orally and 30 mg Mg-25 intravenously. Multiple blood samples and complete urine and fecal samples were collected over 12 d. Stable-isotope ratios were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: Results from DLU were not significantly different from the fecal monitoring reference value (0.48 +/- 0.05; (x) over bar +/- SD) when based on 3-d urine pools from 72 to 144 h (0.54 +/- 0.04) and when based on the 24-h urine pools from 48 to 72 h (0.49 +/- 0.06), 72 to 96 h (0.51 +/- 0.11), and 96 to 120 h (0.50 +/- 0.06). Results with the DLP method 72 h after isotope administration also compared well with those with the fecal monitoring method (0.54 +/- 0.09). Magnesium absorption was 0.47 +/- 0.06 with the DP method, which also agreed with the fecal monitoring value. Conclusions: The DL methods are an alternative to fecal monitoring when applied within the appropriate time intervals. Therefore, DLU-the simplest and least invasive approach-is recommended for determining magnesium absorption. C1 Nestle Water Inst, Vittel 04, France. Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Fac Med Toulouse, INSERM, Mass Spectrometry Unit, F-31073 Toulouse, France. RP Arnaud, MJ (reprint author), Nestle Water Inst, BP 101, Vittel 04, France. RI PONT, Frederic/G-6289-2011 OI PONT, Frederic/0000-0002-5493-527X NR 31 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1206 EP 1212 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 672LC UT WOS:000182521200018 PM 12716673 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Goran, MI Fields, DA AF McCrory, MA Goran, MI Fields, DA TI Validation of air-displacement plethysmography to measure body fat - Reply to JS Garrow SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID MODEL; DENSITY; ADULTS C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Inst Prevent Res, Los Angeles, CA USA. Washington Univ, Ctr Human Nutr, Dept Internal Med, St Louis, MO USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1339 EP 1340 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 672LC UT WOS:000182521200039 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B AF Dawson-Hughes, B TI Calcium, protein, and fruit and vegetables as dietary determinants of bone health - Reply to SA New and DJ Millward SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dawson-Hughes, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1341 EP 1341 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 672LC UT WOS:000182521200041 ER PT J AU Llorente, AM Jensen, CL Voigt, RG Fraley, JK Berretta, MC Heird, WC AF Llorente, AM Jensen, CL Voigt, RG Fraley, JK Berretta, MC Heird, WC TI Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processing SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE docosahexaenoic acid; information processing; postpartum depression; Stroop ID FATTY-ACIDS; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEMBRANES; MOOD AB OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid content and indices of depression and information processing for women who breast-feed. STUDY DESIGN: Mothers who planned to breast-feed their infants were assigned randomly in a double-masked fashion to receive either docosahexaenoic acid (approximate to 200 mg/d) or placebo for the first 4 months after the delivery. Major outcome variables included plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns and scores on a self-rating questionnaire of current depression symptoms. A structured clinical interview of depression, scores on another self-rating questionnaire of depression symptoms, and a laboratory measure of information processing were obtained in subgroups of the total population. RESULTS: Plasma phospholipid contents of docosahexaenoic acid at baseline were 3.15 +/- 0.78 and 3.31 +/- 0.70 (mg/dL of total fatty acids) in the docosahexaenoic acid and placebo groups, respectively. After 4 months, the plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid content of the docosahexaenoic acid group was 8% higher (3.40 +/- 0.97 mg/dL), whereas that of the placebo group was 31% lower (2.27 +/- 0.87 mg/dL). Despite the higher plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid content of the supplemented group after 4 months, there was no difference between groups in either self-rating or diagnostic measures of depression; information processing scores of the two groups also did not differ. CONCLUSION: Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation (approximate to 200 mg/d) for 4 months after the delivery prevented the usual decline in plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid content of women who breastfeed but did not influence self-ratings of depression, diagnostic measures of depression, or information processing. C1 Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Houston, TX USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Div Dev & Behav Pediat, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Llorente, AM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Mt Washington Pediat Hosp, Dept Pediat, 1708 W Rogers Ave, Baltimore, MD 21209 USA. NR 25 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 188 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1353 DI 10.1067/mob.2003.275 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 681QN UT WOS:000183047000056 PM 12748510 ER PT J AU Ren, J Hintz, KK Roughead, ZKF Duan, JH Colligan, PB Ren, BH Lee, KJ Zeng, HW AF Ren, J Hintz, KK Roughead, ZKF Duan, JH Colligan, PB Ren, BH Lee, KJ Zeng, HW TI Impact of estrogen replacement on ventricular myocyte contractile function and protein kinase B/Akt activation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ovariectomy; cardiac myocyte; contraction; intracellular Ca2+ ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; HORMONE-REPLACEMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-CONTRACTILITY; CARDIAC MYOCYTES; CALCIUM-CHANNEL; AKT ACTIVATION; THERAPY; OVARIECTOMY; MENOPAUSE AB Women with functional ovaries have a lower cardiovascular risk than men and postmenopausal women. However, estrogen replacement therapy remains controversial. This study examined the effect of ovarian hormone deficiency and estrogen replacement on ventricular myocyte contractile function and PKB/Akt activation. Nulliparous female rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx) or sham operation (sham). A subgroup of Ovx rats received estrogen (E-2) replacement (40 mug.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 8 weeks. Mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ properties were evaluated including peak shortening (PS), time to PS (TPS), time to 90% relengthening (TR90), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (+/-dL/dt), fura 2 fluorescence intensity (FFI), and decay rate. Levels of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a), phospholamban ( PLB), and Akt were assessed by Western blot. Ovx promoted body weight gain associated with reduced serum E-2 and uterine weight, all of which were abolished by E-2. Ovx depressed PS and +/-dL/dt, prolonged TPS, TR90, and decay rate, and enhanced resting FFI, all of which, with the exception of TPS, were restored by E-2. Ovx did not alter the levels of SERCA2a, PLB, and total Akt, but significantly reduced Akt activation [phosphorylated Akt (pAkt)], pAkt/Akt, and the SERCA2a-to-PLB ratio. These alterations in protein expression were restored by E-2. E-2 enhanced PS and +/-dL/dt in vitro, which was abolished by the E-2 receptor antagonist ICI-182780. Ovx reduced myocyte Ca2+ responsiveness and lessened stimulating frequency-induced decline in PS, both ablated by E-2. These data suggest that mechanical and protein functions of ventricular myocytes are directly regulated by E-2. C1 Univ Wyoming, Div Pharmaceut Sci, Coll Hlth Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Biomed Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Ren, J (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Div Pharmaceut Sci, Coll Hlth Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 35 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6135 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circul. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 284 IS 5 BP H1800 EP H1807 DI 10.1152/ajpheart.00866.2002 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Physiology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Physiology GA 663UA UT WOS:000182023400039 PM 12531723 ER PT J AU Rodgers, BD Weber, GM Kelley, KM Levine, MA AF Rodgers, BD Weber, GM Kelley, KM Levine, MA TI Prolonged fasting and cortisol reduce myostatin mRNA levels in tilapia larvae; short-term fasting elevates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE muscle growth and development; Oreochromis mossambicus; growth/differentiating factor-8 ID VERTEBRATE GENOME EVOLUTION; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; GROWTH-HORMONE; THYROID-HORMONES; PLASMA-CORTISOL; RAINBOW-TROUT; RAT MUSCLES; GENE AB Myostatin negatively regulates muscle growth and development and has recently been characterized in several fishes. We measured fasting myostatin mRNA levels in adult tilapia skeletal muscle and in whole larvae. Although fasting reduced some growth indexes in adults, skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA levels were unaffected. By contrast, larval myostatin mRNA levels were sometimes elevated after a short-term fast and were consistently reduced with prolonged fasting. These effects were specific for myostatin, as mRNA levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase were unchanged. Cortisol levels were elevated in fasted larvae with reduced myostatin mRNA, whereas in addition immersion of larvae in 1 ppm (2.8 muM) cortisol reduced myostatin mRNA in a time-dependent fashion. These results suggest that larval myostatin mRNA levels may initially rise but ultimately fall during a prolonged fast. The reduction is likely mediated by fasting-induced hypercortisolemia, indicating divergent evolutionary mechanisms of glucocorticoid regulation of myostatin mRNA, since these steroids upregulate myostatin gene expression in mammals. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Endocrinol, Baltimore, MD 21208 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. RP Rodgers, BD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Endocrinol, 600 N Wolfe St,Pk 211, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. OI Levine, Michael/0000-0003-0036-7809 NR 57 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 284 IS 5 BP R1277 EP R1286 DI 10.1152/ajpregu.00644.2002 PG 10 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 663RE UT WOS:000182018000015 PM 12676749 ER PT J AU Bamberg, J del Rio, A Huaman, Z Vega, S Martin, M Salas, A Pavek, J Kiru, S Fernandez, C Spooner, D AF Bamberg, J del Rio, A Huaman, Z Vega, S Martin, M Salas, A Pavek, J Kiru, S Fernandez, C Spooner, D TI A decade of collecting and research on wild potatoes of the Southwest USA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE genebank ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; GERMPLASM; DATABASE; BANKS AB Potato is an important world crop with an abundant diversity of wild relatives for research and breeding. About 200 tuber-bearing Solanum relatives of the cultivated potato are distributed from southern Chile to the southwest USA. Only five of these have been reported in the USA, and only two exist with certainty (S. fendleri and S. jamesii). This paper reviews the procedures and outcome of 12 expeditions by the authors to the Southwest USA from 1992 to 2001 that resulted in 132 new germplasm accessions. Previously published information allowed successful collection from many documented sites, and many new sites were discovered and sampled. Incomplete or inaccurate records were improved and refined, making it possible for others to easily find these sites. When assessed for genetic diversity, re-collections from the same site were found to be nearly as genetically different as samples from different sites, and genetic differences between sites could not be linked with any ecogeographic parameter, even physical distance of separation. In conclusion, wild potato germplasm from the USA and associated knowledge was greatly expanded, but reaching the goal of obtaining and keeping the most complete sample possible of the genetic diversity will involve additional collecting and continued research on the reproductive behavior of these plants. C1 ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. PROBIOANDES, Lima 12, Peru. Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. Univ Idaho, R&E Ctr, USDA, ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. N Vavilov Inst, Dept Potato Genet Resources, St Petersburg 190000, Russia. RP Bamberg, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Kiru, Stepan/0000-0002-8648-3837; Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 159 EP 172 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689LR UT WOS:000183495100002 ER PT J AU Love, SL Mosley, AR Novy, R Corsini, DL Thornton, RE James, SR Hane, DC AF Love, SL Mosley, AR Novy, R Corsini, DL Thornton, RE James, SR Hane, DC TI Ivory Crisp: A potato variety with high tuber solids and cold chipping ability SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; variety release; cold chipping ID QUALITY AB Ivory Crisp was released in 2002 by the experiment stations of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and North Dakota, and by the USDA/ARS. It resulted from a 1980 cross of ND292-1 and A77268-4. Ivory Crisp is suited for use in both the direct delivery and storage chipping markets. Ivory Crisp is a medium-maturing potato variety with round, white tubers and excellent chipping quality. It has medium to high yield potential, high tuber solids, resistance to most internal and external tuber defects, and the ability to chip from cold storage. In trials in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, total and U.S. No. 1 tuber yield of Ivory Crisp was similar to Atlantic but lower than Chipeta. Yield of tubers in the size range 113-336 g for Ivory Crisp is higher than for either Atlantic or Chipeta. Ivory Crisp is resistant to growth cracks, secondary growth, hollow heart, and stem-end necrosis, but susceptible to shatter bruise. Tuber sugar content has consistently remained low following cold storage and near-acceptable chip color retained at 4.4 C. Ivory Crisp is susceptible or moderately susceptible to most common field diseases of potato. It is highly susceptible to common scab, powdery scab, and pink rot. Tubers of Ivory Crisp have dry matter content (22.4%) lower than those of Atlantic, but higher than those of Chipeta. Glycoalkaloid content of Ivory Crisp tubers is very low (4.3 mg 100 g(-1)). An application for Plant Variety Protection has been filed for Ivory Crisp. Seed is available from potato seed growers in Idaho, North Dakota, and Canada. Small amounts of seed, for research purposes, can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. C1 Univ Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Madras, OR 97741 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hermiston Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Hermiston, OR 97838 USA. RP Love, SL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 207 EP 213 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689LR UT WOS:000183495100006 ER PT J AU del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB AF del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB TI The effect of genebank seed increase on the genetics of recently collected potato (Solanum) germplasm SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE jamesii; fendleri; RAPD; in situ; ex situ ID RAPD MARKERS; DIVERSITY; BANKS AB In previous work at the US Potato Genebank, RAPDs were used to detect large differences between genebank-conserved samples and their corresponding in situ populations re-collected from the wild. This work investigates one possible explanation for these differences: a large genetic change in the sample when it undergoes "domestication" by a forced sexual seed increase and subsequent adaptation to cultivation in the genebank. However, when 11 Solanum fendleri and 17 S. jamesii populations were collected from the wild and compared to their sexual progeny generated at the genebank, no significant differences in RAPD fingerprints were detected. These results show that theory of "genebank domestication" is not supported. However, when plants of one pair of populations were tested individually, the seed increase population was significantly more heterogeneous than its clonally collected in situ parents. Thus, while genebank populations have the same genes as their wild counterparts, they may contain genotypes not present in the wild. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 215 EP 218 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 689LR UT WOS:000183495100007 ER PT J AU Seals, RC Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Lewis, GS AF Seals, RC Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Lewis, GS TI Uterine response to infectious bacteria in estrous cyclic ewes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunosuppression; progesterone; prostaglandins; sheep; uterine infection ID PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD; PROGESTIN RECEPTOR; COWS; 13,14-DIHYDRO-15-KETO-PGF(2-ALPHA); PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA; UTEROOVARIAN; ENDOMETRITIS; ASSOCIATION; LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVATION AB PROBLEM: Luteal-phase uteri are susceptible to infections, and PGE(2) and exogenous progesterone can down-regulate, whereas PGF(2alpha) can up-regulate, uterine immune functions. METHOD OF STUDY: Uteri of follicular- or luteal-phase ewes were inoculated with either saline or bacteria (Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli). Vena caval blood was collected for the next 3 days, and progesterone, PGE(2), and PGF2alpha were measured. The effects of 10(-7) M PGE(2) (Experiment 1), 10(-7) M PGF(2alpha) (Experiment 2), 10(-7) M indomethacin (INDO), and diluent on proliferation of lymphocytes from the vena caval blood in response to mitogens was quantified. RESULTS: Experiment 1: Progesterone was greater (P < 0.01) in luteal than in follicular ewes (3.4 versus 0.4 ng/mL), and only luteal ewes inoculated with bacteria developed infections. Lymphocyte proliferation was least (P = 0.08) in follicular ewes (2.6 versus 4.5 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively). Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated proliferation was less (P < 0.05) for ewes inoculated with bacteria and for cells cultured with diluent (5.9 versus 3.1 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively) or with INDO (6.6 versus 2.8 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively). Also, Con A-stimulated lymphocytes from ewes inoculated with bacteria tended to proliferate less (P < 0.1) when cultured with PGE(2) (4.9 versus 3.7 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively) or PGE(2) + INDO (5.5 versus 3.8 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively). Experiment 2: Progesterone was greater (P < 0.01) in luteal than in follicular ewes (6.5 versus 1.2 ng/ mL), and only luteal ewes inoculated with bacteria developed infections. Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was greater (P < 0.001) for follicular ewes (4.1 versus 3.1 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively). Proliferation of lymphocytes collected from follicular ewes was greater (P < 0.01) when cells were cultured with PGF(2)alpha (3.5 versus 2.7 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively), but INDO did not affect unstimulated or mitogen-stimulated proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Prostaglandin F-2alpha enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, whereas bacterial inoculation and in vitro treatment with PGE(2) suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. This may signify the involvement of bacterial products and prostaglandins in regulation of uterine immunity. C1 ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Lewis, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, HC 62,Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 8755-8920 J9 AM J REPROD IMMUNOL JI Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 49 IS 5 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00039.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Reproductive Biology SC Immunology; Reproductive Biology GA 670AZ UT WOS:000182386100003 PM 12854731 ER PT J AU Frank, GH Briggs, RE Duff, GC Hurd, HS AF Frank, GH Briggs, RE Duff, GC Hurd, HS TI Effect of intranasal exposure to leukotoxin-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica at the time of arrival at the feedyard on subsequent isolation of M haemolytica from nasal secretions of calves SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; TRANSPORTED CALVES; COLONIZATION; VACCINATION; TONSILS; NASOPHARYNX; INHIBITION; DISEASE; FEEDLOT AB Objective-To determine the effect of intranasal exposure to live leukotoxin (LktA)-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) at the time of feedyard arrival on nasopharyngeal colonization by wildtype MH in calves. Animals-200 calves. Procedure-Calves from Arkansas (AIR calves; n = 100; mean body weight, 205 kg) were purchased from an order buyer barn. Calves from New Mexico (NM calves; n = 100; mean body weight, 188 kg) were obtained from a single ranch. Calves were transported to a feedyard, where half of each group was exposed intranasally with LktA-deficient MH at the time of arrival. Calves were observed daily for respiratory tract disease (RTD), and nasal swab specimens were collected periodically to determine nasopharyngeal colonization status with MH. Serum samples were assayed for antibodies to MH. Results-15 AIR calves had nasopharyngeal colonization by wild-type MH at the order buyer barn, whereas none of the NM calves had nasopharyngeal colonization. Intranasal exposure to LktA-deficient MH elicited an increase in serum antibody titers against MH in NM calves, but titers were less in NM calves treated for RTD. Exposure of NM calves to LktA-deficient MH offered protection from nasopharyngeal colonization by wild-type MH. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Exposure of calves to LktA-deficient MH elicited an increase in serum antibody titers against MH and decreased colonization of the nasopharynx by wild-type MH. Earlier exposure would likely allow an immune response to develop before transportation and offer protection from nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumonia caused by wild-type MH. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Clayton Livestock Res Ctr, Clayton, NM 88415 USA. RP Briggs, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 64 IS 5 BP 580 EP 585 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.580 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 673DT UT WOS:000182565500011 PM 12755298 ER PT J AU McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW Palic, DB Porter, JR Jamieson, PD AF McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW Palic, DB Porter, JR Jamieson, PD TI Spring wheat leaf appearance and temperature: Extending the paradigm? SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE wheat; Triticum aestivum L.; soil temperature; air temperature; phyllochron; leaf appearance; thermal time; growing degree days; shoot apex ID WINTER-WHEAT; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; LOLIUM-PERENNE; GROWTH; PHYLLOCHRON; EMERGENCE; BARLEY; CULTIVARS AB Extensive research shows temperature to be the primary environmental factor controlling the phyllochron, or rate of leaf appearance, of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experimental results suggest that soil temperature at crown depth, rather than air temperature above the canopy, would better predict wheat leaf appearance rates. To test this hypothesis, leaf appearance in spring wheat ('Nordic') was measured in a 2-year field experiment (Nunn clay loam soil; fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic, Argiustoll) with three planting dates and two soil temperature treatments. One temperature treatment (denoted +3C) consisted of heating the soil at crown depth to 3 degreesC above the ambient soil temperature (denoted +0C). Main stem cumulative leaf number was measured at least weekly until flag leaf emergence. Leaf appearance was essentially linear with both air and soil growing degree-days (GDD), although there was a stronger linear relationship with soil GDD in the +0C plants than in +3C plants. A weak positive relationship between planting date and the phyllochron was observed. Unexpectedly, we found that heating the soil did not increase the rate of leaf appearance, as the paradigm would predict. To explain these results, we propose extending the paradigm in two ways. First, three processes are involved in leaf appearance: (1) cell division at the shoot apex forms the primordium; (2) cell division in the intercalary meristem forms the cells that then (3) expand to produce the leaf. Cell division is predominately controlled by temperature, but cell expansion is considerably more affected by factors other than temperature, explaining the influence of other factors on the phyllochron. Secondly, the vertical distribution of the two meristems and region of cell expansion occur over a significant distance, where temperature varies considerably, and temperature at a specific point (e.g. crown depth) does not account for the entire temperature regime under which leaves are developing. (C) 2003 Annals of Botany Company. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. KVL Denmark, Dept Agr Serv, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark. New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. RP McMaster, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 301 S Howes St,Room 353, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Porter, John/F-9290-2014 OI Porter, John/0000-0002-0777-3028 NR 57 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 21 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 91 IS 6 BP 697 EP 705 DI 10.1093/aob/mcg074 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 676XL UT WOS:000182777800009 PM 12714367 ER PT J AU Nagoshi, RN Meagher, RL AF Nagoshi, RN Meagher, RL TI FR tandem-repeat sequence in fall army-worm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) host strains SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; strain identification; FR sequence ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA AB The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), consists of two sympatric strains (rice and corn) that are morphologically identical. To facilitate strain identification, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect FR, a reportedly strain-specific element found in the nuclear genome in large tandem-repeat clusters. The efficacy and accuracy of the PCR method were tested on inbred laboratory lines of both rice and corn strains. Although it was previously thought that FR sequences were exclusive to the rice strain, we were able to isolate homologous sequences in a subset of the corn strain population. Even in these cases, the PCR method detected strain-specific amplification patterns, indicating that the distinction between rice and corn strains is caused by differences in copy number and organization in the genome rather than simply the presence or absence of FR. A second polymorphism detectable by PCR. was also found that distinguishes between rice and corn strain laboratory colonies. The availability of PCR-based methods for detecting strain- and population-speciflc molecular markers will facilitate studies on strain distribution in the field and the examination of strain-specific behavior. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Nagoshi, RN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 96 IS 3 BP 329 EP 335 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0329:FTSIFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 682FB UT WOS:000183079900012 ER PT J AU Irwin, D Leathers, TD Greene, RV Wilson, DB AF Irwin, D Leathers, TD Greene, RV Wilson, DB TI Corn fiber hydrolysis by Thermobifida fusca extracellular enzymes SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMOMONOSPORA-CURVATA; BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; SACCHARIFICATION; CLONING; EXPRESSION; REPRESSION; CELLULOSE; BINDING; SYSTEM AB Thermobifida fusca was grown on cellulose (Solka-Floc), xylan or corn fiber and the supernatant extracellular enzymes were concentrated. SDS gels showed markedly different protein patterns for the three different carbon sources. Activity assays on a variety of synthetic and natural substrates showed major differences in the concentrated extracellular enzyme activities. These crude enzyme preparations were used to hydrolyze corn fiber, a low-value biomass byproduct of the wet milling of corn. Approximately 180 mg of reducing sugar were produced per gram of untreated corn fiber. When corn fiber was pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, up to 429 mg of reducing sugars were released per gram of corn fiber. Saccharification was enhanced by the addition of beta-glucosidase or by the addition of a crude xylanase preparation from Aureobasidium sp. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Off Int Programs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wilson, DB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, 458 Biotechnol Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 61 IS 4 BP 352 EP 358 DI 10.1007/s00253-002-1210-6 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 690JT UT WOS:000183545600011 PM 12743765 ER PT J AU Jordan, D Ponder, F Hubbard, VC AF Jordan, D Ponder, F Hubbard, VC TI Effects of soil compaction, forest leaf litter and nitrogen fertilizer on two oak species and microbial activity SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil compaction; forest leaf litter; nitrogen; microbial activity; red oak seedling (Quercus rubra L.); scarlet oak seedling (Quercus coccinea Muencch) ID CHLOROFORM FUMIGATION; BIOMASS; RELEASE; GROWTH; PINE AB A greenhouse study examined the effects of soil compaction and forest leaf litter on the growth and nitrogen (N) uptake and recovery of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muencch) seedlings and selected microbial activity over a 6-month period. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with three replications. Ammonium N-15-sulfate at 33 mg N-15 kg(-1) was used to quantify seedling N uptake and recovery. After 6 months, seedlings were harvested and analyzed for dry matter production, total N, N-15 uptake and N derived from N-15 labeled fertilizer (Ndff). Soil enzyme activity and soil microbial biomass C and N were measured as indicators of microbial activity. Soil compaction significantly decreased seedling height, dry matter production, and N-15 recovery of both oak species. Significantly greater N losses were observed in compacted pots compared with the non-compacted pots. Less N-15 was immobilized in the soil microbial biomass in the compacted pots than under non-compacted conditions, probably due to greater overall N-15 losses in the compacted conditions. Soil compaction significantly affected microbial activity by reducing acid phosphatase. Severe soil compaction decreased young tree growth and reduced N fertilizer uptake. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alabama State Univ, Dept Math & Sci, Univ Coll, Montgomery, AL 36111 USA. Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ponder, F (reprint author), Alabama State Univ, Dept Math & Sci, Univ Coll, 310 Sci Bldg, Montgomery, AL 36111 USA. RI hubbard, Victoria/N-8938-2014 NR 32 TC 45 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(03)00003-9 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 673ZU UT WOS:000182612200004 ER PT J AU Sohn, M Barton, FE Morrison, WH Archibald, DD AF Sohn, M Barton, FE Morrison, WH Archibald, DD TI Application of partial least-squares regression to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic determination of shive content in flax SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE flax fiber; shive; near-infrared spectroscopy; chemometrics; NIRS ID DIFFERENTIATION; FIBERS; DETERGENT; COLOR; ACID AB Shive, the nonfiberous core portion of the stem, in flax fiber after retting is related to fiber quality. The objective of this study is to develop a standard calibration model for determining shive content in retted flax by using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Calibration samples were prepared by manually mixing pure, ground shive and pure, ground fiber from flax retted by three different methods (water, dew, and enzyme retting) to provide a wide range of shive content from 0 to 100%. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to generate a calibration model, and spectral data were processed using various pretreatments such as a multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), normalization, derivatives, and Martens' Uncertainty option to improve the calibration model. The calibration model developed with a single sample set resulted in a standard error of 1.8% with one factor. The best algorithm was produced from first-derivative processing of the spectral data. MSC was not effective processing for this model. However, a big bias was observed when independent sample sets were applied to this calibration model to predict shive content in flax fiber. The calibration model developed using a combination sample set showed a slightly higher standard error and number of factors compared to the model for a single sample set, but this model was sufficiently accurate to apply to each sample set. The best algorithm for the combination sample set was generated from second derivatives followed by MSC processing of spectral data and from Martens' Uncertainty option; it resulted in a standard error of 2.3% with 2 factors. The value of the digital second derivative centered at 1674 nm for these spectral data was highly correlated to shive content of flax and could form the basis for a simple, low-cost sensor for the shive or fiber content in retted flax. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Barton, FE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 57 IS 5 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1366/000370203321666588 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 704UG UT WOS:000184358400013 PM 14658682 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Baker, JE AF Howard, RW Baker, JE TI Cuticular hydrocarbons and wax esters of the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor: Ontogenetic, reproductive, and nutritional effects SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical ecology; cuticular hydrocarbons; wax esters; mass spectrometry; gender recognition ID CEPHALONOMIA-TARSALIS HYMENOPTERA; HOST; BETHYLIDAE; COLEOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; PTEROMALIDAE; PERMEABILITY; FORMICIDAE; CUTICLE; EUCHARITIDAE AB Hydrocarbon and wax ester components of cuticular lipids of the braconid parositoid Hobrobrocon hebetor Say reared at 25degreesC on larvae of a pyralid moth have been identified by GC-MS and analyzed with respect to adult age, mating status, and diet. The hydrocarbons range in carbon number from C-21 to C-45 and consist of a homologous series of n-alkanes, 11-, 13-, and 15-methyl alkanes, 13,17-dimethyl alkones, and Z-5, Z-7, and Z-9-alkenes. The wax esters found in the cuticular lipid fraction are a series of homologous compounds with the acid portion being short chain, unbranched, even carbon number acids from C-8 to C-20 (predominately C-8 to C-16). The alcohol portions of the esters ore secondary alcohols with carbon number from C-22 to C-25 (predominately C-23 and C-25) with the hydroxyl function located at C-6, C-7, C-8, and C-9. Gender, age, and nutritional states were significant factors for variation in several of the individual esters, but mating status did not affect wax ester composition. Ontogenetic examinations indicated that prepupal, and early pupal cuticular lipids contain only hydrocarbons. Low levels of wax esters are detectable in late stage pupae, and somewhat greater quantities of wax esters are present on newly eclosed adults. When pharate adults emerge from the cocoon, however, their cuticular lipids consist of approximately equal amounts of hydrocarbons and wax esters, and 6d post emergence from the cocoon, wax esters are the predominant lipid component. C1 ARS, USDA, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 49 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 53 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1002/arch.10078 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 671QX UT WOS:000182476500001 PM 12701110 ER PT J AU Asztalos, BF Batista, M Horvath, KV Cox, CE Dallal, GE Morse, JS Brown, GB Schaefer, EJ AF Asztalos, BF Batista, M Horvath, KV Cox, CE Dallal, GE Morse, JS Brown, GB Schaefer, EJ TI Change in alpha(1) HDL concentration predicts progression in coronary artery stenosis SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HDL subpopulations; coronary heart disease; coronary stenosis; statin; niacin ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; CHOLESTEROL; SUBPOPULATIONS; THERAPY; PLASMA; NIACIN AB Objective - We examined the effects of simvastatin-niacin and antioxidant vitamins on changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulations and alterations in coronary artery stenosis, as assessed by angiography. Methods and Results - Lipids, lipoproteins, and HDL particles were measured on and off treatment in 123 subjects of the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study. Patients were assigned to 4 treatment groups, simvastatin-niacin, simvastatin-niacin-antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant vitamins, and placebo. Subjects were followed for 3 years on treatment and then for 2 months off treatment. Simvastatin-niacin significantly increased the 2 large apoA-I-containing HDL subpopulations, alpha(1) and prealpha(1), and significantly decreased the 2 smallest particles, prebeta(1) and alpha(3), compared with values obtained from the same patients off treatment. Adding antioxidant vitamins to the lipid-modifying agents blunted these effects ( not significant). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.235; P < 0.01) between the changes in α(1) HDL particle concentration and coronary artery stenosis was noted. Subjects in the third tertile (157% increase in α(1)) had no progression of stenosis in the 3-year follow-up period, whereas subjects in the first tertile (15% decrease in α(1)) had an average of 2.1% increase in stenosis. Conclusions - Simvastatin-niacin therapy significantly increased the large apoA-I-containing α(1) HDL particles. This increase was significantly associated with less progression of coronary stenosis even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRC, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab Diabet & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Seattle, WA USA. RP Asztalos, BF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRC, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-64738, R01 HL064738] NR 27 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 BP 847 EP 852 DI 10.1161/01.ATV.0000066133.32063.BB PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 676GG UT WOS:000182742500023 PM 12637338 ER PT J AU Matthan, N Giovanni, A Schaefer, E Brown, BG Lichtenstein, A AF Matthan, N Giovanni, A Schaefer, E Brown, BG Lichtenstein, A TI Impact of simvastatin and niacin with or without antioxidants on plasma cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in coronary artery disease patients with low HDL-cholesterol levels SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th Annual Conference on Arteriosclerosis Thrombosisand Vascular Biology CY MAY 08-10, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 MA 34 BP A6 EP A7 PG 2 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 676GG UT WOS:000182742500071 ER PT J AU Hilton, GM Atkinson, PW Gray, GAL Arendt, WJ Gibbons, DW AF Hilton, GM Atkinson, PW Gray, GAL Arendt, WJ Gibbons, DW TI Rapid decline of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE bird census technique; volcano; Icterus oberi; ecological disturbance ID DELAYED PLUMAGE MATURATION; SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; ORCHARD ORIOLE; ICTERUS-SPURIUS; FOREST; BIRDS; POPULATIONS; HYPOTHESES; ERUPTION; TESTS AB Prior to 1995, the Montserrat oriole (Icterus oberi) was confined to ca. 30 km(2) of hill forest on the Lesser Antillean island of Montserrat, but was not listed as globally threatened. Since then, the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano has destroyed more than half of the species' range. Recent intensive monitoring has indicated that the species has also declined dramatically within the remaining intact forest, and is now critically threatened. Different monitoring and analytical methods indicate a decline of 8-52% P.a., and a remaining global population of ca. 100-400 pairs. This case study justifies the use of the restricted range criterion in designating threatened species. Despite intensive monitoring and the use of several analytical methods, it has proved surprisingly difficult to estimate the magnitude of the oriole's decrease, or to control for potential artefacts in the census method. We discuss the reasons for this. The cause(s) of population decline in the intact forest are unclear, though two hypotheses appear plausible: a decrease in arthropod food, a result of volcanic ash fall, and an increase in nest predation as a result of increases in populations of opportunistic omnivores. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Sabana Field Res Stn, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Hilton, GM (reprint author), Royal Soc Protect Birds, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. RI Atkinson, Philip/B-8975-2009 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 111 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00252-5 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00252-5 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652FH UT WOS:000181368800008 ER PT J AU Fife, JP Derksen, RC Ozkan, HE Grewal, PS AF Fife, JP Derksen, RC Ozkan, HE Grewal, PS TI Effects of pressure differentials on the viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Steinernema carpocapsae; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Heterorhabditis megidis; Galleria mellonella; age; damage; application; spray equipment ID FIELD EFFICACY; STEINERNEMATIDAE; RHABDITIDA; CURCULIONIDAE; PERSISTENCE; COLEOPTERA; JUVENILES; PEST AB During passage through the different components of a spray application system, a nematode suspension will undergo pressure changes. The extent of damage to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Heterorhabditis megidis) in suspension due to the effects of a pressure differential was studied. A French pressure cell and press was used to subject the newly emerged EPN suspensions to a series of pressure differentials ranging from 1283 kPa (186 psi) to 10,690 kPa (1550 psi). Aged suspensions (3 weeks) of H. bacteriophora and H. megidis were also evaluated. Damage was quantified by counting living and dead (whole and pieces) EPNs and by bioassay techniques. As the pressure differential increased, the relative viability of the EPNs decreased. Entomopathogenic nematodes that survived the pressure differential were, in general, able to survive for at least I week and maintain infectivity to Galleria mellonella at rates equivalent to EPNs that had not been pressure treated. In general, the relative viabilities of fresh and aged EPNs were equivalent after pressure differential treatments. The relative viability of the treated EPNs remained above 85% for pressure differentials less than or equal to 1283 kPa for H. megidis and 2138kPa (310psi) for S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora, but decreased rapidly for higher pressure differentials. Greater reductions in relative viability were experienced by Heterorhabditis spp. than S. carpocapsae, indicating that nematode species is an important factor to consider when defining spray operating conditions. We recommend a maximum operating pressure of 1380 kPa (200 psi) for H. megidis and 2000 kPa (290 psi) for S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Fife, JP (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00183-4 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 670YM UT WOS:000182437700008 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Pereira, RM AF Valles, SM Pereira, RM TI Hydramethylnon potentiation in Solenopsis invicta by infection with the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE microsporidium; Thelohania solenopsae; insecticide potentiation; Solenopsis invicta; hydramethylnon; IPM; insecticide toxicity ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; COLONIES; BIOLOGY AB Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted in which hydramethylnon treatments were made against Solenopsis invicta individuals and colonies that were either infected or uninfected with Thelohania solenopsae. In laboratory experiments, polygynous T solenopsae-infected colonies of S. invicta exhibited significantly greater cumulative mortality than uninfected colonies when exposed to hydramethylnon, a respiratory-inhibiting insecticide. By day 21, nearly 100% of the individuals in the T. solenopsae-infected colonies were dead whereas only about 50% of the individuals in the uninfected colonies were dead. In addition to a higher cumulative mortality among T solenopsae-infected workers, queens from infected colonies exhibited higher mortality than those from uninfected colonies. Similar results were observed in field studies in which fire ant-infested pasture was treated with hydramethylnon. The number of T solenopsae-infected colonies decreased much faster relative to uninfected colonies in the same area. The initial rate of decline was 1.3 mounds/plot/day among T solenopsae-infected colonies compared with a decrease of 0.4 mounds/plot/day among uninfected colonies. Insecticide toxicity bioassay data supported our hypothesis that T solenopsae infection can potentiate the toxicity of hydramethylnon. T solenopsae-infected workers were 2.4-fold more susceptible to hydramethylnon than uninfected workers in toxicity bioassays. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 1 BP 95 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00184-6 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 670YM UT WOS:000182437700011 ER PT J AU Shufran, KA Mayo, ZB Crease, TJ AF Shufran, KA Mayo, ZB Crease, TJ TI Genetic changes within an aphid clone: homogenization of rDNA intergenic spacers after insecticide selection SO BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Intraclonal Genetic Variation - Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects CY APR 11-12, 2002 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Royal Entomol Soc, Linnean Soc DE Aphididae; chromosomal rearrangements; concerted evolution; greenbug; molecular drive; ribosomal DNA ID SCHIZAPHIS-GRAMINUM HOMOPTERA; RIBOSOMAL DNA; DAPHNIA-PULEX; DIFFERENTIATION; CONVERSION; CEREVISIAE; GREENBUG; YEAST; PCR AB A single asexual maternal lineage (i.e. clone) of the greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was repeatedly selected with the insecticide disulfoton (O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodioate). A parallel colony of the non-selected clone was also maintained. After approximately 200 generations (4 years) of continuous selection, both the selected and non-selected clones were assayed for changes in intergenic spacer (IGS) length variants of the rRNA cistron. No changes in sets of IGS variants were detected in the non-selected clone. However, the selected clone was found to have lost three variants present in the non-selected clone. This probably occurred by unequal cross-over between sister chromatids, whereby the cistron became homogenized by an increase of frequency of two smaller variants. This documents a large-scale genetic change occurring within the rRNA cistron in a parthenogenetically reproducing aphid. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Shufran, KA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RI Crease, Teresa/E-2932-2015 OI Crease, Teresa/0000-0001-8074-8024 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0024-4066 J9 BIOL J LINN SOC JI Biol. J. Linnean Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 79 IS 1 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00184.x PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 679GV UT WOS:000182913100012 ER PT J AU Dao, VT Dowd, MK Gaspard, C Martin, MT Hemez, J Laprevote, O Mayer, M Michelot, RJ AF Dao, VT Dowd, MK Gaspard, C Martin, MT Hemez, J Laprevote, O Mayer, M Michelot, RJ TI New thioderivatives of gossypol and gossypolone, as prodrugs of cytotoxic agents SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; HUMAN BREAST-CANCER; DERIVATIVES; INHIBITORS AB New dithiane or dithiolane derivatives of gossypol and gossypolone were synthesized with dithiolethane or dithiolpropane in the presence of BF3/Et2O. These thioderivatives exhibited low toxicity on KB cells (human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the mouth). They react easily with electrophiles in aprotic solvents to regenerate gossypolone or to form dehydrogossypoldithianes and dehydrogossypoldithiolanes, which display higher toxicity on KB cells. In addition, the low toxicity of gossypol thioderivatives was reversed by nitric oxide donors in physiological media. These experiments suggest that gossypol and gossypolone dithianes and dithiolanes can be used as prodrugs that target tumor cells surrounded by high concentrations of nitric oxide. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, Inst Chim Subst Nat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Michelot, RJ (reprint author), CNRS, Inst Chim Subst Nat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-0896 J9 BIOORGAN MED CHEM JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 11 IS 9 BP 2001 EP 2006 DI 10.1016/S0968-1896(03)00066-X PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 665CA UT WOS:000182101000007 PM 12670651 ER PT J AU Sylvester, HA AF Sylvester, HA TI Inter-simple sequence repeat-restriction fragment length polymorphisms for DNA fingerprinting SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION; APIS-MELLIFERA; ISSR-PCR; GERMPLASM C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Sylvester, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD MAY PY 2003 VL 34 IS 5 BP 942 EP 944 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 678GW UT WOS:000182859200008 PM 12765019 ER PT J AU Kuykendall, LD Stockett, TM Saunders, JW AF Kuykendall, LD Stockett, TM Saunders, JW TI Rhizobium radiobacter conjugation and callus-independent shoot regeneration used to introduce the cercosporin export gene cfp from Cercospora into sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE disease; leaf spot; resistance; transgenic ID DIRECT ORGANOGENESIS; INVITRO; CULTURE; KIKUCHII; EXPLANTS; PETIOLE AB Leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora is responsible for crop and profitability losses in sugar beet crops in the US and worldwide. The cfp gene that encodes a protein that exports phytotoxic cercosporins from Cercospora was conjugally transferred to sugar beet using Rhizobium radiobacter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), to improve Cercospora-induced leafspot resistance. Conditions for shoot regeneration were optimized to increase regeneration/transformation efficiencies. Low-light and room-temperature conditions were favorable to sugar beet regeneration without callus when cytokinin had been added to the tissue culture medium. Using this procedure adventitious shoots from leaf pieces were obtained in a simple, one-step regeneration procedure. T7, a cfp-transgenic clone verified by PCR with gene-specific primers, is being propagated for leaf spot disease resistance evaluation. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst,Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kuykendall, LD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst,Mol Plant Pathol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 004 Rm130,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 25 IS 9 BP 739 EP 744 DI 10.1023/A:1023419000749 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 671BM UT WOS:000182445200014 PM 12882176 ER PT J AU Agusti, N Unruh, TR Welter, SC AF Agusti, N Unruh, TR Welter, SC TI Detecting Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera : Psyllidae) in predator guts using COI mitochondrial markers SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; INVERTEBRATE PREDATORS; HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA; DETECTION PERIOD; SCAR MARKERS; MEAL SIZE; PREY; ELECTROPHORESIS; REMAINS; ELISA AB Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) is one of the most important pests of pear in North America, where several native predators have been considered for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Two molecular markers of 271 and 188 bp were developed from C. pyricola cytochrome oxidase I (COI) fragments, in order to study the detection of this species in the gut of arthropod predators. Primer sensitivity and the detection period for pear psylla remains in the guts of Anthocoris tomentosus Pericart were determined. The sensitivity threshold was defined at 10(-5) dilution of a C. pyricola fifth-instar nymph in all samples. Predator adults were evaluated immediately after ingestion of one to five C. pyricola nymphs (t = 0) and after 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h. Detection of the presence of C. pyricola DNA always lasted longer using the shorter fragment and was observed after 32 h of digestion using both markers. The primers amplifying the 188 bp fragment amplified all four psyllid species tested, whereas the primers designed to amplify the 271 bp fragment did so exclusively for C. pyricola and its close relative, Cacopsylla pyri (Linnaeus). Both primers failed to amplify DNA from representative species of the Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Salticidae, Aphididae, Tetranychidae and the Tortricidae, suggesting their suitability for general trophic studies. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Agusti, N (reprint author), INAP G, Ecol Populat & Communautes, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris 05, France. EM Nuria.Agusti@inapg.inra.fr RI Agusti, Nuria/C-8318-2011 OI Agusti, Nuria/0000-0002-5908-4873 NR 41 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 21 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 93 IS 3 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1079/BER2003236 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 681NJ UT WOS:000183042000001 PM 12762859 ER PT J AU Filotas, MJ Hajek, AE Humber, RA AF Filotas, MJ Hajek, AE Humber, RA TI Prevalence and biology of Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales) in populations of forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA; MORTALITY AB Furia gastropachae comb. nov. (= Furia crustosa MacLeod et Tyrrell) has long been associated with declines in populations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner; however, its prevalence and impact on host populations have never been documented. We clarify the nomenclature for this species, which has previously been called E crustosa, and describe the morphology of E gastropachae isolates from Maryland and New York. Epizootics of E gastropachae were studied in M. disstria populations in New York and Maryland, United States of America. Prevalence (mean SE) of E gastropachae in late fifth instar larvae in New York was 25.6 +/- 7.8% compared with 22.2 +/- 11.3% infection by virus and 23.3 +/- 8.4% parasitism. In Maryland, E gastropachae was not found in early instars and its incidence in fourth and fifth instars was 14.5 +/- 7.3 and 21.6 +/- 17.6%, respectively. Dipteran parasitoids were also important natural enemies with 38.3 +/- 3.0 and 17.9 +/- 1.4% parasitism in fourth and fifth instars, respectively. Virus was found in fewer than 5% of larvae collected. Furia gastropachae showed a marked tendency toward resting spore production in infected larvae, with 100% of larvae collected in New York and >80% of larvae collected in Maryland producing resting spores, either alone or in combination with conidia. The appearance of cadavers of larvae dying from fungal and viral infections was similar. Of 13 species of Lepidoptera exposed to E gastropachae conidia in host-range bioassays, only 3.3% of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae), 5.6% of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and 3.7% of Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) were successfully infected by this fungus. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Filotas, MJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 135 IS 3 BP 359 EP 378 PG 20 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 680LW UT WOS:000182980500003 ER PT J AU Branson, DH AF Branson, DH TI Reproduction and survival in Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera : Acrididae) in response to resource availability and population density: the role of exploitative competition SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BRITISH GRASSHOPPERS ORTHOPTERA; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; PLASTICITY; FEMURRUBRUM; ENVIRONMENT; ABUNDANCE; DYNAMICS; QUALITY AB The relative importance of exploitative competition for resources on grasshopper reproductive allocation has not been fully examined. Given the large fluctuations in grasshopper densities that periodically occur in western North America, an increased understanding of how grasshopper survival and reproduction vary in response to intraspecific densities and per capita resource availability is important. I examined if exploitative resource competition could explain variation in reproductive allocation in Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) in response to resource availability and grasshopper population density. I also examined whether individual differences in competitive ability resulted in increased variance in egg production with low per capita resource availability, As expected with exploitative resource competition, per capita resource availability explained a significant amount of the variation in all reproductive characteristics examined. There was no effect of per capita resource availability on survival. Residuals of the regressions of egg production and vitellogenesis versus per capita resource availability did not differ for resource or density treatments, indicating that exploitative competition for resources played a more important role than interference competition in determining reproductive allocation in M. sanguinipes. Individual differences were evident, as variation around the mean of egg production increased with resource limitation, Exploitative competition for resources was important in determining both individual and population level reproductive responses of grasshoppers to resource availability. C1 Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Branson, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. EM dbranson@ars.usda.gov NR 44 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 135 IS 3 BP 415 EP 426 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 680LW UT WOS:000182980500007 ER PT J AU Yates, IE Arnold, JW Hinton, DM Basinger, W Walcott, RR AF Yates, IE Arnold, JW Hinton, DM Basinger, W Walcott, RR TI Fusarium verticillioides induction of maize seed rot and its control SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; reporter gene; germination; iodine ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; IN-VITRO; MONILIFORME; FUMONISINS; CORN AB Experimental evidence is lacking to demonstrate whether Fusarium verticiltioides (synonym = Fusarium mondiforme J. Sheld.; teleomorph = Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & K. Kimura, mating population A) functions as a causative agent or an opportunistic invader in seed (caryopsis) rot of maize (Zea mays L.). Previous researchers have isolated this fungus, along with many other microorganisms, from seed collected in the field long after rot commenced. The current investigations used an isolate of F. verticillioides transformed with a selectable marker and a reporter gene to inoculate previously disinfected maize seed. Seed rot developed, and F. verticillioides containing the introduced genes was isolated from inoculated, but not noninoculated, seed. Efficacy of Plantpro-45, an agent with an iodine-based active ingredient (a.i.), was analyzed for controlling growth of F. verticillioides from conidia and inoculated maize seed. A solution containing <10 μg a.i./mL inhibited growth of conidia suspended for <30 s. Furthermore, seed rot was controlled without diminishing seedling survival at 10 mg a.i./kg maize seed. Thus, F. verticillioides can function as the causative agent of maize seed rot and can be suppressed and (or) controlled at the postinfection stage with Plantpro-45. C1 ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Ajay N Amer LLC, Powder Springs, GA 30127 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Yates, IE (reprint author), ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 422 EP 428 DI 10.1139/B03-034 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 696XY UT WOS:000183913900002 ER PT J AU Kelsey, RG Joseph, G AF Kelsey, RG Joseph, G TI Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fire and its relationship to secondary beetles SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MENZIESII MIRB. FRANCO; DOUGLAS-FIR; BARK BEETLES; TREE MORTALITY; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; TOMICUS-PINIPERDA; PRESCRIBED-FIRE; CYTOPLASMIC PH; HOST SELECTION AB Sixteen days after a September wildfire, ethanol and water were measured in phloem and sapwood at breast height and the base of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. with zero (control), moderate, heavy, and severe crown scorch. The quantity of ethanol increased with each level of injury, resulting in trees with severe scorch containing 15 and 53 times more phloem and sapwood ethanol, respectively, than controls. Ethanol concentrations in the sapwood and adjacent phloem were related, probably as a result of diffusion. Upward movement in xylem sap was most likely responsible for the relationship between sapwood ethanol concentrations at breast height and the stem base. As trees recovered from their heat injuries, the ethanol concentrations declined. In contrast, ethanol accumulated in dead trees that lost their entire crowns in the fire. Various bark and xylophagous beetles landed in greater numbers on fire-damaged trees than on controls the following spring and summer, suggesting that ethanol was being released to the atmosphere and influencing beetle behavior. Beetle landing was more strongly related to sapwood ethanol concentrations the previous September than in May. Sapwood ethanol measured 16 days after the fire was the best predictor of second-year mortality for trees with heavy and severe crown scorch. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 62 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 33 IS 5 BP 870 EP 884 DI 10.1139/X03-007 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 680PU UT WOS:000182987200014 ER PT J AU Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD AF Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Wesley, RD TI Strain predominance following exposure of vaccinated and naive pregnant gilts to multiple strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; FIELD STRAINS; SWINE; PRRSV; INFECTION; CHALLENGE; IMMUNITY; DURATION; FAILURE; FETUSES AB Two studies were performed in order to test the relative ability of different strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to replicate and cross the placental barrier in pregnant gilts. Study 1 comprised 6 nonvaccinated gilts. Study 2 comprised 8 nonvaccinated gilts and 12 gilts that were vaccinated twice before conception. On, or about, gestation day 90 all gilts were simultaneously exposed to 20 field strains of PRRSV (all strains were distinguishable by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns). Gilts of study 1 were euthanized on day 7 postpartum. Gilts of study 2 were euthanized on, or about, gestation day 111. All gilts, pigs, and fetuses were tested for the presence and type of strain of PRRSV. Of 128 samples shown to contain PRRSV, 118 contained a single strain, 4 contained 2 strains, and 2 contained a strain or strains for which the RFLP pattern was undecipherable. Only 8 of the 20 strains were isolated from nonvaccinated gilts and their litters. And only 2 of the 20 strains (notably 2 of the same strains isolated from nonvaccinated gilts and their litters), were isolated from vaccinated gilts and their litters. Moreover, 1 of the 2 strains accounted for most (31 of 37; 84%) of the isolates from the vaccinated group. Collectively these results indicate that strains differ in their ability to replicate in pregnant gilts and cross the placental barrier. And they suggest that maternal immunity, although sometimes insufficient to prevent transplacental infection, can exert additional selective pressure. C1 ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lager, KM (reprint author), ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 121 EP 127 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 674YW UT WOS:000182666300007 PM 12760477 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Woodruff, CL AF Kahlon, TS Woodruff, CL TI In vitro binding of bile acids by rice bran, oat bran, barley and beta-glucan enriched barley SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT BRAN; CHOLESTEROL; FRACTIONS; SALTS; FIBER; RAT; OIL; CHOLESTYRAMINE; EXCRETION; HAMSTERS AB The in vitro bile acid binding by rice bran, oat bran, dehulled barley, and beta-glucan enriched barley was determined using a mixture of bile acids at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted testing substrates on an equal protein basis. The relative in vitro bile acid binding of the cereal brans on an equal total dietary fiber (TDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) basis considering cholestyramine as 100% bound was rice bran 45 and 49%; oat bran 23 and 30%; dehulled barley 33 and 57%; and beta-glucan enriched barley 20 and 40%, respectively. Bile acid bindings on equal protein basis for the respective cereals were 68, 26, 41, and 49%. Bile acid binding by rice bran may account to a great extent for its cholesterol-lowering properties, while bile acid binding by oat bran suggests that the primary mechanism of cholesterol lowering by oat bran is not due to the bile acid binding by its soluble fiber. Bile acid binding was not proportional to the soluble fiber content of the cereal brans tested. Except for dehulled barley, bile acid binding for rice bran, oat bran, and beta-glucan enriched barley appear to be related to their IDF content. Highest relative bile acid binding values for rice bran and beta-glucan enriched barley were observed on an equal protein basis, whereas highest values for dehulled barley were based on IDF. Data suggest that of all four cereals tested, bile acid binding may be related to IDF or protein anionic, cationic, physical and chemical structure, composition, metabolites, or their interaction with active binding sites. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM tsk@pw.usda.gov NR 24 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 14 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 260 EP 263 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2003.80.3.260 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 687QF UT WOS:000183387500004 ER PT J AU Maghirang, EB Dowell, FE AF Maghirang, EB Dowell, FE TI Hardness measurement of bulk wheat by single-kernel visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GRAIN HARDNESS; ENDOSPERM TEXTURE; CLASSIFICATION; PROTEIN; QUALITY; STARCH AB Reflectance spectra (400 to 1700 nm) of single wheat kernels collected using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) 4170 were analyzed for wheat grain hardness using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The wavelengths (650 to 700, 1100, 1200, 1380, 1450, and 1670 nm) that contributed most to the ability of the model to predict hardness were related to protein, starch, and color differences. Slightly better prediction results were observed when the 550-1690 nm region was used compared with 950-1690 nm region across all sample sizes. For the 30-kernel mass-averaged model, the hardness prediction for 5501690 nm spectra resulted in a coefficient of determination (R-2) = 0.91, standard error of cross validation (SECV) = 7.70, and relative predictive determinant (RPD) = 3.3, while the 950-1690 nm had R-2 = 0.88, SECV = 8.67, and RPD = 2.9. Average hardness of hard and soft wheat validation samples based on mass-averaged spectra of 30 kernels was predicted and compared with the SKCS 4100 reference method (R-2 = 0.88). Compared with the reference SKCS hardness classification, the 30-kernel (5501690 nm) prediction model correctly differentiated (97%) between hard and soft wheat. Monte Carlo simulation technique coupled with the SKCS 4100 hardness classification logic was used for classifying mixed wheat samples. Compared with the reference, the prediction model correctly classified mixed samples with 72-100% accuracy. Results confirmed the potential of using visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of whole single kernels of wheat as a rapid and nondestructive measurement of bulk wheat grain hardness. C1 USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Dowell, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 80 IS 3 BP 316 EP 322 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2003.80.3.316 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 687QF UT WOS:000183387500014 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Keagy, PM AF Kahlon, TS Keagy, PM TI Benefits and sources of functional foods SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID DRINKING GREEN TEA; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; WHEAT BRAN; D-LIMONENE; CANCER; RISK; VEGETABLES; AGENT; DIET; ISOFLAVONES C1 ARS, Processed Foods Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. ARS, Cereal Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), ARS, Processed Foods Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 112 EP 115 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 679EA UT WOS:000182906800003 ER PT J AU Wells, JE Williams, KB Whitehead, TR Heuman, DM Hylemon, PB AF Wells, JE Williams, KB Whitehead, TR Heuman, DM Hylemon, PB TI Development and application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and enumeration of bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria in human feces SO CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE secondary bile acids; intestinal bacteria; bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation ID DEOXYCHOLIC-ACID; CHOLESTEROL SATURATION; FECAL BACTERIA; SP-NOV.; GALLSTONES; TRANSIT; OPERON AB Background: Secondary bile acids are synthesized in the human colon from the bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation of primary bile acids. Increased levels of secondary bile acids have been correlated with an increased risk of colon cancer and cholesterol gallstone disease. Based on 16s rDNA sequence analysis, stock cultures of bacterial strains with bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation all belong to the genus Clostridium. Methods: We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that can specifically amplify the baiCD gene, specific to bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation pathway. The PCR primer pair was designed using known nucleotide sequences from two different baiCD genes described for Clostridium scindens VPI 12708 and Clostridium hiranonis TO931. Although the DNA sequences of these genes were < 70% identical, several regions were conserved enough to design primers with little or no redundancy. Results: The PCR assay was effective in detecting the baiCD gene in several strains known to exhibit bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation activity. The PCR assay also detected the baiCD gene in DNA extracted from fecal dilution series and correlated with the levels of cholic acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria detected by activity assays. The PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect the baiCD gene in DNA samples extracted directly from as little as 0.5 mg feces. Conclusions: This new method should be useful for the monitoring of levels of bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria in human fecal samples. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Med, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. McGuire Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Richmond, VA USA. RP Hylemon, PB (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Med Coll Virginia Campus,POB 980678, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P01 DK 38030] NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-8981 J9 CLIN CHIM ACTA JI Clin. Chim. Acta PD MAY PY 2003 VL 331 IS 1-2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00115-3 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 672EB UT WOS:000182507200017 PM 12691873 ER PT J AU He, HQ Farnell, MB Kogut, MH AF He, HQ Farnell, MB Kogut, MH TI Inflammatory agonist stimulation and signal pathway of oxidative burst in neonatal chicken heterophils SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reactive oxygen species; oxidative burst; signal pathway; protein kinase C; bacteria; fluorescence microplate assay; heterophils; chicken ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; NEUTROPHIL RESPIRATORY BURST; NADPH OXIDASE; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; MICROPLATE ASSAY; IN-VITRO; PHAGOCYTOSIS; INHIBITOR; LEUKOCYTE AB Heterophils are the predominant polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in poultry. The oxidative burst of activated heterophils, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), is one of the first line cellular defenses against invading microorganisms. In this report, the oxidative response of heterophils from neonatal chicks to in vitro stimulation by various inflammatory agonists was investigated using a fluorescence microplate assay. Both non-opsonized formalin-killed Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus were able to stimulate heterophil oxidative burst. The phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was the most potent stimulant for the chicken heterophil oxidative response, whereas, the bacterial cell surface components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were less effective. Protein kinase C (PKC) is an essential signaling component regulating heterophil oxidative response to stimulation by PMA, LPS, LTA and S. enteritidis. However, inhibition of PKC did not affect the oxidative response to stimulation by S. aureus, suggesting differential signaling pathway responsible for the activation of oxidative burst by Gram-negative S. enteritidis and Gram-positive S. aureus. Inhibition of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 and extracellular response kinase (ERK) by SB 203580 and PD 098059, respectively, did not inhibit activated oxidative burst. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP He, HQ (reprint author), ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 135 IS 1 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00049-7 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 680BD UT WOS:000182955700010 PM 12727554 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Baker, JE AF Howard, RW Baker, JE TI Morphology and chemistry of Dufour glands in four ectoparasitoids: Cephalonomia tarsalis, C-waterstoni (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), Anisopteromalus calandrae, and Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE parasitoids; ectoparasitoids; venom apparatus; Dufour gland; hydrocarbon; aldehydes; semiochemistry; morphology; stored products; biological control ID CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; HOSTS; SIMILARITY; SECRETION; PHEROMONE; HEMOLYMPH; CANESCENS; MOTH AB The venom apparatus of four hymenopterous parasitoids, including two bethylids, C. tarsalis (Ashmead) and C. waterstoni (Gahan), and two pteromalids, A. calandrae (Howard) and P cerealellae (Ashmead), were removed and the associated Dufour glands characterized with respect to their external morphology and chemistry. Dufour glands in all four species have a characteristic translucent appearance that apparently results from their lipid content. The stalked Dufour glands of C. tarsalis and C. waterstoni are pear-shaped and have overall lengths of approximately 0.2 and 0.15 mm, respectively. The thin venom glands are bifurcate and insert through a fine duct into the transparent ovoid- to pear-shaped venom reservoir in these bethylids. In A. calandrae and P cerealellae the Dufour glands are elongated, tubular structures of ca. 0.35 and 0.8 nun in length, respectively, that constrict to a short stalk that empties into the common oviduct. The venom glands in these pteromalids are simple elongated structures that insert into the sac-like venom reservoir through a fine duct. The chemistry of the volatile contents of the Dufour gland in these four species differs considerably. C tarsalis Dufour glands contain the same hydrocarbon components as found on the cuticle of this species (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91:101-112 (1998)), and no other chemicals. The Dufour glands of C. waterstoni also contain only hydrocarbons, most of which are the same as the cuticular hydrocarbons (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 85:317-325 (1992)), but in addition the Dufour gland contains ca. 3% of a mixture of 2,17- and 2,19-dimethyl C-23. A. calandrae Dufour gland chemistry is somewhat more complex than that of either of the two bethylids, but like the bethylids, only hydrocarbons are present. The carbon number range is from C-30 to C-39 and consists of a mixture of n-alkanes (C-30-C-38); 3-, 5-, 7-, 9-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15- and 17-methyl alkanes; 3,7- and 3,11-dimethyl alkane's; 5,9- and 5,17-dimethyl alkanes: 7,11, 9,13, 13,17-, 14,18- and 15,19-dimethyl alkanes; 3,7,11- and 3, 9,15-trimethyl alkanes; and 3,7,11,15tetrarnethyl alkanes. The cuticular hydrocarbons of this species have not been previously reported, but they are the same as the Dufour gland hydrocarbons. The Dufour glands of P cerealellae contain both hydrocarbons and two long-chain aldehydes. Most of the hydrocarbons are identical to those found on the cuticle of this species (Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94:152-158 (2001)), but in addition, 5,9-dimethyl C-27, 5,13-, 5,17- and 5,19-dimethyl C-35, 12- and 14-methyl C-36, 12,16- and 13,17-dimethyl C-36, 13-methyl C-37 and 13,17-dimethyl C-37 are present. The two aldehydes detected in glands from P cerealellae are n-tetracosanal (C23CHO) and n-hexacosanal (C25CHO). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 135 IS 1 BP 153 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S1096(03)00076-9 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 686VY UT WOS:000183342700016 PM 12781982 ER PT J AU Sterner, RT Petersen, BE Gaddis, SE Tope, KL Poss, DJ AF Sterner, RT Petersen, BE Gaddis, SE Tope, KL Poss, DJ TI Impacts of small mammals and birds on low-tillage, dryland crops SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE bird; deer mouse; dryland; corn; crop damage; Great Plains; low-tillage; plant debris; small mammal; soybean ID SYSTEMS; PLAINS; DAMAGE; SOIL AB During 2000-2001, small mammals, birds, and potential corn/soybean damage were studied at a low-tillage, non-irrigated agricultural research site in the Colorado Piedmont. A small mammal survey involved four trapping sessions and 18, 12-live-trap grids each. Within years, two grids each were placed at random, fixed locations in experimental corn, fallow, millet, pea, soybean, sunflower, and wheat plots at the site; two off-plot grids each were set at random, fixed locations < 100 m from the north and south edge of these plots. In 2001, periodic bird observations were conducted, and damage to corn and soybean plants was assessed. Capture rates were low during all trap sessions (range 0.1 %-3.3 %, (X) over bar = 2.2%). Sixty-three small mammals were captured and 39 were recaptured. Captures included deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Deer mice accounted for 56 of the initial captures (88.9%). In-crop captures (n = 15) and recaptures (n = 16) were most frequent in wheat plots. Bird counts were low and included horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), killdeer plover (Charadrius vociferus), lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys), mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). No direct seed removal, sprout removal, or plant clipping by small mammals or birds was observed, but some clipping of soybean plants was attributed to deer (Odocoileus virginianus and 0. hemionus) and jack rabbits (Lepus townsendii or L. californicus). Plant debris accumulation is viewed as a key factor determining small mammal abundance and potential damage in low-till agriculture. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Managment, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 595 EP 602 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00236-3 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UP UT WOS:000182541500003 ER PT J AU Prom, LK Waniska, RD Kollo, AI Rooney, WL AF Prom, LK Waniska, RD Kollo, AI Rooney, WL TI Response of eight sorghum cultivars inoculated with Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, and a mixture of the two fungi SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE grain mold; Fusarium thapsinum; Curvularia lunata ID ANTIFUNGAL PROTEINS; GRAIN-MOLD; REGISTRATION AB Field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to investigate effects of two common grain mold fungi, Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata and a mixture of the two pathogens, on grain mold severity and seed germination in eight sorghum cultivars with different levels of vulnerability to grain mold. Significant effects due to cultivar, fungal treatment and their interaction were observed for grain mold severity (GMS) and for germination. Fungal treatments increased GMS and reduced seed germination in all cultivars. Sureno was the most resistant cultivar evaluated. All other cultivars exhibited susceptible reactions. The type of grain mold fungi present in the field influenced the level of GMS, since cultivars responded differently to inoculation with individual or multiple fungal species. Germination was significantly reduced by all fungal treatments. C. lunata had the most negative effect on germination in 2000 while F. thapsinum produced the most reduction in germination in 2001. These pathogens caused significant reductions in the germination rate, even though GMS ratings on inoculated particles were low. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Prom, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 623 EP 628 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00246-6 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UP UT WOS:000182541500007 ER PT J AU Casler, MD Pedersen, JF Undersander, DJ AF Casler, MD Pedersen, JF Undersander, DJ TI Forage yield and economic losses associated with the brown-midrib trait in sudangrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SORGHUM X SUDANGRASS; MAIZE; DIGESTION; QUALITY; GENE; TURNOVER; MUTATION; MUTANTS; RUMEN AB Brown-midrib genes increase digestibility due to reduced lignification in sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii (Nees ex. Steud.) de Wet & Harlan. Brown-midrib lines are known to be low in forage yield potential, but this reduction in forage yield has not been previously quantified. The objectives of this study were to quantify the increase in forage quality and decrease in forage yield and to provide an economic assessment of this dichotomy. Piper and Greenleaf (normal leaves) were compared with their brown-midrib counterparts and to four highly selected brown-midrib (FG) lines at two locations for 2 yr. Brown-midrib lines averaged 9.0% lower in lignin and 7.2% higher in in vitro fiber digestibility than normal lines. The reduction in first-harvest forage yield was highly variable across germplasms and locations. Greenleaf and the FG lines showed severe forage yield reductions in Wisconsin but not in Nebraska, whereas forage yield of Piper was uniformly reduced across locations. Reduced tillering and plant height of the brown-midrib plants appeared to be mechanisms for reducing forage yield. The brown-midrib phenotype of sudangrass, caused by the homozygous condition of the bmr-6 allele, appears to be environmentally sensitive, particularly limiting production in cooler and shorter growing seasons'. Conversely, uniform reductions in second-harvest forage yield suggested a fundamental limitation to regrowth potential associated with the brown-midrib phenotype. Predicted net returns from feeding sudangrass hay were similar for first-harvest normal and brown-midrib lines, but severely depressed for brown-midrib lines in second harvest, due to the. severe yield reductions. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Casler, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mdcasler@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 25 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 782 EP 789 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300005 ER PT J AU Sterrett, SB Henninger, MR Yencho, GC Lu, W Vinyard, BT Haynes, KG AF Sterrett, SB Henninger, MR Yencho, GC Lu, W Vinyard, BT Haynes, KG TI Stability of internal heat necrosis and specific gravity in tetraploid x diploid potatoes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SENSE HERITABILITY; ATLANTIC POTATO; BROWN SPOT; CALCIUM; ENVIRONMENT; QUALITY; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; COMPONENTS; SELECTION AB Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a severe physiological disorder of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, characterized by brown spots-that first appear near the apical end of the tuber parenchyma, although most of the parenchyma tissue is involved in severe cases. The pur-poses of this, study were to evaluate 4x-2x clones of S. tuberosum X & Bukasov (phu-stn) S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov-S. stenotomum Juz. for specific gravity (SG) and incidence and severity of IHN in the mid-Atlantic states, and identify clones. with low incidence and severity of IHN and high SG for future enhancement efforts in S. tuberosum. In 1999 and 2000, 26 and 88 4x-2x clones, respectively, and the check cultivar 'Atlantic' were grown in North Carolina, Virginia, land New Jersey, in a randomized complete block design with two replications. IHN The At harvest, tubers > 64 mm in diameter were rated for SG was also determined. The correlation between incidence and severity of IHN was very high; however, there was no correlation between IHN and SG. There were significant differences among the clones for SG and IHN. There were also significant clone X location interactions for SG and HIM Several 4x-2x clones were identified each year with significantly less IHN, and higher SG than Atlantic. The majority of these clones were stable both before and after removal of environmental heterogeneity. These results indicate that phu-stn has the potential to expand the tetraploid potato breeding base for both high SG and resistance to IHN in the mid-Atlantic states. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Eastern Shore Agric Res & Extens Ctr, Painter, VA 23420 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res & Extens Ctr, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. NE Agr Univ, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China. Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM haynesk@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 47 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 790 EP 796 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300006 ER PT J AU Gu, XY Chen, ZX Foley, ME AF Gu, XY Chen, ZX Foley, ME TI Inheritance of seed dormancy in weedy rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORYZA-SATIVA L.; DRAFT SEQUENCE; LOCI; MARKERS AB Seed dormancy contributes to the adaptability of plants in nature and is of considerable importance in agriculture. The weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) strains LD, SS18-2, and TKN12-2 and cultivar 'N22' were-selected to investigate the inheritance of dormancy in controlled conditions. Initial investigations using intact seeds, caryopses, caryopses with pericarp/testa removed, and excised embryos demonstrated that seed dormancy was imposed by the hull in SS18-2 and TKN12-2, and by the hull and pericarp/testa in LD and N22. Seed dormancy at 0 d after harvest (DAH) was dominant with average degree of dominance (ADD) > 0.8 in the crosses with weedy strains. Dominance for duration of seed dormancy was incomplete when judged-by days to 50% germination. Broad-sense heritability (h(b)(2)) for seed germination was lower at 0 DAH and highest at 20 DAH in all the crosses. The weedy strain-derived F-2 populations maintained a higher h 2 during afterripening. The effects of three and two major genes on seed germination at 20 DAH were detected in the SS18-2- and N22-derived F2 b, and major gene populations, respectively. A positive ADD, a high h(b)(2), and major gene effect for caryopsis germination at O-DAH were detected only in the cross with LD. Seed or caryopsis dormancy was correlated with the characteristics awn and black hull or red pericarp colors in the SS18-2-or LD-derived F-2 populations. This research demonstrates that weedy rice provides ideal gene resources to elucidate mechanisms of dormancy and to improve resistance to preharvest sprouting. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Yangzhou Univ, Coll Agr, Yangzhou 225008, Peoples R China. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foley, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 15 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 835 EP 843 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300012 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Labreveux, M Hall, MH Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Labreveux, M Hall, MH Elwinger, GF TI Forage yield and persistence of chicory and English plantain SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS PUNA CHICORY; CICHORIUM-INTYBUS L; SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; HERBAGE PRODUCTION; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; PERFORMANCE; LANCEOLATA; NITROGEN; SWARDS AB Graziers in the northeast USA often face forage shortages in midsummer. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and English plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) have been introduced in the USA as sumer-active perennial herbs for pastures. We conducted two experiments at Rock Springs, PA, to evaluate chicory and plantain for yield and persistence under clipping. 'Grasslands Puna', 'Lacerta', and 'Forage Feast' chicory, and 'Ceres Tonic' and 'Grasslands Lancelot' plantain were sown in field plots in May 1997 (Exp. 1) and 1999 (Exp. 2). Plots were cut every 3 or 5 wk in 1998 and 1999 in Exp. 1 and every 4 wk during 4 Dry matter yield was determined at each 2000 and 2001 in Exp. 2. harvest. Stand densities were determined in each experiment Forage Feast chicory yielded 25% less than Puna (6000 vs. 8100 kg dry matter ha(-1); P < 0.05) in 1999, whereas yields of both cultivars were similar (P > 0.05) in 1999 and 2000. Lacerta chicory yielded 9 to 16% less than Puna and Forage Feast in Exp. 2. Forage Feast and Puna chicory had 20 to 50% stand loss in Exp. 1 and 40 to 60% stand loss in Exp. 2. Lacerta chicory lost 80% of the stand during Exp. 2. The plantain cultivars yielded 6 to 14% less dry matter than Puna chicory in 1998 and 33 to 39% less in 2000. Both plantain cultivars, however, suffered a nearly complete loss of plants during the second winter after establishment in both experiments. Ceres Tonic and Lancelot plantain are not suited for the northeastern USA. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 8 U2 28 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 995 EP 1000 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300033 ER PT J AU Fjellstrom, RG Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR AF Fjellstrom, RG Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR TI Tetrasomic linkage mapping of RFLP, PCR, and isozyme loci in Lotus corniculatus L. SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALFALFA MEDICAGO-SATIVA; TETRAPLOID ALFALFA; DIPLOID ALFALFA; SACCHARUM-SPONTANEUM; BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; DNA MARKERS; MAP; CONSTRUCTION; INHERITANCE; POTATO AB Lotus corniculatus L. is a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 24) forage legume which has had limited inheritance studies. The purpose of this research was to develop a genetic map and characterize the genome of L. corniculatus using molecular markers. A linkage map was constructed for L. corniculatus using information from 217 markers mapped as single-dose restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), sequence tagged site (STS), and isozyme markers and five duplex RFLP markers. Formulas for calculating maximum likelihood estimates of recombination involving codominantly scored duplex loci in tetrasomic species from direct count data are made available. Six composite linkage groups were constructed from the combined data of four homologous linkage groups anchored by shared RFLP loci. Three of the composite groups (Groups 2, 3, and 4) were well defined, two groups (Groups 5 and 6) were poorly discriminated because of apparent marker duplication found between them, and one group (Group 1) was poorly defined because of an apparently high degree of differentiation between its homologous members. This first genetic map for L. corniculatus spans 572.1 centimorgans (cM) and serves to provide a foundation for the genetic analysis of complex traits and marker-aided selection. C1 USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. USDA ARS, NAtl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Fjellstrom, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 51 TC 2 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1006 EP 1020 PG 15 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300035 ER PT J AU Chung, J Babka, HL Graef, GL Staswick, PE Lee, DJ Cregan, PB Shoemaker, RC Specht, JE AF Chung, J Babka, HL Graef, GL Staswick, PE Lee, DJ Cregan, PB Shoemaker, RC Specht, JE TI The seed protein, oil, and yield QTL on soybean linkage group I SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; RECURRENT SELECTION; AGRONOMIC TRAITS; GENETIC-MAP; POPULATIONS; MARKERS; DNA; LINES; WATER AB Soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] seed protein is negatively correlated with seed oil and often with yield. Our goal was to examine the basis for these correlations at a quantitative genetic locus (QTL) level. Seventy-six F-5-derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the mating of the high-protein (480 g protein per kg seed) G. mar accession PI 437088A with the high-yield cultivar Asgrow A3733 (420 g kg(-1) seed protein content) were evaluated in six irrigation treatments (i.e., 100, 80,60, 40,20, and 0% replacement of weekly evapotranspiration loss) of a two-replicate experiment conducted for 2 yr. The RILs were genotyped with 329 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 103 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and four other markers, creating a 2943-centimorgan (cM) genetic map of 35 linkage group (LGs) that, on the basis of SSR homology, aligned with the 20 known soybean LGs. The phenotypic regression of RIL protein and oil on yield revealed respective linear coefficients of -2.6 and +1.6 percentage points per kg ha(-1), (a protein/oil exchange ratio of -1.6). A seed protein, oil, and yield QTL mapped close to RAPD marker OPAW13a in a small LG-I interval that was flanked by the SSR markers Satt496 and Satt239. The additive effects of the PI 437088A allele on seed protein, oil, and yield were a respective +1.0 and -0.6 percentage points (a protein/oil ratio of -1.6) and -154 kg ha(-1). Given that the genetic-based protein/oil exchange ratio of 1.6 is smaller than the 2.0 calorific-based oil/protein ratio, one might expect the remaining 0.4 units of carbon and/or energy to be made available for other seed dry matter. However, yield almost invariably, falls when seed protein is genetically enhanced at the expense of seed oil, suggesting that protein synthesis and its deposition in the seed is energetically more costly to the plant than is commonly assumed. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. GeyongSang Natl Univ, Dept Agron, Coll Agr, Chinju City 660701, Geyong Nam, South Korea. Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Specht, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 59 TC 117 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 19 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1053 EP 1067 PG 15 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300040 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Johnston, WJ Golob, CT AF Johnson, RC Johnston, WJ Golob, CT TI Residue management, seed production, crop development, and turf quality in diverse Kentucky bluegrass germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RAPD MARKERS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY AB Field burning has traditionally been used to stimulate Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) seed production, but air quality issues are making this practice untenable. Our objectives were to determine agronomic and crop developmental responses of 45 diverse Kentucky bluegrass entries under burned, mechanically removed, and residue-retained management systems, assess the scope for improving yield under nonthermal residue management, and relate seed yield and turf quality factors. Compared with burned treatments, yield was reduced 27% when residue was mechanically removed from plots, and 63% when residue was retained. Higher-yield was promoted by a long heading-to-anthesis period, a relatively short anthesis-to-harvest period, and an early harvest date, (maturity). Although both seeds per panicle and fertile panicles per square meter were positively correlated with yield, lower yield with nonthermal residue management was closely associated with panicles per square meter. For six of the 15 highest-yielding entries,- no, significant difference was found between yield in the burned and residue-removed treatments, showing the dependence of yield on genotype under different residue management systems. Turf quality was negatively correlated with yield (r = -0.48, P < 0.01, n = 44) and seeds per panicle (r = -0.55, P < 0.01, n - 44). However, panicles per square meter were not significantly correlated with turf quality,so indirect selection for yield through genotypes with high particles per square meter in the absence of high seeds per panicle should have minimal impact on turf quality. Sufficient variation for seed production appears available to encourage development of germplasm for nonthermal management systems. C1 USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Johnson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1091 EP 1099 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300044 ER PT J AU Jarvis, A Ferguson, ME Williams, DE Guarino, L Jones, PG Stalker, HT Valls, JFM Pittman, RN Simpson, CE Bramel, P AF Jarvis, A Ferguson, ME Williams, DE Guarino, L Jones, PG Stalker, HT Valls, JFM Pittman, RN Simpson, CE Bramel, P TI Biogeography of wild Arachis: Assessing conservation status and setting future priorities SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MODELS; BIODIVERSITY; HABITAT; ECOLOGY; PEANUT AB The conservation status of wild Arachis spp. is not well characterized for its maintenance and possible future exploitation for the improvement of cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Our objectives were to use 2175 georeferenced observations of wild peanut (Arachis spp.) to assess the conservation. status of the genus and to prioritize biologically and geographically future conservation actions. Species distribution predictions were made on the basis of 36 climate variables, and these data were synthesized with land-use data to map the potential distribution of each species, and hence the species richness of the whole genus, excluding A. hypogea. hotspots of species richness were found in Mato Grosso around Cuiaba and Campo Grande in Brazil and around the Serra Geral de Goias, northeast of Brasilia. The current state of in situ conservation areas poorly represents wild peanut, with only 48 of the 2175 observations from National Parks. Several species were identified as being under threat of extinction. These included A. archeri Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. setinervosa Krapov. &. W.C. Gregory, A. marginata Gardner, A. hatschbachii Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. appressipila Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. villosa Benth., A. cryptopotamica Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. helodes Martins ex Krapov. & Rigoni, A. magna W.C. Gregory & C.E. Simpson, and A. gracilis Krapov. & W.C. Gregory (identification based on highly restricted ranges and land-use pressures); and A. ipaensis Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. cruziana Krapov., W.C. Gregory & C.E. Simpson, A. williamsii Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. martii Handro, A. pietrarellii Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, A. vallsii Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, and A. monticola Krapov. & Rigoni (identification based on insufficient observations and land-use pressures). It is suggested that ex situ conservation efforts should focus on the area around Pedro Gomes (300 km southeast of Cuiaba), 170 km south along the planned road from Cuiaba to Corumba, and around San Jose de Chiquitos in Bolivia, where some of the species adapted to lower temperatures may be found. C1 IPGRI, Cali, Colombia. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EMBRAPA, Genet Resources & Biotechnol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. USDA ARS, Griffin, GA USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Stephenville, TX USA. RP Jarvis, A (reprint author), IPGRI, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1100 EP 1108 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300045 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CC Timper, P Culbreath, AK AF Holbrook, CC Timper, P Culbreath, AK TI Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus and root-knot nematode in peanut interspecific breeding lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA; GERMPLASM COLLECTION; DISEASE PROGRESS; SOUTHERN RUNNER; CORE COLLECTION; GEORGIA-BROWNE; RFLP MARKERS; REGISTRATION; CULTIVARS; IDENTIFICATION AB The peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), genus Tospovirus, are economically significant pathogens of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the USA. Peanut cultivars are available that have resistance to either the peanut root-knot nematode (PRN) or TSWV, but no cultivars are available that have resistance to both pathogens. The objective of this research was to identify peanut breeding lines that have resistance to both pathogens. We crossed interspecific peanut germplasm with two cultivars that are susceptible to both PRN and TSWV. Progenies were examined in a greenhouse screening system to measure resistance to PRN. Subsequently, this material was evaluated for resistance to TSWV in field plots. Ten breeding lines were identified which exhibited a reduction in nematode reproduction in comparison to the nematode susceptible check 'Georgia Green'. These breeding lines also exhibited a reduction in incidence of TSWV in comparison to the TSWV susceptible check 'COAN'. When grown in a field with pressure from both pathogens, these breeding lines had higher yield than cultivars With resistance to only one pathogen. This is the first report of peanut germplasm with resistance to both TSWV and the peanut root-knot nematode and the first report of resistance to TSWV in interspecific peanut germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Holbrook, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1109 EP 1113 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300046 ER PT J AU Carter, TE Burton, JW Cui, ZL Zhou, XL Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS AF Carter, TE Burton, JW Cui, ZL Zhou, XL Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS TI Registration of 'N6201' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tommy_carter@ncsu.edu NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1125 EP 1126 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300054 ER PT J AU Carter, TE Burton, JW Bowman, DT Cui, Z Zhou, X Villagarcia, MR Niewoehner, AS Fountain, MO AF Carter, TE Burton, JW Bowman, DT Cui, Z Zhou, X Villagarcia, MR Niewoehner, AS Fountain, MO TI Registration of 'N7001' soyhean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1126 EP 1127 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300055 ER PT J AU Carter, TE Burton, JW Zhou, X Cui, Z Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS Wilder, JF AF Carter, TE Burton, JW Zhou, X Cui, Z Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS Wilder, JF TI Registration of 'N7101' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina Soybean Producers Assoc, Raleigh, NC 27609 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tommy_carter@ncsu.edu NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1127 EP 1128 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300056 ER PT J AU Carter, TE Burton, JW Zhou, X Cui, Z Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS Wilder, JF AF Carter, TE Burton, JW Zhou, X Cui, Z Villagarcia, MR Fountain, MO Niewoehner, AS Wilder, JF TI Registration of 'N7102' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina Soybean Producers Assoc, Raleigh, NC 27609 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tommy_carter@ncsu.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1128 EP 1129 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300058 ER PT J AU Carter, TE Burton, JW Villagarcia, MR Cui, Z Zhou, X Fountain, MO Bowman, DT Niewoehner, AS AF Carter, TE Burton, JW Villagarcia, MR Cui, Z Zhou, X Fountain, MO Bowman, DT Niewoehner, AS TI Registration of 'N7103' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tommy_carter@ncsu.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1128 EP 1128 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300057 ER PT J AU Irvine, JE Rozeff, N Hernandez, E Miller, JD AF Irvine, JE Rozeff, N Hernandez, E Miller, JD TI Registration of 'TCP 93-4245' sugarcane SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Texas A&M Univ Res & Extens Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers Inc, Santa Rosa, TX 78593 USA. USDA ARS, Surgercane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33483 USA. RP Irvine, JE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ Res & Extens Ctr, 2415 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1132 EP 1132 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300062 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Asay, KH Waldron, BL AF Jensen, KB Asay, KH Waldron, BL TI Registration of RS-H hybrid wheatgrass germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 3 BP 1139 EP 1140 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 672UB UT WOS:000182540300070 ER PT J AU Ueng, PP Dai, Q Cui, KR Czembor, PC Cunfer, BM Tsang, H Arseniuk, E Bergstrom, GC AF Ueng, PP Dai, Q Cui, KR Czembor, PC Cunfer, BM Tsang, H Arseniuk, E Bergstrom, GC TI Sequence diversity of mating-type genes in Phaeosphaeria avenaria SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE RFLP; internal transcribed spacer; mating-type genes ID PATHOGEN MYCOSPHAERELLA-GRAMINICOLA; ANAMORPH STAGONOSPORA-NODORUM; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; SEPTORIA DISEASES; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; BLOTCH FUNGUS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; LEAF-SPOT; WHEAT; DIFFERENTIATION AB Phaeosphaeria avenaria, one of the causal agents of stagonospora leaf blotch diseases in cereals, is composed of two subspecies, P. avenaria f. sp. triticea (Pat) and P. avenaria f. sp. avenaria (Paa). The Pat subspecies was grouped into Pat1-Pat3, based on restriction fragment length polymorphisin (RFLP) and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in previous studies. Mating-type genes and their potential use in phylogeny and molecular classification were studied by DNA hybridization and PCR amplification. The majority of Pall isolates reported to be homothallic and producing sexual reproduction structures on cultural media had only the MAT1-1 gene. Minor sequence variations were found in the conserved region of MAT1-1 gene in Pall isolates. However, both mating-type genes, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, were identified in P. avenaria isolates represented by ATCC12277 from oats (Paa) and the Pat2 isolates from foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.). Cluster analyses based on mating-type gene conserved regions revealed that cereal Phaeosphaeria is not phylogenetically closely related to other ascomycetes, including Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici). The sequence diversity of mating-type genes in Pat and Paa supports our previous phylogenetic relationship and molecular classification based on RFLP fingerprinting and rDNA ITS sequences. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Shandong Univ, Dept Biol, Shandong, Peoples R China. Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Arid Agroecol, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. Plant Breeding & Acclimatizat Inst, Dept Plant Pathol, Radzikow, Poland. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ueng, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pueng@asrr.arsusda.gov RI Tsang, Hsinyi/C-9547-2011 NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 43 IS 2 BP 121 EP 130 DI 10.1007/s00294-003-0377-4 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 687NM UT WOS:000183383400007 PM 12695852 ER PT J AU Farnell, MB Crippen, TL He, HQ Swaggerty, CL Kogut, MH AF Farnell, MB Crippen, TL He, HQ Swaggerty, CL Kogut, MH TI Oxidative burst mediated by toll like receptors (TLR) and CD14 on avian heterophils stimulated with bacterial toll agonists SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toll like receptors; pattern recognition receptors; pathogen associated molecular patterns; heterophils; oxidative burst; Salmonella enteritidis; Staphylococcus aureus ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; INNATE IMMUNITY; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; CHICKEN; ACTIVATION; RECOGNITION; LEUKOCYTES; PROTEINS; CELLS AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which are found in the cell walls of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. This study was conducted to determine if TLRs are present on chicken heterophils and if these receptors mediate oxidative burst. Heterophils isolated from neonatal chicks were exposed to gram-negative Salmonella enteritidis (SE), gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (SA), SE-LPS, and SA-LTA and the oxidative burst quantitated by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. SE, SA, SE-LPS, and SA-LTA stimulated a significant increase in oxidative burst from heterophils. Furthermore, we measured the inhibitory effects of polyclonal antibodies on rat CD 14, human TLR2 and TLR4 on the oxidative burst of heterophils when stimulated with LPS and LTA. The data suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate LPS-stimulated oxidative burst while CD14 and TLR2 mediate LTA-stimulated oxidative burst in heterophils. This is the first report of PAMPs from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria interacting with TLRs of avian heterophils. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM kogut@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 17 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 5 BP 423 EP 429 AR PII S0145-305X(02)00115-5 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00115-5 PG 7 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 659ZV UT WOS:000181810100007 PM 12631524 ER PT J AU Willey, KA Singh, MAF AF Willey, KA Singh, MAF TI Battling insulin resistance in elderly obese people with type 2 diabetes - Bring on the heavy weights SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Review ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; INTRAOCULAR-PRESSURE; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; TRAINING IMPROVES; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; BODY-COMPOSITION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE AB Exercise improves insulin resistance and has beneficial effects in preventing and treating type 2 diabetes. However, aerobic exercise is hindered in many type 2 diabetic patients because of advancing age, obesity, and other comorbid conditions. Weight lifting or progressive resistance training (PRT) offers a safe and effective exercise alternative for these people. PRT promotes favorable energy balance and reduced visceral fat deposition through enhanced basal metabolism and activity levels while counteracting age- and disease-related muscle wasting. PRT improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control; increases muscle mass, strength, and endurance; and has positive effects on bone density, osteoarthritic symptoms, mobility impairment, self-efficacy, hypertension, and lipid profiles. PRT also alleviates symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in individuals with clinical depression and improves exercise tolerance in individuals with cardiac ischemic disease and congestive heart failure; all of these aspects are relevant to the care of diabetic elders. Moreover, PRT is safe and well accepted in many complex patient populations, including very frail elderly individuals and those with cardiovascular disease. The greater feasibility of using PRT over aerobic exercise in elderly obese type 2 diabetic individuals because of concomitant cardiovascular, arthritic, and other disease provides a solid rationale for investigating the global benefits of PRT in the management of diabetes. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise & Sport Sci, Lidcombe, NSW 1285, Australia. Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Roslindale, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Singh, MAF (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise & Sport Sci, POB 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1285, Australia. NR 68 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1580 EP 1588 DI 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1580 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 724UQ UT WOS:000185505400039 PM 12716822 ER PT J AU Carroll, JA Gaines, AM Spencer, JD Allee, GL Kattesh, HG Roberts, MP Zannelli, ME AF Carroll, JA Gaines, AM Spencer, JD Allee, GL Kattesh, HG Roberts, MP Zannelli, ME TI Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs - I. Effects on the immune axis when fed diets containing spray-dried plasma SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pigs; fish oil; lipopolysaccharide ID CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING GLOBULIN; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION; SEPTIC SHOCK; WEANED PIGS; FATTY-ACIDS; YOUNG-PIGS; CORTISOL; BEHAVIOR AB The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential immunological benefit of adding menhaden fish oil to the diet of weaned pigs. Twenty-four crossbred male pigs were weaned at approximately 18 days of age and placed on a complex nursery diet containing 30% lactose and 7% plasma protein with 6% corn oil as the fat source (Cont, n = 12) or with 5% menhaden fish oil and 1% corn oil as the fat source (MFO, n = 12) for a period of 15 days. Body weights did not differ (P > 0.78) between dietary groups either at the beginning or end of the 15 days feeding period. On day 15, all pigs were non-surgically fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter. On d 16, pigs received an i.v. injection of either saline (n = 6/dietary group) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 mug/kg body weight; n = 6/dietary group) and blood samples were collected at 30 min intervals for a period of 5 h. Serum was harvested and stored at -80degreesC for analysis of cortisol (CS), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). There was no significant effect of diet on basal concentrations (Time 0) of any of the blood parameters analyzed. A Time x Treatment x Diet interaction (P < 0.03) was observed for serum CS such that those pigs which consumed the MFO diet followed by LPS treatment had a reduced CS response as compared to the LPS-treated pigs on the Cont diet. A Time x Treatment interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for serum CBG such that LPS treatment reduced circulating CBG as compared to the saline-treated pigs. Time x Treatment x Diet interactions were also observed for serum concentrations of TNF-alpha (P = 0.084) and IFN-gamma (P = 0.022) such that both the TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma response to the LPS challenge was lower in those pigs receiving the MFO diet as compared to the LPS-treated pigs on the Cont diet. Overall, serum CS was negatively correlated with the CBG response (r = -0.40, P < 0.001), however, the strongest negative correlation was observed in the LPS-treated pigs which consumed the MFO diet (r = -0.63, P < 0.001). While further studies are needed to evaluate the immunological response of including MFO in the nursery pig diet, the present study demonstrates that supplementation with MFO does indeed alter the immunological response to an LPS challenge. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. Simple Solut, Attleboro, MA USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 24 IS 4 BP 341 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(03)00017-1 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 683TW UT WOS:000183166800005 PM 12742551 ER PT J AU Gaines, AM Carroll, JA Yi, GF Allee, GL Zannelli, ME AF Gaines, AM Carroll, JA Yi, GF Allee, GL Zannelli, ME TI Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs II. Effects on the immune axis when fed simple or complex diets containing no spray-dried plasma SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pigs; fish oil; lipopolysaccharide ID PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; WEANED PIGS; YOUNG-PIGS; PERFORMANCE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; INTERLEUKIN-10; CYTOKINES; RESPONSES AB A trial using 64 weanling pigs (TR4 x PIC C22) was conducted to determine the effects of menhaden fish oil supplementation and diet complexity on performance and immune response of nursery pigs. Pigs (17 days and 6.27 +/- 1.16 kg) were weaned into a segregated early wean facility and given free access to a complex diet for 7 days post-weaning. At day 0 (day 7 post-weaning), pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to 64 pens. Treatments (Trt) were arranged as a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects included diet (complex versus simple), oil (menhaden fish (MFO) versus corn (CO)), and immunogen (saline versus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). Experimental diets contained 6% oil (6% CO or 5% MFO + 1% CO) and were fed for 14 days. On day 12, i.v. injections of either LPS (150 mug/kg) or saline were given, followed by blood collection at 30 min intervals for 6h. After the immune challenge (day 14), pigs were placed onto a common corn-soybean meal fortified diet and growth performance was evaluated until termination of the study (day 28). Pigs were weighed and feed intakes recorded at 7, 14, and 28 days. Prior to immune challenge (day 12), there were differences in BW for pigs fed complex versus simple diets (P < 0.01; 13.1 and 12.1 kg, respectively) and pigs fed CO versus MFO diets (P < 0.05; 12.9 and 12.3 kg, respectively). During the challenge period, for pigs treated with LPS there was a Time x Immunogen x Oil effect (P < 0.001) for serum cortisol with MFO fed pigs having lower serum cortisol as compared to CO fed pigs. Also, during the challenge period, for pigs treated with LPS there was a Time x Diet x Immunogen x Oil effect (P < 0.001) for serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with pigs fed complex diets supplemented with CO having higher serum TNF-alpha as compared with pigs fed complex diets supplemented with MFO. At days 14 and 28, LPS-treated pigs had lower BW than saline injected controls (P < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). In addition, pigs fed simplified diets continued to have lower BW after challenge compared to pigs fed a complex diet. Interestingly, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in BW after challenge in pigs fed MFO. This study suggests that MFO supplementation alters the immune response during LPS challenge and that simplified diets may compromise nursery performance. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Simple Solut, Attleboro, MA USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Room S-107, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 24 IS 4 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(03)00016-X PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 683TW UT WOS:000183166800006 PM 12742552 ER PT J AU Poach, ME Hunt, PG Vanotti, MB Stone, KC Matheny, TA Johnson, MH Sadler, EJ AF Poach, ME Hunt, PG Vanotti, MB Stone, KC Matheny, TA Johnson, MH Sadler, EJ TI Improved nitrogen treatment by constructed wetlands receiving partially nitrified liquid swine manure SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ammonia volatilization; nitrification; constructed wetlands; swine manure ID WASTE-WATER; AMMONIA; QUALITY AB Denitrification is more desirable than ammonia volatilization for nitrogen removal from constructed wetlands treating animal manure but is limited by the availability of nitrate/nitrite. The research objective was to determine if partial nitrification of swine wastewater prior to wetland application affects the nitrogen removal and ammonia volatilization from constructed wetlands. From September 2000 through November 2001, partially nitrified and unaltered swine wastewater from an anaerobic waste lagoon were applied to two parallel sets of constructed wetlands (3.6 x 67 m) in North Carolina, USA. Constructed wetlands were more efficient at removing total nitrogen from partially nitrified (64 and 78%) than from unaltered wastewater (32 and 68%). Both wetlands were effective in removing nitrate/nitrite from partially nitrified wastewater. However, the Schoenoplectus-dominated wetland was more effective than the Typha-Echinochloa dominated wetland in removing total (85 vs. 61%) and ammoniacal nitrogen (91 vs. 52%) from both types of wastewater. Only one of eight tests showed significant evidence of ammonia volatilization (2.1 mg nitrogen m(-2) h(-1)) when the wastewater was partially nitrified. A correlation (r(2) = 33%) between ammonia-nitrogen volatilization and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration suggested that partial nitrification reduced ammonia volatilization because it lowered ammoniacal nitrogen of the wastewater. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SAtlantic Area, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Poach, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAtlantic Area, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 183 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(03)00024-7 PG 15 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 702KQ UT WOS:000184223400006 ER PT J AU Winslow, JC Hunt, ER Piper, SC AF Winslow, JC Hunt, ER Piper, SC TI The influence of seasonal water availability on global C-3 versus C-4 grassland biomass and its implications for climate change research SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE C-3 and C-4 grass distribution; global climatic change; seasonal water availability; water use efficiency ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY; SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE; ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS; FUNCTIONAL TYPES; SOIL PROPERTIES; USE EFFICIENCY; NORTH-AMERICA; GREAT-PLAINS AB Climate-change induced alterations in the global distribution of cool season (C-3) and warm season (C-4) grasses would impact the global carbon cycle and have differing, local effects on range and agricultural production. We hypothesize that a major influence on C-3/C-4 distribution may be the seasonal timing of water availability with respect to the different C-3 and C-4 growing seasons. An algorithm expressing this hypothesis (the SAW hypothesis for Seasonal Availability of Water), estimates C-3 versus C-4 grass biomass from climate data. Sensitivity analysis indicated that temperatures used to delineate the start and end of the C-3 and C-4 grass growing seasons were more important than photosynthetic responses to temperature. To evaluate the SAW hypothesis, this algorithm was applied globally on a 1degrees x 1degrees latitude-longitude grid. When compared with vegetation survey data at 141 locations in North America, Argentina, Australia, and South Africa, SAW algorithm predictions yielded art R-2 of 0.71. Error resulted primarily from comparing large grid cells to plot data, interannual variability of climate, and from gridding measured climate to data-sparse locations with a single lapse rate of air temperature with elevation. Application of the SAW algorithm to a climate change scenario suggested that changes in temperature and precipitation patterns could offset C-3 photosynthetic advantages offered by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. These results underscored the importance of accurately representing the timing and spatial distribution as well as the magnitude of temperature and precipitation in scenarios of future climate. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Winslow, JC (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Box 42125, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 75 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 163 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00415-5 PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678JR UT WOS:000182864200012 ER PT J AU Guo, MX Papiernik, SK Zheng, W Yates, SR AF Guo, MX Papiernik, SK Zheng, W Yates, SR TI Formation and extraction of persistent fumigant residues in soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SLOWLY REVERSIBLE SORPTION; ALIPHATIC HALOCARBONS; ORGANIC AMENDMENTS; DEGRADATION; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE; EMISSIONS; BEHAVIOR AB Fumigants are commonly thought to be short-lived in soil, but residues have been found in soils years following application. In this study,formation and extraction of persistent soil fumigant residues were investigated. Fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), chloropicrin (CP), and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) were spiked into Arlington, Glenelg, and Hagerstown soils and incubated for 30 d under controlled conditions. The incubated soils were evaporated for 20 h prior to extraction with a variety of organic solvents at different temperatures. Extraction with acetonitrile in sealed vials at 80 C for 24 h was the most efficient method to recover persistent soil fumigant residues. At application rates of 1000-1700 mg (kg of soil)(-1), persistent residues of 1,3-D, CP, and MITC in the three soils ranged from 5 to 67 mg kg(-1). The residue content increased with application rate, correlated positively with soil silt content, decreased dramatically as indigenous organic matter (OM) was removed, and changed little with external OM addition. Adsorption to clay surfaces was not important in fumigant retention, while pulverization of soil aggregates significantly decreased persistent fumigant residues. The results suggest that persistent fumigant residues are retained in soil intra-aggregate micropores resulting from binding clay flocs and silt particles by humic substances. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. RP Guo, MX (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 9 BP 1844 EP 1849 DI 10.1021/es0262535 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674KD UT WOS:000182635200038 PM 12775056 ER PT J AU Woodbury, PB AF Woodbury, PB TI Dos and don'ts of spatially explicit ecological risk assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 11-15, 2001 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE scaling; spatial model; geographic information system; interpolation; uncertainty analysis ID OZONE EXPOSURE; INTERPOLATION; UNCERTAINTY; CRITERIA; GROWTH; MODELS; SCALE AB Location affects exposure and response to stressors at scales ranging from small sites to large regions. Tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) make it feasible to conduct spatially explicit ecological risk assessments (ERAs). However, no tools provide a panacea, and complex models based on sparse data can be inappropriate and misleading. Operations such as an interpolation within a GIS are models, and so they contain assumptions and uncertainties. Errors can propagate easily as numerous operations are performed, and the resulting uncertainties should be made explicit. Analysts should assure that space actually matters by using explanatory data prior to investigating spatial correlation. Exposure and risk estimates from experimental plots or monitoring stations may require scaling factors if they are to be used for larger watersheds or regional analyses. Maps are useful because they present complex spatial information in a manner that is easily interpreted. However, they must be prepared and interpreted with caution because they can suggest that there is a great deal more information than actually exists. In addition to presenting maps of predicted risks, maps of the spatial patterns in the uncertainties in these risk estimates should be included in risk assessments. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Woodbury, PB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM pwoodbury@fs.fed.us OI Woodbury, Peter/0000-0003-3954-7639 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 977 EP 982 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0977:DADOSE>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 668HZ UT WOS:000182285400004 PM 12729206 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Groninger, NP Vice, DS AF Engeman, RM Groninger, NP Vice, DS TI A general model for predicting brown tree snake capture rates SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE exotic species; invasive species; nonlinear mixed model; random coefficient growth curves ID BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; LONGITUDINAL DATA; GUAM; LAND AB The inadvertent introduction of the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to small children, and also has produced economic problems. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to a program designed to deter dispersal of the species. Sequential trapping of smaller plots is also being used to clear larger areas of snakes in preparation for endangered species reintroductions. Traps and trapping personnel are limited resources, which places a premium on the ability to plan the deployment of trapping efforts. In a series of previous trapping studies, data on brown tree snake removal from forested plots was found to be well modeled by exponential decay functions. For the present article, we considered a variety of model forms and estimation procedures, and used capture data from individual plots as random subjects to produce a general random coefficients model for making predictions of brown tree snake capture rates. The best model was an exponential decay with positive asymptote produced using nonlinear mixed model estimation where variability among plots was introduced through the scale and asymptote parameters. Practical predictive abilities were used in model evaluation so that a manager could project capture rates in a plot after a period of time, or project the amount of time required for trapping to reduce capture rates to a desired level. The model should provide managers with a tool for optimizing the allocation of limited trapping resources. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Barrigada Hts, GU 96921 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD MAY PY 2003 VL 14 IS 3 BP 295 EP 305 DI 10.1002/env.589 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 673VQ UT WOS:000182601300004 ER PT J AU Pereira, P Shang, F Hobbs, M Girao, H Taylor, A AF Pereira, P Shang, F Hobbs, M Girao, H Taylor, A TI Lens fibers have a fully functional ubiquitin-proteasome pathway SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE differentiation; development; lens; proteasome; ubiquitin ID POLYUBIQUITIN DEGRADATION SIGNAL; CONJUGATING ENZYMES UBC4; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ACTIVATING ENZYME; OXIDATIVE STRESS; AFFINITY PURIFICATION; DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS; RAT TESTIS; CRYSTALLINS; SYSTEM AB We previously showed that lens epithelial cells have a fully functional ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and that ubiquitin-conjugating activity is up-regulated in response to oxidative stress. In this study we assessed the protein levels and activities of different components of the UPP in lens fibers. Calf lenses were dissected into four different regions: epithelial layer, outer cortex, inner cortex and nucleus. Relative levels of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (El), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), endogenous ubiquitin conjugates, 19S and 20S proteasome subunits were determined by Western blotting. The activities of E1 and E2 were determined by thiol ester assays and the activities of the proteasome and isopeptidases were determined using ubiquitinated alpha-lactalbumin as a substrate. This work demonstrates that lens fibers, including those in the nuclear region, contain most, if not all, of the components for the UPP. Ubiquitin conjugation activity, proteasome activity and isopeptidase activity were also detected in all layers of the lens. The reduced ubiquitin conjugation activity in the inner regions of the lens appeared to be due to a decline in levels of a specific family of E2s, Ubc4 or Ubc5, which were shown to be the rate-limiting enzymes for the formation of high mass conjugates in the lens. Supplementation of Ubc4 or Ubc5 can partially restore the ubiquitin conjugation activity in the inner regions of the lens. Since Ubc4 and Ubc5 are involved in selectively ubiquitinating damaged or abnormal proteins, the decline in levels and activities of these E2s may be responsible for the accumulation of abnormal proteins in inner regions of the lens. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, USDA, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Coimbra, Ctr Ophthalmol, IBILI, Fac Med, P-3000 Coimbra, Portugal. RP Shang, F (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, USDA, HNRC, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Pereira, Paulo/0000-0002-9908-2290; Girao, Henrique/0000-0002-5786-8447 FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11717, EY13250] NR 31 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 76 IS 5 BP 623 EP 631 DI 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00020-4 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 675RH UT WOS:000182708700010 PM 12697426 ER PT J AU Uthus, EO Brown-Borg, HM AF Uthus, EO Brown-Borg, HM TI Altered methionine metabolism in long living Ames dwarf mice SO EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Aging-Association (AGE 2002) CY JUN 07-10, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP American Aging Assoc DE Ames dwarf mouse; long living; methionine metabolism; S-adenosylmethionine; S-adenosylhomocysteine; methionine adenosyltransferase; glycine N-methyltransferase ID GLYCINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE; METHYL-GROUP DEFICIENCY; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; GROWTH-HORMONE; RAT-LIVER; TRANSGENIC MICE; DNA METHYLATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE; ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE AB Ames dwarf mice (df/df) are deficient in growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone and live significantly longer than their normal siblings. In the current study, we found that the hormone deficiencies affect methionine metabolism. We previously reported that the dwarf mice exhibit enzyme activities and levels that combat oxidative stress more efficiently than those of normal mice. Moreover, methionine or metabolites of methionine are involved in antioxidative processes. Thus, we performed an experiment that compared various parameters of methionine metabolism between 18-month old male dwarf (N = 6) and wild type (N = 5) mice. The specific activity of liver methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) was significantly elevated (205%, p < 0.0001) in the dwarf mice, as were cystathionine synthase (50%, p < 0.01), cystathionase (83%, p < 0.001), and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT, 91%, p < 0.001) activities. Even though the activities of MAT and GNMT were elevated, the concentration of liver S-adenosylmethionine was decreased (24%, p < 0.001) and S-adenosylhomocysteine increased (113%, p < 0.001) in the dwarf mice. These data indicate that dwarf mice, compared to wild type mice, have a markedly different metabolism of methionine. Altered methionine metabolism may partially explain earlier reports indicating less oxidative damage to proteins in dwarf mice. Taken together, the data suggest that methionine metabolism may play a role in oxidative defense in the dwarf mouse and should be studied as a potential mechanism of extended lifespan. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol Physiol & Therapeut, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Uthus, EO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0531-5565 J9 EXP GERONTOL JI Exp. Gerontol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 38 IS 5 BP 491 EP 498 DI 10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00008-1 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 692CJ UT WOS:000183642500004 PM 12742526 ER PT J AU Hall, AE Cisse, N Thiaw, S Elawad, HOA Ehlers, JD Ismail, AM Fery, RL Roberts, PA Kitch, LW Murdock, LL Boukar, O Phillips, RD McWatters, KH AF Hall, AE Cisse, N Thiaw, S Elawad, HOA Ehlers, JD Ismail, AM Fery, RL Roberts, PA Kitch, LW Murdock, LL Boukar, O Phillips, RD McWatters, KH TI Development of cowpea cultivars and germplasm by the Bean/Cowpea CRSP SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE cowpea breeding; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; blackeye beans; blackeye peas; southern peas; snap peas; green manure cowpeas; cover crop cowpeas; Niebe ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; UNGUICULATA L WALP; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; PINKEYE-TYPE SOUTHERNPEA; NIGHT AIR-TEMPERATURE; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; DRY FIELD CONDITIONS; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; VIGNA-UNGUICULATA; HEAT-TOLERANCE AB This paper reviews accomplishments in cowpea cultivar and germplasm development by the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) which was funded by the United States Agency for International Development for a period of about 20 years. Drought-adapted, pest and disease resistant cultivars 'Mouride', 'Melakh' and 'Ein El Gazal' were developed for rainfed production in the tropical Sahelian zone of Africa. Cultivars 'CRSP Niebe' and 'Lori Niebe' which have seed and pod resistance to cowpea weevil and some disease resistance were developed for rainfed production in the tropical Savanna zone of West Africa. Cultivar 'California Blackeye No. 27' was developed for irrigated production in subtropical California, USA and is a semidwarf with heat tolerance and broad-based resistance to root-knot nematodes and Fusarium wilt. Various cultivars with persistent-green seed color including 'Bettergreen' and 'Charleston Greenpack' were bred for use in the food freezing industry in the USA. Germplasms were developed with unique traits including: snap-type pods, green manure/cover crop capabilities, heat tolerance during reproductive development, chilling tolerance during emergence, delayed leaf senescence as a mechanism of adaptation to mid-season drought and high grain yields, differences in stable carbon isotope discrimination, harvest index, rooting and plant water- and nutrient-relations traits, broad-based resistance to root-knot nematodes and Fusarium wilt, and resistance to flower thrips, cowpea aphid, lygus bug and cowpea weevil, and various quality traits including all-white and sweet grain. These germplasms provide a valuable resource for breeding additional cowpea cultivars for Africa and the USA. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Ctr Natl Rech Agron, Bambey, Senegal. Agr Res Corp, El Obeid Res Stn, Al Ubayyid, Sudan. Int Rice Res Inst, Crop Soil & Water Sci Div, DAPO 7777, Manila, Philippines. ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. FAO, Sub Reg Off So & Eastern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Inst Rech Agron Dev, Maroua, Cameroon. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Hall, AE (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 121 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 103 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00033-9 PG 32 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 687VP UT WOS:000183397900004 ER PT J AU Kelly, JD Gepts, P Miklas, PN Coyne, DP AF Kelly, JD Gepts, P Miklas, PN Coyne, DP TI Tagging and mapping of genes and QTL and molecular marker-assisted selection for traits of economic importance in bean and cowpea SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE domestication; disease resistance; epistasis; indirect selection; introgression; linkage; pathogens; Phaseolus vulgaris; plant breeding; Vigna unguiculata ID COMMON BACTERIAL-BLIGHT; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L.; INTEGRATED LINKAGE MAP; INCREASED PERCENTAGE PHASEOLIN; COMPARATIVE GENOME ANALYSIS; FAMILY RECURRENT SELECTION; GERMPLASM LINES RESISTANT; MOSAIC-VIRUS RESISTANCE; SEED PROTEIN ALLELES; RAPD MARKERS AB Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (B/C CRSP) scientists have successfully developed integrated consensus maps of the 11 linkage groups (LGs) in both bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). The bean map is approximately 1200 cM with some 500 markers and an additional 500 markers shared with other bean maps. The cowpea map spans 2670 cM with over 400 markers. In addition to molecular markers, both maps include map locations of defense genes and phenotypic traits for disease and insect resistance, seed size, color and storage proteins, pod color and those traits associated with the domestication syndrome in bean. Since the bean and cowpea maps were developed independently, LGs with the same number probably refer to non-syntenic groups. Map locations of major resistance genes in bean are revealing gene clusters on LGs B1, B4, B7, and B11 for resistance to bean rust, anthracnose, common bacterial blight and white mold. Gene tagging and marker-assisted selection for disease resistance has progressed to a point where the indirect selection for resistance to a number of major diseases is now routine in bean breeding programs both in the US and overseas. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, USDA, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Kelly, JD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Gepts, Paul/B-4417-2009 OI Gepts, Paul/0000-0002-1056-4665 NR 156 TC 131 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 135 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00034-0 PG 20 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 687VP UT WOS:000183397900005 ER PT J AU Ishii, T Ohta, H Nogata, Y Yano, M Hasegawa, S AF Ishii, T Ohta, H Nogata, Y Yano, M Hasegawa, S TI Limonoids in seeds of iyo tangor (Citrus iyo hort. ex Tanaka) SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Iyo tangor; Iyo-mikan; Iyokan; Citrus iyo hort. ex Tanaka; limonoids; limonoid glucosides; HPLC; citrus taxonomy ID BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS; LIMONIN 17-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; GLUCOSIDES; INHIBITION; MICE AB Iyo tangor (Citrus iyo hort. ex Tanaka) seeds contained limonin, nomilin, obacunone and deacetylnomilin, in order of decreasing concentration. They also contained the 17-beta-D-glucopyranosides of nomilin, obacunone, limonin, deacetynomilin and nomilinic acid. Total limonoid aglycone concentration in the seeds was 873 mg per 100 g on a dry weight basis and total limonoid glucoside concentration was 446 mg. The composition and relative concentration of each limonoid aglycone and glucoside in Iyo tangor seeds were very similar to those of other citrus species distributed widely in western Japan such as Valencia orange (C. sinensis Osbeck), Sanbokan (C. sulcata hort. ex Tanaka) and Hyuganatsu (C. tamurana hort. ex Tanaka). These data reveal that Iyo tangor taxonomically belongs to the same group as those citrus species. C1 Nakamura Gakuen Univ, Dept Nutr Sci, Jonan Ku, Fukuoka 8140198, Japan. Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Natl Agr Res Ctr, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 7210053, Japan. Natl Inst Fruit Tree Sci, Shizuoka 4240204, Japan. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ohta, H (reprint author), Nakamura Gakuen Univ, Dept Nutr Sci, Jonan Ku, Befu 5-7-1, Fukuoka 8140198, Japan. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU JAPAN SOC FOOD SCI TECHNOL PI IBARAKI-KEN PA 2-1-12 KANNONDAI TSUKUBA-SHI, IBARAKI-KEN, 305-8642, JAPAN SN 1344-6606 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL RES JI Food Sci. Technol. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 9 IS 2 BP 162 EP 164 DI 10.3136/fstr.9.162 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 690BA UT WOS:000183526400009 ER PT J AU Schuler, A Adair, C AF Schuler, A Adair, C TI Demographics, the housing market, and demand for building materials SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Sta, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. APA, Engineered Wood Assoc, Tacoma, WA 98411 USA. RP Schuler, A (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Sta, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 53 IS 5 BP 8 EP 17 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 680MP UT WOS:000182982200003 ER PT J AU Falk, RH DeVisser, D Plume, GR Fridley, KJ AF Falk, RH DeVisser, D Plume, GR Fridley, KJ TI Effect of drilled holes on the bending strength of large dimension Douglas-fir lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In this study, experimental bending tests were performed on nominal 4- by 8-inch (actual 89-mm by 191-mm) lumber members to determine how a notch and holes drilled in the wide face affect edgewise bending strength. Holes were drilled at the midspan in three locations relative to the edge. The results appear to justify an allowable hole one-half the allowable knot size that is currently permitted for cedar in No. I Beams & Stringer grade. Furthermore, the data indicate that hole location may be as important as hole size. A1-inch (25.4-mm) hole had about the same effect on strength as a 1-3/4-inch (44-mm) hole when the holes were 1 inch (25.4 mm) from the tension edge. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. W Coast Lumber Inspect Bur, Portland, OR USA. GR Plume Co, Ferndale, WA USA. Univ Nevada, Coll Engn, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 53 IS 5 BP 55 EP 60 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 680MP UT WOS:000182982200009 ER PT J AU Wiedenbeck, J Brown, J Bennett, N AF Wiedenbeck, J Brown, J Bennett, N TI Crook and overlength in hardwood lumber: Results from a 14-mill survey SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Data on red oak lumber were collected at 14 furniture and cabinet industry rough mills to identify how crook and overlength are related to lumber grade and size from mill to mill. The amount of crook in a sample of dry, 4/4 thickness, red oak lumber was significantly influenced by lumber grade and length, supply region, and mill. There were no differences in crookbased on board width. Average overlength, which can pose challenges in lumber drying operations, was influenced by lumber grade, nominal lumber length, source region, and supplier. There were several complex interactions between these variables that are important in modeling overlength. Odd-length lumber, which accounted for 13.7 percent of the lumber sample, generally is trimmed less precisely than even-length lumber. There was no consistency between lumber grade and overlength from mill to mill. In some cases, the 3A grade had the highest average overlength; in other cases, the FAS, Selects, I Common, or 2 Common grade had higher overlength. Average log overlength amounts are higher than lumber overlength amounts. Secondary manufacturers who incur increased costs due to overlength lumber or decreased yield due to crooked lumber need to look for these differences in their own lumber supply and learn how they reduce their mill's processing efficiency and yield. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Wiedenbeck, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 53 IS 5 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 680MP UT WOS:000182982200010 ER PT J AU Aukema, JE AF Aukema, JE TI Vectors, viscin, and Viscaceae: mistletoes as parasites, mutualists, and resources SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID DWARF MISTLETOE; POPULATION BIOLOGY; AUSTRALIAN MISTLETOES; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; SEED DEPOSITION; NEW-ZEALAND; HOST; LORANTHACEAE; BEHAVIOR; MALARIA AB Mistletoes are aerial, hemiparasitic plants found on trees throughout the world. They have unique ecological arrangements with the host plants they parasitize and the birds that disperse their seeds. Similar in many respects to vector-borne macroparasites, mistletoes are often detrimental to their hosts, and can even kill them. Coevolution has led to resistance mechanisms in hosts and specialization by mistletoes. Birds act as "disease vectors" for the mistletoe host in a mutualistic relationship. To disperse their seeds, mistletoes attract and manipulate their avian vectors in ways that are typical of both plants (offering a fruit reward) and parasites (changing vector behavior once they have been ingested). Mistletoes are important elements of the landscape that influence the spatial distribution of ecosystem resources. Their patchy distribution and complex interactions make their biology intriguing and their management and conservation challenging. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Aukema, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM jaukema@fs.fed.us NR 52 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 34 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 1 IS 4 BP 212 EP 219 DI 10.2307/3868066 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WQ UT WOS:000221789900024 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Matheaus, AC Ryan, TW AF Knothe, G Matheaus, AC Ryan, TW TI Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality tester SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; branched fatty esters; cetane number; ignition quality tester; low-temperature properties; straight-chain fatty esters ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; DIESEL FUELS; EMISSIONS; BIODIESEL AB The cetane number, a widely used diesel fuel quality parameter related to the ignition delay time (and combustion quality) of a fuel, has been applied to alternative diesel fuels such as biodiesel and its components. In this work, the cetane numbers of 29 samples of straight-chain and branched C1-C4 esters as well as 2-ethylhexyl esters of various common fatty acids were determined. The cetane numbers of these esters are not significantly affected by branching in the alcohol moiety. Therefore, branched esters, which improve the cold-flow properties of biodiesel, can be employed without greatly influencing ignition properties compared to the more common methyl esters. Unsaturation in the fatty acid chain was again the most significant factor causing lower cetane numbers. Cetane numbers were determined in an ignition quality tester (IQT) which is a newly developed, automated rapid method using only small amounts of material. The IQT is as applicable to biodiesel and its components as previous cetane-testing methods. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. SW Res Inst, Engine & Vehicle Res Div, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 253 Z9 262 U1 6 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD MAY PY 2003 VL 82 IS 8 BP 971 EP 975 AR PII S0016-2361(02)00382-4 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00382-4 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 663KC UT WOS:000182003900011 ER PT J AU Widrlechner, MP Burke, LA AF Widrlechner, MP Burke, LA TI Analysis of germplasm distribution patterns for collections held at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa, USA SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE demand analysis; genetic resources; germplasm management; seed orders; usage; utilization AB Understanding the patterns of distribution of plant genetic resources, especially the extent and contextual bases of distributions, may be critical in setting appropriate targets for seed multiplication, packaging, storage space, and other technical operations. We analyzed germplasm distribution patterns over a 12-year period for 10 crop collections conserved by the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station in Ames, Iowa, to determine if distribution rates over a given time interval help predict future distributions and to document how distribution patterns vary among accessions within collections. We demonstrated that, with an appropriate tracking system and commonly available statistical software, germplasm distribution patterns can be easily analyzed and plotted over time. Data measured over periods of up to 3 years had little predictive value, while a 6-year period gave relatively accurate projections of future distributions. Patterns of distributions within collections varied between those that are approximately normally distributed and those best described by an exponential function, with larger collections tending to be non-normally distributed. Means and standard deviations of standardized, long-term distribution rates, calculated from samples of 200-700 accessions, accurately described the distributional rates of 90-95% of all accessions. The documentation of changes in usage patterns within and among collections as they mature is also discussed. Analysis of average shipment size suggests that germplasm distributions became more focused over time for 8 of the 10 collections analyzed. This may result when users request germplasm based upon knowledge about specific accessions gained through personal experience and by examining evaluation and characterization data. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM isumw@iastate.edu RI Burke, Luke/C-7655-2011 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 EI 1573-5109 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 50 IS 3 BP 329 EP 337 DI 10.1023/A:1023575227094 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 672LD UT WOS:000182521300010 ER PT J AU Handler, AM AF Handler, AM TI Isolation and analysis of a new hopper hAT transposon from the Bactrocera dorsalis white eye strain SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE gene vector; hobo Activator Tam3 family; Oriental fruit fly; Tephritidae; transposable element; transposase ID DNA-BINDING DOMAIN; MAIZE ACTIVATOR TRANSPOSASE; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; FRUIT-FLY; ELEMENT; HOBO; AC; FAMILY; TAM3; PROTEIN AB A new hopper element belonging to the hAT transposon family was isolated from the white eye mutant strain of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Using the original hopper element sequence from the wild type Kahuku strain as a template, the new hopper was isolated by inverse and direct PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals a 3131 bp element with terminal and subterminal inverted repeat sequences, an 8 bp duplicated insertion site, and a conceptual translation yielding a single uninterrupted 650 amino acid open reading frame. The white eye hopper has structure more consistent with function than the Kahuku element, indicating that hopper is not an ancient relic. The hopper element remains distantly related to other known hAT elements including those from insects, and presently it is most similar to Activator-related elements discovered in the human genome. DNA hybridization studies indicate, however, that elements closely related to hopper exist in another bactrocerid species, the melonfly, B. cucurbitae. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM handler@nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD MAY PY 2003 VL 118 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1023/A:1022944120410 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 659ER UT WOS:000181764800003 PM 12733661 ER PT J AU Faris, JD Fellers, JP Brooks, SA Gill, BS AF Faris, JD Fellers, JP Brooks, SA Gill, BS TI A bacterial artificial chromosome contig spanning the major domestication locus Q in wheat and identification of a candidate gene SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID COMMON WHEAT; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; LONG ARM; TRITICUM-MONOCOCCUM; AEGILOPS-SPELTOIDES; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; GAMETOCIDAL GENES; RICH REGIONS AB The Q locus played a major role in the domestication of wheat because it confers the free-threshing character and influences man), other agronomically important traits. We constructed a physical contig spanning the Q locus using a Triticum monococcum BAC library. Three chromosome walking steps were performed by complete sequencing of BACs and identification of low-copy markets through similarity searches of database sequences. The BAC contig spans a physical distance of similar to300 kb corresponding to a genetic distance of 0.9 cM. The physical map of T. monococcum had perfect colinearity with the genetic map of wheat chromosome arm 5AL. Recombination data in conjunction with analysis of fast neutron deletions confirmed that the contig spanned the Q locus. The Q gene was narrowed to a 100-kb segment, which contains an APETALA2 (AP2)-like gene that cosegregates with Q AP2 is known to play a major role in controlling floral homeotic gene expression and thus is an excellent candidate for Q. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Faris, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 1307 18th St N, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 64 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 15 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD MAY PY 2003 VL 164 IS 1 BP 311 EP 321 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 682YJ UT WOS:000183119700028 PM 12750342 ER PT J AU Akhunov, ED Goodyear, AW Geng, S Qi, LL Echalier, B Gill, BS Miftahudin Gustafson, JP Lazo, G Chao, SM Anderson, OD Linkiewicz, AM Dubcovsky, J La Rota, M Sorrells, ME Zhang, DS Nguyen, HT Kalavacharla, V Hossain, K Kianian, SF Peng, JH Lapitan, NLV Gonzalez-Hernandeiz, JL Anderson, JA Choi, DW Close, TJ Dilbirligi, M Gill, KS Walker-Simmons, MK Steber, C McGuire, PE Qualset, CO Dvorak, J AF Akhunov, ED Goodyear, AW Geng, S Qi, LL Echalier, B Gill, BS Miftahudin Gustafson, JP Lazo, G Chao, SM Anderson, OD Linkiewicz, AM Dubcovsky, J La Rota, M Sorrells, ME Zhang, DS Nguyen, HT Kalavacharla, V Hossain, K Kianian, SF Peng, JH Lapitan, NLV Gonzalez-Hernandeiz, JL Anderson, JA Choi, DW Close, TJ Dilbirligi, M Gill, KS Walker-Simmons, MK Steber, C McGuire, PE Qualset, CO Dvorak, J TI The organization and rate of evolution of wheat genomes are correlated with recombination rates along chromosome arms. SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-GENETIC MAPS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; PHYSICAL MAPS; HOMOEOLOGOUS GROUP-3; DIPLOID WHEAT; COMMON WHEAT; RICH REGIONS; BARLEY; ORIGIN; LOCI AB Genes detected by wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were mapped into chromosome bins delineated by breakpoints of 159 overlapping deletions. These data were used to assess the organizational and evolutionary aspects of wheat genomes. Relative gene density and recombination rate increased with the relative distance of a bin from the centromere. Single-gene loci present once in the wheat genomes were found predominantly in the proximal, low-recombination regions, while multigene loci tended to be more frequent in distal, high-recombination regions. One-quarter of all gene motifs within wheat genomes were represented by two or more duplicated loci (paralogous sets). For 40 such sets, ancestral loci and loci derived from them by duplication were identified. Loci derived by duplication were most frequently located in distal, high-recombination chromosome regions whereas ancestral loci were most frequently located proximal to them. It is suggested that recombination has played a central role in the evolution of wheat genome structure and that gradients of recombination rates along chromosome arms promote more rapid rates of genome evolution in distal, high-recombination regions than in proximal, low-recombination regions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Genet Resources Conservat Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Dvorak, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Lazo, Gerard/A-8900-2009; Dubcovsky, Jorge/A-4969-2008 OI Lazo, Gerard/0000-0002-9160-2052; Dubcovsky, Jorge/0000-0002-7571-4345 NR 62 TC 193 Z9 202 U1 2 U2 18 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT PI WOODBURY PA 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2924 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 13 IS 5 BP 753 EP 763 DI 10.1101/gr.808603 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 674PQ UT WOS:000182645500001 PM 12695326 ER PT J AU Litton, CM Ryan, MG Knight, DH Stahl, PD AF Litton, CM Ryan, MG Knight, DH Stahl, PD TI Soil-surface carbon dioxide efflux and microbial biomass in relation to tree density 13 years after a stand replacing fire in a lodgepole pine ecosystem SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon pools and fluxes; disturbance; fire; lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia); microbial biomass carbon; soil respiration; soil-surface CO2 efflux; stand age; tree density; Yellowstone National Park ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; CO2 EFFLUX; ROOT RESPIRATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FOREST SOIL; SEASONAL PATTERNS; CONIFEROUS FOREST; EUROPEAN FORESTS; EUCALYPT FOREST AB The effects of fire on soil-surface carbon dioxide (CO2 ) efflux, F (S) , and microbial biomass carbon, C (mic) , were studied in a wildland setting by examining 13-year-old postfire stands of lodgepole pine differing in tree density (< 500 to > 500 000 trees ha(-1) ) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). In addition, young stands were compared to mature lodgepole pine stands (similar to110-year-old) in order to estimate ecosystem recovery 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Growing season F (S) increased with tree density in young stands (1.0 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in low-density stands, 1.8 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in moderate-density stands and 2.1 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in high-density stands) and with stand age (2.7 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in mature stands). Microbial biomass carbon in young stands did not differ with tree density and ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg C g(-1) dry soil over the growing season; C (mic) was significantly greater in mature stands (0.5-0.8 mg C g(-1) dry soil). Soil-surface CO2 efflux in young stands was correlated with biotic variables (above-ground, below-ground and microbial biomass), but not with abiotic variables (litter and mineral soil C and N content, bulk density and soil texture). Microbial biomass carbon was correlated with below-ground plant biomass and not with soil carbon and nitrogen, indicating that plant activity controls not only root respiration, but C (mic) pools and overall F (S) rates as well. These findings support recent studies that have demonstrated the prevailing importance of plants in controlling rates of F (S) and suggest that decomposition of older, recalcitrant soil C pools in this ecosystem is relatively unimportant 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Our results also indicate that realistic predictions and modeling of terrestrial C cycling must account for the variability in tree density and stand age that exists across the landscape as a result of natural disturbances. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Litton, CM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 23 E Kawli St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 76 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 9 IS 5 BP 680 EP 696 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00626.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674UE UT WOS:000182653700004 ER PT J AU Sjogersten, S Turner, BL Mahieu, N Condron, LM Wookey, PA AF Sjogersten, S Turner, BL Mahieu, N Condron, LM Wookey, PA TI Soil organic matter biochemistry and potential susceptibility to climatic change across the forest-tundra ecotone in the Fennoscandian mountains SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; CPMAS C-13 NMR; decomposition; ecotone; Fennoscandia; soil organic matter ID STATE C-13 NMR; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LONG-TERM; PLANT; RESPIRATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB We studied soil organic carbon (C) chemistry at the mountain birch forest-tundra ecotone in three regions of the Fennoscandian mountain range with comparable vegetation cover but contrasting degrees of continentality and latitude. The aim of the study was to identify functional compound classes and their relationships to decomposition and spatial variation across the ecotone and latitudinal gradient. Solid-state (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS (13) C NMR) was used to identify seven functional groups of soil organic C: alkyls , N-alkyls , O-alkyls , acetals , aromatics , phenolics and carboxyls . N-alkyls , O-alkyls and acetals are generally considered labile substrates for a large number of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria, whilst phenolics and aromatics are mainly decomposed by lignolytic organisms and contribute to the formation of soil organic matter together with aliphatic alkyls and carboxyls . All soils contained a similar proportional distribution of functional groups, although relatively high amounts of N-alkyls , O-alkyls and acetals were present in comparison to earlier published studies, suggesting that large amounts of soil C were potentially vulnerable to microbial degradation. Soil organic matter composition was different at the most southerly site (Dovrefjell, Norway), compared with the two more northerly sites (Abisko, Sweden, and Joatka, Norway), with higher concentrations of aromatics and phenolics , as well as pronounced differences in alkyl concentrations between forest and tundra soils. Clear differences between mountain birch forest and tundra heath soil was noted, with generally higher concentrations of labile carbon present in tundra soils. We conclude that, although mesic soils around the forest-tundra ecotone in Fennoscandia are a potential source of C to the atmosphere in a changing environment, the response is likely to vary between comparable ecosystems in relation to latitude and continentality as well as soil properties especially soil nitrogen content and pH. C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ London, Queen Mary, Dept Chem, London E1 4NS, England. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. RP Sjogersten, S (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Villavagen 16, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. RI Turner, Benjamin/E-5940-2011; Condron, Leo/E-9458-2013 OI Turner, Benjamin/0000-0002-6585-0722; NR 68 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 6 U2 46 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 9 IS 5 BP 759 EP 772 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674UE UT WOS:000182653700010 ER PT J AU Brousseau, ME AF Brousseau, ME TI Statins, super-statins and cholesterol absorption inhibitors SO IDRUGS LA English DT Review DE cholesterol absorption; ezetimibe; hpoprotein; rosuvastatin; statin ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; SCANDINAVIAN SIMVASTATIN SURVIVAL; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; RECURRENT EVENTS TRIAL; LOVASTATIN MEVINOLIN; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; RANDOMIZED TRIAL AB An elevated level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an independent risk factor for premature coronary heart disease (CHD), with a value of greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl designated as high-risk by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panels I, II and III. Current goals of therapy for all patients with elevated LDL-C include reducing levels to: (i) < 160 mg/dl in those with :51 CHD risk factor; (ii) < 130 mg/dl in those with greater than or equal to 2 CHD risk factors; and (iii) < 100 mg/dl in patients with established CHD or CHD risk equivalents, one of which is diabetes. The discovery of drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, constituted a major advance in the treatment of patients with elevated plasma concentrations of LDL-C. The efficacy of statins in LDL-lowering and CHD risk reduction has clearly been demonstrated in a number of primary and secondary intervention trials. Emerging options for the treatment of patients with elevated LDL-C include the super-statins rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, as well as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. This article reviews large-scale clinical trials in which statins have been used to reduce LDL-C concentrations. Studies that have examined the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin, pitavastatin and ezetimibe will also be discussed. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Brousseau, ME (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CURRENT DRUGS LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1P 6LB, ENGLAND SN 1369-7056 J9 IDRUGS JI IDrugs PD MAY PY 2003 VL 6 IS 5 BP 458 EP 463 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 695YY UT WOS:000183859000017 PM 12789600 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Evans, JD Foulk, JA AF Akin, DE Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Evans, JD Foulk, JA TI Influence of water presoak on enzyme-retting of flax SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE flax fiber; yield; enzyme-retting; aromatics; microorganisms ID FIBER; QUALITY AB Enzyme-retting offers an alternative to the current method of dew-retting to extract fibers from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Additional steps could improve the efficiency of enzyme-retting and modify the properties of the resulting fibers. Samples of 'Ariane' flax, which were grown in South Carolina during the winter and harvested early for quality fiber or late for both fiber and seed, were presoaked with distilled water before enzyme-retting. Soaked, enzym-eretted, and air-dried fibers were compared with unsoaked, control samples for yield and properties, and the water extract (or a freeze-dried portion) was tested in various methods for its influence on enzyme-retting. Presoaking increased fine fiber yield in some cases, but fiber strength at times was reduced. Analyses of the freeze-dried residue from soaking showed a mixture of sugars (128.6 and 101 mg g(-1) for early and late harvest, respectively) and aromatic components including p-coumaric and ferulic acids and guaiacyl and syringyl units (3.51 and 3.05 mg g(-1) total aromatics for early and late harvest, respectively). Water extracts from presoaking treatments at 1.0-2.0% (w/v) were not inhibitory to the retting fungus Rhizopus oryzae sb or to Viscozyme used for enzyme-retting, based on the Fried test and enzyme activities. Turbidity tests showed slight growth inhibition for Eschericia coli and Streptococcus sp. in the presence of water extracts from early versus late harvest flax at 0.5% (w/v), with those from late harvest flax more inhibitory. Benefits on the efficiency of water presoaking prior to enzyme-retting were moderate and not uniform in this study, and modifications may depend upon particular flax harvests. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00053-5 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 671MD UT WOS:000182467800001 ER PT J AU Ng, C Marshall, WE Rao, RM Bansode, RR Losso, JN AF Ng, C Marshall, WE Rao, RM Bansode, RR Losso, JN TI Activated carbon from pecan shell: process description and economic analysis SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE pecan shell; activated carbon; process flow diagram; production cost ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES; ESTIMATED COST; ALMOND SHELLS; NUTSHELLS; METALS AB Granular activated carbons derived from pecan shells have been shown to adsorb a variety of metal and organic species in various processing wastewaters. Their effectiveness is equivalent to or exceeds comparable commercial carbons in this regard. The objectives of this study were to develop process flow diagrams for the large-scale production of pecan shell-based carbons derived from steam or phosphoric acid activation and to carry out an economic evaluation to estimate the cost to manufacture these carbons. On the basis of laboratory investigations with pecan shell-based carbons, process flow diagrams were established for scale-up, and an economic evaluation of carbon production costs was determined. Process flow diagrams were developed for steam and phosphoric acid activation of pecan shells. Major unit operations included shell preparation for pyrolysis, pyrolysis/activation, washing/drying and collection of the final product. Process parameters were calculated for a production facility processing 10 000 kg/day of shells. Final product yields were 13.7% for steam activation and 29.6% for phosphoric acid activation. Therefore, 1370 kg of steam-activated and 2964 kg of acid-activated pecan shell carbon could be produced per day. Mass losses were incurred during milling (20%), during pyrolysis/activation (82% for steam and 55% of acid), during washing/drying (13%) and during sieving (5%) of the final product. Based on an annual production cost of $1.22 million and an annual production of 448 000 kg of carbon, steam-activated carbon would cost about $2.72 per kg. For the phosphoric acid activation process, annual production costs were estimated at $2.78 million and annual production at 960 000 kg. Therefore, the estimated cost for acid-activated carbon would be $2.89 per kg. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US FDA, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Kansas City Dist, Lenexa, KS 66285 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Food Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Bansode, Rishipal/E-9293-2010 OI Bansode, Rishipal/0000-0001-7826-2711 NR 16 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 17 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00002-5 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 671MD UT WOS:000182467800008 ER PT J AU Cullen, PA Haake, DA Bulach, DM Zuerner, RL Adler, B AF Cullen, PA Haake, DA Bulach, DM Zuerner, RL Adler, B TI LipL21 is a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; LPS BIOSYNTHETIC LOCI; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; SEROVAR HARDJO; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; SUBTYPE HARDJOBOVIS; MAMMALIAN INFECTION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Leptospira is the etiologic agent of leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis distributed worldwide. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide is a protective immunogen, but the extensive serological diversity of leptospires has inspired a search for conserved outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that may stimulate heterologous immunity. Previously, a global analysis of leptospiral OMPs (P. A. Cullen, S. J. Cordwell, D. M. Bulach, D. A. Haake, and B. Adler, Infect. Immun. 70:2311-2318, 2002) identified pL21, a novel 21-kDa protein that is the second most abundant constituent of the Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai outer membrane proteome. In this study, we identified the gene encoding pL21 and found it to encode a putative lipoprotein; accordingly, the protein was renamed LipL21. Southern hybridization analysis revealed the presence of lipL21 in all of the pathogenic species but in none of the saprophytic species examined. Alignment of the LipL21 sequence from six strains of Leptospira revealed 96 to 100% identity. When specific polyclonal antisera to recombinant LipL21 were used, LipL21 was isolated together with other known leptospiral OMPs by both Triton X-114 extraction and sucrose density. gradient membrane fractionation. All nine strains of pathogenic leptospires investigated by Western blotting, whether culture attenuated or virulent, were found to express LipL21. In contrast, the expression of LipL21 or an antigenically related protein could not be detected in nonpathogenic L. biflexa. Infected hamster sera and two of eight human leptospirosis sera tested were found to react with recombinant LipL21. Native LipL21 was found to incorporate tritiated palmitic acid, consistent with the prediction of a lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. Biotinylation of the leptospiral surface resulted in selective labeling of LipL21 and the previously known OMPs LipL32 and LipL41. These findings show that LipL21 is a surface-exposed, abundant outer membrane lipoprotein that is expressed during infection and conserved among pathogenic Leptospira species. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bacterial Pathogenesis Res Grp, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Vet Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Syst, Div Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Adler, B (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bacterial Pathogenesis Res Grp, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. RI Bulach, Dieter/D-5793-2011 OI Bulach, Dieter/0000-0001-9823-6078 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R29 AI034431, AI-34431, R01 AI034431, R01 AI034431-06A2, R21 AI034431] NR 43 TC 62 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 71 IS 5 BP 2414 EP 2421 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2414-2421.2003 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 672BT UT WOS:000182501500014 PM 12704111 ER PT J AU Caverly, JM Diamond, G Gallup, JM Brogden, KA Dixon, RA Ackermann, MR AF Caverly, JM Diamond, G Gallup, JM Brogden, KA Dixon, RA Ackermann, MR TI Coordinated expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide and inflammatory-response elements in the lungs of neonatal calves with acute bacterial pneumonia SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA PNEUMONIA; INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; NF-KAPPA-B; GENE-EXPRESSION; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS AB Lung tissue removed from neonatal calves with acute Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia showed that rapid up-regulation of the basal mRNA expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP), NF-kappaB, and intercellular adhesion molecule I occurred after infection; TAP and interleukin 8 expression were highly correlated. This work suggests that the coordinated expression of beta-defensin and inflammatory elements occurs during bacterial pneumonia. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Texas Biotechnol Corp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ackermann, MR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, 2738, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 42 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 71 IS 5 BP 2950 EP 2955 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2950-2955.2003 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 672BT UT WOS:000182501500080 PM 12704177 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Lowry, VK Farnell, M AF Kogut, MH Lowry, VK Farnell, M TI The use of selective pharmacological inhibitors to delineate signal transduction pathways activated during complement receptor-mediated degranulation in chicken heterophils SO INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pharmacological inhibitors; complement receptor; chicken heterophils ID N-TERMINAL KINASE; ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; NEUTROPHIL OXIDATIVE BURST; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE; SRC FAMILY KINASES; FC-GAMMA-RIIA; PHOSPHOLIPASE-D; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; GROWTH-FACTOR AB Complement receptors (CRs), along with Fc receptors, play a primary role in the removal of bacterial pathogens in poultry. The binding of serum-opsonized bacteria to CR results in the secretion of both toxic oxygen metabolites and antibacterial granules. We have previously shown that the stimulation of chicken heterophils with serum-opsonized Salmonella enteritidis induced tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation regulated degranulation. In the present studies, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of protein tyrosine kinases, phospholipases C and D (PLC and PLD), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-K), and the super family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Inhibitors of receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (the tryphostins AG1478 and AG1296) had no attenuating effects on CR-mediated degranulation. However, PP2, a selective inhibitor of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases, and piceatannol, an inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinases, both significantly attenuated the CR-mediated degranulation. Additionally, the specific inhibitors of PLC, U73122, and PI3-K, LY294002, significantly decreased CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Two inhibitors of PLD-mediated signaling, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and 1-butanol, hindered degranulation. Addition of purified PLD restored control levels of degranulation in heterophils in which PLD was inhibited. Lastly, SP600125, a selective inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), inhibited degranulation; whereas neither PD98059, the inhibitor of p38 MAPK, nor SB203580, the inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, had any effect on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. These studies demonstrate that CRs on chicken heterophils lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but that binding of serum-opsonized bacteria activates both proximal tyrosine kinases (src and Syk kinases), but differentially activates downstream tyrosine kinases (INK, but not p38 nor ERK). Activation of src and Syk kinases plays a significant role in signal transduction of heterophil degranulation probably by stimulating downstream phosphorylation of PLC, PLD, and PI3-K. PI3-K has also been recently shown to be an upstream mediator of JNK activation, suggesting that this enzyme can induce signaling as both a lipid kinase and protein kinase. Engaging CRs on chicken heterophils activates a proximal tyrosine kinase (src and Syk kinases) -->4PLC (PLD) --> PI3-K --> JNK signal transduction pathway that induces degranulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 72 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-5769 J9 INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL JI Int. Immunopharmacol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 3 IS 5 BP 693 EP 706 DI 10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00057-2 PG 14 WC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 693PF UT WOS:000183725400007 PM 12757738 ER PT J AU McVey, DS Galvin, JE Olson, SC AF McVey, DS Galvin, JE Olson, SC TI A review of the effectiveness of vaccine potency control testing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE vaccine; potency; efficacy; potency tests; review ID VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS; MEMORY B-CELLS; INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; LIVED PLASMA-CELLS; CD4(+) T-CELLS; FELINE CALICIVIRUS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; AFFINITY MATURATION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS AB The use of potency control testing is a valuable tool for testing the actual relative strength of manufactured assembly lots of vaccine. Biological-based manufacturing methods are inherently variable and potency testing is a tool to ensure lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. A strong historical link to clinical efficacy has been established where correlation to efficacy and adequate test validation have been achieved. The link to immunogenicity and efficacy has traditionally been strongest with attenuated vaccines and toxoids. Control potency test failure does predict that a serial or batch of vaccine would most likely provide insufficient immunogenicity in typical field applications. Because of the complexity of pathogenic processes and associated immune responses, potency tests may not always directly predict the effectiveness of a vaccine. Thus, vaccines that pass control potency testing may not always provide adequate efficacy. This is particularly true of adjuvanted. inactivated vaccines. In the development of vaccine formulations and control tests for vaccines, the nature of the desired protective immune responses to the targeted pathogen (when known) should be considered. These considerations could provide better alternatives in the assays chosen as correlates of immunity and may more accurately predict efficacy and assure batch-to-batch consistency. Also, the effects of the dose and duration of antigen exposure as well as the nature of antigen presentation and generation of extrinsic cytokines could be characterised and correlated to vaccine potency as additional indicators of vaccine efficacy. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pfizer Inc, Pfizer Anim Hlth, Vet Med Res & Dev, Biol Dev, Groton, CT 06340 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP McVey, DS (reprint author), Pfizer Inc, Pfizer Anim Hlth, Vet Med Res & Dev, Biol Dev, Eastern Point Rd 8118D-2001, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NR 77 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 33 IS 5-6 BP 507 EP 516 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00067-5 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 691KG UT WOS:000183604700006 PM 12782051 ER PT J AU Kandel, W Post, D AF Kandel, W Post, D TI After school work in Mexico: competing for children's time success SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID LABOR; EMPLOYMENT C1 USDA, Enconom Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kandel, W (reprint author), USDA, Enconom Res Serv, 1800 M St NW,Room S2056, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0738-0593 J9 INT J EDUC DEV JI Int. J. Educ. Dev. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 299 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0738-0593(02)00055-X PG 16 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA 680WY UT WOS:000183003900006 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Responses of seedling growth to daytime or continuous elevation of carbon dioxide SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; growth; photosynthesis; respiration; temperature ID AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES; WATER STATUS; AMBIENT CO2; PLANTS; GRASSLAND; CANOPY; FOREST AB In some studies of ecosystem responses to elevated carbon dioxide, supplemental carbon dioxide is supplied only during the daytime, while in others it is supplied continuously. The purpose of my work was to determine for several species whether seedling growth differed depending on whether carbon dioxide was elevated only during the daytime or continuously. Acer rubrum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, and Quercus prinus were grown in controlled environment chambers with 700 mumol mol(-1) [CO2] during the daytime and either 350 or 700 mumol mol(-1) [CO2] at night. For the herbaceous species A. retroflexus, G. max, and M. sativa, a comparison was made between responses to the [CO2] treatments under constant temperatures and responses with a day/night temperature difference. In all of these species and for all temperature regimes, plant growth differed significantly depending on whether [CO2] was elevated continuously or only in the daytime. With continuous elevation of [CO2], biomass at the final harvest ranged from 0.46 to 1.45 times as much as for daytime elevation of [CO2], depending on species. In each of the species examined, the response to the night [CO2] treatment was opposite for regimes with constant compared with diurnally varying temperatures. The results indicate that seedling growth often responds to the [CO2] at night when daytime [CO2] is elevated. C1 ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, B-001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 11 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 164 IS 3 BP 377 EP 382 DI 10.1086/374195 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 698UU UT WOS:000184018200005 ER PT J AU Molina-Freamer, F Cervantes-Salas, M Morales-Romero, D Buchmann, S Fleming, TH AF Molina-Freamer, F Cervantes-Salas, M Morales-Romero, D Buchmann, S Fleming, TH TI Does the pollinator abundance hypothesis explain geographic variation in the breeding system of Pachycereus pringlei? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE columnar cacti; gynodioecy; trioecy; Pachycereus pringlei; Sonoran Desert ID THYMUS-VULGARIS L; CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; DESERT COLUMNAR CACTI; POLLEN LIMITATION; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; TRIOECIOUS CACTUS; SILENE VULGARIS; SEX-RATIO; SEED SET; EVOLUTION AB Previous studies have shown that the nectar-feeding bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, is the major pollinator of Pachycereus pringlei (cardon), a columnar cactus whose populations are either gynodioecious or trioecious in the Sonoran Desert. On the basis of evidence of pollinator limitation in females and low flower visitation rates, a hypothesis has been proposed to explain geographic variation in the breeding system of P. pringlei. The pollinator abundance hypothesis predicts high frequencies of males and females in areas where L. curasoae is abundant and high frequency of hermaphrodites in areas where this bat is uncommon. We test this hypothesis by describing the following: first, the relationship between sex frequencies and bat abundance as revealed by nocturnal pollen deposition on stigmas of female plants and, second, the extent of pollinator limitation for fruit set in females and hermaphrodites in four populations of P. pringlei from coastal Sonora, Mexico. We also describe geographic variation in the relative fitness of females compared with hermaphrodites and outcrossing rates and inbreeding depression of self-compatible hermaphrodites in these populations. Some of these parameters should vary with bat abundance according to this hypothesis. Sex-frequency distributions showed a clear latitudinal pattern, with gynodioecious populations in the southern range and trioecious populations in the northern range. Large differences in nocturnal pollen deposition in females and abundance of L. curasoae were detected among populations but not as predicted by the pollinator abundance hypothesis. Fruit set was greater in females than in hermaphrodites in different pollination treatments, and no evidence of pollinator limitation was detected in either sex class. In general, the relative fitness of females was greater than hermaphrodites in most populations. Outcrossing rates in hermaphrodites were close to 1.0 in each population. Field and experimental data indicated no evidence of inbreeding depression. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the sex-frequency distribution of P. pringlei is closely correlated with the abundance of L. curasoae but do demonstrate that females outperform hermaphrodites in gynodioecious and trioecious populations. Studies of the distribution of mtDNA variants are needed to understand geographic variation in the breeding system of P. pringlei. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Estac Reg Noroeste, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Molina-Freamer, F (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Estac Reg Noroeste, Apartado Postal 1354, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 16 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 164 IS 3 BP 383 EP 393 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 698UU UT WOS:000184018200006 ER PT J AU Moore, SJ Godshall, MA Grimm, CC AF Moore, SJ Godshall, MA Grimm, CC TI Comparison of two methods of volatile analysis for determining the causes of off-odors in white beet sugars SPME and headspace SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SENSORY PROPERTIES AB White beet sugars periodically have off-odors, causing them to be rejected by customers. An understanding of the nature and source of the compounds responsible will help in eventually eradicating the problems that cause them. However, determining volatile substances in white sugar is challenging because the amounts present are very small, often in the parts-per-million or even parts-per-billion range. In this study, we describe a set of white beet sugar samples that were received from several locations. Each sugar was given an over-all sensory rating of. 1=acceptable; 2=borderline; or 3=reject, by a sensory panel. The samples were analyzed by two methods of volatile analysis. The two methods investigated were Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and headspace analysis. Sample chromatograms were evaluated for compounds at mass to charge ratio (m/z) 60, where volatile fatty acids are found, with the exception of propionic: acid. Representative chromatograms illustrating acceptable, borderline, and reject sugars are shown. It was found that samples in the acceptable and borderline categories appeared to have lower levels of the more volatile fatty acids than did the reject sugars. This was true for both SPME and Headspace. However, it was apparent that SPME was a better technique for volatile analysis. C1 Suger Proc Res Inst Inc, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Moore, SJ (reprint author), Suger Proc Res Inst Inc, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 105 IS 1253 BP 224 EP 229 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 675JQ UT WOS:000182691300010 ER PT J AU Guo, W Shang, F Liu, Q Taylor, A AF Guo, W Shang, F Liu, Q Taylor, A TI Regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) during lens cell differentiation SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology CY MAY, 2003 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA SP Assoc Res Vis & Ophthalmol C1 Tufts Univ, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Guo, Weimin/B-3155-2009 OI Guo, Weimin/0000-0003-4318-7154 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 44 SU 1 MA 951 BP U261 EP U261 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 709CH UT WOS:000184606800928 ER PT J AU Shang, F Hobbs, M Taylor, M AF Shang, F Hobbs, M Taylor, M TI Characterization of oxidized lens proteins cells which are degraded by the proteasome SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology CY MAY, 2003 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA SP Assoc Res Vis & Ophthalmol C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 44 SU 1 MA 315 BP U62 EP U62 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 709CH UT WOS:000184606800290 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Jacques, PF Hankinson, SE Chylack, LT Willett, WC Morris, MS AF Taylor, A Jacques, PF Hankinson, SE Chylack, LT Willett, WC Morris, MS TI Moderate alcoholic beverage intake and early nuclear and cortical lens opacities SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology CY MAY 04, 2003 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA SP Assoc Res Vis & Ophthalmol C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 44 SU 2 MA 4463 BP U531 EP U531 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 709CK UT WOS:000184607001922 ER PT J AU Williams, LE Phene, CJ Grimes, DW Trout, TJ AF Williams, LE Phene, CJ Grimes, DW Trout, TJ TI Water use of young Thompson seedless grapevines in California SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VITIS-VINIFERA L; FURROW IRRIGATION; BARE SOIL; SAP-FLOW; EVAPORATION; DRIP; GROWTH; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; VINEYARD; BALANCE AB Water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines during the first 3 years of vineyard establishment was measured with a large weighing lysimeter near Fresno, California. Two grapevines were planted in a 2x4x2 in deep lysimeter in 1987. The row and vine spacings in the 1.4-ha vineyard surrounding the lysimeter were approximately 3.51 and 2.15 in, respectively. Vines in the lysimeter were furrow-irrigated from planting until the first week of September in 1987. They were subsequently irrigated with subsurface drip-irrigation whenever they had used 2 mm of water, based upon the area of the lysimeter (equivalent to 8 liters per vine). The trellis system, installed the second year, consisted of a 2.13 m long stake, driven 0.45 m into the soil with a 0.6 m cross-arm placed at the top of the stake. Crop coefficients (K-c) were calculated using measured water losses from the lyslimeter (ETc) and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained from a CIMIS weather station located 2 km from the vineyard. Water use of the vines in 1987 from planting until September was approximately 300 mm, based on the area allotted per vine in the vineyard surrounding the lysimeter. Daily water use just subsequent to a furrow-irrigation event exceeded ETo ( > 6.8 mm day(-1)). Water use from budbreak until the end of October in 1988 and 1989 was 406 and 584 mm, respectively. The initiation of subsurface drip-irrigation on 23 May 1988 and 29 April 1989 doubled ETc measured prior to those dates. Estimates of a 'basal' K-c increased from 0.1 to 0.4 in 1987. The seasonal K-c in 1988 increased throughout the season and reached its peak (0.73) in October. The highest K-c value in 1989 occurred in July. It is suggested that the seasonal and year-to-year variation in the K-c was a result of the growth habit of the vines due to training during vineyard establishment. The results provide estimates of ETc and K-c for use in scheduling irrigations during vineyard establishment in the San Joaquin Valley of California and elsewhere with similar environmental conditions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Williams, LE (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, 9240 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 35 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1007/s00271-003-0066-6 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 696EC UT WOS:000183872400001 ER PT J AU Williams, LE Phene, CJ Grimes, DW Trout, TJ AF Williams, LE Phene, CJ Grimes, DW Trout, TJ TI Water use of mature Thompson Seedless grapevines in California SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; IRRIGATION; VINEYARD; ENERGY; FLOW; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; BALANCES AB Water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines was measured with a large weighing lysimeter from 4 to 7 years after planting (1990-1993). Above-ground drip-irrigation was used to water the vines. Vines growing within the lysimeter were pruned to four and six fruiting canes for the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons, respectively, and eight fruiting canes in the last 2 years. Maximum leaf area per vine at mid-season ranged from 23 to 27 m(2) across all years. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETc) averaged 1,173 mm between budbreak and the end of October each year, with a maximum daily amount of approximately 7 turn each year. Maximum daily vine water use (ETc) was 6.1, 6.4, 6.0, and 6.7 mm (based upon a land area per vine of 7.55 in 2) for 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively. Seasonal ETc was 718 mm in 1990 and ranged from 811 to 865 mm for the remaining 3 years of the study. The differences in water use among years were probably due to the development of the vine's canopy (leaf area), since they were pruned to differing numbers of fruiting canes. These differences were more pronounced early in the season. Soil water content (SWC) within the lysimeter decreased early in the growing season, prior to the initiation of the first irrigation. Once irrigations commenced, SWC increased and then leveled off for the remainder of the season. The maximum crop coefficient (K-c) calculated during the first year (1990) was 0.87. The maximum K-c in 1991, 1992, and 1993 was 1.08, 0.98, and 1.08, respectively. The maximum K-c in 1991 and 1993 occurred during the month of September, while that in 1992 was recorded during the month of July. The seasonal K-c followed a pattern similar to that of grapevine leaf area development each year. The K-c was also a linear function of leaf area per vine using data from all four growing seasons. The decrease in K-c late in the 1991, 1992, and 1993 growing seasons, generally starting in September, varied considerably among the years. This may have been associated with the fact that leafhoppers (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn and E. variabilis Beamer) were not chemically controlled in the vineyard beginning in 1991. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, 9240 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. EM williams@uckac.edu OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 30 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0342-7188 EI 1432-1319 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s00271-003-0067-5 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 696EC UT WOS:000183872400002 ER PT J AU Bryla, DR Banuelos, GS Mitchell, JP AF Bryla, DR Banuelos, GS Mitchell, JP TI Water requirements of subsurface drip-irrigated faba bean in California SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIELD-GROWN DETERMINATE; VICIA-FABA; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; YIELD COMPONENTS; SOWING DATE; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; VARIABILITY; REGIMES; PATTERN AB A 3-year study was done in central California to determine the water requirements for growing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a winter cover crop using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Water was applied at 0, 50, and 100% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) the first 2 years and 50, 100, and 150% ETc the third year, with drip laterals installed 0.30, 0.45, or 0.60 in deep. Rainfall was above normal the first year (> 330 mm) and irrigation had no effect on crop production. Irrigation improved production and water-use efficiency the following years, however. Production was higher when drip laterals were located at 0.30 or 0.45 in than at 0.60 m depth, even though roots tended to be concentrated near the laterals (later in the season) regardless of depth. Overall, well-irrigated faba bean required 231-297 mm of water to produce 3.0-4.4 t ha(-1) of dry vegetative biomass. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif Parlier, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93649 USA. RP USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. EM dbryla@fresno.ars.usda.gov NR 33 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0342-7188 EI 1432-1319 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 DI 10.1007/s00271-003-0065-7 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 696EC UT WOS:000183872400004 ER PT J AU Tobin, PC Bjornstad, ON AF Tobin, PC Bjornstad, ON TI Spatial dynamics and cross-correlation in a transient predator-prey system SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coupled map lattice; interspecific covariance; nonparametric spatial covariance function; predator-prey interactions; spatiotemporal dynamics ID CARCINOPS-PUMILIO COLEOPTERA; HOUSE-FLY DIPTERA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS; ECOLOGICAL MODELS; POULTRY MANURE; SYNCHRONY; MUSCIDAE; CYCLES; HISTERIDAE AB 1. We examined spatiotemporal data in a transient, seasonal system involving a specialist predatory beetle, Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), and its prey, larval Musca domestica L. 2. Prior to beetle colonization, larval fly populations were highly spatially structured, but as adult predatory beetles immigrated and colonized the field, the beetles became increasingly clustered at local spatial scales, causing spatial decorrelation in the dynamics of their prey. Larval flies appeared to regain local clustering as beetle abundance approached a carrying capacity with the prey population. 3. During exponential population growth, beetles were generally strongly negatively cross-correlated with their prey at local spatial scales. 4. We were able to simulate these spatially-extended interactions in a predator-prey coupled map lattice model. We used this model to investigate the effects of global and local prey reproduction, in the presence and absence of global stochasticity, on predator and prey spatial structuring and cross-correlation. 5. The work shows in a uniquely detailed fashion how the transition from eruptive pest abundance to regulation by a specialist predator is associated with a transition in spatial structure. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tobin, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Intro Res, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RI Bjornstad, Ottar/I-4518-2012 NR 42 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 72 IS 3 BP 460 EP 467 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00715.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 668XX UT WOS:000182322500010 ER PT J AU Arthington, JD Eicher, D Kunkle, WE Martin, FG AF Arthington, JD Eicher, D Kunkle, WE Martin, FG TI Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein response, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acute-phase proteins; calves; mixing; transport ID STRESS; BOVINE; PERFORMANCE AB The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transportation and commingling on measures of the acute-phase protein response in newly weaned beef calves. Thirty-two (Exp. 1; average BW = 266 +/- 20.8 kg) and thirty-six (Exp. 2; average BW = 222 34.6 kg) Brahman-crossbred calves were randomly allotted to one of four treatments (2 x 2 factorial arrangement [transportation x commingling] in a completely randomized design). Body weight and jugular blood were collected at weaning, after shipment, and 1, 3, and 7 d after transport for Exp. 1, and at weaning and 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21 d after transport for Exp. 2. Feed intake within pen was recorded daily for Exp; 2. Plasma fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and cortisol concentrations were determined for all collection times. Additionally, serum amyloid-A and alpha-acid glycoprotein concentrations were determined in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 2, commingled calves tended (P = 0.13) to have a higher DMI than non-commingled calves (5.3 and 4.8 kg/d, respectively). Transported calves lost more BW than nontransported calves from the time of weaning to d 1 (2.0 and 3.1% more BW loss for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively).With the exception of haptoglobin in Exp. 1, each of the acute-phase proteins measured in these studies increased over each sampling day. In Exp. 1, transported calves had higher (P < 0.05) mean serum amyloid-A concentrations than nontransported calves (48.9 vs. 33.4 mug/mL). There was,a significant sampling day) transportation interaction (P < 0.01) for fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, and haptoglobin in Exp. 1; transported calves had higher concentrations of fibrinogen following transport and on d 2 and 3, and ceruloplasmin on d 3. Haptoglobin concentrations were higher (P = 0.04) in nontransported calves on d 1 and 2 of Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, overall mean haptoglobin concentrations were higher in nontransported vs. transported calves. The results of these studies indicate that stressors associated with transportation affect the acute-phase protein response in newly weaned beef calves. More research is needed to determine whether these proteins might be valuable indicators of stress fbIlowing the weaning process. C1 Univ Florida, IFAS, Range Cattle Res & Educ Ctr, Expt Stn 3401, Ona, FL 33865 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Arthington, JD (reprint author), Univ Florida, IFAS, Range Cattle Res & Educ Ctr, Expt Stn 3401, Ona, FL 33865 USA. NR 16 TC 106 Z9 113 U1 7 U2 14 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1120 EP 1125 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745XY UT WOS:000186717600003 PM 12772837 ER PT J AU Frank, JW Carroll, JA Allee, GL Zannelli, ME AF Frank, JW Carroll, JA Allee, GL Zannelli, ME TI The effects of thermal environment and spray-dried plasma on the acute-phase response of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; cold stress; blood plasma; cytokines; cortisol; lipopolysacchdrides ID EARLY-WEANED PIGS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PORCINE PLASMA; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN; IMMUNE CHALLENGE; DIETARY LYSINE AB Forty, barrows (TR4 x C22) we. re weaned at 17 d of age (BW = 6.27 +/- 0.30 kg), housed (two pigs/pen) in a thermal-neutral environment (TN; constant 26.7degreesC), and fed diets with or without 7% (as-fed basis) spray-dried plasma (SDP). On d 7, one pig/ pen: was moved into a cold environment (CE; constant 15.6degreesC). Pigs were fitted with jugular catheters on d 11. On d 12, 16 pigs per environment (eight pigs per dietary treatment) were challenged i.v. with 75 mug of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of BW. Blood samples were collected over a 4.5-h period. Pigs were then killed and tissue samples were harvested for messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed SDP diets had a lower gain:feed ratio (G/F) than pigs fed no SDP (533 14 vs. 585.17 g/kg; P < 0.03). Pigs housed in the CE consumed more feed, and had a lower G/F than pigs housed in TN from d 7 to 11 (P < 0.001). There were no environment x diet interactions from d 7 to 11 (P > 0.78). Baseline concentrations of serum ACTH and cortisol were lower in the TN pigs than in the CE pigs (P < 0.001). Pigs fed diets without SDP had lower serum cortisol concentrations over the 4.5-h period than pigs. fed SDP (time x diet, P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha) were highest for pigs consuming SDP in the CE, whereas there were no differences among the other treatments (time x diet x environment, P < 0.02). Pigs housed in the CE had higher serum interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) (P < 0.001) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; P < 0.001) than TN pigs. Pigs fed SDP also had slightly higher serum IL-1beta concentrations (P < 0.10) and higher (P < 0.001) IL-6 concentrations than pigs fed no SDP. Pigs fed SDP had 9% lower liver and 13% lower thymus mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) than pigs that consumed no SDP (P < 0.06). Liver IL-beta, IL-6, and LPS-binding protein mRNA were higher in the,CE than in the TN (P < 0.03, P < 0.001, and P < 6.05; respectively). In addition, spleen TNF-alpha (P < 0.03) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) mRNA levels were higher in the CE than in the TN. Pigs consuming SDP and challenged with LPS responded with elevated serum concentrations of cortisol And cytokines compared with pigs fed diets with no SDP. Housing pigs in a CE increased the baseline concentrations of ACTH and cortisol, and when,coupled with an LPS challenge, resulted in elevated serum and tissue mRNA levels of cytokines. Cold stress and feeding SDP during a LPS challenge may result in increased stress and immune responses in young pigs. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65205 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Simple Solut, Attleboro, MA USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Room S-107, Columbia, MO 65205 USA. NR 34 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1166 EP 1176 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745XY UT WOS:000186717600009 PM 12772843 ER PT J AU Stegelmeier, BL Hall, JO Gardner, DR Panter, KE AF Stegelmeier, BL Hall, JO Gardner, DR Panter, KE TI The toxicity and kinetics of larkspur alkaloid, methyllycaconitine, in mice SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE delphinium; diterpenoid alkaloids; kinetics; toxicity ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; TALL LARKSPUR AB Larkspur poisoning sporadically kills from 5 to 15% of the cattle on North American mountain rangelands. Of the 40 different diterpenoid larkspur alkaloids, the one that is thought to be responsible for much of the toxicity has been identified as methyllycaconitine (MLA). Little is known of MLA toxicokinetics or excretion. The Purpose of this study was to further characterize the clinical effects of MLA toxicity in mice and determine the toxicokinetics of MLA excretion. Eight groups of mice Were dosed intravenously with 2.0 mg/kg of BW of MLA, killed, and necropsied at 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min after injection. Treated animals were reluctant to move, trembled, and developed dyspnea, muscular twitches, and convulsions. Within several minutes, the clinical signs abated and behavior slowly returned to normal over approximately 20 min. At necropsy serum, brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle were collected and frozen. Blood and tissues were extracted and analyzed for MLA with HPLC and electron spray mass spectrometry. Blood MLA elimination followed a normal biphasic redistribution and excretion pattern (r = 0.99) With a K of elimination of 0.0376 and half-life of 18.4 min. Other tissues had similar clearance rates. These data indicate the MLA is rapidly distributed and excreted. In mice, the clinical effects of poisoning seem to affect the central nervous system, causing dyspnea and "explosive" muscular twitches and convulsions. Because livestock commonly eat larkspur at subclinical doses, they are likely to have larkspur alkaloids in many tissues. These results suggest that animals exposed to larkspur should rapidly excrete MLA (within several hours) and that the residues in animal tissues are not likely to be a problem if animals are given several days to allow toxin clearance. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Stegelmeier, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 9 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1237 EP 1241 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745XY UT WOS:000186717600017 PM 12772851 ER PT J AU Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Seals, RC Lewis, GS AF Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Seals, RC Lewis, GS TI Progesterone increases susceptibility of gilts to uterine infections after intrauterine inoculation with infectious bacteria SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gilts; infections; progesterone; uterus ID ESTROUS-CYCLE; COWS; EWES; PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA; SHEEP AB In cattle and sheep, a progestogenated uterus is susceptible to infections, but this is not well documented for pigs. Therefore, the effects of day of the estrous cycle and progesterone on the susceptibility to uterine infections were evaluated. Gilts (n = 5 per group) were assigned to treatments in 2 x 2 factorial arrays. In Exp. 1, day of cycle and bacterial challenge were main effects. On d 0 or 8, uteri were inoculated with either 70 x 10(7) cfu of Escherichia coli and 150 x 10(7) cfu of Arcanobacterium pyogenes in PBS or with PBS. In Exp. 2, ovariectomy (OVEX) and progesterone treatment were main effects. On d 0, gilts were ovariectomized or a sham procedure was performed. After surgery, gilts received i.m. injections of progesterone (10 mg/5 mL) or 5 mL of safflower oil diluent twice daily. On d 8, gilts were inoculated with the same doses of bacteria as in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1 and 2, vena caval blood was collected for 4 d, after which uteri were collected. Sediment and ability to culture E. coli and A. pyogenes from uterine flushings were used to diagnose infections. Differential white blood cell counts and lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were used to measure lymphocyte proliferation. Progesterone, estradiol-17beta, prostaglandin F-2alpha (PGF(2alpha)), and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) were measured in vena caval blood. In Exp. 1, d-8 gilts receiving bacteria developed infections, but d-0 gilts receiving bacteria did not. Daily percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes changed (P < 0.05) with cycle day and bacterial challenge. Basal- and Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation were greater (P < 0.05) for d-0 than for d-8 gilts. Concentrations of PGF(2alpha) (P < 0.01) and PGE(2) (P < 0.05) increased after bacterial challenge, regardless of stage of the estrous cycle at the time of inoculation. In Exp. 2, OVEX decreased (P < 0.001) and progesterone treatment increased (P < 0.001) progesterone concentrations, and OVEX decreased (P < 0.01) estradiol-17beta. Gilts with ovarian and/or exogenous progesterone developed infections. Daily percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes changed in response to OVEX, and neutrophils changed (P < 0.05) in response to endogenous and exogenous progesterone. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A and LPS increased (P < 0.05) with OVEX and decreased (P < 0.05) with progesterone treatment. We conclude that endogenous and exogenous progesterone reduce the ability of the uterus in gilts to resist infections. C1 USDA, ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Bioanalyt Syst Inc, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. Bioanalyt Syst Inc, Mt Vernon, IN 47620 USA. RP Lewis, GS (reprint author), Bioanalyt Syst Inc, HC 62,Box 2010, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1242 EP 1252 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 745XY UT WOS:000186717600018 PM 12772852 ER PT J AU Creemer, LC Beier, RC Kiehl, DE AF Creemer, LC Beier, RC Kiehl, DE TI Facile synthesis of tilmicosin and tylosin related haptens for use as protein conjugates SO JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS LA English DT Article ID DERIVATIVES; IMMUNOASSAY AB Synthesis is described for the haptens 23-demycinosyl-23-deoxy-23-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-aminotilmicosin (6) from 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide (OMT) and for 23-demycinosyl-23deoxy-23-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-amino-20-dlhydrotylosin (10) from demycinosyltylosin (DMT), respectively. The mild reaction conditions used to synthesize the second hapten, DMT derivative 10, were necessary to overcome instabilities and acid]ability of DMT. The haptens synthesized here may be further used to produce protein conjugates useful in developing antibodies against the antibiotics tilmicosin and tylosin. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ELANCO, Anim Hlth R&D, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F & B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM RCBeier@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU JAPAN ANTIBIOT RES ASSN PI TOKYO PA 2 20 8 KAMIOSAKI SHINAGAWA KU, TOKYO, 141, JAPAN SN 0021-8820 J9 J ANTIBIOT JI J. Antibiot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 5 BP 481 EP 487 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 683VM UT WOS:000183171500007 PM 12870814 ER PT J AU van Berkum, P Terefework, Z Paulin, L Suomalainen, S Lindstrom, K Eardly, BD AF van Berkum, P Terefework, Z Paulin, L Suomalainen, S Lindstrom, K Eardly, BD TI Discordant phylogenies within the rrn loci of rhizobia SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE; LATERAL GENE-TRANSFER; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; HORIZONTAL TRANSFER; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; ALLORHIZOBIUM-UNDICOLA; INTERGENERIC TRANSFER; MICROBIAL GENOMES; MOSAIC STRUCTURE AB It is evident from complete genome sequencing results that lateral gene transfer and recombination are essential components in the evolutionary process of bacterial genomes. Since this has important implications for bacterial systematics, the primary objective of this study was to compare estimated evolutionary relationships among a representative set of alpha-Proteobacteria by sequencing analysis of three loci within their rrn operons. Tree topologies generated with 16S rRNA gene sequences were significantly different from corresponding trees assembled with 23S rRNA gene and internally transcribed space region sequences. Besides the incongruence in tree topologies, evidence that distinct segments along the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria currently classified within the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium have a reticulate evolutionary history was also obtained. Our data have important implications for bacterial taxonomy, because currently most taxonomic decisions are based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Since phylogenetic placement based on 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence perhaps is questionable, we suggest that the proposals of bacterial nomenclature or changes in their taxonomy that have been made may not necessarily be warranted. Accordingly, a more conservative approach should be taken in the future, in which taxonomic decisions are based on the analysis of a wider variety of loci and comparative analytical methods are used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among the genomes under consideration. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Soybean Genomics & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Appl Chem & Microbiol, Bioctr 1, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Bioctr 1, Helsinki, Finland. Penn State Berks Lehigh Valley Coll, Reading, PA 19610 USA. RP van Berkum, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Soybean Genomics & Improvement Lab, HH-4,Bldg010,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Lindstrom, Kristina/0000-0001-9499-1797 NR 73 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 185 IS 10 BP 2988 EP 2998 DI 10.1128/JB.185.10.2988-2998.2003 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 675HA UT WOS:000182686900003 PM 12730157 ER PT J AU Pekkarinen, AI Sarlin, TH Laitila, AT Haikara, AI Jones, BL AF Pekkarinen, AI Sarlin, TH Laitila, AT Haikara, AI Jones, BL TI Fusarium species synthesize alkaline proteinases in infested barley SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; scab; proteinase; barley ID PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HEAD BLIGHT; CELL-WALL; INFECTION; CULMORUM; ENZYMES; PLANTS; WHEAT; BIOSYNTHESIS; PATHOGENESIS AB Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that is infested with Fusarium head blight (FHB, 'scab') is unsuitable for malting and brewing because it may contain mycotoxins and has unacceptable malting quality. Fungal proteinases are apparently often involved in plant-microbe interactions, where they degrade storage proteins, but very little is known about the enzymes that the fungi produce in the infected grain. We have shown previously that one plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium culmorum, produced subtilisin- and trypsin-like enzymes when grown in a cereal protein medium. To establish whether these proteinases were also synthesized in FHB-infested barley in vivo, field-grown barley was infested as the heads emerged. Extracts were prepared from the grain as it developed and matured and their proteolytic activities were measured with N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe p-nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-Val-Gly-Arg p-nitroanilide. The heavily infested barleys contained both subtilisin- and trypsin-like activities. These enzymes reacted with antibodies prepared against each of the two F. culmorum proteinases, indicating that those produced in the laboratory cultures and in the field-infested barley were the same. The presence of these proteinases correlated with the degradation of specific buffer-soluble proteins in the infested grains. These enzymes readily hydrolyzed barley grain storage proteins (C- and D-hordeins) in vitro. The presence of these Fusarium proteinases in the barley indicates that they probably play an important role in the infestation, but exactly how and when they function is not clear. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 VTT Biotechnol, Espoo 02044, Finland. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI USA. RP Pekkarinen, AI (reprint author), VTT Biotechnol, POB 1500, Espoo 02044, Finland. EM anja.pekkarinen@vtt.fi NR 34 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 349 EP 356 DI 10.1006/jcrs.2002.0512 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 658CZ UT WOS:000181705200011 ER PT J AU Halaweish, F Kronberg, S Rice, JA AF Halaweish, F Kronberg, S Rice, JA TI Rodent and ruminant ingestive response to flavonoids in Euphorbia esula SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia esula; leafy spurge; flavonoid; quercetin glucuronic acid; kaempferol glucuronic acid ID LEAFY SPURGE; JATROPHANE DITERPENES; CATTLE; ESTERS; INGENOL AB Euphorbia esula, common name leafy spurge, was chemically evaluated for aversive phytochemicals that appear to minimize herbivory by rodents and cattle. A middle-layer extract elicited food aversions in rats as did the petroleum ether extract of the initial methanol extract. Kaempferol-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid and quercetin-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid were separated and identified from the middle-layer residue. This study is the first report of quercetin-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid in leafy spurge. Together these flavonoidal glucosides were mildly aversive to rats but showed less aversive activity when tested separately. The middle-layer extract produced no aversive response from cattle, while the petroleum ether extract elicited strong aversions in cattle. Flavonoidal compounds from leafy spurge that were aversive to rats, a monogastric mammal, were not aversive to cattle, a ruminant. Microbial degradation of the compounds before they reach the intestines and are absorbed into the bloodstream is likely a key advantage for cattle compared to rats. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Halaweish, F (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1073 EP 1082 DI 10.1023/A:1023869220586 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 681PP UT WOS:000183044800003 PM 12857022 ER PT J AU Beach, JP Williams, L Hendrix, DL Price, LD AF Beach, JP Williams, L Hendrix, DL Price, LD TI Different food sources affect the gustatory response of Anaphes iole, an egg parasitoid of Lygus spp. SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anaphes iole; Mymaridae; carbohydrate; nectar; honeydew; artificial; food supplement; feeding behavior; conservation biological control; Lygus lineolaris; frass ID ENHANCE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; LABELLAR SUGAR RECEPTOR; ARTIFICIAL HONEYDEW; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; EXTRAFLORAL NECTAR; SEARCHING BEHAVIOR; FIELD POPULATIONS; COTESIA-GLOMERATA; NATURAL ENEMIES; HYMENOPTERA AB The gustatory response of female Anaphes iole wasps to naturally occurring carbohydrates, a commercial food source, and host (Lygus lineolaris) frass was determined. Wasps responded to all 14 of the sugars at the highest concentration tested (2 M). At this concentration, sucrose, glucose, maltose, melezitose, fructose, and erlose all elicited >90% acceptance. The lowest concentration that evoked a response (=acceptance threshold) for these sugars was <1/256 M, with the exception of glucose, which was 1/16 M. Raffinose, trehalose, mannose, galactose, melibiose, rhamnose, stachyose, and lactose led to <50% gustatory response by the wasps at 2 M, and were categorized as "moderately stimulatory sugars." The acceptance threshold for these sugars was >1/4 M, with the exception of raffinose, which was 1/256 M. In trials with moderately stimulatory sugars combined with either sucrose or maltose, only the rhamnose+maltose mixture significantly inhibited the gustatory response of A. iole. Food and water deprived parasitoids readily accepted the moderately stimulatory sugars. Eliminade(TM), a commercial food supplement, was readily accepted (92%) by A. iole. Conversely, the wasps did not feed on host frass. Chemical analysis of L. lineolaris frass demonstrated the presence of glucose, sucrose, fructose, trehalulose, and melezitose, apparently at concentrations below those perceived by A. iole. The latter two compounds were previously known only from homopteran honeydew (trehalulose and melezitose) and bacteria (trehalulose). With respect to gustatory response to nectar and honeydew sugars, A. iole differs markedly from other hymenopterans that have been studied in that this parasitoid accepted all the naturally occurring sugars with which it was tested. Moreover, this parasitoid had lower acceptance thresholds than other hymenopterans for many of the sugars. This broad and sensitive range of gustatory perception might be helpful in the development of a food source for the wasp that is not exploited by the host. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Delta State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Cleveland, MS 38733 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Williams, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 63 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1203 EP 1222 DI 10.1023/A:1023837808291 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 681PP UT WOS:000183044800012 PM 12857031 ER PT J AU Motiwala, AS Strother, M Amonsin, A Byrum, B Naser, SA Stabel, JR Shulaw, WP Bannantine, JP Kapur, V Sreevatsan, S AF Motiwala, AS Strother, M Amonsin, A Byrum, B Naser, SA Stabel, JR Shulaw, WP Bannantine, JP Kapur, V Sreevatsan, S TI Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis: Evidence for limited strain diversity, strain sharing, and identification of unique targets for diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; CROHNS-DISEASE; FECAL CULTURE; TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; JOHNES-DISEASE; IS900; PCR AB The objectives of this study were to understand the molecular diversity of animal and human strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated in the United States and to identify M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific diagnostic molecular markers to aid in disease detection, prevention, and control. Multiplex PCR of IS900 integration loci (MPIL) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were used to fingerprint M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from animals (n = 203) and patients with Crohn's disease (n = 7) from diverse geographic localities. Six hundred bacterial cultures, including M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n 303), non-M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis mycobacteria (n = 129), and other nonmycobacterial species (n 168), were analyzed to evaluate the specificity of two IS900 integration loci and a newly described M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific sequence (locus 251) as potential targets for the diagnosis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. MPIL fingerprint analysis revealed that 78% of bovine origin M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates clustered together into a major node, whereas isolates from human and ovine sources showed greater genetic diversity. MPIL analysis also showed that the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from ovine and bovine sources from the same state were more closely associated than were isolates from different geographic regions, suggesting that some of the strains are shared between these ruminant species. AFLP fingerprinting revealed a similar pattern, with most isolates from bovine sources clustering into two major nodes, while those recovered from sheep or humans were clustered on distinct branches. Overall, this study identified a high degree of genetic similarity between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains recovered from cows regardless of geographic origin. Further, the results of our analyses reveal a relatively higher degree of genetic heterogeneity among M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from human and ovine sources. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Food Anim Hlth Res Program, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio Dept Agr, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Reynoldsburg, OH USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Mol Microbiol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Minnesota, Biomed Genomics Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Sreevatsan, S (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Food Anim Hlth Res Program, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM sreevatsan.1@osu.edu RI Kapur, Vivek/F-7610-2013; OI Kapur, Vivek/0000-0002-9648-0138; Bannantine, John/0000-0002-5692-7898; Sreevatsan, Srinand/0000-0002-5162-2403 NR 49 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 41 IS 5 BP 2015 EP 2026 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.5.2015-2026.2003 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 679QY UT WOS:000182934500034 PM 12734243 ER PT J AU Berisford, YC Bush, PB Blake, JI Bayer, CL AF Berisford, YC Bush, PB Blake, JI Bayer, CL TI Use of mini-sprinklers to strip trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene from contaminated ground water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TCE; DEHALOGENATION; PERMANGANATE; REMEDIATION; OXIDATION; REMOVAL; PCE AB Three low-volume mini-sprinklers were tested for their efficacy to strip trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from water. Deionized water spiked with TCE and PCE was pumped for approximately 1 h at 0.19 to 0.21 MPa (28 to 30 lb m(-2)) through a mini-sprinkler supported on top of a 1.8-m-tall riser. Water was collected in collection vessels at 0.61 and 1.22 in above the ground on support columns that were spaced at 0.61-m intervals from the riser base, and samples were composited per height and distance from the riser. Overall, air-stripping reduced dissolved concentrations of TCE and PCE by 99.1 to 100 and 96.9 to 100%, respectively, from mean influent dissolved concentrations of 466 to 1675 mug L-1 TCE and 206 to 940 mug L-1 PCE. In terms of mass removed, the mini-sprinklers removed TCE and PCE at a rate of approximately 1400 to 1700 and 700 to 900 mug L-1, respectively, over a 1-h test period. Mini-sprinklers offer the advantages of (i) easy setup in series that can be used on practically any terrain; (ii) operation over a long period of time that does not threaten aquifer depletion; (iii) use in small or confined aquifers in which the capacity is too low to support large irrigation or purging systems'. and (iv) use in forests in which the small, low-impact droplets of the mini-sprinklers do not damage hark and in which trees can help manage (via evapotranspiration) excess waste water. C1 Univ Georgia, Pesticide & Hazardous Wastes Lab, Agr & Environm Serv Labs, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Forest Serv, Savannah River Site, Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. Bechtel Savannah River Inc, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Bush, PB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Pesticide & Hazardous Wastes Lab, Agr & Environm Serv Labs, 2300 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM pbush@arches.uga.edu NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 801 EP 815 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100007 PM 12809281 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN TI Uptake and release of phosphorus from overland flow in a stream environment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; RIVER SEDIMENTS; WOODLAND STREAM; MANURE; SOILS; MOBILIZATION; DIGESTION; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS AB Phosphorus runoff from agricultural fields has been linked to freshwater eutrophication. However, edge-of-field P losses can be modified by benthic sediments during stream flow by physiochemical processes associated with Al, Fe, and Ca, and by biological assimilation. We investigated fluvial P when exposed to stream-bed sediments (top 3 cm) collected from seven sites representing forested and agricultural areas (pasture and cultivated), in a mixed-land-use watershed. Sediment was placed in a 10-m-long, 0.2-m-wide fluvarium to a 3-cm depth and water was recirculated over the sediment at 2 L s(-1) and 5% slope. When overland flow (4 mg dissolved reactive phosphorus [DRP] and 9 mg total phosphorus [TP] L-1) from manured soils was first recirculated, P uptake was associated with Al and Fe hydrous oxides for sediments from forested areas (pH 5.2-5.4) and by Ca for sediments from agricultural areas (pH 6.5-7.2). A large increase (up to 200%) in readily available P NH4Cl fraction was noted. After 24 h, DRP concentration in channel flow was related to sediment solution P concentration at which no net sorption or desorption of P occurs (EPC0) (r(2) = 0.77), indicating quasi-equilibrium. When fresh water (approximately 0.005 mg P L-1; mean base flow DRP at seven sites) was recirculated over the sediments for 24 h, P release kinetics followed an exponential function. Microbial biomass P accounted for 34 to 43% of sediment P uptake from manure-rich overland flow. Although abiotic sediment processes played a dominant role in determining P uptake, biotic process are clearly important and both should be considered along with the location and management of landscape inputs for remedial strategies to be effective. C1 AgRes Ltd, Invermay Agr Res Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), AgRes Ltd, Invermay Agr Res Ctr, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 50 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 937 EP 948 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100020 PM 12809294 ER PT J AU Balkcom, KS Blackmer, AM Hansen, DJ Morris, TF Mallarino, AP AF Balkcom, KS Blackmer, AM Hansen, DJ Morris, TF Mallarino, AP TI Testing soils and cornstalks to evaluate nitrogen management on the watershed scale SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITRATE-NITROGEN; CORN YIELDS; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; EXCESS NITROGEN; TILE DRAINAGE; UNITED-STATES; IOWA; FERTILIZATION; AVAILABILITY; RECOVERY AB High nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations in Iowa rivers have been linked to areas of intensive row crop production, but they have not been experimentally linked to specific management practices used during row crop production. This study demonstrates how the late-spring test for soil NO3-N and the end-of-season test for cornstalk NO3-N can be used to measure N sufficiency levels across many fields and how the results can be used to evaluate management practices within a watershed. More than 3200 soil and cornstalk samples were collected over a 12-yr period from fields planted to corn (Zea mays L.) and already fertilized by farmers using their normal practices. Results showed that early-season rainfall and associated N losses were major factors affecting N concentrations in soils and cornstalks. Evidence for NO3-N movement from fields to rivers was provided by an inverse relationship between annual means for NO3-N concentrations in soils and rivers. Because these losses can be avoided by delaying N applications, the practice of applying N several weeks or months before plants grow was linked to inefficient use of fertilizer and manure N by crops. Results of the study demonstrate how aggregate analyses of soil and cornstalk samples collected across many farms and years make it possible to identify the major factors affecting N management outcomes and, therefore, N management practices that are likely to produce the best outcomes within a watershed or region. This approach seems to have unique potential to interrelate the management practices of farmers, the efficiency of N fertilization, and NO3-N concentrations in rivers. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Blackmer, AM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 65 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1015 EP 1024 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100028 PM 12809302 ER PT J AU Tabbara, H AF Tabbara, H TI Phosphorus loss to runoff water twenty-four hours after application of liquid swine manure or fertilizer SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; BEEF-CATTLE MANURE; POULTRY LITTER; NUTRIENT RUNOFF; QUALITY IMPACTS; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT; COMPOST; PASTURE AB Phosphorus (P) added to soil from fertilizer or manure application could pose a threat to water quality due to its role in eutrophication of fresh water resources. Incorporating such amendments into the soil is an established best management practice (BMP) for reducing soluble P losses in runoff water, but could also lead to higher erosion. The objective of this study was to test whether incorporation of manure or fertilizer 24 h before an intense rain could also reduce sediment-bound and total phosphorus (TP) losses in runoff. A rainfall simulation study was conducted on field plots (sandy loam with 6-7% slope, little surface residue, recently cultivated) that received two application rates of liquid swine manure or liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer, using either surface-broadcast or incorporated methods of application. Incorporation increased the total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in runoff but mass losses were not affected. Incorporation also reduced flow-weighted concentrations and losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and TP by as much as 30 to 60% depending on source (fertilizer vs. manure) and application rate. Phosphorus is moved below the mixing zone of interaction on incorporation, and thus the effect of the amount and availability of P in this zone is more important than cultivation on subsequent P losses in runoff. Incorporating manure or fertilizer in areas of intense erosive rain, recent extensive tillage, and with little or no surface residue is therefore a best management practice that should be adhered to in order to minimize contamination of surface water. Results also show comparatively lower P losses from manure than fertilizer. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Tabbara, H (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 54 TC 38 Z9 49 U1 9 U2 20 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1044 EP 1052 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100031 PM 12809305 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN AF Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN TI Effect of broadcast manure on runoff phosphorus concentrations over successive rainfall events SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RECEIVING SWINE MANURE; FESCUE PLOTS; POULTRY MANURE; WATER-QUALITY; SOIL; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; SURFACE; LOSSES; LITTER AB Concern over eutrophication has directed attention to manure management effects on phosphorus (P) loss in runoff. This study evaluates the effects of manure application rate and type on runoff P concentrations from two, acidic agricultural soils over successive runoff events. Soils were packed into 100- x 20- x 5-cm runoff boxes and broadcast with three manures (dairy, Bos taurus; layer poultry, Gallus gallus; swine, Sus scrofa) at six rates, from 0 to 150 kg total phosphorus (TP) ha(-1). Simulated rainfall (70 mm h(-1)) was applied until 30 min of runoff was collected 3, 10, and 24 d after manure application. Application rate was related to runoff P (r(2) = 0.50-0.98), due to increased concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in runoff; as application rate increased, so did the contribution of DRP to runoff TP. Varied concentrations of water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in manures (2-8 g WEP kg(-1)) resulted in significantly lower DRP concentrations in runoff from dairy manure treatments (0.4-2.2 mg DRP L-1) than from poultry (0.3-32.5 mg DRP L-1) and swine manure treatments (0.3-22.7 mg DRP L-1). Differences in runoff DRP concentrations related to manure type and application rate were diminished by repeated rainfall events, probably as a result of manure P translocation into the soil and removal of applied P by runoff. Differential erosion of broadcast manure caused significant differences in runoff TP concentrations between soils. Results highlight the important, but transient, role of soluble P in manure on runoff P, and point to the interactive effects of management and soils on runoff P losses. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 41 TC 116 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1072 EP 1081 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100034 PM 12809308 ER PT J AU Adler, PR Sibrell, PL AF Adler, PR Sibrell, PL TI Sequestration of phosphorus by acid mine drainage floc SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; RUNOFF; SOLUBILITY; AMENDMENTS; ADSORPTION; ALUMINUM AB Solubilization and transport of phosphorus (P) to the water environment is a critical environmental issue. Flocs resulting from neutralizing acid mine drainage (AMD) were tested as a possible lowcost amendment to reduce the loss of soluble P from agricultural fields and animal wastewater. Flocs were prepared by neutralizing natural and synthetic solutions of AMD with limestone, lime, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Phosphorus sequestration was tested in three distinct environments: water, soil, and manure storage basins. In water, flocs prepared from AMD adsorbed 10 to 20 g P kg(-1) dry floc in equilibrium with 1 mg L-1 soluble P. Similar results were observed for both Fe-based and Al-based synthetic flocs. A local soil sample adsorbed about 0.1 g P kg(-1), about two orders of magnitude less. The AMD-derived flocs were mixed with a high-P soil at 5 to 80 g floc kg(-1) soil, followed by water and acid (Mehlich-1) extractions. All flocs performed similarly. About 70% of the water-extractable P was sequestered by the floc when applied at a rate of 20 g floc kg(-1) soil, whereas plant-available P only decreased by about 30%. Under anaerobic conditions simulating manure storage basins, all AMD flocs reduced soluble P by greater than 95% at a rate of 0.2 g floc g(-1) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) manure. These findings indicate that AMD flocs could he an effective agent for preventing soluble P losses from soil and manure to the water environment, while at the same time decreasing the costs associated with AMD treatment. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Adler, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1122 EP 1129 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100040 PM 12809314 ER PT J AU Davis, NT Blackburn, MB Golubeva, EG Hildebrand, JG AF Davis, NT Blackburn, MB Golubeva, EG Hildebrand, JG TI Localization of myoinhibitory peptide immunoreactivity in Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori, with indications that the peptide has a role in molting and ecdysis SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tobacco hornworm; Manduca sexta; Bombyx mori; CCAP; ecdysteroids; prothoracicostatic peptide; ecdysterostatic hormone; neurosecretion; allatostatin; epiproctodeal gland ID VENTRAL NERVE CORD; TOBACCO HORNWORM; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; NEUROSECRETORY-CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; NEUROPEPTIDE; EXPRESSION; NEURONS; HORMONE; ECDYSTEROIDS AB For normal development of Manduca sexta larvae, the ecdysteroid titer must drop following its sudden rise at the start of the molting cycle; this sudden decline in titer may be due to myoinhibitory peptide I (MIP 1), which has an inhibitory effect on the release of ecdysone by the prothoracic glands of Bombyx mori in vitro. Using an antiserum to MIP, we have demonstrated secretion of an MIP-like peptide by the epiproctodeal glands of Manduca sexta, which are located on each proctodeal nerve, just anterior to the rectum. These MIP-immunoreactive glands are also present in B. mori. In fourth-instar larvae of M. sexta, the epiproctodeal glands show a distinct cycle of synthesis and sudden release of MIP that coincides with the time of the rapid decline in ecdysteroid titer. The function of the epiproctodeal glands appears to be the timely release of MIP during the molting cycle, so as to inhibit the prothoracic glands and thus to facilitate the sudden decline in ecdysteroid titer. In addition, we have found that MIP immunoreactivity is co-localized with that of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) in the 704 interneurons; these peptides appear to be co-released at the time of ecdysis. It is known that CCAP can initiate the ecdysis motor program; our results suggest that MIP may also be involved in activating ecdysis behavior. C1 Univ Arizona, Div Neurobiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, PSI, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Davis, NT (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Div Neurobiol, Box 210077, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 206 IS 9 BP 1449 EP 1460 DI 10.1242/jeb.00234 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 677JQ UT WOS:000182804100012 PM 12654884 ER PT J AU Herman, EM AF Herman, EM TI Genetically modified soybeans and food allergies SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE allergenic reactions; genetic modification; soybeans AB Allergenic reactions to proteins expressed in GM crops has been one of the prominent concerns among biotechnology critics and a concern of regulatory agencies. Soybeans like many plants have intrinsic allergens that present problems for sensitive people. Current GM crops, including soybean, have not been shown to add any additional allergenic risk beyond the intrinsic risks already present. Biotechnology can be used to characterize and eliminate allergens naturally present in crops. Biotechnology has been used to remove a major allergen in soybean demonstrating that genetic modification can be used to reduce allergenicity of food and feed. This provides a model for further use of GM approaches to eliminate allergens. C1 ARS, Plant Genet Unit, USDA, Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, St Louis, MO 63132 USA. RP Herman, EM (reprint author), ARS, Plant Genet Unit, USDA, Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO 63132 USA. NR 6 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 38 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 54 IS 386 BP 1317 EP 1319 DI 10.1093/jxb/erg164 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 674HA UT WOS:000182630300002 PM 12709477 ER PT J AU Xu, DH Klesius, PH AF Xu, DH Klesius, PH TI Protective effect of cutaneous antibody produced by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet on cohabited non-immune catfish SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE channel catfish; cutaneous antibody; Ichthyophthirius; protection ID CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; PROTOZOAN PARASITE; EXCISED SKIN; INFECTION; FISH AB Fish which survive a sublethal ichthyophthiriasis acquire protective immunity against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet ( Ich). This study evaluated the protective effect of cutaneous antibody secreted by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ich on cohabited non-immune catfish. Non-immune and immune fish controls were separately maintained and infected with theronts. The Ich infection was assessed by scoring 0, < 50, 50 - 100, and > 100 trophonts fish(-1) at 5 days post-infection. The results of infection showed that cohabited fish at the ratio of 15 non-immune to two immune fish had < 50 trophonts fish(-1). Eighty per cent of the cohabited fish at the ratio of 10 non-immune to two immune fish showed 0 or < 50 trophonts fish(-1). The 76% of control nonimmune fish had more than 100 trophonts fish(-1). The control immune fish had 0 trophonts fish(-1). Anti-Ich antibody was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in water samples taken from tanks containing immune fish after the water samples were concentrated 40-fold. The study suggests that immune fish cohabited with nonimmune fish may protect non-immune fish against Ich infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Xu, DH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 287 EP 291 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00463.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 691JC UT WOS:000183601800004 PM 12962237 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Boyd, G Thayer, DW AF Rajkowski, KT Boyd, G Thayer, DW TI Irradiation D-Values for Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella sp on inoculated broccoli seeds and effects of irradiation on broccoli sprout keeping quality and seed viability SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GERMINATION TEST; VEGETABLES; ALFALFA; IDENTIFICATION; RADIATION; STRAINS; FRUITS; WHEAT; MEAT AB Like alfalfa sprouts, broccoli sprouts can be a vehicle for bacterial pathogens, which can cause illness when they are consumed. The gamma irradiation process was used to reduce numbers of bacterial pathogens on broccoli sprouts and seeds, and the effect of this process on the seeds was studied. The irradiation destruct values for Salmonella sp. and for strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on broccoli seeds were determined. Results obtained in this study indicate that a dose of 2 kGy reduced total background counts for broccoli sprouts from 10(6) to 10(7) CFU/g to 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/g and increased the shelf life of the sprouts by 10 days. Yield ratio (wt/wt), germination percentage, sprout length, and thickness were measured to determine the. effects of various irradiation doses on the broccoli seeds. Results show a decreased germination percentage at a dose level of 4 kGy, whereas the yield ratio (wt/wt), sprout length, and thickness decreased at the 2-kGy dose level. The radiation doses required to inactivate Salmonella sp. and strains of E. coli O157:H7 were higher than previously reported values. D-values, dose required for a I-log reduction, for the nonvegetable and vegetable Salmonella sp. isolates were 0.74 and 1.10 kGy, respectively. The values for the nonvegetable and vegetable isolated strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were 1.43 and 1.11 kGy, respectively. With the irradiation process, a dose of up to 2 kGy can extend the shelf life of broccoli sprouts. A dose of >2 kGy would have an adverse effect on the broccoli seed and decrease the yield of broccoli sprouts. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 66 IS 5 BP 760 EP 766 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 675AC UT WOS:000182669900006 PM 12747682 ER PT J AU Crippen, TL Bischoff, KM Lowry, VK Kogut, MH AF Crippen, TL Bischoff, KM Lowry, VK Kogut, MH TI rP33 activates bacterial killing by chicken peripheral blood heterophils SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; AVIAN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; TURKEY HETEROPHILS; OPSONIZED ZYMOSAN; LEGHORN CHICKS; CELL GRANULES; LIVER AB The protection of poultry from infection by Salmonella is of major concern with regard to human health because Salmonella is a common bacterial cause of foodborne diseases, and protection without the use of antibiotics is preferable in order to avoid possible complications involving antibiotic resistance. Salmonella immune lymphokine (SILK), produced by stimulated splenic T cells from Salmonella Enteritidis-immunized chickens, has been shown to confer protection against Salmonella infection on day-old chicks without the use of antibiotics. This protection results from the potentiation of an immune response following treatment with SILK. This study was undertaken to analyze a component of SILK, identified as P33, that is the product of the chicken mim-1 gene. A recombinant derivative expressing a domain of P33 (rP33) has been shown to be chemotactic for heterophils and is therefore instrumental in eliciting the immune response. characteristic of SILK-induced protection against Salmonella infection in chicks. We report here that rP33 possesses the ability to activate antimicrobial responses from heterophils. The killing of Salmonella Enteritidis by heterophils was increased by in vitro treatment of the cells with rP33. Treatment with rP33 also stimulated the degranulation of heterophils but did not induce an oxidative burst or upregulate phagocytosis. These results indicate that P33 is an active component of SILK, conferring protection against Salmonella Enteritidis by augmenting the antimicrobial activities of heterophils. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anat & Publ Hlth, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Crippen, TL (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 66 IS 5 BP 787 EP 792 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 675AC UT WOS:000182669900010 PM 12747686 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK AF Juneja, VK TI Predictive model for the combined effect of temperature, sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate on the heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID THERMAL INACTIVATION; EPIDEMIC LISTERIOSIS; SHELF-LIFE; MEAT; PH; DESTRUCTION; FOOD; SURVIVAL; SAUSAGE; CHICKEN AB The effects of heating temperature (60 to 73.9degreesC), sodium lactate (NaL; 0.0 to 4.8% [wt/wt]), and/or sodium diacetate (SDA; 0.0 to 0.25% [wt/wt]) and of the interactions of these factors on the heat resistance of a five-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes in 75% lean ground beef were examined. Thermal death times for L monocytogenes in filtered stomacher bags in a circulating water bath were determined. The recovery medium was tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract and 1% sodium pyruvate. Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve-fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second-order response surface regression for temperature, NaL level, and SDA level. The D-values observed for beef with no NaL or SDA at 60, 65, 71.1, and 73.9degreesC were 4.67, 0.72, 0.17, and 0.04 min, respectively. The addition of 4.8% NaL to beef increased heat resistance at all temperatures, with D-values ranging from 14.3 min at 60degreesC to 0.13 min at 73.9degreesC. Sodium diacetate interacted with NaL, thereby reducing the protective effect of NaL and rendering L. monocytogenes in beef less resistant to heat. A mathematical model describing the combined effect of temperature, NaL level, and SDA level on the thermal inactivation of L. monocytogenes was developed. This model can predict D-values for any combination of temperature, NaL level, and SDA level that is within the range of those tested. This predictive model will have substantial practical importance to processors of cooked meat, allowing them to vary their thermal treatments of ready-to-eat meat products in a safe manner. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 39 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 66 IS 5 BP 804 EP 811 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 675AC UT WOS:000182669900013 PM 12747689 ER PT J AU Sommers, C Fan, XT AF Sommers, C Fan, XT TI Gamma irradiation of fine-emulsion sausage containing sodium diacetate SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; COLOR CHARACTERISTICS; POTASSIUM LACTATE; PACKAGED PORK; BEEF BOLOGNA; FRANKFURTERS; MEAT; 4-DEGREES-C; INHIBITION; VIABILITY AB Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen, is a frequent postprocess contaminant of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, including frankfurters, and bologna. Ionizing radiation can eliminate L monocytogenes from RTE meats. Sodium diacetate (SDA) incorporated into fine-emulsion sausages inhibits the growth of L. monocytogenes. Irradiation of L monocytogenes suspended in SDA solutions resulted in synergistic reductions of the microorganism. L. monocytogenes populations were reduced by >9 log(10) units at a radiation dose of 1.5 kGy when suspended in 0.125% SDA solution. In contrast, the D-10-values (the ionizing radiation doses required to reduce the population by 90%) were 0.58, 0.59, 0.57, and 0.53 kGy for L. monocytogenes populations suspended in emulsions containing 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5% SDA, respectively. The D10-values for L. monocytogenes surface inoculated onto frankfurters dipped in 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5% SDA solutions were 0.58, 0.53, 0.54, and 0.52 kGy, respectively. Postirradiation growth of L monocytogenes suspended in beef bologna emulsion at 9degreesC was dependent on SDA concentration and ionizing radiation dose. Very small, but statistically significant, changes in bologna redness, lipid oxidation, and shear force were observed for the beef bologna emulsion with the highest SDA concentration (0.5%) and irradiation dose (3.0 kGy). SDA can inhibit the proliferation of L. monocytogenes surviving the irradiation process with minimal impact on fine-emulsion sausage color, lipid oxidation, and firmness when used within regulatory limits. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 66 IS 5 BP 819 EP 824 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 675AC UT WOS:000182669900015 PM 12747691 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC TI Short-term controlled atmosphere storage for storage-life extension of white-fleshed peaches and nectarines SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS; SHELF-LIFE; QUALITY AB Response of white-fleshed peaches ('Sugar Lady', 'Snow Giant', 'White Lady' and 'Snow King) and nectarines (Arctic Queen' and 'Arctic Rose) to controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage is cultivar dependent. Samples of fruit of these six cultivars were collected just prior to commercial harvest and held in either regular-atmosphere (RA) storage at 1C or controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage at 2% O-2 and 6, 12 or 18% CO2, all at 1C. Four of the six cultivars ('Snow Giant', 'White Lady', 'Snow King' and 'Arctic Queen) displayed excessive internal browning and poor flesh color after only 30 days of storage and should not be considered for long storage (+30 days). While 'Sugar Lady' and 'Arctic Rose' performed better and are possible candidates for CA storage, they should not be stored more than 45 days after harvest. The value of CA storage to extend the marketing of white-fleshed peaches and nectarines is questionable at best. If CA storage is to be used for storage-life extension of white-fleshed peaches and nectarines, O-2 level should be maintained at 2% or less and CO2 level maintained at 12% or higher. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Tree Fruit Res & Extens, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2 BP 135 EP 147 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2003.tb00233.x PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 687HM UT WOS:000183370700004 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Rajkowski, KT Thayer, DW AF Fan, XT Rajkowski, KT Thayer, DW TI Quality of alfalfa sprouts grown from irradiated seeds SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VEGETABLES AB Sprouts grown from nonirradiated alfalfa seeds and those irradiated at 1, 2, and 3 kGy were stored at 7C for 21 days. Sprout quality was measured initially and after 21 days storage. Compared with nonirradiated controls, sprouts grown from irradiated seeds had an increased vitamin C content and antioxidant activity measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay both initially and after 21 days. The vitamin C, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as well as antioxidant activity all decreased during storage. Levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid were similar in sprouts grown from irradiated and nonirradiated seeds both initially and after storage. Sprouts from irradiated seeds also had short roots compared with those from nonirradiated seeds. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 6 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2003.tb00235.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 687HM UT WOS:000183370700006 ER PT J AU Walter, WM Truong, VD Simunovic, N McFeeters, RF AF Walter, WM Truong, VD Simunovic, N McFeeters, RF TI Low-temperature blanching of sweetpotatoes to improve firmness firmness retention: Effect on compositional and textural properties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cell wall; degree of esterification; preheating; texture ID SWEET-POTATOES; CELL-WALLS; VEGETABLES; CHEMISTRY; PRODUCTS; METHYL AB Low-temperature blanching of sweetpotatoes (SP) prior to cooking has been shown to significantly increase firmness retention. This research investigated the effect of blanching on firmness, pectin methylesterase activity (PME), pectin methylation and galacturonic acid and cell wall material concentrations in SP tissue subjected to blanching and cooking treatments. PME activity decreased 82% after 20 min of blanching in water at 62degreesC, while sample firmness continued to increase with blanching time (3.5 N for unblanched and 19.0 N for 90 min blanched, and cooked tissue), indicating that firming due to pectin demethylation explains part of the observed increased firmness retention caused by low-temperature blanching, but unknown factors also play a role. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Truong, VD (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 BP 1244 EP 1247 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09633.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 682BN UT WOS:000183070600021 ER PT J AU Fan, X Niemira, BA Sokorai, KJB AF Fan, X Niemira, BA Sokorai, KJB TI Use of ionizing radiation to improve sensory and microbial quality of fresh-cut green onion leaves SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE food safety; gamma irradiation; green onion; ionizing radiation; quality ID DOSE GAMMA-IRRADIATION; ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; SHELF-LIFE; VEGETABLES; OUTBREAK; SPROUTS; LETTUCE; CELLS AB Fresh-cut green onion leaves that received g radiation doses of 0, 1, 2, and 3 kGy were stored at 3 C for up to 14 d. Although 2 and 3 kGy of radiation completely eliminated microflora, the treatments frequently resulted in increased loss of aroma and deterioration of visual quality. In addition, radiation caused cellular membrane damage. Samples treated with 1 kGy of radiation had similar or better sensorial quality and a reduced microbial population than the controls throughout the 14 d of storage. Our results suggest that irradiation at a dose of 1 kGy can be used to enhance microbial safety of fresh-cut green onions without loss in quality attributes. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, X (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 BP 1478 EP 1483 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09670.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 682BN UT WOS:000183070600058 ER PT J AU Schaal, BA Gaskin, JF Caicedo, AL AF Schaal, BA Gaskin, JF Caicedo, AL TI Phylogeography, haplotype trees, and invasive plant species SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Symposium on Molecular Evolutionary Genetics CY MAR 22-24, 2002 CL ARIZONA STATE UNIV, TEMPE, ARIZONA SP American Genetic Assoc HO ARIZONA STATE UNIV ID POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION ROUTES; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; PHENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS; GENE GENEALOGIES; CHLOROPLAST DNA; NORTH-AMERICA; POPULATIONS; SEQUENCES; BIOLOGY AB The distribution of genetic variants in plant populations is strongly affected both by current patterns of microevolutionary forces, such as gene flow and selection, and by the phylogenetic history of populations and species. Understanding the interplay of shared history and current evolutionary events is particularly confounding in plants due to the reticulating nature of gene exchange between diverging lineages. Certain gene sequences provide historically ordered neutral molecular variation that can be converted to gene genealogies which trace the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes (alleles). Gene genealogies can be used to understand the evolution of specific DNA sequences and relate sequence variation to plant phenotype. For example, in a study of the RPS2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, resistant phenotypes clustered in one portion of the gene tree. The field of phylogeography examines the distribution of allele genealogies in an explicit geographical context and, when coupled with a nested clade analysis, can provide insight into historical processes such as range expansion, gene flow, and genetic drift. A phylogeographical approach offers insight into practical issues as well. Here we show how haplotype trees can address the origins of invasive plants, one of the greatest global threats to biodiversity. A study of the geographical diversity of haplotypes in invasive Phragmites populations in the United States indicates that invasiveness is due to the colonization and spread of distinct genotypes from Europe ( Saltonstall 2002). Likewise, a phylogeographical analysis of Tamarix populations indicates that hybridization events between formerly isolated species of Eurasia have produced the most common genotype of the second-worst invasive plant species in the United States. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Schaal, BA (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 23 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 94 IS 3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1093/jhered/esg060 PG 8 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 695MC UT WOS:000183833800001 PM 12816959 ER PT J AU Dong, SF Cheng, LL Scagel, CF Fuchigami, LH AF Dong, SF Cheng, LL Scagel, CF Fuchigami, LH TI Root damage affects nitrogen uptake and growth of young Fuji/M.26 apple trees SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ZONE TEMPERATURE; PEACH SEEDLINGS; TRANSPIRATION; NUTRITION; SOIL AB Effects of root damage during the transplant process on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake were studied with one-year-old bench-grafted Malus domestica Borkh 'Fuji' on M.26 rootstock apple nursery plants. Plants were potted after grafting and grown outside for one season. At the end of the season uniform trees were selected and randomly divided into four groups. One group of plants were moved into a 2degreesC cold room with soil and container intact (IR Treatment). Plants in other groups were removed from pots and stored as bareroot in the same cold room for three months. In the spring, bareroot plants were either: (1) transplanted with about 10% of the root system damaged during transplant (TP Treatment and Control-CK); or (2) root pruned by 25% (by volume) prior to transplant (RP treatment). Five trees from each treatment received 1 g of (NH4NO3)-N-15-N-15 at 12, 41 and 76 d after repotting. Control (CK) trees received no N. Trees were harvested 10 d after each N application, and plant growth and total N and 15 N content of different tissues were determined. Root pruning reduced plant total biomass and root biomass at the first two harvests, but the plants from the RP treatment had highest total plant biomass and root biomass at the third harvest. There was no significant difference in the new stem and leaf growth among IR, RP and CK treatments at harvests but the TP treatment reduced new shoot biomass. Plants with intact roots (IR) had the higher total N content while control plants (CK) had the lowest. Root pruning reduced 15 N uptake rate at the first two harvests but promoted it at the third harvest. Our results suggest that plant growth and nutrient uptake was suppressed by root pruning/damage during transplanting only in the early season, and the negative effects on growth and N uptake were offset later in the season by compensative root regeneration. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Dong, SF (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Pacific Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD TN24 8HH, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 78 IS 3 BP 410 EP 415 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 679VF UT WOS:000182942100022 ER PT J AU Laskin, AI Saha, BC AF Laskin, AI Saha, BC TI Special topic issue: Biotransformations and biocatalysis - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Laskin Lawrence Associates, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Laskin, AI (reprint author), Laskin Lawrence Associates, 383 S Middlebush Rd, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 BP 251 EP 251 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0060-2 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 709EN UT WOS:000184611900001 ER PT J AU Saha, BC AF Saha, BC TI Hemicellulose bioconversion SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 11-15, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE hemicellulose; arabinoxylan; bioconversion; hemicellulase; xylanolytic enzymes ID RECOMBINANT SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDASE; FUEL ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; ISOLATED FUSARIUM-VERTICILLIOIDES; CATABOLITE REPRESSION MUTANTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXPLOSION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI STRAINS; BATCH XYLITOL PRODUCTION; XYLOSE REDUCTASE GENE; SUGAR-CANE BAGASSE AB Various agricultural residues, such as corn fiber, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse, contain about 20-40% hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. The conversion of hemicellulose to fuels and chemicals is problematic. In this paper, various pretreatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is reviewed. Our research dealing with the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corn fiber and development of novel and improved enzymes such as endo-xylanase, beta-xylosidase, and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase for hemicellulose bioconversion is described. The barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value-added fermentation products are highlighted. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM sahabc@ncaur.usda.gov NR 148 TC 816 Z9 860 U1 31 U2 313 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 BP 279 EP 291 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0049-x PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 709EN UT WOS:000184611900005 PM 12698321 ER PT J AU Nichols, NN Dien, BS Bothast, RJ AF Nichols, NN Dien, BS Bothast, RJ TI Engineering lactic acid bacteria with pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes for ethanol production from Zymomonas mobilis SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 11-15, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE ethanol; pyruvate decarboxylase; alcohol dehydrogenase; lactic acid bacteria; molecular biology ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; EXPRESSION; CLONING; GLUCOSE; FERMENTATION; XYLOSE AB Lactic acid bacteria are candidates for engineered production of ethanol from biomass because they are food-grade microorganisms that can, in many cases, metabolize a variety of sugars and grow under harsh conditions. In an effort to divert fermentation from production of lactic acid to ethanol, plasmids were constructed to express pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), encoded by the pdc and adhB genes of Zymomonas mobilis, in lactic acid bacteria. Several strains were transformed with the plasmids. and transcription of pdc and adhB was confirmed by northern hybridization analysis of transformants. PDC and ADH enzyme activities were at least 5- to 10-fold lower in these bacteria compared to Escherichia coli transformed with the same plasmid. Glucose fermentations were carried out, and some, but not all, of the transformed strains produced more ethanol than the untransformed parent strains. However, lactic acid was the primary fermentation product formed by all of the transformants, indicating that ADH and PDC activities were insufficient to divert significant carbon flow towards ethanol. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nichols, NN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 BP 315 EP 321 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0055-z PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 709EN UT WOS:000184611900009 PM 12750944 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY AF Solaiman, DKY TI Biosynthesis of medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) with altered composition by mutant hybrid PHA synthases SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 11-15, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE alpha/beta-hydrolase fold; hybrid gene; poly(hydroxyalkanoate) synthases ID RECOMBINANT PSEUDOMONAS-STRAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE SYNTHASES; RALSTONIA-EUTROPHA; PROTEIN; GENES; EXPRESSION; AERUGINOSA; CLONING; POLY(3-HYDROXYALKANOATES) AB Pseudomonas resinovorans harbors two isogenic poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) synthase genes (phaC1(Pre), phaC2(Pre)) responsible for the production of intracellular medium-chain-length (mcl-)PHAs. Sequence analysis showed that the putative gene-products of these genes contain a conserved alpha/beta-hydrolase fold in the carboxy-terminal half of the proteins. Hybrid genes pha7 and pha8 were constructed by exchanging the alpha/beta-hydrolase-fold coding portions of phaCl(Pre), and phaC2(Pre), at the 3' terminal. When grown with decanoate as carbon source, the pha7- or pha8-transformed Escherichia coli LS1298 produced PHAs containing 73-75% beta-hydroxydecanoate (beta-HD) and 25-27% beta-hydroxyoctanoate (beta-HO). Deletion mutants, Deltapha7 and Deltapha8, were isolated during the PCR-based construction of pha7 and pha8, respectively. Cells harboring these mutants produced PHAs containing 55-60 mol% beta-HD and 40-45 mol% beta-HO. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating active hybrid mcl-PHA synthase genes and their mutants with the potential of producing polymers having a varied repeat-unit composition. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 BP 322 EP 326 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0059-8 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 709EN UT WOS:000184611900010 PM 12761653 ER PT J AU Rull, J Prokopy, RJ Vargas, RI AF Rull, J Prokopy, RJ Vargas, RI TI Effects of conspecific presence on arrival and use of hosts in Ceratitis capitata flies SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE attraction; conspecifics; grouping; alighting; egg-laying; medfly ID SOCIALLY FACILITATED BEHAVIOR; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES; PATCH TIME ALLOCATION; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; ADAPTIVE SUPERPARASITISM; SOLITARY PARASITOIDS; FITNESS CONSEQUENCES; COMPETITION; FLY; TEPHRITIDAE AB To reach a better understanding of the factors that affect Mediterranean fruit flies', Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (medflies'), arrival at and use of hosts, we evaluated the alighting and boring propensity of sexually mature high-egg load medfly females that were grouped with conspecifics or held in isolation for 4 days prior to testing. To avoid confounding effects that may have been responsible for conflicting results in previous studies, we exposed groups of free-foraging females to odorless artificial fruit (parafilm-covered agar spheres) in a rotating cage containing small potted host trees and kept experimental intervention to a minimum. Our protocol involved releasing cohorts of 24 females in a patch containing only two such low-quality "hosts." In such circumstances, grouped females preferred to alight in significantly greater numbers on artificial fruit occupied by conspecifics than on unoccupied hosts and displayed a significantly greater propensity to oviposit in fruit in the presence than the absence of conspecifics. We did not detect differences in egg load or body size between intruders and residents or between winners and losers of contests. We conclude that as in adaptive superparasitism, the presence of conspecifics may enhance the propensity of fruit-foraging medflies to alight on and use scarce low-quality hosts. C1 Inst Ecol AC, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. ARS, USDA, Hilo, HI USA. RP Rull, J (reprint author), Inst Ecol AC, Km 2-5 Antigua Carretera Coatepec, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 329 EP 346 DI 10.1023/A:1024871908372 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 702ZA UT WOS:000184253900002 ER PT J AU Petersson, E Sivinski, J AF Petersson, E Sivinski, J TI Mating status and choice of group size in the phoretic fly Norrbomia frigipennis (Spuler) (Diptera : Sphaeroceridae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Sphaerocersidae; Norrbomia frigipennis; group size; dung beetles ID PSEUDOSCORPION; DISPERSAL; INSECTS AB The phoretic sphaerocerid fly Norrbomia frigipennis mates on scarabid dung beetles, follows them underground, and lays eggs in the collected dung. We found that male and female flies distribute themselves nonrandomly on beetles with respect to fly group size. The proportion of virgin females increased with group size, and females with mature eggs were most frequently found on beetles carrying fewer flies. Laboratory experiments revealed that mated females avoided larger groups, virgin females seemed to prefer large groups and mated females, small groups. Males showed no such pattern. These results suggest that N. frigipennis can estimate group size, presumably an adaptation with a reproductive function. However, flies did not join hosts on the basis of the sex of already mounted flies. C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolut Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Petersson, E (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Evolut Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 411 EP 423 DI 10.1023/A:1024832227028 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 702ZA UT WOS:000184253900007 ER PT J AU Gundersen-Rindal, DE Lynn, DE AF Gundersen-Rindal, DE Lynn, DE TI Polydnavirus integration in lepidopteran host cells in vitro SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Polydnaviruses: At the Center of Host-Parasite Relationships CY 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA DE integration; transformation; retrotransposon; cell culture; polydnavirus; Glyptapanteles indiensis; Lymantria dispar ID GLYPTAPANTELES INDIENSIS POLYDNAVIRUS; WASP CHELONUS-INANITUS; SONORENSIS VIRUS-DNA; BOMBYX-MORI; RETROTRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; SEQUENCES; FAMILY; GENOME; INFECTION AB The long-term persistence of polydnavirus (PDV) DNA in infected lepidopteran cell cultures has suggested that at least some of the virus sequences become integrated permanently into the cell genome. In the current study, we provide supportive evidence of this event. Cloned libraries were prepared from two different Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) cell lines that had been maintained in continuous culture for more than five years after infection with Glyptapanteles indiensis PDV (GiPDV). Junction clones containing both insect chromosomal and polydnaviral sequences were isolated. Precise integration junction sites were identified by sequence comparison of linear (integrated) and circular forms of the GiPDV genome segment F, from which viral sequences originated. Host chromosomal sequences at the site of integration varied between the two L. dispar cell lines but virus sequence junctions were identical and contained a 4-base pair CATG palindromic repeat. The GiPDV segment F does not encode any self-replication or self-insertion proteins, suggesting a host-derived mechanism is responsible for its in vitro integration. The chromosomal site of one junction clone contained sequences indicative of a new L. dispar retrotransposon, including a putative reverse transcriptase and integrase located upstream of the site of viral integration. A potential mechanism is proposed for the integration of PDV DNA in vitro. It remains to be seen if integration of the virus also occurs in the lepidopteran host in vivo. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gundersen-Rindal, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 49 IS 5 BP 453 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00062-3 PG 10 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 691EL UT WOS:000183591800007 PM 12770624 ER PT J AU Evans, JD AF Evans, JD TI Diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; pollination; pathogen; plasmid; tetA ID SUBSP LARVAE; DETERMINANTS AB Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the important honey bee larval disease American Foulbrood (AFB). This pathogen has been treated in bee colonies by a single registered antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC), for fifty years. Recently, widespread resistance to OTC has been reported. In this study, the degree of antibiotic resistance was contrasted with DNA sequence variation for 125 P. larvae isolates collected in North America. Resistance was uncorrelated with bacterial haplotype, suggesting either that resistance has evolved multiple times in P. larvae or that resistance involves recent horizontal transfer via a non-genomic (e.g., plasmid or conjugal transposon) route. The recency of OTC resistance in P. larvae across this broad survey area underscores the need to manage foulbrood infections carefully and to monitor populations for resistance. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, BARC E Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 19 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 83 IS 1 BP 46 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00039-9 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 673WZ UT WOS:000182604700007 PM 12725811 ER PT J AU Alverson, J AF Alverson, J TI Effects of mycotoxins, kojic acid and oxalic acid, on biological fitness of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera : Miridae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CULTURE C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Alverson, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, 3003 ADBF,WSU,POB 646630, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 83 IS 1 BP 60 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00040-5 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 673WZ UT WOS:000182604700009 PM 12725813 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO Johnston, AN Ginter, DL Spangler, HG AF Schmidt, JO Johnston, AN Ginter, DL Spangler, HG TI Olfactory stimulation of africanized honey bee (Hymenoptera : apidae) attacks by insect repellents SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Africanized honey bees; Apis mellifera; insect repellents; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide; citronella; attacks AB Three common insect repellents (N,N-diethyl-m-toltiamide [DEET], Pyranha, and Repel X) were tested to determine whether they affected Africanized honey bee attack behavior. Eight Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies were exposed in an alternating series to the test repellents or blank controls delivered in a stream of air directed toward the colony entrances. The response generated by the repellents and the controls was measured as the number of attacking honey bees recorded with an electronic temper tester. Neither a citronella-based repellent (Pyranha) nor DEET had any effect on colony behavior; however, Repel X consistently caused a greater attack response after exposure. C1 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.275 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 681CJ UT WOS:000183019100005 PM 12943104 ER PT J AU Klun, JA Khrimian, A Margaryan, K Kramer, M Debboun, M AF Klun, JA Khrimian, A Margaryan, K Kramer, M Debboun, M TI Synthesis and repellent efficacy of a new chiral piperidine analog: Comparison with Deet and Bayrepel activity in human-volunteer laboratory assays against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE (1S, 2 ' S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide; 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic; acid I-methylpropyl ester; N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles stephensi ID FIELD-EVALUATION; INSECT REPELLENT; ARTHROPOD REPELLENTS; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; AI3-37220; RESOLUTION; SIMULIIDAE; MOSQUITOS AB Optically active (1S, 2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (SS220) is a new synthetic arthropod repellent. A three-step synthesis based on a chiral Diels-Alder reaction and diastereomeric resolution of 2-methylpiperidine was developed to prepare the compound. Quantitative laboratory assays using human volunteers compared the effectiveness of SS220 with the commonly used repellents Deet and Bayrepel against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Anopheles stephensi Liston mosquitoes. In two experiments using Aedes aegypti, one using a single identical dose and one with varying doses used to develop a dose-response curve, SS220 was as effective as Deet and both compounds were more effective than Bayrepel. The three compounds were equally effective against An. stephensi. Based on the ease of its synthetic preparation and its repellent efficacy, we surmise that SS220 is a candidate to serve as a new and effective alternate repellent for protection against arthropod disease vectors. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BA, Biomat Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Dept Entomol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Klun, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.293 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 681CJ UT WOS:000183019100008 PM 12943107 ER PT J AU McHolland, LE Mecham, JO AF McHolland, LE Mecham, JO TI Characterization of cell lines developed from field Populations of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera : ceratopogonidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides sonorensis; cell lines; isozyme phenotyping; field populations; bluetongue viruses; epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses ID BLUETONGUE-VIRUS; VARIIPENNIS DIPTERA; UNITED-STATES; VECTOR AB Two cell lines, ABADRL-Cs-W3 (W3) and ABADRL-Cs-W8A (W8), were developed from a field population of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones. The cell lines were characterized by isozyme phenotyping and the ability to support the replication of bluetongue virus (BLU) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (Orbivirus, Reoviridae). Comparison of isozymes found in the cell lines with those found in adult C.sonorensis colony insects confirmed that the cell lines were of C. sonorensis origin. There was, however, sufficient isozyme variation present in the cell lines to construct a unique isozyme profile for each cell line. Although both cell lines supported BLU and EHDV replication to the same level, one-step growth curves for BLU indicated that virus replication was faster and attained a peak titer earlier in the W3 cell line than in the W8 cell line. Viral proteins and RNA were detected earlier in the W3 cell line as well. The accelerated virus growth kinetics observed in the W3 cell line and the adherent nature of the cells makes it more suitable for certain Orbivirus studies. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP McHolland, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, POB 3965,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 BP 348 EP 351 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.348 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 681CJ UT WOS:000183019100015 PM 12943114 ER PT J AU Call, DR Borucki, MK Loge, FJ AF Call, DR Borucki, MK Loge, FJ TI Detection of bacterial pathogens in environmental samples using DNA microarrays SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Review DE microarray; comparative genomics; DNA hybridization; Listeria; Renibacterium ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; HYBRIDIZATION; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; ARRAYS; IDENTIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; ATTACHMENT; FRAGMENTS AB Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an important tool for pathogen detection, but historically, it has not been possible to accurately identify PCR products without sequencing, Southern blots, or dot-blots. Microarrays can be coupled with PCR where they serve as a set of parallel dot-blots to enhance product detection and identification. Microarrays are composed of many discretely located probes on a solid substrate such as glass. Each probe is composed of a sequence that is complimentary to a pathogen-specific gene sequence. PCR is used to amplify one or more genes and the products are then hybridized to the array to identify species-specific polymorphisin within one or more genes. We illustrate this type of array using 16S rDNA probes suitable for distinguishing between several salmonid pathogens. We also describe the use of microarrays for direct detection of either RNA or DNA without the id of PCR although the sensitivity of these systems currently limits their application for pathogen detection. Finally, microarrays can also be used to "fingerprint" bacterial isolates and they can be used to identify diagnostic markers suitable for developing new PCR-based detection assays. We illustrate this type of array for subtyping an important food-borne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Call, DR (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, 402 Bustad Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 35 TC 184 Z9 213 U1 5 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD MAY PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 235 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00027-7 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 668NB UT WOS:000182299100011 PM 12654494 ER PT J AU Schilling, MW Marriott, NG Wang, H Solomon, MB AF Schilling, MW Marriott, NG Wang, H Solomon, MB TI Characteristics of USDA utility cow beef subjected to blade tenderization and hydrodynamic shock waves SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID TENDERNESS; LONGISSIMUS; STEAKS AB Longissimus lumborum samples were removed 24 h postmortem from six U.S. Utility carcasses to be utilized in determining the effects of tenderness enhancement methods and aging time on quality attributes of beef. Within each sample, sections were randomly assigned to hydrodynamic shock waves (HSW), blade tenderization (W), a combination of BT and HSW (HSBT), or no treatment (C). Steaks within each treatment (excluding HSW) were aged for 7 and 14 days. Sensory evaluation included subjective ratings for myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness. Objective measurements included thaw and cooking losses, shear force, and standard plate count. HSW and RSBT were effective in decreasing (P < 0.05) Warner-Bratzler peak force, total energy, and standard plate count. However, aging time (14 days) was more effective (P < 0.05) in decreasing peak force shear values than BT, HSW, or HSBT. Sensory values, thaw and cooking losses were not affected (P > 0.05) by any treatments. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schilling, MW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD MAY PY 2003 VL 14 IS 2 BP 131 EP 142 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2003.tb00695.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 676KB UT WOS:000182749700004 ER PT J AU Shin, T Weinstock, D Hamir, A Wampler, T Walter, M Kim, H Castro, M AF Shin, T Weinstock, D Hamir, A Wampler, T Walter, M Kim, H Castro, M TI Involvement of nitric oxide synthase type 3 in the pathogenesis of rabies virus infection in cattle. SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 79th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Neuropathologists CY JUN 19-22, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Assoc Neuropatholgists C1 Cheju Natl Univ, Dept Vet Med, Jeju 690756, South Korea. Pennsylvania Anim Diagnost Lab Syst, Harrisburg, PA USA. Pennsylvania Vet Lab, Harrisburg, PA USA. Ctr Vet Diagnost & Invest, University Pk, PA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN NEUROPATHOLOGISTS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3069 J9 J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR JI J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 62 IS 5 MA 102 BP 563 EP 563 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA 680CQ UT WOS:000182959100113 ER PT J AU Zeisel, SH Mar, MH Howe, JC Holden, JM AF Zeisel, SH Mar, MH Howe, JC Holden, JM TI Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE food composition; choline; phosphatidylcholine; sphingomyelin; betaine ID PLASMA-FREE CHOLINE; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT; HEPATIC STEATOSIS; TRIMETHYLAMINURIA; SUPPLEMENTATION; DEFICIENCY; DISEASE; HUMANS AB Choline is important for normal membrane function, acetylcholine synthesis and methyl group metabolism; the choline requirement for humans is 550 mg/d for men (Adequate Intake). Betaine, a choline derivative, is important because of its role in the donation of methyl groups to homocysteine to form methionine. In tissues and foods, there are multiple choline compounds that contribute to total choline concentration (choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). In this study, we collected representative food samples and analyzed the choline concentration of 145 common foods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Foods with the highest total choline concentration (mg/100 g) were: beef liver (418), chicken liver (290), eggs (251), wheat germ (152), bacon (125), dried soybeans (116) and pork (103). The foods with the highest betaine concentration (mg/100 g) were: wheat bran (1339), wheat germ (1241), spinach (645), pretzels (237), shrimp (218) and wheat bread (201). A number of epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between dietary folic acid and cancer or heart disease. It may be helpful to also consider choline intake as a confounding factor because folate and choline methyl donation can be interchangeable. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. USDA, BHNRC, ARS, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zeisel, SH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [Y1-HV-8116-14]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK55865, DK56350]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10126] NR 37 TC 284 Z9 299 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 133 IS 5 BP 1302 EP 1307 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 675ZG UT WOS:000182727000013 PM 12730414 ER PT J AU Bronner, F Slepchenko, B Wood, RJ Pansu, D AF Bronner, F Slepchenko, B Wood, RJ Pansu, D TI The role of passive transport in calcium absorption SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID DIETARY CALCIUM; CA TRANSPORT; MECHANISMS C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Meyer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hop Edouard Herriot, EPHE, F-69437 Lyon, France. RP Bronner, F (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 133 IS 5 BP 1426 EP 1426 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 675ZG UT WOS:000182727000032 PM 12730433 ER PT J AU Beck, MA Levander, OA Handy, J AF Beck, MA Levander, OA Handy, J TI Selenium deficiency and viral infection SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals CY JUN 02-06, 2002 CL BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DE coxsackievirus; infection; influenza; oxidative stress; virus mutation ID MICE; CUBA; NEUROPATHY; VIRULENT; EPIDEMIC AB The discovery that the juvenile cardiomyopathy known as Keshan disease likely has a dual etiology that involves both a nutritional deficiency of the essential trace mineral selenium (Se) as well as an infection with an enterovirus provided the impetus for additional studies of relationships between nutrition and viral infection. An amyocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3, CVB3/0, converted to virulence when it was inoculated into Se-deficient mice. This conversion was accompanied by changes in the genetic structure of the virus so that its genome closely resembled that of other known virulent CVB3 strains. Similar alterations in virulence and genomic composition of CVB3/0 could be observed in mice fed normal diets but genetically deprived of the antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (knockout mice). More recent research has shown that a mild strain of influenza virus, influenza A/Bangkok/1/79, also exhibits increased virulence when given to Se-deficient mice. This increased virulence is accompanied by multiple changes in the viral genome in a segment previously thought to be relatively stable. Epidemic neuropathy in Cuba has features that suggest a combined nutritional/viral etiology. Further research, both basic and applied, is needed to assess properly the possible role of malnutrition in contributing to the emergence of novel viral diseases. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beck, MA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 29 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 133 IS 5 SU 1 BP 1463S EP 1467S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 677VD UT WOS:000182828100010 PM 12730444 ER PT J AU Catalano, PM Kirwan, JP Haugel-de Mouzon, S King, J AF Catalano, PM Kirwan, JP Haugel-de Mouzon, S King, J TI Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: Role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Nutrition as A Preventive Strategy Against Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes CY JUL 18-19, 2002 CL MERTON COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND HO MERTON COLL DE insulin resistance; gestational diabetes ID MATERNAL CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; ABNORMAL GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; HEALTHY SWEDISH WOMEN; BODY-COMPOSITION; FETAL GROWTH; BIRTH-WEIGHT; OBESE WOMEN; LONGITUDINAL CHANGES; PREPREGNANCY WEIGHT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AB Gestational diabetes and obesity are the common metabolic abnormalities occurring during pregnancy. Decreased maternal pregravid insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) coupled with an inadequate insulin response are the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of gestational diabetes. Insulin-regulated carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism are all affected to a variable degree. Decreased maternal insulin, sensitivity in women with gestational diabetes may increase nutrient availability to the fetus, possibly accounting for an increased risk of fetal overgrowth and adiposity. Epidemiological studies from Europe show an increased risk of the insulin resistance syndrome in adults who were low birth weight at delivery. However, in the United States over the past 20 y there has been a significant 33% increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes, which has been associated with a parallel increase in obesity. All age groups have been affected but the most dramatic increases have occurred in adolescents. The relationship between decreased maternal insulin sensitivity and fetal: overgrowth particularly in obese women and women with gestational diabetes may help explain the increased incidence of adolescent obesity and related glucose intolerance in the offspring of these women. In this review, we address 1) the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes, 2) the changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy that effect maternal accretion of adipose tissue and energy expenditure, 3) the influence of maternal metabolic environment on fetal growth, 4) the life-long effect of being born at either extreme of the birth weight continuum and 5) micronutrients and decreased insulin sensitivity during pregnancy. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Dept Reprod Biol, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Schwartz Ctr Metab & Nutr, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Dept Nutr, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Inst Cochin Genet Mol, Dept Endocrinol, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Catalano, PM (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Dept Reprod Biol, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. FU BHP HRSA HHS [P-50-DH-11089]; NCRR NIH HHS [M0-1-RR-080]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-22965] NR 87 TC 120 Z9 130 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 133 IS 5 SU 2 BP 1674S EP 1683S PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 681AC UT WOS:000183011400013 PM 12730484 ER PT J AU McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Effects of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on porcine adipocyte growth and differentiation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE adipocyte differentiation; adipocyte proliferation; conjugated linoleic acids; pigs; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; lipoprotein lipase ID STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; GROWING-FINISHING PIGS; MODIFIED TALL OIL; BODY-WEIGHT GAIN; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; IN-VITRO; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AB Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) decrease fat deposition in mammals, including pigs. To determine mechanisms for CLA effects on adipocyte growth, porcine stromal-vascular cells (preadipocytes) were isolated and plated in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. After 24 h, differentiation factors (insulin + hydrocortisone + transferrin) were added. Oleic acid (200 muM) was added to some plates as a positive control. One of two isomers of CLA (50 muM cis 9, trans 11 or 50 muM trans 10, cis 12), or a mixture of the two isomers (25 muM each) was added to other plates. The cell number increased 7+ times in 7 days after initiation of differentiation, and was not different among treatment groups. By 7 days, Oil Red O-stained material (OROSM), expressed per cell, increased 10+ times in control cells and 64 times in oleic acid-treated cells. Addition of either isomer of CLA or the mixture caused OROSM/cell to increase 10+ times at 2 days, with no further increase at later times. In CLA-treated cells there was no increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) or lipoprotein lipase mRNA concentrations. The increased OROSM/cell may represent triacylglycerol synthesis from medium CLA using existing biosynthetic capacity or provision of a limiting ligand for PPARgamma already present. The results are different from those observed with rodent-derived clonal cells (3T3-L1 cells), wherein proliferation and differentiation are inhibited by CLAs, and the active isomer is trans 10, cis 12-CLA. The results suggest distinctions between clonal and primary preadipocytes, or species differences. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 52 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 266 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00031-7 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 698QJ UT WOS:000184010000004 PM 12832030 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ Phillips, S AF Shulman, RJ Phillips, S TI Parenteral nutrition in infants and children SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE parenteral nutrition; intravenous; feeding; neonates; energy; prtein; amino acids; lipid emulsion ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; TOTAL NUTRIENT ADMIXTURES; INTRAVENOUS LIPID EMULSIONS; FATTY-ACID DEFICIENCY; CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; MULTIPLE VITAMIN PREPARATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE PRODUCTION; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NINR NIH HHS [R01- NR05337-01A2] NR 218 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 36 IS 5 BP 587 EP 607 DI 10.1097/00005176-200305000-00002 PG 21 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 677KF UT WOS:000182805600002 PM 12717082 ER PT J AU Goslee, SC Beck, KG Peters, DPC AF Goslee, SC Beck, KG Peters, DPC TI Distribution of Russian knapweed in Colorado: Climate and environmental factors SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE generalized additive model; geographic information system; logistic regression ID PREDICTION; TERRAIN; REPENS AB Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.) was introduced to the western United States during the early 1900s. This invasive perennial was a contaminant of alfalfa seed, and was distributed widely across Colorado. Thus, current distributions reflect the climate and soils tolerances of Russian knapweed, and management history, rather than dispersal processes. We surveyed extension and weed agents across Colorado, and were able to locate 528 current or recently eliminated Russian knapweed stands. These patches were superimposed on climate and soils maps to identify I kin grid cells that were known to contain Russian knapweed. The status of Russian knapweed within a cell was used as the dependent variable in a logistic regression model to define the environmental envelope for this species. At the scale of our analysis, Russian knapweed was most prevalent on fine-textured soils (clay and clay loam), and in warmer, drier regions of Colorado (precipitation 18-73 cm/yr, mean annual temperature 1-12degrees C. June precipitation was the most important single factor, although nearly all environmental, annual, and monthly climatic factors were significantly related to Russian knapweed occurrence. The multivariate logistic regression model we developed was used to predict the probability of occurrence of Russian knapweed for the entire state of Colorado. Our predictions matched the areas of highest abundance of Russian knapweed from a new field survey, and also indicated areas of high risk that were not identified by the field survey. C1 USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Goslee, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 206 EP 212 DI 10.2307/4003808 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400001 ER PT J AU Spaeth, KE Pierson, FB Weltz, MA Blackburn, WH AF Spaeth, KE Pierson, FB Weltz, MA Blackburn, WH TI Evaluation of USLE and RUSLE estimated soil loss on rangeland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE erosion models; sheet and rill erosion; rainfall simulation experiments; rangeland health ID LOSS EQUATION; SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND; EROSION; VEGETATION; INFILTRATION; WATERSHEDS; HYDROLOGY; RAINFALL; HEALTH; PLOTS AB The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE 1.06) were evaluated with rainfall simulation data from a diverse set of rangeland vegetation types (8 states, 22 sites, 132 plots). Dry, wet, and very-wet rainfall simulation treatments were applied to the study plots within a 2-day period. The rainfall simulation rate was 65mm/hr for the dry and wet simulation treatments and alternated between 65430 mm/hr for the very-wet treatment. Average soil loss for all plots for the representative simulation runs were: 0.011 kg/m(2), 0.007 kg/m(2), and 0.035 kg/m(2) for the dry, wet, and very-wet simulation treatments, respectively. The Nash-Sutcliffe Model efficiencies (R(2)eff) of the USLE for the dry, wet, very-wet simulation treatments and sum of all soil loss measured in the three composite simulation treatments (pooled data) were negative. This indicates that the observed mean measured soil loss from the field rainfall simulations is better than predicted USLE soil loss. The USLE tended to consistently overpredict soil loss for all 3 rainfall simulation treatments. As the USLE predicted values increased in magnitude, the error variance between predicted and observed soil loss increased. Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency for the RUSLE was also negative, except for the dry run simulation treatment [R-2 eff = 0.16 using RUSLE cover management (C) subfactor parameters from the RUSLE manual C-table NRCS soil erodibility factor (K); and R(2)eff = 0.17 with C-table and K estimated from the soil-erodibility nomograph]. In comparison to the USLE, there was less error between observed and RUSLE predicted soil loss. The RUSLE error variances showed a consistent trend of underpredicted soil loss among the 3 rainfall simulation treatments. When actual field measured root biomass, plant production and soil random roughness values were used in calculating the RUSLE C sulifactors: the R(2)eff values for the dry, wet, very-wet rainfall simulation treatments and the pooled data were all negative. C1 NW Watershed Res CTr, Boise, ID USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Spaeth, KE (reprint author), NW Watershed Res CTr, Boise, ID USA. NR 62 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 234 EP 246 DI 10.2307/4003812 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400005 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD Jones, TA AF Young, JA Clements, CD Jones, TA TI Germination of seeds of robust needlegrass SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE seedbed temperatures; optimum germination temperatures; seed ecology ID ENVIRONMENT AB Robust needlegrass (Achnatherum robustum [Vasey] Barkw.) is a native perennial that has great promise for use in erosion control, restoration, and ornamental plantings. Seed dormancy can be a problem in developing new native grass cultivars, especially in species of Achnatherum and related genera. Germination response to a wide range of constant and alternating incubation temperatures is also a key parameter in interpreting seedbed ecology of potential planting material. Our purpose was to investigate the germination of robust needlegrass at 55 constant or alternating incubation temperatures from 0 through 40degreesC. Seeds of robust needlegrass germinate over a wide range of incubation temperatures with maximum observed germination over 75 %. In terms of restoration ecology, this means that in contrast to many related grass species, severe seed dormancy is not a limiting factor in seeding technology. Optimum germination occurred with 15 to 20degrees C warm periods alternating with 0 to 20degrees C cool periods. The only constant temperature to produce optimum germination was 20degrees C. The highest germination occurred at what we consider moderate seedbed temperatures, but some germination occurred at 76 to 89% of the temperature regimes tested. C1 USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 247 EP 250 DI 10.2307/4003813 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400006 ER PT J AU Korfmacher, JL Chambers, JC Tausch, RJ Roundy, BA Meyer, SE Kitchen, S AF Korfmacher, JL Chambers, JC Tausch, RJ Roundy, BA Meyer, SE Kitchen, S TI Technical Note: A technique for conducting small-plot burn treatments SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fire; Great Basin; sagebrush; burn barrel; temperature; temperature monitoring ID FIRE AB An experimental design required burn treatments for 10-m(2) circular plots. We constructed a fire enclosure for the plots using sheetmetal, electrical conduit, and other commonly available materials. We field tested the enclosure in sagebrush-grass ecosystems in central Nevada and central Utah, and evaluated peak fire temperatures using small metal tags striped with temperature sensitive paint. We obtained average peak surface temperatures of 310, 307, and 381degrees C in bare ground, under grass, and under shrub microsites, respectively, for the Nevada sites and 253, 299, and 337degrees C for the same microsites, respectively, in Utah. Subsurface (2-cm depth) temperatures rarely exceeded 79degrees C, the lowest temperature detectable by our method. The enclosure contained the fire and did not permit escape of any embers or firebrands. The fire enclosure, burn technique and temperature monitoring method used are inexpensive, easily deployed, and desirable for experiments where larger-scale burns are impractical. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno Forestry Sci Lab, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Korfmacher, JL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno Forestry Sci Lab, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 251 EP 254 DI 10.2307/4003814 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400007 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, JR Berdahl, JD AF Hendrickson, JR Berdahl, JD TI Survival of 16 alfalfa populations space planted into a grassland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Medicago sativa ssp; falcata; mob-grazing; cold tolerance; grazing tolerance ID PERSISTENCE; CULTIVARS; PERFORMANCE; RANGELAND; TRAITS AB Many alfalfa (Medicago spp.) cultivars have limited ability to persist under grazing and therefore, a key step in incorporating alfalfa into pastures and rangelands is choosing a grazing tolerant cultivar. In this study, we evaluated the grazing tolerance of 16 alfalfa populations representing a range of potential grazing tolerance. Entries were transplanted on a rangeland site in July 1996 at the Northern Great Plains Research Lab in Mandan, N.D., USA and mob-grazed by cattle from 1997 to 2000. Plant survival, basal area, and stem numbers were recorded in the spring and fall of each year. At the final survival evaluation in May 2001, SCMF 3713 had the highest survival (90%) 'Vernal' had the lowest (23%) and 10 of the 16 entries had greater than 50% survival. A large decline in survival between September 2000 and May 2001 may be attributed to low temperatures in November and December of 2000. Entries such as 'Alfagraze', B36 and Agripro ZG9415, which were developed in warmer climates, had the largest percentage drop in survival (43.0, 48.6, and 48.6 percentage points respectively) while SCMF 3713, 'Anik' and Alaska Syn A, developed in colder climates, had the least percentage point drops (2.8, 4.1, and 4.1 respectively). The ability to survive over winter contributed more to the different survival rates of these alfalfa populations than did any of the measured plant variables. Producers should know the origins of grazing tolerant alfalfa cultivars and consider selecting cultivars that have been tested in their area. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Hendrickson, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 260 EP 265 DI 10.2307/4003816 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400009 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD Jones, T AF Young, JA Clements, CD Jones, T TI Germination of seeds of big and bottlebrush squirreltail SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Elymus elymoides; Elymus multisetus; incubation temperatures; germination profiles; cheatgrass AB Bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Rat) Swezey] and big squirreltail [E. multisetus Q. G. Smith) Burtt Davy] are short-lived perennial bunchgrasses found on rangelands from the Pacific Coast to the Great Plains and from Canada to Mexico. They are highly variable species with several subspecies described for bottlebrush squirreltail. In many rangeland communities, bottlebrush squirreltail is the transitional dominant native grass in secondary successional communities. There is considerable interest in using squirreltail species in rangeland restoration seedings, but problems with seed collection (disarticulating rachis) have kept seed prices very high. Recently, grass geneticists have begun to develop lines of squirreltail for release as pre-varietal germplasm. Our purpose was to compare the germination at a wide range of constant or alternating temperatures of squirreltail seeds from developmental lines and material collected from native stands. Big and bottlebrush squirreltail seeds (caryopses) germinated over a wide range of temperatures. Seeds of bottlebrush squirreltail produced from the same stand in 3 different years had remarkably similar germination temperature profiles. The greatest variation in germination among accessions occurred at very cold and cold categories of seedbed temperatures. These differences may be very significant in the establishment of seedlings in the field. There was no one temperature regime that always supported optimum germination for all of the squirreltail accessions tested. The regimes most frequently supporting optimum germination were 15/20 and 15/25degrees C. The seeds of big and bottlebrush squirreltail tested do not have the ecological amplitude of seeds of the competitive exotic weed cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), but they come close. C1 USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.2307/4003819 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400012 ER PT J AU Monaco, TA Johnson, DA Norton, JM Jones, TA Connors, KJ Norton, JB Redinbaugh, MB AF Monaco, TA Johnson, DA Norton, JM Jones, TA Connors, KJ Norton, JB Redinbaugh, MB TI Contrasting responses of intermountain west grasses to soil nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE native perennial grass; invasive annual grass; nitrogen availability; nitrogen form; carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N); seedling development; root development ID SEMIARID SAGEBRUSH SITE; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; BROMUS-TECTORUM; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; COMPETITIVE ABILITY; PERENNIAL GRASSES; GROWTH; DYNAMICS; CHEATGRASS AB The mechanisms responsible for soil-N-mediated species replacement of native perennial grasses by the invasive annual grasses cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) on rangelands are not completely understood. In addition, the contributions of distinct forms of inorganic N (i.e., NH4+ and NO3-) to these shifts in species composition are currently unclear. Consequently, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to test 2 hypotheses: 1) that low N availability reduces growth (root and shoot) and N allocation of invasive annual seedlings more than native perennial species, and 2) that seedling growth and N allocation of invasive annual grasses is more responsive than native perennial grasses when supplied with NO3- relative to NH4+. We grew seedlings of 2 annual grasses and the native perennial grasses bluebunch wheatgrass(Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love), and 4 populations of squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf.] Swezey; E. multisetus [J.G. Smith] M.E. Jones) in separate pots and exposed them to treatments differing in N form and availability for 17 weeks. Unexpectedly, root and shoot growth of annual grasses were equal or greater than native perennial grasses under low N availability. Annual grasses took up more NO3- and allocated more growth and N to shoots than the perennial grasses (P < 0.05). Perennial grasses.had significantly greater root:shoot dry mass ratios than the invasive Annual grasses across treatments (P < 0.05). Invasive annual and native perennial grasses both had greater (P < 0.05) shoot and root mass and allocated more N to these structures when supplied with NO3- relative to NH4+. The ecological implications of these growth and N allocation patterns in response to N availability and form provide important clues regarding the specific traits responsible for differences in competitive ability between invasive annual and native perennial grasses on semiarid rangelands. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Monaco, TA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM tmonaco@cc.usu.edu RI Norton, Jeanette/G-2633-2011; Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 OI Norton, Jeanette/0000-0002-6596-8691; NR 62 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 282 EP 290 DI 10.2307/4003820 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400013 ER PT J AU Wheeler, MA Trlica, MJ Frasier, GW Reeder, JD AF Wheeler, MA Trlica, MJ Frasier, GW Reeder, JD TI Rebuttal: "Seasonal grazing affects soil physical properties on a montane riparian community" (vol 55, pg 49, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Wheeler, MA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 300 EP 300 DI 10.2307/4003823 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676NW UT WOS:000182759400016 ER PT J AU Eiceman, GA Tarassov, A Funk, PA Hughs, SE Nazarov, EG Miller, RA AF Eiceman, GA Tarassov, A Funk, PA Hughs, SE Nazarov, EG Miller, RA TI Discrimination of combustion fuel sources using gas chromatography-planar field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography; ion mobility spectrometry; volatile organic compounds; smoke detector ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; FIRE DETECTION; VAPOR-PHASE; DRIFT-TUBE; MAINSTREAM; COMPONENTS; ANALYZER AB Smoke plumes from cotton, paper, grass, and cigarettes and emissions from a gasoline engine were sampled using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemical compositions were sufficiently distinct to allow source identification. Unfortunately, advanced smoke detectors based on GC-MS would be too slow and expensive for most applications. Direct sampling of smoke by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry produced a complex response, demonstrating that VOC in smoke were suitable for gas phase chemical ionization. The complexity also indicated the necessity of chromatographic prefractionation. Planar Field Asymmetric-waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (PFAIMS) as a capillary GC detector generated chemical information orthogonal to GC retention times. The combination of SPME preconcentration and the additional information provided by the PFAIMS detector yielded unique patterns from smoke from each fuel. Reconstructed ion chromatograms extracted from the PFAIMS scans indicated sufficient resolution of chemical constituents could be completed in less than five minutes with little loss of analytical information. These first measurements suggest that a GC-PFAIMS instrument operating at ambient pressure in air might result in a compact and convenient fuel specific smoke alarm at a reasonable cost. C1 USDA ARS, SW, Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. SIONEX Corp, Waltham, MA 02451 USA. RP Funk, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW, Cotton Ginning Res Lab, 300 E Coll Dr,POB 578, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 6-7 BP 585 EP 593 DI 10.1002/jssc.200390080 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 684RG UT WOS:000183219900020 ER PT J AU Wood, AD AF Wood, AD TI One size doesn't fit all SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, NRCS, Harrisburg, PA USA. RP Wood, AD (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Harrisburg, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 3 BP 54A EP 54A PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 732QH UT WOS:000185956700004 ER PT J AU Bathgate, JD Duram, LA AF Bathgate, JD Duram, LA TI A geographic information systems based landscape classification model to enhance soil survey: A southern Illinois case study SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE digital elevation model (DEM); geographic information systems (GIS); Illinois; landscape model; soil survey ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; TERRAIN; EROSION AB This paper presents an innovative geographic information systems (GIS)-based model that can assist soil scientists in soil survey by providing quantitative data on soils and landscape characteristics. Using GIS data exploration techniques, nine data layers (percent slope, slope length, profile curvature, tangential curvature, mean curvature, flow accumulation, flow tine density, distance to troughs, and distance to summits) were extracted from U.S. Geological Survey 30-m (98-43 ft) digital elevation models. A G IS clustering algorithm identified 50 landscape signatures from the nine data layers. A maximum likelihood discriminate analysis classifier was employed using the nine data layers and the 50 landscape signatures to create landscape classification information. This model provides an objective understanding of the soil-landscape relationship. The model was tested at a case study site in a quarter section of Massac County, Illinois, an area of homogeneous loess. Preliminary analysis indicates that the statistical relevance of the model is high, as a regression equation obtained a coefficient of determination (R-2) of .88. Thus the potential predictive capabilities of the model are great, and should be extended to heterogeneous landscapes through further testing. This GIS landscape model could be used by soil scientists to advance their knowledge of the soil-landscape relationship, and ultimately enhance soil survey in the future. The objective of this research is to develop a quantitative tool to model landscape elements using GIS and digital elevation models for application in soil survey. Soils are closely related to the landforms in which they reside. Hall and Olson (1991) observed that landscapes have a strong nonrandom variability component, which makes landscapes predictable, and since soils are strongly related to landscapes they should also be predictable. Quantitative procedures are available, but are sometimes met with resistance that can impede progress within soil survey. The next generation of soil survey needs to incorporate a major conceptual change in the way soils are mapped, specifically a change in the cartographic model. A continuous mapping cartographic model should be the future of soil survey. But this requires changing current views about the spatial distribution of soil. The current view that "soil types fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle" (USDA-NRCS, 1999: P. 26) needs to be replaced with the view that soils are a continuum with spatial variations. Indeed this model bridges the gap between the "discrete" mapping of current soil survey and the "continuous" mapping efforts of the future. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Major Land Resource Areas Soil Surv Off, Carbondale, IL USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geog, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Bathgate, JD (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Major Land Resource Areas Soil Surv Off, Carbondale, IL USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 3 BP 119 EP 127 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 732QH UT WOS:000185956700007 ER PT J AU Fernandez, C Wu, JQ McCool, DK Stockle, CO AF Fernandez, C Wu, JQ McCool, DK Stockle, CO TI Estimating water erosion and sediment yield with GIS, RUSLE, and SEDD SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE ArcView GIS; RUSLE; SEDD; sediment delivery; sediment yield; soil erosion ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION; MODEL; DELIVERY; UNITS AB A comprehensive methodology that integrates erosion models, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, and a sediment delivery concept for estimating water erosion and sediment delivery at the watershed scale was presented. The method was applied to a typical agricultural watershed in the state of Idaho, which is subject to increasing soil erosion and flooding problems. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to assess mean annual water erosion. The Sediment Delivery Distributed (SEDD) model was adapted to determine sediment transport to perennial streams. The spatial pattern of annual soil erosion and sediment yield was obtained by integrating RUSLE, SEDD, and a raster GIS (ArcView). Required GIS data layers included precipitation, soil characteristics, elevation, and land use. Current cropping and management practices and selected, feasible, future management practices were evaluated to determine their effects on average annual soil toss. Substantial reduction in water erosion can be achieved when future conservation support practices are applied. The integrated approach allows for relatively easy, fast, and cost-effective estimation of spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery. It thus provides a useful and efficient tool. for predicting tong-term water erosion potential and assessing erosion impacts of various cropping systems and conservation support practices. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, Pullman, WA USA. RP McCool, DK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 41 TC 69 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 22 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 3 BP 128 EP 136 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 732QH UT WOS:000185956700009 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN Weld, JL Beegle, DB Kleinman, PJA Gburek, WJ Moore, PA Mullins, G AF Sharpley, AN Weld, JL Beegle, DB Kleinman, PJA Gburek, WJ Moore, PA Mullins, G TI Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the United States SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE agricultural nutrient management; erosion; eutrophication; fertilizer management; manure management; nonpoint source pollution; phosphorus; remediation; surface runoff; water quality ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; WATER-QUALITY; RUNOFF; SITES AB Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for crop and livestock production, can accelerate freshwater eutrophication, now one of the leading water quality impairments in the United States. In response, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency proposed a new nutrient management policy, now addressing P as well as nitrogen (N), which each state must enact by 2008. There are three approaches that address P-agronomic soil test P recommendations, environmental soil test P thresholds, and a P index to rank fields according to their vulnerability to potential P toss. There are many versions of the P index now in use, demonstrating the robustness and flexibility of the indexing framework to better target remedial measures. Of the three P-based approaches, the P indexing approach has been most widely adopted with 47 states using this approach to target P management. This paper charts the development of the indexing approach, which ranks site vulnerability to P loss by accounting for source (soil test P, fertilizer, and manure management) and transport factors (erosion, runoff, teaching, and connectivity to a stream channel) and outlines modifications made among states that reflect local conditions and policy. Additional factors include flooding frequency, STP modifiers (texture, pH, P sorption, reactive aluminum [Al]), conservation practices, and priority of receiving waters. While computation of the final index value is additive in 20 states, 17 multiply source and transport factors to define critical source areas. Most states (47) have maintained the original indexing approach of assessing site vulnerability to P loss, with indices in three states quantifying P toss. We demonstrate using three management scenarios (changing the time of applied manure, riparian buffer establishment, and reduced feed P ration) that overall P index ratings can be decreased, giving farmers more options for manure management than by simply reducing application rates. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safely Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Weld, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 15 TC 240 Z9 262 U1 20 U2 115 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 3 BP 137 EP 152 PG 16 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 732QH UT WOS:000185956700010 ER PT J AU Novotny, JA Rumpler, WV Baer, DJ Judd, JT AF Novotny, JA Rumpler, WV Baer, DJ Judd, JT TI The effect of daily alcohol intake on breath alcohol concentrations of postmenopausal women after a bolus dose SO JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL LA English DT Article ID CONSUMPTION; CANCER; PHARMACOKINETICS; ELIMINATION; RISK AB Objective: This study was designed to test whether daily alcohol intake can influence parameters related to rate of alcohol clearance and systemic alcohol exposure. Method: Postmenopausal women (N = 14) completed a study in which they consumed an alcohol treatment daily for 8 weeks. In a three-period crossover design, women consumed 0, 15 or 30 g/day ethanol, with each subject completing each treatment level. Following the 8-week adaptation period, the subjects consumed a single dose of 15 g ethanol, and breath samples were collected to assess breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) every 5 minutes until the BrAC declined to zero. Results: Adaptation to daily alcohol intake of 30 g/day resulted in reduced breath alcohol response compared to adaptation to 0 g/day. Specifically, area under the BrAC time curve was lower after women had consumed 30 g ethanol per day compared to that after daily consumption of 0 grams per day. Also, the time required for BrAC to decline to 0.01% after the bolus dose was reduced when subjects were adapted to 30 g/day compared to 0 g/day. Conclusions: Daily intake of alcohol at a level of 30 g/day appears to be sufficient to alter the parameters related to systemic alcohol exposure. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Novotny, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 308,Room 201,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALCOHOL RES DOCUMENTATION INC CENT ALCOHOL STUD RUTGERS UNIV PI PISCATAWAY PA C/O DEIRDRE ENGLISH, 607 ALLISON RD, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8001 USA SN 0096-882X J9 J STUD ALCOHOL JI J. Stud. Alcohol PD MAY PY 2003 VL 64 IS 3 BP 380 EP 383 PG 4 WC Substance Abuse; Psychology SC Substance Abuse; Psychology GA 684RZ UT WOS:000183221500010 PM 12817827 ER PT J AU Goffman, FD Pinson, S Bergman, C AF Goffman, FD Pinson, S Bergman, C TI Genetic diversity for lipid content and fatty acid profile in rice bran SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid composition; genetic variation; oil quality; Oryza sativa L.; rice bran ID MUTANT; OILS AB Rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran contains valuable nutritional constituents, which include lipids with health benefits. A germplasm collection consisting of 204 genetically diverse rice accessions was grown under field conditions and evaluated for total oil content and fatty acid (FA) composition. Genotype effects were highly statistically significant for lipid content and FA profile (P < 0.001). Environment (year) significantly affected oil content (P < 0.05), as well as stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids (all with P < 0.01 or lower), but not palmitic acid. The oil content in rice bran varied relatively strongly, ranging from 17.3 to 27.4% (w/w). The major FA in bran oil were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, which were in the ranges of 13.9-22.1, 35.9-49.2, and 27.3-41.0%, respectively. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated FA (S/U ratio) was highly related to the palmitic acid content (r(2) = 0.97). Japonica lines were characterized by a low palmitic acid content and S/U ratio, whereas Indica lines showed a high palmitic acid content and a high S/U ratio. The variation found suggests it is possible to select for both oil content and FA profile in rice bran. C1 USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Goffman, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 80 IS 5 BP 485 EP 490 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0725-x PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 687YW UT WOS:000183405400013 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Erez, A Puterka, GJ Gundrum, P AF Glenn, DM Erez, A Puterka, GJ Gundrum, P TI Particle films affect carbon assimilation and yield in 'Empire' Apple SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus x sylvestris var. domestica; heat stress; whole canopy photosynthesis; isotopic carbon discrimination; light scatter; kaolin; calcium carbonate ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; CO2 EXCHANGE; SUPPRESSION; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; TEMPERATURE; QUALITY; GROWTH; PEACH AB Processed-kaolin particle films (PKPFs) are used commercially in large quantities on horticultural crops to repel insects, and reduce beat stress and solar injury of fruit. Our studies determined the effect of two processed-mineral particle film materials (kaolin and calcium carbonate), on whole plant carbon assimilation, water use efficiency, yield, mean fruit weight and quality in 'Empire' apple [(Malus xsylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh Mansf.))] over a four-year period. The application of a PKPF reduced canopy temperature, and probably reduced environmental stress, resulting in increased mean fruit weight and red color in two of the four years of the study. Whole canopy carbon assimilation studies indicated increased carbon assimilation only under conditions of high air temperature. The PKPF sprayed leaves also had reduced water use efficiency; likely due to increased stomatal conductance associated with reduced leaf temperature. Calcium carbonate had none of the positive effects of PKPF and reflected more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than the PKPF. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Hort, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 34 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 128 IS 3 BP 356 EP 362 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 670TJ UT WOS:000182424800011 ER PT J AU Grauke, LJ Iqbal, MJ Reddy, AS Thompson, TE AF Grauke, LJ Iqbal, MJ Reddy, AS Thompson, TE TI Developing microsatellite DNA markers in pecan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; simple sequence repeats; biodiversity ID GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS; CARYA-ILLINOINENSIS; CULTIVARS AB A microsatellite-enriched library was developed from 'Halbert', a native pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] selection from Coleman County, Texas. A genomic library enriched for simple sequence repeats (SSR) containing 6144 clones was archived in 384 well plates for screening. In total, 439 clones were identified after Southern hybridization using di- and tri-nucleotide repeats as probes. In total, 125 positive clones were sequenced and primers were designed for 24 repeats. The SSR markers chosen for analysis include di- (CT and GA) and tri-nucleotide repeats (CTT, GAA and GAT). Of the 24 primer pairs tested, 19 successfully amplified microsatellites from 'Halbert'. DNA was isolated from 48 pecan and hickory accessions selected to strategically represent the genetic diversity of the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) Carya collections. The 19 SSR primers that produced good amplification products in 'Halbert' were used to evaluate the collection, with 11 revealing polymorphism. The number of fragments amplified with different primer combinations ranged from 4 to 32 in the 48 genotypes tested. Evaluation of the data confirms the utility of the microsatellites in delimiting known relationships. C1 USDA ARS, Pecan Breeding & Genet, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Crop Biotechnol Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Grauke, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pecan Breeding & Genet, 10200 FM 50, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 128 IS 3 BP 374 EP 380 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 670TJ UT WOS:000182424800013 ER PT J AU Bethem, R Boison, J Gale, J Heller, D Lehotay, S Loo, J Musser, S Price, P Stein, S AF Bethem, R Boison, J Gale, J Heller, D Lehotay, S Loo, J Musser, S Price, P Stein, S TI Establishing the fitness for purpose of mass spectrometric methods SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID DRUG RESIDUES; CONFIRMATION; IDENTIFICATION AB This report is submitted by a working group sponsored by the ASMS Measurements and Standards Committee. The group responded to a 1998 opinion piece dealing with mass spectrometry in trace analysis (Bethem, R. A.; Boyd, R. K. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 9, 643-648) which proposed that the concept of fitness for purpose addresses the needs of a wide range of analytical problems. There is a need to define fitness for purpose within the current context of mass spectrometry and to recommend processes for developing and evaluating methods according to suitability for a particular purpose. The key element in our proposal is for the interested parties to define in advance the acceptable degree of measurement uncertainty and the desired degree of identification confidence. These choices can serve as guideposts during method development and targets for retrospective evaluation of methods. A series of more detailed recommendations are derived from basic principles and also from reviews of current practice. This report highlights some areas where consensus is evident, but also revealed the need for further work in other areas. The recommendations are aimed primarily for the laboratory analyst but we hope they will be accessible to the non-scientist as well. Our goal was to provide a framework that can support informed decisions and foster discussion of the issues, because ultimately it is the responsibility of the analyst to make choices, provide supporting data, and interpret results according to scientific principles and qualified judgment. (C) 2003 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, NJ USA. Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Alta Analyt Lab, El Dorado Hills, CA USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. Pfizer, Global Res & Dev, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, S Charleston, WV USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heller, D (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 16 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 528 EP 541 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00137-5 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 683UV UT WOS:000183169400013 PM 12745222 ER PT J AU Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JF Neill, JD AF Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JF Neill, JD TI Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection of calves with a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID VIRUS DIARRHEA VIRUS; EXPERIMENTAL MUCOSAL DISEASE; TYPE-2 BVDV; BOVINE; CATTLE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; IDENTIFICATION; TISSUES AB To examine the virus-host interaction in subclinical bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections, the spread of a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence to different organs and the development of lesions were investigated. Eight colostrum-deprived, clinically healthy, 2-3-month-old calves were intranasally inoculated with 10(6) tissue culture infective dose of the naturally occurring BVDV 2 strain 28508-5 of low virulence, and 2 served as controls. Two calves each were euthanized at days 3, 6, 9, and 13 postinoculation (pi). Representative tissues were processed for histology and immunohistology. Signs of overt clinical disease were absent. However, a mild temperature elevation at days 7 or 8 pi and a moderate decrease of circulating lymphocytes occurred in all inoculated calves. The BVDV antigen was detected at day 3 pi in several lymphoid tissues. At day 6 pi, BVDV antigen was found widespread in lymphoid tissues and multifocally in intestinal epithelial cells but was associated with no or subtle lesions only. At day 9 pi, much less BVDV antigen was detectable, but there was severe depletion of lymphoid tissues. At day 13 pi, BVDV antigen had been cleared from most lymphoid tissues that were at variable phases of depletion and recovery. In conclusion, the BVDV strain of low virulence spread to lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelial cells but was rapidly eliminated. Transient depletion of lymphoid tissues was followed by recovery. C1 Vet Sch Hannover, Dept Pathol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Lifestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Liebler-Tenorio, EM (reprint author), Vet Sch Hannover, Dept Pathol, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. NR 39 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 15 IS 3 BP 221 EP 232 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 669FJ UT WOS:000182341000003 PM 12735344 ER PT J AU Chung, HY Wu, DY Gay, R Han, SN Goldin, B Bronson, R Mason, J Smith, DE Meydani, SN AF Chung, HY Wu, DY Gay, R Han, SN Goldin, B Bronson, R Mason, J Smith, DE Meydani, SN TI Effect of age on susceptibility to azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in C57BL/6JNIA mice SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PUTATIVE PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS; RAT COLON; CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CELL-PROLIFERATION; COLORECTAL-CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; EXPRESSION; POLYPOSIS; METABOLISM AB To determine the effect of age on susceptibility to azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation and its underlying mechanism, young and old mice were injected with AOM weekly for 4 or 5 weeks and euthanized 5 or 6 weeks later. Given the same (12 or 15) mg/kg body weight dose of AOM, old mice had significantly more ACF than young mice. However, given the same total dose of AOM (to avoid confounding effect of higher dose to heavier old mice), at a low total dose (1.5 mg) there was no age difference, but at higher total doses (1.8 and 2.2 mg) young mice had significantly more ACF than old mice. These results indicate that the age-related susceptibility to AOM differs depending on whether administration of the carcinogen is based on weight or total dose. These age differences are not due to variations in cyclooxygenase-2 expression, cell proliferation, or AOM hydroxylase activity. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Biol Sci, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 58 IS 5 BP 400 EP 405 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 675BP UT WOS:000182673400003 ER PT J AU Warren, JM Simon, VA Bartolini, G Erickson, KL Mackey, BE Kelley, DS AF Warren, JM Simon, VA Bartolini, G Erickson, KL Mackey, BE Kelley, DS TI Trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases liver and decreases adipose tissue lipids in mice: Possible roles of specific lipid metabolism genes SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATED LINOLEIC-ACID; SUPPLEMENTATION; EXPRESSION; LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; HAMSTERS; ISOMERS; PROTEIN; HUMANS; LINK AB Although consumption of CLA mixtures has been associated with several health effects, less is known about the actions of specific CLA isomers. There is evidence that the t10, c12-CLA isomer is associated with alterations in body and organ weights in animals fed CLA, but the mechanisms leading to these changes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two commonly occurring isomers of CLA on body composition and the transcription of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Eight-week-old female mice (n = 11 or 12/group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9, t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA isomers or 0.2% of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist fenofibrate for 8 wk. Body and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower (6-10 and 50%, respectively), and liver weights were significantly greater (100%) in the t10, c12-CLA and the fenofibrate groups compared with those in the control group; body and tissue weights in the c9, t11-CLA group did not differ from those in the control group. Livers from animals in the t10, c12-CLA group contained five times more lipids than in the control group, whereas the lipid content of the fenofibrate group did not differ from that in the control group. Although fenofibrate increased the mRNA for PPARalpha, t10, c12-CLA decreased it. These results suggest that PPARalpha did not mediate the effects of t10, c12-CLA on body composition. The CLA isomers and fenofibrate altered mRNA levels for several proteins involved in lipid metabolism, but the most striking difference was the reduction of mRNA for leptin and adiponectin in the t10, cl2-CLA group. These initial results suggest that changes associated with energy homeostasis and insulin action may mediate the effects of t10, c12-CLA on lipid metabolism. Paper no. L9208 in Lipids 38, 497-504 (May 2003). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, WHNRC, ARS,USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, WHNRC, ARS,USDA, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 26 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAY PY 2003 VL 38 IS 5 BP 497 EP 504 DI 10.1007/s11745-003-1090-0 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 695UY UT WOS:000183849800001 PM 12880104 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO TI Free-space measurement of dielectric properties of cereal grain and oilseed at microwave frequencies SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; permittivity; cereal grain; oilseed; free-space measurement; microwave; attenuation; phase shift; bulk density; moisture content; temperature ID MOISTURE-CONTENT; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; BULK-DENSITY; WHEAT; PERMITTIVITY; TEMPERATURE; DEPENDENCE; WATER; CORN AB Principles of dielectric property measurement by microwave free-space transmission measurements are presented, and the important sources of errors in such measurements are discussed. A system, including a vector network analyser, horn/lens antennas, holder for grain and oilseed samples and a radiation absorbing enclosure that was used for such measurements is described, and the techniques and procedures followed to obtain reliable permittivity data for wheat, shelled corn (maize) and soybeans are outlined. Data illustrating linear relationships between microwave attenuation and phase shift per unit sample thickness, each divided by the bulk density of the granular materials, and frequency and moisture content are presented graphically. The linear dependence of calculated permittivity components, dielectric constant and loss factor, on bulk density is also shown, and permittivity components for wheat, corn and soybeans are listed for reference at frequencies from 5 to 17 GHz at different densities and moisture levels at about 23degreesC. Permittivity values are also listed for the same three commodities, adjusted to a medium density value through use of the Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga dielectric mixture equation, for the total range of moisture contents at 10 GHz and at the same temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM strabelsi@qaru.ars.usda.gov NR 25 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 589 EP 600 AR PII S0957-0233(03)57561-0 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/5/308 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 687QU UT WOS:000183388700009 ER PT J AU Larrondo, LF Avila, M Salas, L Cullen, D Vicuna, R AF Larrondo, LF Avila, M Salas, L Cullen, D Vicuna, R TI Heterologous expression of laccase cDNA from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora yields copper-activated apoprotein and complex isoform patterns SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN-DEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETE; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; PYCNOPORUS-CINNABARINUS; GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; CELLOBIOHYDROLASE-I; RECOMBINANT ENZYME; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; TRAMETES-VILLOSA; GENE FAMILY AB Analysis of genomic clones encoding a putative laccase in homokaryon strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora led to the identification of an allelic variant of the previously described Ics-1 gene. A cDNA clone corresponding to this gene was expressed in Aspergillus nidulans and in Aspergillus niger. Enzyme assays and Western blots showed that both hosts secreted active laccase. Relative to the isozymic forms of the native C. subvermispora enzyme, the A. niger-produced laccase had a higher molecular mass and gave a single band on IEF gels. In contrast, A. nidulans transformants secreted several isoforms remarkably similar to those of the native system. Considered together with previously reported Southern blots and protein sequencing, expression in A. nidulans supports the view that C. subvermispora has a single laccase gene and that multiple isoforms result from post-translational processes. In addition, several lines of evidence strongly suggest that under copper limitation, A. nidulans secretes apoprotein which can be reconstituted by a short incubation with Cu(I) and to a lesser extent with Cu(II). C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Santiago, Chile. Inst Milenio Biol Fundamental & Aplicada, Santiago, Chile. RP Vicuna, R (reprint author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile. RI Larrondo, Luis/A-2916-2013; Larrondo, Luis/J-1086-2016 OI Larrondo, Luis/0000-0002-8832-7109 NR 40 TC 38 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD MAY PY 2003 VL 149 BP 1177 EP 1182 DI 10.1099/mic.0.26147-0 PN 5 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 681JL UT WOS:000183033000010 PM 12724379 ER PT J AU Chaverri, P Castlebury, LA Samuels, GJ Geiser, DM AF Chaverri, P Castlebury, LA Samuels, GJ Geiser, DM TI Multilocus phylogenetic structure within the Trichoderma harzianum/Hypocrea lixii complex SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID FUJIKUROI SPECIES COMPLEX; SP NOV.; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; COCCIDIOIDES-IMMITIS; GENUS TRICHODERMA; MUSHROOM COMPOST; BRITISH-ISLES; NORTH-AMERICA; GREEN MOLD; TELEOMORPH AB Trichoderma harzianum is a ubiquitous species in the environment and is effective in the biological control of plant-pathogenic fungi. T harzianum has not been linked unequivocally to its sexual state nor has its phylogeny been studied in detail. It has been suggested that T harzianum is a species complex based on the phenotypic and genotypic variability encountered. On the basis of morphological and cultural characters and DNA sequence data analysis of four genes (ITS rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, calmodulin, and alpha-actin), Hypocrea lixii was found to be the sexual state of T harzianum. Both the asexual and sexual states of this species have wide geographic distributions. Phylogenctic analysis of four genes showed that T harzianum/H. lixii is a cohesive group that is supported by bootstrap values higher than 95%. Principles of genealogical concordance indicated that T harzianum/H. lixii is a complex of independent monophyletic lineages, but no diagnostic morphological distinctions were identified that justify formal taxonomic recognition for the different lineages. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chaverri, P (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Geiser, David/J-9950-2013; OI Chaverri, Priscila/0000-0002-8486-6033 NR 46 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 302 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00400-1 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 672UK UT WOS:000182541100011 PM 12695093 ER PT J AU Xu, NC Takahashi, Y Matsuda, F Sakai, S Christenson, RK Imakawa, K AF Xu, NC Takahashi, Y Matsuda, F Sakai, S Christenson, RK Imakawa, K TI Coactivator CBP in the regulation of conceptus IFN tau gene transcription SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE IFN tau; CBP; c-jun; Ets-2; JEG3 ID CREB-BINDING-PROTEIN; INTERFERON-TAU; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; FACTOR AP-1; P300; ACTIVATION; PROMOTER; E1A; TRANSACTIVATION; DIFFERENTIATION AB Studies of ovine interferon-tau (olFNtau) gene regulation, an anti-luteolytic factor produced by conceptuses of the ruminant ungulates, have been carried out, but a definitive mechanism for its spatial-temporal transcription has not been elucidated. Recently, specific binding regions for transcription factors AP-1 and Ets-2 on the oIFNtau gene were identified; however, a molecular mechanism by which these factors regulate oIFNtau gene transcription has not been characterized. In the present study, we investigated the potential relationship between AP-1 and Ets-2, and their association with a coactivator, cAMP-response element binding protein-binding protein (CBP), on oIFNtau gene transcription in a transient transfection system using human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells. The oIFNtau gene promoter/enhancer (-654 to +1 bases, wild type)-luciferase reporter construct (pGL3-654) or its mutant at the AP-1 or Ets-2 site was cotransfected with CBP (pRc/RSV-CBP) construct along with c-jun, c-fos, and/or Ets-2 expression plasmid. CBP enhanced transcription of the wild type oIFNtau-reporter construct; however, this coactivator had no effect on the oIFNtau-reporter construct with mutated AP-1 or Ets-2 site. Cotransfection of CBP with c-jun and/or Ets-2, but not with c-fos, further increased oIFNtau gene transactivation although amounts of c-jun and c-fos expression, resulting from expression vectors, were similar. In addition, CBP inhibitor adenovirus 12S E1A (E1A), but not the mutant of E1A without CBP binding domain (Delta2-36), suppressed oIFNtau gene transcription. These observations suggest that c-jun and Ets-2 are the most probable binding partners for CBP in the potentiation of oIFNtau gene transcription. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Tokyo, Lab Anim Breeding, Fac Agr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Imakawa, K (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Lab Anim Breeding, Fac Agr, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 65 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1002/mrd.10293 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 661GE UT WOS:000181882200004 PM 12658630 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Fiorotto, ML Cummings, KK Pope, M Brown, PA Draghia-Akli, R AF Khan, AS Fiorotto, ML Cummings, KK Pope, M Brown, PA Draghia-Akli, R TI Maternal GHRH plasmid administration changes pituitary cell lineage and improves progeny growth of pigs SO MOLECULAR THERAPY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Gene-Therapy CY JUN 04-08, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Gene Therapy C1 ADVISYS Inc, The Woodlands, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1525-0016 J9 MOL THER JI Mol. Ther. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 7 IS 5 MA 986 BP S380 EP S380 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 676FH UT WOS:000182740300985 ER PT J AU Gilbertson, RL Nakasone, KK AF Gilbertson, RL Nakasone, KK TI New taxa of Hawaiian corticioid fungi are described with keys to Crustoderma, Radulomyces, and Scopuloides SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Corticiaceae; Crustoderma fuscatum; Crustoderma vulcanense; Hemmesomyces puauluensis; Radulomyces tantalusensis; Scopuloides magnacystidiata; taxonomy AB Four new species of corticioid fungi from Hawaii are described and illustrated. The new genus Hemmesomyces is described to accommodate We new species H. puauluensis. Radulomyces tantalusensis, Crustoderma fuscatum and Scopuloides magnacystidiata also are described as new. In addition, the new combination Crustoderma vulcanense is proposed. Keys to the species of Crustoderma, Radulomyces and Scopuloides are provided. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Gilbertson, RL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 467 EP 473 DI 10.2307/3761888 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 705KG UT WOS:000184393800010 PM 21156635 ER PT J AU Kretzer, AM Luoma, DL Molina, R Spatafora, JW AF Kretzer, AM Luoma, DL Molina, R Spatafora, JW TI Taxonomy of the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex based on analysis of ITS sequences and microsatellite loci SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE fungal species concepts; internal transcribed spacers; microsatellite markers; Rhizopogon ID ECTOMYCORRHIZAL GENUS RHIZOPOGON; MYCORRHIZAL SPECIFICITY; HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; BIOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION; MENZIESII; EVOLUTION; TRUFFLE AB We are re-addressing species concepts in the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex (Boletales, Basidiomycota) using sequence data from the internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, as well as genotypic data from five microsatellite loci. The R. vinicolor species complex by our definition includes, but is not limited to, collections referred to as R. vinicolor Smith, R. diabolicus Smith, R. ochraceisporus Smith, R. parvulus Smith or R. vesiculosus Smith. Holo- and/or paratype material for the named species is included. Analyses of both ITS sequences and microsatellite loci separate collections of the R. vinicolor species complex into two distinct clades or clusters, suggestive of two biological species that subsequently are referred to as R. vinicolor sensu Kretzer et al and R. vesiculosus sensu Kretzer et al. Choice of the latter names, as well as morphological characters, are discussed. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kretzer, AM (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, 350 Illick Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 480 EP 487 DI 10.2307/3761890 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 705KG UT WOS:000184393800012 PM 21156637 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY AF Rossman, AY TI Chester Ray Benjamin, 1923-2002 SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA ARS, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Room 304,B011A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3 BP 557 EP 558 PG 2 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 705KG UT WOS:000184393800021 ER PT J AU Camara, MPS Ramaley, AW Castlebury, LA Palm, ME AF Camara, MPS Ramaley, AW Castlebury, LA Palm, ME TI Neophaeosphaeria and Phaeosphaeriopsis, segregates of Paraphaeosphaeria SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Two new genera, Neophaeosphaeria and Phaeosphaeriopsis, are described to accommodate species of Paraphaeosphaeria that are not congeneric based on morphological characters and results of 18S rDNA sequence analyses. Paraphaeosphaeria s. str. is restricted to species with two-septate ascospores and anamorphs that produce non-septate, smooth, pale brown conidia enteroblastically from phialides which have some periclinal thickening. Species in Neophaeosphaeria have 3-4-septate ascospores and anamorphs that produce ovoid to ellipsoid, non-septate, brown, verrucose or punctate conidia from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells. Paraphaeosphaeria barrii, P. conglomerata, P. filamentosa and P. quadriseptata are transferred to Neophaeosphaeria. At present all species in Neophaeosphaeria occur on Yucca (Agavaceae). Phaeosphaeriopsis is described for species that produce 4-5-septate ascospores. Known anamorphs produce cylindrical, 0-3-septate, brown, punctate conidia from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells or bacillar conidia from simple phialides. P. agavensis, P. glauco-punctata, P. nolinae and P. obtusispora are transferred to Phaeosphaeriopsis. P. amblyspora is described as a new species. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, SBML, Room 329,Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 107 BP 516 EP 522 DI 10.1017/S0953756203007731 PN 5 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 700PJ UT WOS:000184120100001 PM 12884947 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT Bobell, JR Palmquist, DE AF Wicklow, DT Bobell, JR Palmquist, DE TI Effect of intraspecific competition by Aspergillus flavus on aflatoxin formation in suspended disc culture SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; ATOXIGENIC STRAINS; REPLACEMENT SERIES; FIELD APPLICATION; CORN KERNELS; PEANUT FIELD; PARASITICUS; POPULATION; SOIL; COTTONSEED AB The ability of two non-aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus to interfere with aflatoxin production by a toxigenic A. flavus strain was examined using a replacement series with suspended disc culture method. Individual glass fiber discs, affixed to a pin suspended from the caps of scintillation vials, were inoculated with medium containing A. flavus conidial mixtures in different proportions (aflatoxin producer: non-producer = 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80 and 0: 100 by vol) at a constant total density (1 x 10(5) spores ml(-1)). Reductions in the total conidial density of these strains when grown alone, had little effect on fungal growth (mycelium dry weight) or aflatoxin production. Significant (P<0.0001) reductions in aflatoxin B-1 were recorded when non-toxigenic strains represented any proportion of the inoculum mixture. Aflatoxin yield values were less than (P<0.0001) expected from the input ratios for toxigenic vs. non-toxigenic conidial inoculum within the replacement series. Aflatoxin yields were also reduced (P<0.001), with a corresponding increase in fungal growth (P<0.001), when conidia from aflatoxin producing strains were mixed in equal proportions. This suggests that the substantial inhibition of aflatoxin yield for inoculum mixtures results from the failure of spore germlings to establish a cooperative mycelial network. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wicklow, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 107 BP 617 EP 623 DI 10.1017/S0953756203007792 PN 5 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 700PJ UT WOS:000184120100014 PM 12884960 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Howe, JC Martel, G Scott, WH Dooly, CR AF Behall, KM Howe, JC Martel, G Scott, WH Dooly, CR TI Comparison of resistive to aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors of sedentary, overweight premenopausal and postmenopausal women SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; triglycerides; glucose; insulin; exercise ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; OLDER MEN; BRISK WALKING; SERUM-LIPIDS; HORMONE REPLACEMENT AB Physical inactivity has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease similar to that of hypercholesterolemia. However, few studies compare the type of exercise to effects on plasma lipids, especially of postmenopausal women. Premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects participated in resistive (12 subjects) or aerobic (I I subjects) training program for 12 weeks. Triglyceride levels of the postmenopausal women and total and LDL cholesterol of both premenopausal and postmenopausal women were significantly lower after exercise compared to prestudy levels. No significant difference was found in the HDL cholesterol levels. Insulin and C-peptide area under the curve, but not glucose, significantly decreased with both types of exercise. The type of exercise was more important to postmenopausal than premenopausal women, and aerobic exercise had the greater affect (28% decrease) on the cardiovascular risk factor, cholesterol. Based on these results, health professionals can recommend walking as an effective exercise for older women. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, BARC East, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Ball State Univ, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA, BARC East, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 308,Rm 109,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 BP 607 EP 619 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00015-0 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 680YK UT WOS:000183007500004 ER PT J AU Sawaya, AL Martins, P Hoffman, D Roberts, SB AF Sawaya, AL Martins, P Hoffman, D Roberts, SB TI The link between childhood undernutrition and risk of chronic diseases in adulthood: A case study of Brazil SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE undernutrition; stunting; obesity; diabetes; hypertension ID NUTRITIONALLY STUNTED CHILDREN; CATCH-UP GROWTH; SAO-PAULO; FAT DISTRIBUTION; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; BODY-COMPOSITION; DIETARY ENERGY; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; OVERWEIGHT AB Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are now prevalent among adults living in developing countries; these chronic diseases affect socioeconomically disadvantaged adults living in impoverished families with undernourished children. This review summarizes data from Brazil-a developing country undergoing the nutrition transition-suggesting an association between childhood undernutrition and obesity and chronic degenerative disease. Potential mechanisms for the association include long-term effects of childhood undernutrition on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, regulation of food intake, susceptibility to the effects of high-fat diets, and altered insulin sensitivity. The combination of childhood undernutrition and adult chronic degenerative disease results in enormous social and economic burdens for developing countries. Further research is urgently needed to examine the effect of childhood undernutrition on risk of obesity and chronic degenerative diseases; one goal of such research would be to determine and provide low-cost methods for prevention and treatment. C1 Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Disciplina Neurofisiol & Fisiol Endocrina, BR-04023060 Sao Paulo, Capital, Brazil. Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Nutr Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Sawaya, AL (reprint author), Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Disciplina Neurofisiol & Fisiol Endocrina, Rua Botucatu 862,2nd Floor, BR-04023060 Sao Paulo, Capital, Brazil. RI Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 NR 60 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 61 IS 5 BP 168 EP 175 DI 10.1301/nr.2003.may.168-175 PN 1 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 738NX UT WOS:000186295700002 PM 12822705 ER PT J AU Pearson, SF Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH del Rio, CM AF Pearson, SF Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH del Rio, CM TI Effects of elemental composition on the incorporation of dietary nitrogen and carbon isotopic signatures in an omnivorous songbird SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Dendroica coronata; diet reconstruction; diet-tissue relationship; discrimination; stable isotope turnover ID STABLE ISOTOPES; TERRESTRIAL PROTEIN; SEASONAL-CHANGES; PACIFIC SALMON; MIXING MODELS; FRACTIONATION; ECOLOGY; TISSUES; MARINE; TURNOVER AB The use of stable isotopes to infer diet requires quantifying the relationship between diet and tissues and, in particular, knowing of how quickly isotopes turnover in different tissues and how isotopic concentrations of different food components change (discriminate) when incorporated into consumer tissues. We used feeding trials with wild-caught yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata) to determine delta(15)N and delta(13)C turnover rates for blood, delta(15)N and delta(13)C diet-tissue discrimination factors, and diet-tissue relationships for blood and feathers. After 3 weeks on a common diet, 36 warblers were assigned to one of four diets differing in the relative proportion of fruit and insects. Plasma half-life estimates ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 days for delta(13)C and from 0.5 to 1.7 days for delta(15)N. Half-life did not differ among diets. Whole blood half-life for delta(13)C ranged from 3.9 to 6.1 days. Yellow-rumped warbler tissues were enriched relative to diet by 1.7-3.6% for nitrogen isotopes and by -1.2 to 4.3% for carbon isotopes, depending on tissue and diet. Consistent with previous studies, feathers were the most enriched and whole blood and plasma were the least enriched or, in the case of carbon, slightly depleted relative to diet. In general, tissues were more enriched relative to diet for birds on diets with high percentages of insects. For all tissues, carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination factors increased with carbon and nitrogen concentrations of diets. The isotopic signature of plasma increased linearly with the sum of the isotopic signature of the diet and the discrimination factor. Because the isotopic signature of tissues depends on both elemental concentration and isotopic signature of the diet, attempts to reconstruct diet from stable isotope signatures require use of mixing models that incorporate elemental concentration. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Pearson, SF (reprint author), Washington State Dept Nat Resources, Nat Areas Program, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. NR 35 TC 208 Z9 216 U1 3 U2 63 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAY PY 2003 VL 135 IS 4 BP 516 EP 523 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1221-8 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 693NB UT WOS:000183722700004 PM 16228250 ER PT J AU Zhang, QH Schlyter, F AF Zhang, QH Schlyter, F TI Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE; TOMICUS-PINIPERDA; AMBROSIA BEETLE; DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; TRYPODENDRON-LINEATUM; OLFACTORY RECOGNITION; ANGIOSPERM TREES AB Host and habitat selection in flight by conifer bark beetles is governed by inhibition of attraction by non-host volatiles (NHV), in addition to the well-known attraction to kairomones from host plants and to aggregation pheromones from conspecifics. Antennally-active NHV from angiosperm birch and aspen trees were field tested on the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), by pheromone baited traps in Sweden using release rates of NHV comparable to those from a non-host tree. Trap catches were significantly reduced by 50-70% by individual NHV: trans-conophthorin, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol from non-host bark, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol from both leaves and bark and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol from leaves. Combined NHV signals in binary and ternary blends with the same overall release rates (ca 5 mg/day) showed both redundancy and synergism in their inhibitory effects. The redundancy occurred among individual green leaf alcohols (GLV-alcohols or C(6)-alcohols), C(8)-alcohols, and between these two groups, while trans-conophthorin and verbenone (Vn, from unsuitable host trees) showed significant synergistic effects between each other and with GLV-alcohols or C(8)-alcohols. The coexistence of redundancy and synergism in non-host chemical signals may indicate different functional levels (non-host habitats, species, and unsuitable host trees) of these negative volatile signals in the host selection process of conifer bark beetles. We showed an active inhibitory range (AIR) of a NHV-blend plus Vn on a standard pheromone bait to be at least 2 m, by using a central pheromone trap and surrounding concentric barrier trap rings with radii of 1, 2, and 4 m. The influx of bark beetles flying across concentric rings within the AIR was reduced by 55-99%, depending on the distance to the central pipe trap. Our findings support the hypothesis that as mixed forests have greater semiochemical diversity than pure host stands; they disturb olfactory guided host choice, and may reduce the possibility of outbreaks of conifer-infesting bark beetles. The synergistic effects as well as the active inhibitory range found in this study also suggest that optimal combinations of these NHV and verbenone may have potential in protecting forests against L typographus by reducing or stopping attacks on suitable host trees. Mixed stands with higher semio-chemical diversity disturb olfactory guided host choice and reduce the risk for outbreaks of specialist herbivores. This 'semiochemical-diversity hypothesis' provides new support to the general 'stability-diversity hypothesis'. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Chem Ecol Dept Crop Sci, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. RP Zhang, QH (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, B-007,10330 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM zhangq@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 63 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD MAY PY 2003 VL 101 IS 2 BP 299 EP 310 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.111595.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677HJ UT WOS:000182800600008 ER PT J AU Glynn, C Herms, DA Egawa, M Hansen, R Mattson, WJ AF Glynn, C Herms, DA Egawa, M Hansen, R Mattson, WJ TI Effects of nutrient availability on biomass allocation as well as constitutive and rapid induced herbivore resistance in poplar SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-DIFFERENTIATION BALANCE; DELAYED INDUCIBLE RESISTANCE; ALASKA PAPER BIRCH; MINERAL-NUTRITION; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; CARBON ALLOCATION; FOLIAR PHENOLICS; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; PHENYLPROPANOID METABOLISM; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AB Many studies have examined effects of nutrient availability on constitutive herbivore resistance of plants, but few have addressed effects on expression of rapid induced resistance (RIR). We quantified effects of two levels of nutrient availability on growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, and constitutive secondary metabolism of black poplar (Populus nigra). We also examined effects of nutrient availability on expression of constitutive resistance of poplar to gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma), as well as RIR to both folivores in response to localized herbivory by gypsy moth. The high nutrient treatment had no effect on photosynthetic rate of poplar, but dramatically increased relative growth rate, total biomass, and total leaf area, while foliar phenolic concentrations and root:shoot ratio decreased. Plant growth was negatively correlated with foliar phenolic concentrations, which is consistent with predictions of the Growth/Differentiation Balance Hypothesis when increased nutrient availability increases growth without affecting photosynthesis. These responses of root:shoot ratio and constitutive secondary metabolism to nutrient availability are consistent with those proposed by models of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation patterns. Nutrient availability affected constitutive resistance of poplar to first and fifth instar gypsy moth larvae, which grew much faster on high fertility plants. However, nutrient availability had no effect on constitutive resistance to whitemarked tussock moth. Localized herbivory elicited systemic RIR in poplar within 72 hours. However, the magnitude of RIR was dependent on nutrient availability, with differing effects on the two insect species. Expression of RIR to gypsy moth was most dramatic in the high fertility treatment. In contrast, RIR to whitemarked tussock moth was expressed only in the low fertility treatment. The idiosyncratic nature of effects of nutrient availability on constitutive and induced resistance challenges the value of using insect bioassays as surrogate measures of secondary metabolism for testing allocation models of plant defense, as well as the value of generalized plant defense models for predicting effects of environmental variation on resistance to specific herbivores. These results also suggest that the effects of nutrient availability on the expression of RIR may represent a largely over-looked source of variation in plant/herbivore interactions. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Entomol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Glynn, C (reprint author), SkogForsk, Forestry Res Inst Sweden, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 99 TC 61 Z9 70 U1 8 U2 50 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD MAY PY 2003 VL 101 IS 2 BP 385 EP 397 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12089.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677HJ UT WOS:000182800600018 ER PT J AU Krebs, NF Baker, RD Greer, FR Heyman, MB Jaksic, T Lifshitz, F AF Krebs, NF Baker, RD Greer, FR Heyman, MB Jaksic, T Lifshitz, F CA Comm Nutr TI Reimbursement for foods for special dietary use SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB Foods for special dietary use are recommended by physicians for chronic diseases or conditions of childhood, including inherited metabolic diseases. Although many states have created legislation requiring reimbursement for foods for special dietary use, legislation is now needed to mandate consistent coverage and reimbursement for foods for special dietary use and related support services with accepted medical benefit for children with designated medical conditions. C1 Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Nutr, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIDDKD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Krebs, NF (reprint author), Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Nutr, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 EI 1098-4275 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 111 IS 5 BP 1117 EP 1119 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 673KC UT WOS:000182579300049 ER PT J AU Long, CR Seburn, M Averill, JR More, TA AF Long, CR Seburn, M Averill, JR More, TA TI Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences SO PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE solitude; loneliness; creativity; emotion; spirituality ID LONELINESS; SCALE; LIFE AB Solitude may be positive or negative, depending on situational and personal factors. From prior research, nine types of solitude were identified. Based on data from a questionnaire study of undergraduate participants, factor analysis suggests that these nine types can be reduced to three dimensions, two positive and one negative. These are, respectively, Inner-Directed Solitude (characterized by self-discovery and inner peace), Outer-Directed Solitude (characterized by intimacy and spirituality), and Loneliness. Personality and value correlates, as well as situational correlates, of the various types of solitude also were explored. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT USA. RP Long, CR (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 12 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0146-1672 J9 PERS SOC PSYCHOL B JI Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 29 IS 5 BP 578 EP 583 DI 10.1177/0146167203251535 PG 6 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 669FT UT WOS:000182341800003 PM 15272992 ER PT J AU Lai, S Lai, A Stange, RR McCollum, TG Schirra, M AF Lai, S Lai, A Stange, RR McCollum, TG Schirra, M TI Characterization of the wound-induced material in Citrus paradisi fruit peel by carbon-13 CP-MAS solid state NMR spectroscopy SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Citrus paradisi; Rutaceae; wound-induced material; plant defence; carbon-13 solid state NMR; relaxation times ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CROSS POLARIZATION; PLANT POLYESTER; CUTIN; RESISTANCE; WATER; WOOD AB Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, were injured, inoculated with Penicillium digitatum and incubated under conditions favourable for the accumulation of defence related material. Histochemical examination revealed that tissues adjacent to inoculated injuries contained phloroglucinol-HCl (PG-HCl) reactive material. Solvent washed cell wall preparations of intact and injured-inoculated peel were further purified using a mixture of cell wall degrading enzymes. Samples from injured inoculated tissue contained PG-HCl reactive globular material in addition to the fragments of xylem and cuticle found in controls. The principal chemical moieties of the material that accumulates in grapefruit injuries during wound-healing were studied by solid state C-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning NMR. A complete assignment of the NMR signals was made. From the analysis evidence was found that cellulose and hemicellulose are the biopolymers present in the intact peel samples, in addition, relevant quantities of cutin were found in the residues of enzyme digest. The NMR difference spectrum intact- wounded peels showed resonances which were attributed to all major functional groups of the aromatic-aliphatic suberin polyester of new material produced by the wounds. Information on the latter polyester was obtained by analyzing the T(1)rho (H-1) relaxation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Sci Chim, I-09042 Cagliari, Italy. ARS, US Hort Res Lab, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. CNR, Ist Sci Prod Alimentari, Unita Staccata Oristano, I-09170 Oristano, Italy. RP Lai, A (reprint author), Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Sci Chim, Complesso Univ Monserrato,Strada Statale 554,Bivi, I-09042 Cagliari, Italy. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAY PY 2003 VL 63 IS 2 BP 177 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00099-2 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 676PG UT WOS:000182760500008 PM 12711139 ER PT J AU Cantrell, CL Berhow, MA Phillips, BS Duval, SM Weisleder, D Vaughn, SF AF Cantrell, CL Berhow, MA Phillips, BS Duval, SM Weisleder, D Vaughn, SF TI Bioactive crude plant seed extracts from the NCAUR oilseed repository SO PHYTOMEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cytotoxic; brine shrimp; Artemia salina; extract; plant; seed; Crateva religiosa; Diospyros dichrophylla; Olax subscorpioidea ID BRINE SHRIMP; CONSTITUENTS; SAPONINS AB Over four-hundred crude extracts from 202 plant species distributed among 131 plant families were evaluated for their bioactivity against brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Activity was determined for both the organic (CH2Cl2:MeOH) and aqueous extracts against A. salina in a 96 well-plate assay. Of the greater than four-hundred extracts tested, 21 organic and 6 aqueous extracts demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity (LC50 = < 100 μg/ml). Three of these organic extracts (Crateva religiosa, Diospyros dichrophylla, and Olax subscorpioidea) were chosen for chemical investigations due to their high activity and a lack of prior investigations. Chemical analysis of these extracts resulted in the isolation of oleanolic acid (1) and 4-epi-hederagenin (2) from C. religiosa, isodiospyrin (3) from D. dichrophylla, and santalbic acid (4) from O. subscorpioidea. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL USA. RP Cantrell, CL (reprint author), Hauser Inc, 4161 Specialty Pl, Longmont, CO 80504 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0944-7113 J9 PHYTOMEDICINE JI Phytomedicine PD MAY PY 2003 VL 10 IS 4 BP 325 EP 333 DI 10.1078/094471103322004820 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 689KX UT WOS:000183492800007 PM 12809363 ER PT J AU Ceresini, PC Shew, HD Vilgalys, RJ Gale, LR Cubeta, MA AF Ceresini, PC Shew, HD Vilgalys, RJ Gale, LR Cubeta, MA TI Detecting migrants in populations of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 from potato in North Carolina using multilocus genotype probabilities SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migrant genotypes; population genetics; Thanatephorus cucumeris ID GENE FLOW; AG-3; PHYTOPHTHORA; DIVERSITY; DISEASE; FUNGUS AB The relative contribution of migration of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) on infested potato seed tubers originating from production areas in Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin (source population) to the genetic diversity and structure of populations of R. solani AG-3 in North Carolina (NC) soil (recipient population) was examined. The frequency of alleles detected by multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, heterozygosity at individual loci, and gametic phase disequilibrium between all pairs of loci were determined for subpopulations of R. solani AG-3 from eight sources of potato seed tubers and from five soils in NC. Analysis of molecular variation revealed little variation between seed source and NC recipient soil populations or between subpopulations within each region. Analysis of population data with a Bayesian-based statistical method previously developed for detecting migration in human populations suggested that six multilocus genotypes from the NC soil population had a statistically significant probability of being migrants from the northern source population. The one-way (unidirectional) migration of genotypes of R. solani AG-3 into NC on infested potato seed tubers from Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin provides a plausible explanation for the lack of genetic subdivision (differentiation) between populations of the pathogen in NC soils or between the northern source and the NC recipient soil populations. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Cubeta, MA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Ceresini, Paulo/B-8476-2008 OI Ceresini, Paulo/0000-0003-2381-2792 NR 24 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 610 EP 615 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.5.610 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 671GT UT WOS:000182457500012 PM 18942984 ER PT J AU McGinnis, KM Thomas, SG Soule, JD Strader, LC Zale, JM Sun, TP Steber, CM AF McGinnis, KM Thomas, SG Soule, JD Strader, LC Zale, JM Sun, TP Steber, CM TI The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 gene encodes a putative F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID GIBBERELLIN SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; EXPRESSION ANALYSIS; NEGATIVE REGULATOR; SEED-GERMINATION; CDNA CLONING; THALIANA; PLANT; RGA; REPRESSOR AB The Arabidopsis SLY1 (SLEEPY1) gene positively regulates gibberellin (GA) signaling. Positional cloning of SLY1 revealed,that it encodes a putative F-box protein. This result suggests that SLY1 is the F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates GA responses. The DELLA domain protein RGA (repressor of ga1-3) is a repressor of GA response that appears to undergo GA-stimulated protein degradation. RGA is a potential substrate of SLY1, because sly1 mutations cause a significant increase in RGA protein accumulation even after GA treatment. This result suggests SCF(SLY1)-targeted degradation of RGA through the 26S proteasome pathway. Further support for this model is provided by the observation that an rga null allele partially suppresses the sly1-10 mutant phenotype. The predicted SLY1 amino acid sequence is highly conserved among plants, indicating a key role in GA response. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Steber, CM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM csteber@wsu.edu NR 67 TC 288 Z9 320 U1 6 U2 44 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAY PY 2003 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1120 EP 1130 DI 10.1105/tpc010827 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 717GB UT WOS:000185078200007 PM 12724538 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Kochian, LV Doyle, JJ Garvin, DF AF Wang, YH Kochian, LV Doyle, JJ Garvin, DF TI Two tomato non-symbiotic haemoglobin genes are differentially expressed in response to diverse changes in mineral nutrient status SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cloning; gene expression; non-symbiotic haemoglobin; plant mineral nutrition; tomato ID HEMOGLOBIN GENE; NONLEGUMINOUS PLANT; KINETICS; NITRATE; RESPIRATION; PARASPONIA; SEQUENCE; CLONING; PROTEIN; LINKAGE AB The role of plant non-symbiotic haemoglobins remains undefined, but recent findings suggest a possible role in plant nitrate nutrition. This study sought to characterize patterns of gene expression for two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) non-symbiotic haemoglobin genes, and to examine how diverse changes in nutrient status influences the expression of these two genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of the genes examined, SOLly GLB1 and SOLly GLB2, are 55% identical. SOLly GLB1 mRNA is present in highest abundance in roots and older stems, whereas SOLly GLB2 mRNA abundance is highest in leaves, but detectable in other tissues including roots. The SOLly GLB1 mRNA levels increased rapidly in roots in response to each nutrient treatment examined in hydroponic culture, including the individual removal of phosphate, potassium and iron from the culture medium, as well as by the addition of nitrate. In contrast, the levels of SOLly GLB2 mRNA were not significantly altered in response to these same treatments. These results are the first report that non-symbiotic haemoglobin gene expression can be influenced by a broad range of changes both in mineral macronutrient and micronutrient status, suggesting a previously unrecognized generic role for non-symbiotic haemoglobins in processes associated with mineral nutrient nutrition. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, LH Bailey Hortorium, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 32 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 673 EP 680 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01002.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 683KB UT WOS:000183146300003 ER PT J AU Zhao, D Reddy, KR Kakani, VG Read, JJ Sullivan, JH AF Zhao, D Reddy, KR Kakani, VG Read, JJ Sullivan, JH TI Growth and physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to elevated carbon dioxide and ultraviolet-B radiation under controlled environmental conditions SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L.; Co-2 x UV-B interactive effects; dry matter production and partitioning; non-structural carbohydrates; pigments; photosynthesis ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS; CO2 CONCENTRATION; FIELD CONDITIONS; YIELD; ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; WHEAT; PEA; CHLOROPHYLL; IRRADIANCE AB Better understanding of crop responses to projected changes in climate is an important requirement. An experiment was conducted in sunlit, controlled environment chambers known as soil-plant-atmosphere-research units to determine the interactive effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth, development and leaf photosynthetic characteristics. Six treatments were used, comprising two levels of [CO2] (360 and 720 mumol mol(-1)) and three levels of 0 (control), 7.7 and 15.1 kJ m(-2) d(-1) biologically effective UV-B radiations within each CO2 level. Treatments were imposed for 66 d from emergence until 3 weeks after the first flower stage. Plants grown in elevated [CO2] had greater leaf area and higher leaf photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrates, and total biomass than plants in ambient [CO2]. Neither dry matter partitioning among plant organs nor pigment concentrations was affected by elevated [CO2]. On the other hand, high UV-B (15.1 kJ m(-2) d(-1)) radiation treatment altered growth resulting in shorter stem and branch lengths and smaller leaf area. Shorter plants at high UV-B radiation were related to iuternode lengths rather than the number of mainstem nodes. Fruit dry matter accumulation was most sensitive to UV-B radiation due to fruit abscission. Even under 7.7 kJ m(-2) d(-1) of UV-B radiation, fruit dry weight was significantly lower than the control although total biomass and leaf photosynthesis did not differ from the control. The UV-B radiation of 15.1 kJ m(-2) d(-1) reduced both total (43%) and fruit (88%) dry weights due to smaller leaf area and lower leaf net photosynthesis. Elevated [CO2] did not ameliorate the adverse effects of UV-B radiation on cotton growth and physiology, particularly the boll retention under UV-B stress. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Reddy, KR (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Kakani, Vijaya Gopal/J-4214-2013; OI Kakani, Vijaya Gopal/0000-0002-7925-4809; Reddy, Kambham Raja/0000-0002-7906-7755 NR 49 TC 67 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 771 EP 782 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01019.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 683KB UT WOS:000183146300012 ER PT J AU Wrather, JA Sleper, DA Stevens, WE Shannon, JG Wilson, RF AF Wrather, JA Sleper, DA Stevens, WE Shannon, JG Wilson, RF TI Planting date and cultivar effects on soybean yield, seed quality, and Phomopsis sp seed infection SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE fatty acid composition; Glycine max; percent oil; percent protein; seed germination ID DISEASE; DECAY AB Incidence of Phomopsis seed decay is frequently high and quality low in seed from early-maturing maturity group III and IV soybean cultivars planted in early to mid-April in the southern United States. Cultivars resistant to this disease have not been available until the recent release of germ plasm lines SS 93-6012 and SS 93-6181. Our objective was to determine the effects of planting dates with these lines and one Phomopsis seed decay-susceptible soybean cultivar, Asgrow 3834, on seed infection by Phomopsis spp. and on yield and the correlation between percentage of Asgrow 3834 infected with Phomopsis spp. and seed quality. Generally, yields averaged over years were significantly greater for mid-April than mid-June plantings, and yields of cultivars were similar within a planting date. Soybean lines SS 93-6012 and SS 936181 were highly resistant to Phomopsis seed decay compared with the susceptible cultivar, Asgrow 3834. There was a significant, negative correlation between germination of seed from mid-April plantings of Asgrow 3834 and percentage of these seed infected with Phomopsis spp. Moreover, there were significant correlations between fatty acid composition of Asgrow 3834 seed and the percentage of these seed infected with Phomopsis spp. This altered composition of fatty acids may be responsible for reduced quality of oil derived from seed infected with this fungus. Phomopsis seed decay-resistant soybean lines SS 93-6012 and SS 93-6181 should be useful in breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding cultivars resistant to this disease. C1 Univ Missouri, Delta Ctr, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wrather, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Delta Ctr, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 87 IS 5 BP 529 EP 532 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.5.529 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 669YU UT WOS:000182380100010 ER PT J AU O'Neill, NR Bauchan, GR Samac, DA AF O'Neill, NR Bauchan, GR Samac, DA TI Reactions in the annual Medicago spp. core germ plasm collection to Phoma medicaginis SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; disease resistance; lucerne ID RESISTANCE; ALFALFA; TRUNCATULA; TRANSFORMATION; ACCUMULATION; EXPRESSION; CULTIVARS; TRIFOLII; GENE AB The annual Medicago spp. core collection, consisting of 201 accessions, represents the genetic diversity inherent in 3,159 accessions from 36 annual Medicago spp. This germ plasm was evaluated for resistance to spring black stem and leaf spot caused by Phoma medicaginis. Spring black stem and leaf spot is a major destructive disease in perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown in North America, Europe, and other temperate regions. Disease control is based principally on the use of cultivars with moderate levels of resistance. Evaluation of the core collection was conducted using standardized environmental conditions in growth chambers, and included the M. sativa standard reference cultivars Ramsey (resistant) and Ranger (susceptible). The degree of resistance found among accessions within species was variable, but most annual species and accessions were susceptible. Most accessions from 10 species exhibited high disease resistance. These included accessions of M. constricta, M. doliata, M. heyniana, M. laciniata, M. lesinsii, M. murex, M. orbicularis, M. praecox, M. soleirolii, and M. tenoreana. Most of the accessions within M. arabica, M. minima, M. lanigera, M. rotata, M. rugosa, M. sauvagei, and M. scutellata were highly susceptible. Disease reactions among some accessions within species were highly variable. On a 0-to-5 disease severity scale, ratings ranged from 0.67 (PI 566873) to 4.29 (PI 566883) within accessions of M. polymorpha. Most of the M. truncatula accessions were susceptible, with a mean of 3.74. Resistant reactions were similar to those found in incompatible interactions with R medicaginis and alfalfa, which have been associated with specific genes leading to the production of isoflavonoid phytoalexins. The large genetic variability in annual Medicago spp. offers potential for locating and utilizing disease resistance genes through breeding or genetic engineering that will enhance the utilization of Medicago spp. as a forage crop. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP O'Neill, NR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 87 IS 5 BP 557 EP 562 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.5.557 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 669YU UT WOS:000182380100015 ER PT J AU Chamberlain, CJ Kraus, J Kohnen, PD Finn, CE Martin, RR AF Chamberlain, CJ Kraus, J Kohnen, PD Finn, CE Martin, RR TI First report of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus in Rubus multibracteatus from China. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chamberlain, CJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 87 IS 5 BP 603 EP 603 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.5.603A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 669YU UT WOS:000182380100037 ER PT J AU Gong, YP Mattheis, JP AF Gong, YP Mattheis, JP TI Effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on chlorophyll catabolism of broccoli florets SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE 1-methylcyclopropene; broccoli; chlorophyll; chlorophyllase; lipoxygenase; peroxidase ID PARSLEY LEAVES; SPINACH LEAVES; CITRUS-FRUIT; DEGRADATION; STORAGE; SENESCENCE; BINDING AB Branchlets of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) were used to examine ethylene-stimulated chlorophyll catabolism. Branchlets treated with: 1) air (CK); 2) 1 muL.L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 14 hr at 20degreesC; 3) 1000 muL.L-1 ethylene (C2H4) for 5 hr at 20degreesC; or 4) 1-MCP then C2H4, were stored in the dark at 20degreesC for up to 3 d. Chlorophyll (Chl) content and branchlet hue angle decreased during the storage period and 1-MCP treatment delayed this change. Chl degradation in broccoli was accelerated by exposure to C2H4, especially for Chl a. Prior treatment with 1-MCP prevented degreening stimulated by C2H4. Lipoxygenase activity was not altered by any of the treatments, however, 1-MCP with or without ethylene resulted in reduced activity of chlorophyllase (Chlase) and peroxidase ( POD). Exposure to C2H4 stimulated Chlase activity and extended the duration of high POD activity. Treatment with 1-MCP followed by C2H4 resulted in reduced POD activity and delayed the increase in Chlase activity. The results suggest chlorophyll in broccoli can be degraded via the POD-hydrogen peroxide system. Exposure to C2H4 enhances activity of Chlase and extends the duration of high POD activity, and these responses may accelerate degreening. Treatment with 1-MCP delays yellowing of broccoli, an effect that may be due to the 1-MCP-induced reduction in POD and Chlase activities. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1023058003002 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 663LP UT WOS:000182007300006 ER PT J AU Hudson, ME Lisch, DR Quail, PH AF Hudson, ME Lisch, DR Quail, PH TI The FHY3 and FAR1 genes encode transposase-related proteins involved in regulation of gene expression by the phytochrome A-signaling pathway SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE phytochrome; microarray; signaling mutant; transposase; MULE ID HIGH-IRRADIANCE RESPONSES; XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLYCOSYLASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; TRANSCRIPTION-FACTOR; MUTATOR TRANSPOSONS; LIGHT CONTROL; TRANSDUCTION; PROMOTER; PLANTS; PHENOTYPE AB The Arabidopsis mutants far1 and fhy3 display a phenotype of reduced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, which is specific to far-red light and therefore specific to the phytochrome A (phyA)-signaling pathway. We report that the proteins encoded by the FAR1 and FHY3 genes are both related to the transposases of type II MuDR family transposons. We demonstrate that the FAR1 protein is capable of activating transcription in Arabidopsis , indicating that it may define a type of transcriptional regulator. Using microarray expression analysis, we show that of 293 mRNAs twofold induced in wild-type Col-0 plants by continuous far-red light, 85% show reduced responsiveness in the fhy3 mutant. Notable alterations were observed in the responses of genes encoding certain transcription factors, proteins involved in cell wall extension, and proteins related to redox balance control. We also found genes, including some involved in transcriptional control, which showed altered transcriptional behavior in the dark-grown mutant plants. Taken together, our data suggest that FAR1 and FHY3 may function 'permissively' outside the signal transduction pathway of light-regulated development, yet be required for the expression of transcriptional regulatory components. An alternative possibility is that their role includes both light-signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of other genes not responsive to light. We propose that FAR1 and FHY3 control the expression of their target genes by a mechanism that has evolved directly from the way that an ancestral, MuDRA-like transposase bound to the TIRs of mobile elements. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM quail@nature.berkeley.edu RI Lisch, Damon/A-9414-2010; Hudson, Matthew/A-4438-2008 OI Hudson, Matthew/0000-0002-4737-0936 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 51 TC 106 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 34 IS 4 BP 453 EP 471 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01741.x PG 19 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 677AT UT WOS:000182785300006 PM 12753585 ER PT J AU Shen, W Clark, AC Huber, SC AF Shen, W Clark, AC Huber, SC TI The C-terminal tail of Arabidopsis 14-3-3 omega functions as an autoinhibitor and may contain a tenth alpha-helix SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE 14-3-3 proteins; nitrate reductase; autoinhibition; protein structure; protein-protein interaction; protein phosphorylation ID PHOSPHORYLATED NITRATE REDUCTASE; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; DNA-BINDING COMPLEX; IN-VITRO; POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION; FUSICOCCIN RECEPTOR; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB The eukaryotic regulatory protein 14-3-3 is involved in many important plant cellular processes including regulation of nitrate assimilation through inhibition of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR) in darkened leaves. Divalent metal cations (Me2+) and some polyamines interact with the loop 8 region of the 14-3-3 proteins and allow them to bind and inhibit pNR in vitro . The role of the highly variant C-terminal regions of the 14-3-3 isoforms in regulation by polycations is not clear. In this study, we carried out structural analyses on the C-terminal tail of the Arabidopsis 14-3-3omega isoform and evaluated its contributions to the inhibition of pNR. Nested C-terminal truncations of the recombinant 14-3-3omega protein revealed that the removal of the C-terminal tail renders the protein partially Mg2+-independent in both pNR binding and inhibition of activity, suggesting that the C-terminus functions as an autoinhibitor. The C-terminus of 14-3-3omega appears to undergo a conformational change in the presence of polycations as demonstrated by its increased trypsin cleavage at Lys-247. C-terminal truncation of 14-3-3omega at Thr-255 increased its interaction with antibodies to the C-terminus of 14-3-3omega in non-denaturing conditions, but not in denaturing conditions, suggesting that the C-terminal tail contains ordered structures that might be disrupted by the truncation. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of a C-terminal peptide, from Trp-234 to Lys-249, revealed that the C-terminal tail might contain a tenth alpha-helix, in agreement with the in silico predictions. The function of the putative tenth alpha-helix is not clear because substituting two prolyl residues within the predicted helix (E245P/I246P mutant), which prevented the corresponding peptide from adopting a helical conformation, did not affect the inhibition of pNR activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. We propose that in the absence of polycations, access of target proteins to their binding groove in the 14-3-3 protein is restricted by the C-terminus, which acts as part of a gate that opens with the binding of polycations to loop 8. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mol & Struct Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 34 IS 4 BP 473 EP 484 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01739.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 677AT UT WOS:000182785300007 PM 12753586 ER PT J AU Zhang, PF Wang, YB Zhang, JB Maddock, S Snook, M Peterson, T AF Zhang, PF Wang, YB Zhang, JB Maddock, S Snook, M Peterson, T TI A maize QTL for silk maysin levels contains duplicated Myb-homologous genes which jointly regulate flavone biosynthesis SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flavonoid; gene duplication; maysin; MYB; phenylpropanoid; QTL; subfunctionalization ID CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; ZEA-MAYS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; CHALCONE SYNTHASE; P-GENE; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NOCTUIDAE LARVAE; MALE-STERILITY; ANTIBIOSIS AB The maize p1 locus coincides with a major QTL ( quantitative trait locus) determining levels of maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone that deters feeding by corn ear-worm. The p1 gene is tightly linked with a second gene, p2, and both genes encode similar Myb-domain proteins. We show here that maize cell cultures transformed with either the p1 or p2 genes expressed under a constitutive promoter accumulate transcripts for flavonoid biosynthetic genes, and synthesize phenylpropanoids and C-glycosyl flavones related to maysin. Additionally, maize plants that are deleted for the p1 gene have reduced maysin levels and moderate silk-browning reaction, whereas plants with a deletion of both p1 and p2 have non-detectable silk maysin and non-browning silks. We conclude that both p1 and p2 induce maysin biosynthesis in silk, although the two genes differ in their expression and pigmentation effects in other tissues. These results show that a QTL for flavone biosynthesis actually comprises two tightly linked genes with related functions. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Peterson, T (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM thomasp@iastate.edu NR 49 TC 44 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 52 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1023942819106 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 683DC UT WOS:000183131300001 PM 12825685 ER PT J AU Herman, EM Helm, RM Jung, R Kinney, AJ AF Herman, EM Helm, RM Jung, R Kinney, AJ TI Genetic modification removes an immunodominant allergen from soybean SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID M BD 30K; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; EARLY-WEANED PIG; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; BETA-CONGLYCININ; IGE-BINDING; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; SENSITIVE PATIENTS; THIOL PROTEASES; ALPHA-SUBUNIT AB The increasing use of soybean (Glycine max) products in processed foods poses a potential threat to soybean-sensitive food-allergic individuals. In vitro assays on soybean seed proteins with sera from soybean-sensitive individuals have immunoglobulin E reactivity to abundant storage proteins and a few less-abundant seed proteins. One of these low abundance proteins, Gly m Bd 30 K, also referred to as P34, is in fact a major (i.e. immunodominant) soybean allergen. Although a member of the papain protease superfamily, Gly m Bd 30 K has a glycine in the conserved catalytic cysteine position found in all other cysteine proteases. Transgene-induced gene silencing was used to prevent the accumulation of Gly m Bd 30 K protein in soybean seeds. The Gly m Bd 30 K-silenced plants and their seeds lacked any compositional, developmental, structural, or ultrastructural phenotypic differences when compared with control plants. Proteomic analysis of extracts from transgenic seed detected the suppression of Gly m Bd 30 K-related peptides but no other significant changes in potypeptide pattern. The lack of a collateral alteration of any other seed protein in the Gly m Bd 30 K-silenced seeds supports the presumption that the protein does not have a role in seed protein processing and maturation. These data provide evidence for substantial equivalence of composition of transgenic and non-transgenic seed eliminating one of the dominant allergens of soybean seeds. C1 DuPont Co Inc, Expt Stn, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, St Louis, MO 63132 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Kinney, AJ (reprint author), DuPont Co Inc, Expt Stn, POB 80402, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. NR 50 TC 194 Z9 227 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 1 BP 36 EP 43 DI 10.1104/pp.103.021865 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 717FR UT WOS:000185076500007 PM 12746509 ER PT J AU Nakata, PA Kostman, TA Franceschi, VR AF Nakata, PA Kostman, TA Franceschi, VR TI Calreticulin is enriched in the crystal idioblasts of Pistia stratiotes SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calcium; calreticulin; idioblast; oxalate; Pistia ID CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CA2+ STORAGE; PLANT-CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; LEAVES; IMMUNOLOCALIZATION; CALSEQUESTRIN; PURIFICATION AB Calreticulin (CRT) has the highest calcium-binding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins found thus far in plants. In this study, we isolated cDNAs encoding CRT from Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) and analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of CRT expression in leaves. Northern analysis showed young leaves had the highest CRT transcript levels, which decreased as the leaves matured. To investigate differences in the expression and cellular localization of CRT, in situ hybridization and immunolocalization were performed. We observed an enrichment of both CRT transcript and protein in a unique cell type called the crystal idioblast. Crystal idioblasts are specialized cells that act as calcium sinks in tissues such as leaves. Sub-cellular localization showed that the CRT protein partitioned into the ER of the crystal idioblasts. At higher resolution, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it appeared that the CRT protein was more abundant in "dilated" regions of the ER. Although the specific role(s) CRT plays in the idioblast remains to be determined, we hypothesize that this high-capacity calcium-binding protein functions in the regulation of intracellular idioblast calcium levels. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Nakata, PA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 41 IS 5 BP 425 EP 430 DI 10.1016/S0981-9428(03)00049-8 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 692ZJ UT WOS:000183689900004 ER PT J AU Hurkman, WJ McCue, KF Altenbach, SB Korn, A Tanaka, CK Kotharia, KM Johnson, EL Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD Anderson, OD DuPont, FM AF Hurkman, WJ McCue, KF Altenbach, SB Korn, A Tanaka, CK Kotharia, KM Johnson, EL Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD Anderson, OD DuPont, FM TI Effect of temperature on expression of genes encoding enzymes for starch biosynthesis in developing wheat endosperm SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE endosperm development; high temperature; starch accumulation; starch granule; Triticum aestivum L. ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.; DRY-MATTER ACCUMULATION; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE; GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; A-TYPE; GRAIN; SYNTHASE; CDNA; IDENTIFICATION AB The effect of high temperature on starch accumulation, starch granule populations, and expression of genes encoding key enzymes for starch biosynthesis was examined during grain development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Butte 86). High temperature applied from anthesis to maturity reduced the duration of starch accumulation. Starch accumulation ceased approximately 6 days earlier for grain produced under a 37/17 degreesC (day/night) regimen and 21 days earlier under a 37/28 degreesC (day/night) regimen than for grain produced under a 24/17 degreesC (day/night) regimen. Compared to the 24/17 degreesC regimen, starch content was approximately 19% less for mature grain produced under the 37/17 degreesC regimen and 58% less under the 37/28 degreesC regimen. Based on relative volume, the smaller type B starch granules were the predominant class in mature grain produced under the 24/17 and 37/17 degreesC regimens, whereas the larger type A granules were predominant in grain produced under the 37/28 degreesC regimen. Under the 24/17 degreesC regimen, steady state transcript levels for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases I, II, and III, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzymes I and II were highest from 12-16 days post-anthesis (dpa). Under the 37/17 degreesC regimen, steady state levels of these transcripts followed the same temporal pattern, but were substantially lower. Under the 37/28 degreesC regimen, transcript levels peaked earlier, at 7 dpa. The high temperature regimens reduced the relative levels of transcripts for starch synthase more than the other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Hurkman, WJ (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI McCue, Kent/A-8973-2009 NR 39 TC 107 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 164 IS 5 BP 873 EP 881 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00076-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 677UZ UT WOS:000182827600022 ER PT J AU Kim, WS Krishnan, HB AF Kim, WS Krishnan, HB TI Allelic variation and differential expression of methionine-rich delta-zeins in maize inbred lines B73 and W23a1 SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE amino acid; methionine-rich protein; protein body; Zea; zein ID STORAGE PROTEIN; GENE; ENDOSPERM; LOCALIZATION; BODIES; SEEDS AB The sulfur-amino-acid-rich delta-zeins of maize (Zea mays L.) are represented by 18-kDa and 10-kDa proteins. We have cloned a novel 11-kDa methionine-rich delta-zein from developing endosperm of the inbred line W23a1. The nucleotide sequence of this new delta-zein is identical to the published 10-kDa delta-zein, except for an insertion of 18 nucleotides between + 316 and + 333 bp from the translation start site. Antibodies raised against the recombinant 18-kDa delta-zein recognized both the 18-kDa and 10-kDa delta-zein from total seed protein extracts of different maize inbred lines. Western blot analysis revealed differences in the levels of the delta-zeins in different inbred lines and some of the inbred lines lacked either the 10-kDa or the 18-kDa delta-zeins. Northern blot analysis revealed temporal differences in the RNA transcript levels of the 11-kDa and 18-kDa delta-zeins between B73 and W23a1. Such differences were not evident on Western blot analysis where similar protein accumulation profiles were seen for both lines. Immunostaining of paraffin sections of developing maize endosperm with the 18-kDa delta-zein antibodies revealed specific labeling of protein bodies found in the first few starchy layers from the aleurone layer. Electron-microscopic observation of thin-sections of B73 and W23a1 endosperm cells confirmed the presence of recently discovered novel, vacuole-like structures in these inbred lines. Immunogold labeling studies revealed that the delta-zeins were localized in the endoplasmic-reticulum-derived protein bodies and showed no preferential gold particle labeling over either the light or electron-dense material found in these protein bodies. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 108 W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAY PY 2003 VL 217 IS 1 BP 66 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s00425-002-0971-6 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 687PY UT WOS:000183386800008 PM 12721850 ER PT J AU Moctezuma, E Smith, DL Gross, KC AF Moctezuma, E Smith, DL Gross, KC TI Effect of ethylene on mRNA abundance of three beta-galactosidase genes in wild type and mutant tomato fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum mill.; beta-galactosidase; ethylene; exo-galactanase; fruit softening; ripening mutants ID POLYGALACTURONASE GENE; EXPRESSION; RIN; METABOLISM; RUTGERS; LOCUS; RNAS; NOR AB Recent studies indicate that beta-galactosidases may play an important role in fruit development and ripening. The temporal expression patterns of a recently discovered family of tomato P-galactosidase (TBG) genes suggest that accumulation of some TBG mRNAs may be regulated by ethylene. Because of the dramatic changes in mRNA abundance patterns that TBG4, TBG5 and TBG6 exhibit at the onset of fruit ripening (when ethylene production begins), we analyzed the effects of ethylene exposure on expression of these genes at 35 days after pollination (Mature Green) in wild type and three tomato ripening-impaired mutants: ripening inhibitor (rin), non ripening (nor) and Never ripe (Nr). RNA gel blot analysis showed that 48 h of ethylene treatment increased accumulation of TBG4 mRNA up to 20-fold, except in the nor mutant, suggesting that the NOR gene product is required for ethylene up-regulation of TBG4. Experiments in which fruit were exposed to ethylene for either 2 or 24 h indicated that the observed TBG4 up-regulation is an indirect response to the ethylene treatment, rather than a primary (or direct) response. Ethylene treatment caused the levels of TBG5 mRNA to decrease 63-93% in wild type and mutant fruit at the Mature Green stage, but had no effect after the onset of ripening. Ethylene dramatically decreased the mRNA abundance of TBG6 in wild type and all mutants at the Mature Green stage. It was shown previously that the TBG4-encoded enzyme has beta-galactosidase and exo-galactanase activity. In order to elucidate its potential cell wall modifying activity, the TBG5-7 encoded enzyme was expressed in yeast. beta-Galactosidase and exo-galactanase activity of the TBG5-encoded enzyme were confirmed through a quantified release of galactosyl residues from p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and from tomato fruit cell wall fractions containing beta(1-->4)-D-galactan, respectively. The TBG6-encoded product was not successfully expressed in yeast. We present a summary of the potential function of the TBGs studied here and their mRNA accumulation in relation to the climacteric production of ethylene in tomato fruit. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 207 EP 217 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00181-3 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00181-3 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 676JN UT WOS:000182747800001 ER PT J AU Bai, J Alleyne, V Hagenmaier, RD Mattheis, JP Baldwin, EA AF Bai, J Alleyne, V Hagenmaier, RD Mattheis, JP Baldwin, EA TI Formulation of zein coatings for apples (Malus domestica Borkh) SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gloss; whitening; permeance; modified internal atmosphere; volatile; sensory ID WATER-VAPOR; SHELLAC COATINGS; DELICIOUS APPLE; FLAVOR; FRUIT; STORAGE; PERMEABILITY; VOLATILES; GASES AB High gloss coatings are used to improve apple fruit (Malus domestica, Borkh) appearance and sales. The industry standard has been shellac-based formulations, which have problems with whitening, low gas permeability, and association with non-food uses. Zein, a natural corn protein, was used to formulate alternative, shiny coatings by dissolving zein in aqueous alcohol with propylene glycol (PG). Gloss levels on 'Gala' apple surfaces varied due to zein and PG content in coating formulations from that of controls to levels observed for shellac-coated fruit. At least 4% (by weight) PG was necessary for adequate gloss. However, increasing levels of both compounds resulted in increased gloss. Whitening, which occurred on the coated fruit surface upon wetting, was reduced by decreasing zein content to less than 11%. Permeability to CO2, O-2, and water vapor was strongly dependent on the zein content in the coating. Internal CO2 and 02 in zein-coated 'Gala' fruit ranged 4-11 and 19-6 kPa, respectively, by increasing zein content in the coatings. An optimum formulation with 10% zein and 10% PG was developed, applied to 'Gala' apple, and was found to maintain overall fruit quality comparable to a commercial shellac coating. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 27 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 259 EP 268 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00182-5 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00182-5 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 676JN UT WOS:000182747800006 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B AF Dawson-Hughes, B TI Calcium and protein in bone health SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE calcium balance; protein intake; insulin-like growth factor 1; bone health ID DIETARY-PROTEIN; HIP FRACTURE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; METABOLIC-ACIDOSIS; ELDERLY MEN; DENSITY; FEMUR; SUPPLEMENTATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; CONSUMPTION AB Dietary protein has several opposing effects on Ca balance and its net effect on bone is not well established. It has long been recognized that increasing protein intake increases urinary Ca excretion. More recently, it has been observed that increasing dietary protein raises the circulating level of insulin-like growth factor-1, a growth factor that promotes osteoblast formation and bone growth. Other effects of protein on the Ca economy have been suggested in some studies, but they are less well established. Several studies have examined associations between protein intake and bone loss and fracture rates. In the original Framingham cohort subjects with lower total and animal protein intakes had greater rates of bone loss from the femoral neck and spine than subjects consuming more protein. In another study higher total (and animal) protein intakes were associated with a reduced incidence of hip fractures in post-menopausal women. In contrast, a high animal:plant protein intake has been associated with greater bone loss from the femoral neck and a greater risk of hip fracture in older women. Higher total and higher animal protein intakes have also been associated with increased risk of forearm fracture in younger post-menopausal women. In a recent study it was found that increasing dietary protein was associated with a favourable (positive) change in bone mineral density of the femoral neck and total body in subjects taking supplemental calcium citrate malate with vitamin D, but not in those taking placebo. The possibility that Ca intake may influence the impact of dietary protein on the skeleton warrants further investigation. C1 Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dawson-Hughes, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG10353] NR 20 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 62 IS 2 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.1079/PNS2003267 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 699BU UT WOS:000184036700027 PM 14506898 ER PT J AU Woolfenden, WB AF Woolfenden, WB TI A 180,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, CA: terrestrial vegetation change on orbital scales SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE vegetation dynamics; pollen records; paleocology; climate change; glacial cycles; Owens Valley; California ID LATE PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION; SIERRA-NEVADA; YR BP; UNITED-STATES; ROCK-FLOUR; CALIFORNIA; CLIMATE; HISTORY; CORE; USA AB Pollen from the upper 90 m of core OL-92 from Owens Lake is a climatically sensitive record of vegetation change that indicates shifts in the plant associations representing warm and cold desertscrub, pinyon-juniper woodland, and pine-fir forest during the past 180,000 years. These changes are synchronized with glacial-interglacial cycles. During glacial and stadial climates, juniper woodland expanded downslope and replaced warm desert shrubs while upper montane and subalpine forests in the and Inyo Mountains also expanded, and those in the Sierra Nevada were displaced by the ice cap and periglacial conditions. Conversely, during interglacial and interstadial climates, warm desert plants expanded their range in the lowlands, juniper and sagebrush retreated upslope, and montane and subalpine forests expanded in the Sierra Nevada. The reconstructed vegetation history demonstrates a regional climatic response, and the congruence of the pollen sequence with marine and ice cap oxygen isotope stratigraphies suggests a link between regional vegetation and global climate change at orbital scales. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Mt Heritage Associates, USDA, Lee Vining, CA 93541 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Mt Heritage Associates, USDA, POB 429, Lee Vining, CA 93541 USA. EM wwoolfenden@fs.fed.us NR 48 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 EI 1096-0287 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 430 EP 444 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00033-4 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687PV UT WOS:000183386500015 ER PT J AU Rango, A Foster, J Josberger, EG Erbe, EF Pooley, C Wergin, WP AF Rango, A Foster, J Josberger, EG Erbe, EF Pooley, C Wergin, WP TI Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE field-emission scanning electron microscopy; low-temperature scanning electron microscopy; snow crystals; snowflakes; rime; graupel ID SNOW CRYSTALS; ICE CRYSTALS AB Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud droplets during their formation and descent. When this occurs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in a process known as accretion. During the early stages of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as graupel. Light microscopic investigations have studied rime and graupel for nearly 100 years. However, the limiting resolution and depth of field associated with the light microscope have prevented detailed descriptions of the microscopic cloud droplets and the three-dimensional topography of the rime and graupel particles. This study uses low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to characterize the frozen precipitates that are commonly known as rime and graupel. Rime, consisting of frozen cloud droplets, is observed on all types of snow crystals including needles, columns, plates, and dendrites. The droplets, which vary in size from 10 to 100 mum, frequently accumulate along one face of a single snow crystal, but are found more randomly distributed on aggregations consisting of two or more snow crystals (snowflakes). The early stages of riming are characterized by the presence of frozen cloud droplets that appear as a layer of flattened hemispheres on the surface of the snow crystal. As this process continues, the cloud droplets appear more sinuous and elongate as they contact and freeze to the rimed crystals. The advanced stages of this process result in graupel, a particle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study increases our knowledge about the process and characteristics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages suggest that aerodynamic forces propel cloud droplets to the trailing face of the descending crystal where they make contact and freeze. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrol Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Wergin, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 3 BP 121 EP 131 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 694WW UT WOS:000183799000003 PM 12866645 ER PT J AU Stem, CJ Lassoie, JP Lee, DR Deshler, DD Schelhas, JW AF Stem, CJ Lassoie, JP Lee, DR Deshler, DD Schelhas, JW TI Community participation in ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation practices and perspectives SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE Corcovado National Park; Costa Rica; ecotourism; environmental values and attitudes; integrated conservation and development projects; parks and protected areas; Piedras Blancas National Park; sustainable tourism ID RAIN-FOREST; INCENTIVES; AFRICA; PEOPLE AB Conservationists have increasingly turned to ecotourism to provide local economic benefits while maintaining ecosystem integrity. Research conducted in Costa Rica to examine models linking conservation and development indicates ecotourism's effectiveness as a conservation strategy has been mixed. Where ecotourism offers a viable economic alternative, tourism opportunities have induced people to abandon cultivated land, allowing forests to regenerate. Employmente in tourism, however, reveals minimal influence on conservation perspectives. Other factors, including indirect tourism benefits and education levels, show stronger associations with conservation behaviors and perspectives. Results also indicate ecotourism might be most effective as a component of a broader conservation strategy. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Appl Econ & Management, Ithaca, NY USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Educ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Tuskegee Univ, So Res Stn, USDA Forest Serv, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. RP Stem, CJ (reprint author), Fdn Success, Program Associate, 17 Avery St, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA. NR 57 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 9 U2 71 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 16 IS 5 BP 387 EP 413 DI 10.1080/08941920390190041 PG 27 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 663VZ UT WOS:000182028300002 ER PT J AU Dutta, SK Hollowell, GP Hashem, FM Kuykendall, LD AF Dutta, SK Hollowell, GP Hashem, FM Kuykendall, LD TI Enhanced bioremediation of soil containing 2,4-dinitrotoluene by a genetically modified Sinorhizobium meliloti SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE genetic transfer; alfalfa; Medicago sativa L; rhizosphere; plasmid analysis ID SP STRAIN DNT; RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; PSEUDOMONAS-SP; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; BIODEGRADATION; ALFALFA; GENES AB The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti, is well known for its ability to interact with the leguminous plant Medicago sativa L. It has, however, not been reported that this species possesses the capability to degrade toxic nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) which is commonly associated with the degradation of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this study, the pJS1 DNT-biodegradative plasmid was genetically transferred to S. meliloti strain USDA 1936, which was confirmed by plasmid profile analysis. Several standard analytical and chemical tests including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nitrite (NO2) release assays, rhizosphere population and plant greenhouse studies were conducted to test the ability of S. meliloti to degrade 2,4-DNT. The possible presence of 2,4-DNT remaining in the treated soil was tested, and no 2,4-DNT had been absorbed by the soil. The pJS1-carrying recombinant strain DHK1 produced 'ARC' alfalfa plants that were almost 2-fold-higher in shoot dry weight than that produced by the parent strain on soil containing 0.14 mM 2,4-DNT. The transconjugant strain DHK1 reduced significantly one-third more 2,4-DNT in both 0.14 and 0.28 mM contaminated soil, and in 0.55 mM contaminated soil it degraded 94% of the 2,4-DNT present. In liquid cultures, however, only about 4% reduction in 2,4-DNT concentrations was obtained in 10 days. We interpret the results as clearly establishing that genetic modification was successfully used, for the first time, to improve the capability of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium S. meliloti DHK1 to bioremediate in situ 2,4-DNT-contaminated soil in the presence of alfalfa plants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dutta, SK (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Biol, 415 Coll St, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 35 IS 5 BP 667 EP 675 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00016-6 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 678JD UT WOS:000182863000004 ER PT J AU McIntosh, G Sharratt, BS AF McIntosh, G Sharratt, BS TI Over winter stability and hydrology of various size macropores in the northern US corn belt SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil macropores; soil freezing; soil thawing ID WATER INFILTRATION; SOIL; FLOW; MOVEMENT; BROMIDE AB Macropores created by biological or physical processes can profoundly influence water movement through the soil. In cold regions, natural processes such as wetting/drying and freezing/thawing can influence macropore stability. Little has been documented, however, concerning the over winter stability of macropores. This study measured changes in the physical dimensions of artificial macropores, and the accompanying soil water content, from autumn to spring in the northern US Corn Belt. Macropores 30 cm deep having diameters of 5, 10, and 15 mm were created in a Barnes loam in October 1999 and October 2000. Soil water content was measured by neutron attenuation and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). After snowmelt the following spring, all of the artificial pores were at least partially filled with soil. In the spring all of the 5- and 10-mm pores and more than 95% of the 15-mm pores were undetectable at the soil surface. The extent of the smaller pores maintained over winter was generally greater than that of the larger pores. Over both winters the 5-mm pores maintained approximately 65 to 70% of their created length, and the 10-mm pores maintained approximately 50% of their created length. The length maintained by the 15-mm pores varied greatly over the two winters, 46% over the 1999-2000 winter and 4% over the 2000-2001 winter. The difference in the stability of the 15-mm pores over the two winters was attributed to the much wetter conditions of the 2000-2001 winter. No significant difference in the soil water content before or after freeze-up was measured as the result of the presence or size of the macropores. The results of this study show that macropores are not stable over winter, but the collapse of the macropores had no clear effect on soil water dynamics the following spring. C1 Univ Minnesota, Div Sci & Math, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP McIntosh, G (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Div Sci & Math, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 168 IS 5 BP 338 EP 346 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000070908.55992.d8 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 679WV UT WOS:000182945700003 ER PT J AU Leytem, AB Westermann, DT AF Leytem, AB Westermann, DT TI Phosphate sorption by Pacific Northwest calcareous soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; calcareous soils; organic matter; NTA-extractant ID PHOSPHORUS; IRON; INCEPTISOLS; VERTISOLS AB Understanding phosphorus (P) sorption of calcareous soils is important for the development of successful fertilizer and manure management practices. This study was conducted to identify soil chemical properties controlling P sorption in semiarid calcareous soils of the Pacific Northwest. Sorption isotherms of 18 primarily calcareous soils ranging widely in soil physical and chemical properties were constructed by equilibrating 4 g of soil with 40 mL of 0.01 M CaCl2 containing between 0 and 700 mg P L-1 for 24 h. The P sorption isotherms at low to medium P concentrations fit the Freundlich isotherm (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.93). The slope of the isotherm generally increased abruptly at high P concentrations, suggesting Ca-P precipitation. The maximum P sorption prior to Ca-P precipitation was closely related to organically complexed Fe and Mn (R-2 > 0.98), suggesting that such complexes may regulate P sorption in these soils. The equilibrium P concentration at the point where Ca-P precipitation begins to dominate was closely related to pH and organic carbon. A better understanding of the role of organically complexed metals in controlling P sorption in calcareous soils is needed to determine how P solubility is affected by organic matter additions and how this will ultimately impact the plant availability and potential off-site transport of P from these soils. C1 USDA ARS, NWISRL, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Leytem, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NWISRL, 3793N 3600E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 168 IS 5 BP 368 EP 375 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000070911.55992.0e PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 679WV UT WOS:000182945700006 ER PT J AU Tan, ZX Lal, R Smeck, NE Calhoun, FG Gehring, RM Parkinson, B AF Tan, ZX Lal, R Smeck, NE Calhoun, FG Gehring, RM Parkinson, B TI Identifying associations among soil and site variables using canonical correlation analysis SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Alfisols; soil organic carbon; canonical correlation analysis; bulk density; clay content; CEC; drainage class; Munsell chroma; Munsell value ID ORGANIC-MATTER CONTENT; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; BULK-DENSITY; GREAT PLAINS; CARBON; CLIMATE; TEXTURE; QUALITY; STORAGE; STATES AB Alfisols are the predominant soil resource in Ohio. An understanding of the relationships among their soil and site variables will help in planning judicious future land use to maintain soil quality and sustain agriculture. The objective of this study was to identify associations and their significance between dependent variables of surface horizons of Alfisols (consisting of bulk density, base saturation, CEC, pH, Munsell value and chroma) and descriptive variables (including drainage class, elevation, sand, slope gradient, soil organic carbon) using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The association of SOC concentration with bulk density was found to be the most important relationship among the selected variables, followed by the association of soil clay content with CEC. The association of drainage class and Munsell chroma was identified as being dominant and significant from the third pair of canonical variates. Despite pronounced variations in the means of all selected variables among land uses, these associations and their significance were consistently confirmed, regardless of land use, and were responsible for about 60% of the variance within each set of variables. Additional associations could be identified from other canonical variates but were less explicit and varied widely among land uses. As a means of identifying associations and the order of their importance among multivariates, the CCA has become a promising technique for simplifying, and simultaneously analyzing, two sets of complex data consisting of biotic and abiotic variables. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, NRCS, Columbus, OH 43215 USA. RP Tan, ZX (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 210 Kottman Hall,2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 168 IS 5 BP 376 EP 382 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000070912.55992.d5 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 679WV UT WOS:000182945700007 ER PT J AU Zhang, GH Liu, BY Liu, GB He, XW Nearing, MA AF Zhang, GH Liu, BY Liu, GB He, XW Nearing, MA TI Detachment of undisturbed soil by shallow flow SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY; EROSION-MODEL; SPLASH DETACHMENT; INTERRILL FLOW; WATER EROSION; OVERLAND-FLOW; RILL; RUNOFF; DEPOSITION; RAINDROPS AB Quantification of soil detachment rates is necessary to establish a basic understanding of soil erosion processes and to develop fundamental-based erosion models. Many studies have been conducted on the detachment rates of disturbed soils, but very little has been done to quantify the rates of detachment for natural soil conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of flow discharge, slope gradient, flow velocity, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power on detachment rates of natural, undisturbed, mixed mesic typical Udorthent soil. Flow rates ranged from 0.25 to 2.0 L s(-1) and slope gradient ranged from 8.8 to 46.6%. This study was compared with a previous study that used disturbed soil prepared by static compression. The results indicated that the detachment rates of disturbed soil were 1 to 23 times greater than the ones of natural undisturbed soil. It was necessary to use natural undisturbed soil samples to simulate the detachment process and to evaluate the influence of hydraulic parameter on detachment rate. Along with flow rate increasing, detachment rate increased as a linear function. Detachment rate also increased with slope gradient, but the functional relationship between the two variables depended on flow rate. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that detachment rate could be well predicted by a power function of flow rate and slope gradient (R-2 = 0.96). Mean flow velocity was closely correlated to detachment rate (r(2) = 0.91). Flow detachment rate was better correlated to a power function of stream power (r(2) = 0.95) than to functions of either shear stress or unit stream power. C1 ARS, USDA, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. Minist Water Resource, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. Beijing Normal Univ, Dept Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, GH (reprint author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo, Japan. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 38 TC 64 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 713 EP 719 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200004 ER PT J AU Munoz, GR Powell, JM Kelling, KA AF Munoz, GR Powell, JM Kelling, KA TI Nitrogen budget and soil N dynamics after multiple applications of unlabeled or (15)Nitrogen-enriched dairy manure SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE; FERTILIZER NITROGEN; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; SLURRY; CORN; FATE; NITRATE; FIELD; DENITRIFICATION; AVAILABILITY AB Repeated N applications to field crops, either as inorganic fertilizers or animal manures, can lead to N buildup in soils with potential long-term environmental hazards. The objective of this 3-yr field study was to monitor total- and mineral-N levels in soil after repeated fertilizer or single or repeated dairy manure applications, and to compute an N balance for the soil-crop system. Unlabeled and N-15-enriched dairy manure were used. The experiment was conducted on a Piano corn silt loam continuously cropped to corn (Zea mays L.) Manure increased total- and NO3-N levels in soil, especially in the 0- to 30-cm depth and in plots receiving frequent and recent manure applications. Manure increased NO3-N in the 0- to 30-cm soil layer more than fertilizer N, whereas the opposite was true in the 30- to 60- and 60- to 90-cm layers. There was a clear NO3-N buildup with repeated manure treatments. Unlabeled N measurements were not accurate enough to track trends in soil total N levels, hampering the calculation of an N balance. (15)Nitrogen-labeled manure allowed for direct measurement and provided more accurate estimates of N recovery in soils and crops. During the 3-yr study period, an average of 18% of applied manure N-15 was recovered in corn silage and 46% remained in the soil. Unaccounted-for N-15 (36%) was assumed to be lost mainly by NH3 volatilization and denitrification. Most (82%) of the N-15 remaining in soil was present in the top 30 cm, irrespective of frequency of manure application. Although costly and time-consuming, the use of N-15-labeled manure provided a much better approach to study the fate of manure N within the soil-crop system, compared with unlabeled manure. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, USDA, Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Munoz, GR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 817 EP 825 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200017 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Meek, DW AF Sauer, TJ Meek, DW TI Spatial variation of plant-available phosphorus in pastures with contrasting management SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; TALL FESCUE; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; NITROGEN POOLS; BROILER LITTER; VARIABILITY; POTASSIUM; NUTRIENT; RUNOFF AB Land application of animal manure, at rates based on soil nutrient content or crop requirements, optimizes nutrient recycling and minimizes offsite environmental impacts. The objective of this research was to characterize the spatial variation of plant-available P and other soil properties (C, N, and pH) in two pastures having contrasting grazing and poultry litter management. One site (Cellar Ridge) was a lightly grazed 6-ha tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture with limited poultry litter application and the other (Haxton) was a 9.5-ha tall fescue pasture with annual poultry litter application and intensive rotational grazing for 10 yr. Soil cores (04.15 m) were collected on a 30-m grid at both sites and analyzed for plant-available P (Mehlich-3 extract), total C and N (combustion method), and pH (1:1 water/0.01 H CaCl2). Cellar Ridge had significantly less Mehlich-3 extractable P (32 vs. 341 mg kg(-1)), more acid pH (5.25 vs. 5.73), and significantly greater C (23.3 vs. 16.3 g C kg(-1)) and N (1.76 vs. 1.54 g N kg(-1)). Spatial dependence over approximately I to 3 lag distances with a consistent orientation (across ridge) was observed for all parameters at Cellar Ridge. No spatial dependence was observed for Mehlich-3 P, C, N, or pH at the Flaxton site (all parameters exhibiting nugget effect). Ten years of poultry litter application likely eliminated spatial structure for these properties. Further research is needed to determine whether additional costs associated with grid sampling and variable rate litter application can be justified. C1 Univ Arkansas, ARS, USDA, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 49 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 826 EP 836 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200018 ER PT J AU Pikul, JL Aase, JK AF Pikul, JL Aase, JK TI Water infiltration and storage affected by subsoiling and subsequent tillage SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; SOIL PROPERTIES; TORRERTIC PALEUSTOLL; FALLOW; CROP; WHEAT; PARATILL; RESIDUE; YIELD AB Benefits of subsoiling are difficult to predict. Objectives were to (i) determine effect of subsoiling on water infiltration and storage and (ii) evaluate longevity of tillage-induced soil structure. Experiments were conducted during two years and on two soils that were not subsoiled (NoSS), subsoiled (SS), and subsoiled plus secondary tillage (SSplus). Soils were Dooley fine sandy loam and Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls) near Culbertson, MT. Subsoiling, to a depth of 0.3 m, in Exp. 1 was with a paratill and with parabolic shanks in Exp. 2. Secondary tillage was with a disk in Exp. 1 and with sweeps in Exp. 2. Infiltration was measured using a sprinkler infiltrometer. Final infiltration rate, after two simulated storms, was 14 mm h(-1) on NoSS, 29 mm h(-1) on SS, and 7 mm h(-1) on SSplus. Penetration resistance (PR) measurements suggest that soil subsidence following simulated rainstorms was less on treatments with no secondary tillage. Average water drainage from the 1.83-m profile was 1.4 mm h(-1) during the first 3 d after water application. Average drainage was 0.23 ram h(-1) during Days 3 to 7 and 0.09 m h(-1) during Days 7 to 15. Regardless of improved water infiltration under SS, all soil profiles (1.83 m deep) drained to approximate to444 mm of water in 15 d. Results reveal a difficult soil management problem. Subsoiling initially improves infiltration, but no additional water storage was discernable after 15 d. Further, excess water percolation has potential to leach nitrate-N from the profile. C1 ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Pikul, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM jpikul@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 25 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 859 EP 866 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200022 ER PT J AU Wu, J Norvell, WA Hopkins, DG Smith, DB Ulmer, MG Welch, RM AF Wu, J Norvell, WA Hopkins, DG Smith, DB Ulmer, MG Welch, RM TI Improved prediction and mapping of soil copper by kriging with auxiliary data for cation-exchange capacity SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT; CADMIUM; FIELD AB Measurements of Cu or other trace elements in soils are rarely available in sufficient abundance to permit accurate mapping of large areas. In contrast, information is more widely available for major soil characteristics, such as cation-exchange capacity (CEC). Using data for soils of northern North Dakota, we compared four geostatistical methods as predictors of soil Cu: ordinary kriging (OK), ordinary kriging combined with regression (OKR), ordinary cokriging (OCK), and standardized ordinary cokriging (SCK). Ordinary kriging utilized data for soil Cu only, whereas the other three methods made use of CEC, which served as a secondary variable to improve the prediction and mapping of soil Cu. Quantitative predictions of soil Cu were tested by partitioning 619 sites of Cu into a training set of 310 sites, which was used to build models, and a testing set of 309 sites, which was reserved to test predictions derived from the training set. All three of the methods utilizing CEC data improved predictions substantially in comparison to OK. A larger data set containing data for soil Cu, CEC, or both was compiled from several comparable sources to prepare maps of Cu in soils of the 18 counties of northern North Dakota. These maps, based on data for 1002 sites within northern North Dakota, were quite similar for the three kriging methods which used data for both Cu and CEC, but different from the map derived from OK. Thus, the differences among the maps for soil Cu were consistent with our conclusion that the prediction of soil Cu was substantially improved by the use of CEC as an auxiliary variable. C1 ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NRCS, USDA, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Norvell, WA (reprint author), ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM wan1@cornell.edu NR 29 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 919 EP 927 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200029 ER PT J AU Carpenter-Boggs, L Stahl, PD Lindstrom, MJ Schumacher, TE AF Carpenter-Boggs, L Stahl, PD Lindstrom, MJ Schumacher, TE TI Soil microbial properties under permanent grass, conventional tillage, and no-till management in South Dakota SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE no-till; microbial activity; C and N mineralization; phosphatase; direct seeding ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; REDUCED TILLAGE; BIOMASS; CARBON; ROTATION; NITROGEN; MYCORRHIZAE; SYSTEMS AB The objective of this study was to determine how no-till and conventional tillage affected microbial properties of soil quality, using permanent grass fields as a standard of local high-quality soils. Agricultural fields in South Dakota were matched within soil type and location so that each set contained one field managed in permanent grass cover, one managed for annual crops using conventional tillage, and one managed for annual crops using no-till. Microbial biomass and activities, particularly those related to nitrogen and phosphorus availability were examined in 0-15 cm soil samples. Most measures of microbial activity were similar in the two annually cropped management systems but less than under permanent grass. Soils managed under permanent grass contained approximately 160% greater labile carbon and 50% greater microbial biomass, and supported approximately 150% greater dehydrogenase enzyme activity, 50% greater respiration, and 180% greater acid phosphatase activity, than no-till and conventionally tilled soils, which were similar in these measures. Grassed soils also mineralized 460% greater N under anaerobic conditions and 80% greater N under aerobic conditions, while potential nitrification was 25% greater on average than cropped soils. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized 76% of observed root segments under grass, 63% under no-till, and 55% under conventional tillage. Among the suite of tests in this study, only alkaline phosphatase activity and C mineralized in 12 days were significantly different under no-till and conventional tillage, both greater under no-till. Crops grown in a no-till system may be expected to resist low available P as well as other stresses better than crops in conventionally tilled soils due to greater activity of alkaline phosphatase and marginally increased mycorrhizal colonization of roots. No-till management in central South Dakota has allowed enhancement of readily mineralizable C and alkaline phosphatase activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, Morris, MN 56267 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Carpenter-Boggs, L (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, POB 646430, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 71 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00158-7 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 672BW UT WOS:000182501800002 ER PT J AU Fuentes, JP Flury, M Huggins, DR Bezdicek, DF AF Fuentes, JP Flury, M Huggins, DR Bezdicek, DF TI Soil water and nitrogen dynamics in dryland cropping systems of Washington State, USA SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil water storage; tillage methods; water conservation; water-use efficiency ID NO-TILL; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WINTER-WHEAT; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; FARMING SYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; RESIDUE; EFFICIENCY; CHEMICALS; CROPSYST AB Understanding the fate of soil water and nitrogen (N) is essential for improving crop yield and optimizing the management of water and N in dryland cropping systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate how conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) cropping systems affect soil water and N dynamics. Soil water and N were monitored in 30 cm increments to a depth of 1.5 m for 2 years at growers' fields in two different agroclimatic zones of Washington State (USA): (1) the annual cropping region with a mean annual precipitation of more than 500 rum (Palouse site) and (2) the grain-fallow cropping region with mean precipitation below 350 mm (Touchet site). In each zone, a CT and a NT cropping system were chosen. All sites had an annual cropping system, except for the CT site in the drier area, which was under a traditional winter wheat/fallow rotation previous to the study. At Palouse, the volumetric water content in the top 1.5 m of the soil throughout the year was about 0.05-0.1 m(3) m(-3) less under CT as compared to NT, indicating improved seasonal accumulation and distribution of soil water under NT. Cropping systems modeling indicated, that during winter, surface runoff occurred in the CT system, but not under NT. The differences in soil water dynamics between CT and NT were mainly caused by differences in surface residues. Dynamics of NO3--N at Palouse were similar for NT and CT. At Touchet, differences in soil moisture between NT and CT were less than 0.05 m(3) m(-3). Under NT, high levels of NO3--N, up to 92 kg NO3-N ha(-1), were found after harvest below the root zone between 1.5 and 2.5 m, and were attributed to inefficient use or over-application of fertilizer. In both climatic zones, grain yield was positively correlated with evapotranspiration. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Flury, M (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Yang, Yang/C-7464-2012; Fuentes, Juan/C-7819-2014; Flury, Markus/H-2983-2012 OI Fuentes, Juan/0000-0002-7679-5482; Flury, Markus/0000-0002-3344-3962 NR 44 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 71 IS 1 BP 33 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00161-7 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 672BW UT WOS:000182501800004 ER PT J AU Clinton, BD Vose, JM AF Clinton, BD Vose, JM TI Differences in surface water quality draining four road surface types in the Southern Appalachians SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE forest roads; sediment; overland flow; water quality; Chattooga River AB Improved and unimproved roads can be the primary source of stream sediment in forested watersheds. We assessed differences in production of total suspended solids (TSS, ppm)from four road surface conditions in a Southern Appalachian watershed: (1) a 2-yr-old paved surface (P), (2) an improved gravel surface with controlled drainage and routine maintenance (RG), (3) an improved gravel surface with erosion and sediment control structures installed and routine maintenance (IG), and (4) an unimproved poorly maintained gravel surface (UG). Variation was high among and within road surface types. The P surface generated the least amount of TSS, which was comparable to control sites, while the UG surface generated the most. The P surface produced significantly less TSS than the UG surface, but not less than the IG and RG surfaces. Variation among road surface types was related to TSS travel distance below the road, precipitation amount, time of year, and the existence of functioning erosion and sediment control structures. TSS decreased with travel distance (P = -81 % over 38.5 m, IG = -30% over 30.5 m, RG = -89% over 39.4 m, and UG = -22% over 28.1 m). Also in this study we assessed the delivery of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH; ppm)from the P surface and found concentrations of <0.5ppm, which are well below published USEPA and NC DENR TPH standards for sediment. Paving is an attractive option for reducing maintenance costs and sediment production and transport; however, levels of TPH from freshly applied asphalt are unknown. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Clinton, BD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 100 EP 106 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 677ZH UT WOS:000182839500004 ER PT J AU Clarke, SR Billings, RF AF Clarke, SR Billings, RF TI Analysis of the southern pine beetle suppression program on the National Forests in Texas in the 1990s SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus frontalis; wilderness; direct control; insect suppression; economic analysis ID COLEOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; TACTICS AB Infestations of the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) affected 7,929 ac of managed forest and 13,346 ac of wilderness on the National Forests in Texas (NFT) during the 1990s. Direct control treatments were applied to two-thirds of the 8,486 infestations on managed forest; the average size of treated spots was 1.3 ac. Inactive infestations averaged only 0.25 ac. Cut-and-remove was the preferred treatment; and only one application per infestation was required for over 97% of infestations treated by this method Cut-and-leave was applied to 27% of infestations requiring treatment; and a single application was effective for 90% of treated infestations. In wilderness, where SPB suppression was limited due to legal constraints, large infestations developed, killing over 40% of the susceptible host type. In contrast, less than 2% of the susceptible host type was killed in nonwilderness areas of the NFT Economic analyses indicate the SPB suppression program was cost-effective, with an estimated benefit/cost ratio of 3.55:1. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. Texas Forest Serv, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Clarke, SR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 701 N 1st St, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 122 EP 129 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 677ZH UT WOS:000182839500006 ER PT J AU Amatya, DM Skaggs, RW Gilliam, JW Hughes, JH AF Amatya, DM Skaggs, RW Gilliam, JW Hughes, JH TI Effects of orifice-weir outlet on hydrology and water quality of a drained forested watershed SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda L.; water management; drainage; peak flow rates; nutrient; sediment ID AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE; PINE PLANTATION; NORTH-CAROLINA; IMPACTS AB Orifice-weir structures at ditch outlets are proposed to reduce peak drainage rates during high flows and to store water during the growing season in poorly drained managed pine plantations. Two coastal watersheds, one conventionally drained (DI) and another with an orifice-weir outlet (D3), were monitored to examine the effects of this orifice treatment on drainage outflows and nutrient exports from drained pine plantations in eastern North Carolina. Five years (1995-1999) of measured hydrologic data showed that the daily water table elevation on D3 was 7 cm higher on average, but was 13.5 cm higher during wet periods compared to conventional drainage. The peak drainage rates from D3 were substantially dampened by the orifice-weir. Accordingly, average annual outflow was reduced by 18%. The reduction in outflow was as much as 34% in 1995. Taking the characteristic differences observed in concentrations between these two watersheds during the pretreatment phase into consideration, the measured average annual TKN concentration in the watershed with the orifice appeared to be higher, and total P and sediment lower than expected for conventional drainage. Despite the reduction of flow in all 5 yr, the measured exports of NO3-N, TKN, and total N increased in the first 3 yr (except for TKN in 1995) and decreased in 1998 and 1999 with no significant effects because of the orifice-weir treatment. However, on an average annual basis, total sediment and total P export from D3 were reduced by 54% and 30%, respectively. These results showed that an orifice-weir at the drainage outlet can be used to reduce peak rates, annual drainage outflows, total P and sediment export. The orifice-weir outlet did not have an effect on the export of nitrogen components as happens when controlled drainage with a raised weir is used. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, New Bern, NC 28563 USA. RP Amatya, DM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, 2730 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 130 EP 142 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 677ZH UT WOS:000182839500007 ER PT J AU Rubink, WL Murray, KD Baum, KA Pinto, MA AF Rubink, WL Murray, KD Baum, KA Pinto, MA TI Long term preservation of DNA from honey bees (Apis mellifera) collected in aerial pitfall traps SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTION; INSECTS AB This study examines the preservation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) specimens which were first kept in propylene glycol-based antifreeze under various conditions, and then stored long-term, refrigerated in 95% ethanol. Two sets of bees were subjected to the propylene glycol treatment, then ethanol storage. One set consisted of bees captured in the field in propylene glycol-containing "aerial pitfall traps", where they remained for up to 21 days. A second set consisted of bees taken from a hive and kept in propylene glycol under various temperature and lighting conditions for up to 90 days. Both the field bees and laboratory bees were then stored long-term in ethanol before evaluation of the persistence of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. DNA integrity was preserved for both field and laboratory specimens. The results demonstrate that propylene glycol-captured, ethanol-preserved honey bees retain both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA after capture and long term preservation. It is suggested that with little or no modification, the techniques described here might be applied to other studies involving trap-collected arthropod specimens. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Honey Bee Grp, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biol, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Inst Politecn Braganca, Dept Florestal, Escuela Super Agraria, P-5301854 Braganca, Portugal. RP Rubink, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Honey Bee Grp, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 213, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. OI Pinto, Maria Alice/0000-0001-9663-8399 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 12 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 159 EP 168 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 696ZL UT WOS:000183917700004 ER PT J AU Yan, HH Mudge, J Kim, DJ Larsen, D Shoemaker, RC Cook, DR Young, ND AF Yan, HH Mudge, J Kim, DJ Larsen, D Shoemaker, RC Cook, DR Young, ND TI Estimates of conserved microsynteny among the genomes of Glycine max, Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Medicago truncatula; microsynteny; genome duplication; evolution ID ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE; RICE; GENE; MAIZE; COLINEARITY; DUPLICATION; REGIONS; IDENTIFICATION AB A growing body of research indicates that microsynteny is common among dicot genomes. However, most studies focus on just one or a few genomic regions, so the extent of microsynteny across entire genomes remains poorly characterized. To estimate the level of microsynteny between Medicago truncatula (Mt) and Glycine max (soybean), and also among homoeologous segments of soybean, we used a hybridization strategy involving bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs. A Mt BAC library consisting of 30,720 clones was screened with a total of 187 soybean BAC subclones and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes. These probes came from 50 soybean contig groups, defined as one or more related BAC contigs anchored by the same low-copy probe. In addition, 92 whole soybean BAC clones were hybridized to filters of HindIII-digested Mt BAC DNA to identify additional cases of cross-hybridization after removal of those soybean BACs found to be repetitive in Mt. Microsynteny was inferred when at least two low-copy probes from a single soybean contig hybridized to the same Mt BAC or when a soybean BAC clone hybridized to three or more low-copy fragments from a single Mt BAC. Of the 50 soybean contig groups examined, 54% showed microsynteny to Mt. The degree of conservation among 37 groups of soybean contigs was also investigated. The results indicated substantial conservation among soybean contigs in the same group, with 86.5% of the groups showing at least some level of microsynteny. One contig group was examined in detail by a combination of physical mapping and comparative sequencing of homoeologous segments. A TBLASTX similarity search was performed between 1,085 soybean sequences on the 50 BAC contig groups and the entire Arabidopsis genome. Based on a criterion of sequence homologues <100 kb apart, each with an expected value of <= 1e-07, seven of the 50 soybean contig groups (14%) exhibited microsynteny with Arabidopsis. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Young, ND (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, 495 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM neviny@umn.edu NR 34 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 106 IS 7 BP 1256 EP 1265 DI 10.1007/s00122-002-1183-y PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 687VR UT WOS:000183398100015 PM 12748777 ER PT J AU Wells, BK Rieman, BE Clayton, JL Horan, DL Jones, CM AF Wells, BK Rieman, BE Clayton, JL Horan, DL Jones, CM TI Relationships between water, otolith, and scale chemistries of westslope cutthroat trout from the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: The potential application of hard-part chemistry to describe movements in freshwater SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY PATTERNS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; AMERICAN SHAD; STRIPED BASS; MARINE FISH; GENE FLOW; SALMON; POPULATIONS; STRONTIUM AB We quantified Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca molar ratios from an area representing the summer 2000 growth season on otoliths and scales from 1-year-old westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhyncus clarki lewisi collected from three streams in the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, system. We also quantified Mg:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca molar ratios in the water during summer 2000 and used regressions to model the assimilation of the various ratios into the otoliths and scales. Otolith and scale chemistries were linearly related to the Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios in the water. The partition coefficients for the Sr:Ca ratios in otoliths and scales are higher in this freshwater system than in experimental results from a saline environment; we attribute these differences to differences in the biology of saltwater and freshwater fish. In contrast, the Ba:Ca partition coefficients are similar between the two environments, suggesting that our estimates are representative of those for a wide range of concentrations, temperatures, salinities, and at least two families of fish. The Mg:Ca, Sr: Ca, and Ba:Ca ratios varied significantly in otoliths from the three streams and could be used to reclassify individual fish to the streams from which they were collected with 100% accuracy. The Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca ratios varied significantly in scales from the three streams and could be used to classify individuals with 82% accuracy. Given the heterogeneity of basin geology, the stability of water chemistry, and the degree of discrimination noted for the three streams we sampled, we believe that examination of the elemental composition of fish otoliths and scales could be used to describe the movements of fish in this and similar freshwater systems. Further, the high correlation between the ratios in scales and those in otoliths suggests scales may offer a nonlethal sampling alternative. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Wells, BK (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 67 TC 150 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 409 EP 424 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0409:RBWOAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800001 ER PT J AU Price, RR Hummel, JW Birrell, SJ Ahmad, IS AF Price, RR Hummel, JW Birrell, SJ Ahmad, IS TI Rapid nitrate analysis of soil cores using ISFETs SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE environment; extraction; membrane; precision farming; real-time; sensors; site-specific farming ID ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE; CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYSIS; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; MONITORING-SYSTEM; NITROGEN; CONTAMINATION; AVAILABILITY AB An intact core extraction procedure was tested that might be used in the field for real-time prediction of soil nitrates. An extraction solution was pushed through a soil core held between two filters, and an ion-selective field-effect transistor/flow injection analysis (ISFET/FIA) system was used to sense soil nitrates in real time. Laboratory tests were conducted using four soil types and two levels of nitrate concentration, soil moisture, core density, core length, core diameter, and extraction solution flow rate. The extraction solution flow was sampled at the exit face of the core and routed to the ISFET/FIA system. The ISFET output voltage was sampled at 100 Hz. Results of the test indicate that nitrate extraction Of the soil cores was successful, and that data descriptors based on response curve peak and slope of the ISFET nitrate response curve might be used in tandem in a real-time prediction system. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Syst Engn, Ames, IA USA. Univ Illinois, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hummel, JW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 601 EP 610 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500001 ER PT J AU Svensson, SA Brazee, RD Fox, RD Williams, KA AF Svensson, SA Brazee, RD Fox, RD Williams, KA TI Air jet velocities in and beyond apple trees from a two-fan cross-flow sprayer SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE air jets; air velocity measurements; application technology; cross-flow fan; converging air jet; fan sprayer; orchard spraying; plant protection ID ORCHARD SPRAYERS; DEPOSITION; CITRUS; EFFICIENCY; VOLUME AB The penetration of a sprayer air jet into an apple tree canopy was measured. An air-assisted sprayer with two vertical, cross-flow fan units, moving past the tree (without spraying liquid) provided the air jet. Treatments included three fan positions (fans vertical [0/0], top fan inclined 20degrees [20/0], and top fan inclined 15degrees with bottom fan inclined 12degrees [15/12]), three travel speeds (4.8, 6.4, and 8 km/h), two fan speeds (18 and 24.5 r/s), and three canopy conditions (south to north [SNT], north to south [NST], and north to south without a tree [NSO]). Vertical air velocities profiles were measured with hot-film anemometers in the center of the tree row and in the drive lane beyond the tree row. Maximum measured velocity, velocity integrated over the time of the air velocity pulse, air power (velocity cubed), and integrated power over the velocity pulse were measured or computed. The passing air jet produced distinct velocity pulses at elevations of 0.6 (except for [15/12]), 1.2, and 1.8 m within the tree and at elevations 0.6 and 1.8 m in the center of the drive row beyond the tree. Only fan position [0/0] produced distinct velocity pulses at the 3.0 m elevation, and no treatment produced visible pulses at the 4.2 m elevation. Fan positions had great and significant influence on air velocities inside tree canopies. At the 1.8 m elevation in the tree center, converging air jets [15/12] produced the highest velocities, followed by the [20/0] treatment. The plane jet [0/0] produced the lowest velocities at this position. Fan position had little significant difference on air velocities at the 1.2 m elevation in the tree. Fan speed had great and significant influence on air velocities. Travel speed produced little difference among treatments when maximum velocities were considered; however, there were greater differences when integrated velocities were considered. For the canopy conditions, greater velocities were measured for the treatments without canopy; however, velocities for the SNT treatment were nearly as great. Velocities for NST treatments were significantly less. This illustrates the effect of velocity sensor position (local canopy differences) on measured velocities. In general, converging air jets, low travel speed, and high fan output power improved penetration velocity and power into the tree canopy. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Agr Engn, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH USA. RP Svensson, SA (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Agr Engn, POB 66, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 611 EP 621 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500002 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC AF Zhang, XC TI Assessing seasonal climatic impact on water resources and crop production using CLIGEN and WEPP models SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE CLIGEN; hydrological model; impact assessment; weather generator; WEPP ID EROSION AB Physically based response models are useful tools for assessing climatic impact on water resources and crop productivity. Most response models require daily weather, which is often synthesized using stochastic daily weather generators. Synthesis of climate scenarios using weather generators provides an effective means for making impact assessments. The objectives were to evaluate the ability of the CLIGEN model to generate various climate scenarios and to assess further the hydrological and crop productivity responses using the WEPP model. The CLIGEN model was evaluated at four Oklahoma weather stations with mean annual precipitation ranging from 420 to 1150 mm and was then used to generate typical climate scenarios that represent wet, dry, and average conditions for Chandler, Oklahoma. The WEPP model was used to simulate hydrologic and grain yield responses to the generated climate scenarios. Results show that CLIGEN simulated daily and monthly precipitation reasonably well. CLIGEN was capable of preserving statistics of monthly precipitation as well as reproducing seasonal precipitation patterns for the dry, average, and wet year conditions. Simulated surface runoff, deep percolation, and plant transpiration increased as precipitation increased, but the rates of the increase varied with initial soil moisture levels and total precipitation. Predicted percent increase of wheat grain yield per 1% increase of growing-season precipitation, which was a function of initial soil moisture and total precipitation, ranged from 0.5% to 0.75%. Overall results indicate that CLIGEN is capable of translating monthly climate forecasts into daily weather series while preserving statistics of the forecasts. This study demonstrates that CLIGEN, when used in conjunction with response models such as WEPP, provides a useful tool for assessing the impact of seasonal climate variations or forecasts on water resources and crop production. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 685 EP 693 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500008 ER PT J AU Delwiche, SR AF Delwiche, SR TI Classification of scab- and other mold-damaged wheat kernels by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE fungi; grading; near-infrared; scab; spectroscopy; wheat ID DIGITAL IMAGE-ANALYSIS; SINGLE CORN KERNELS; COLOR CLASSIFICATION; MACHINE VISION; SOFTWARE SEPARATION; TOUCHING GRAINS; PROTEIN-CONTENT; TRANSMITTANCE; DISCRIMINATION; SPECTRA AB Scab (Fusarium head blight) is a disease that causes wheat kernels to be shriveled, underweight, and difficult to mill. Scab is also a health concern because of the possible concomitant production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Current official inspection procedures entail manual human inspection. A study was undertaken to ex lore the possibility of detecting scab-damaged wheat kernels by a near-infrared (NIR) diode array spectrometer Wheat kernels from three categories (sound, scab-damaged, and mold-damaged) were visually inspected by and furnished by the USDA Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA). The reflectance spectrum of each intact kernel was collected at 6-nm increments over a 940 to 1700 nm region. Exhaustive searches of the best combination of individual wavelengths, best difference of wavelengths, best ratio, and combinations thereof were performed on a set of 100 kernels from each of the three categories. The best modeling classification occurred for precisely aligned kernels using a combination of kernel mass and the difference in log(1/R) at two wavelengths, 1182 and 1242 nm. When applied to a test set, the classification model correctly identified the intended category with 95% accuracy. The most difficult to classify conditions were scab-damaged vs. mold-damaged and mold-damaged vs. sound. When scab-damaged and mold-damaged kernels were combined into one category, the overall accuracy for a two-category (sound vs. damaged) classification model was between 95% and 98%, depending on the kernel orientation scheme and inclusion of kernel mass. The achieved accuracy levels demonstrate the feasibility of using NIR reflectance spectroscopy with as few as two wavelengths to assist in wheat grading and commercial sorting. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,Barc E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 731 EP 738 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500014 ER PT J AU Windham, WR Lawrence, KC Park, B Buhr, RJ AF Windham, WR Lawrence, KC Park, B Buhr, RJ TI Visible/NIR spectroscopy for characterizing fecal contamination of chicken carcasses SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE contaminant; feces; poultry; principal component analysis; visible/NIR spectroscopy ID POULTRY CARCASSES AB Zero tolerance of feces on the surfaces of meat and poultry carcasses during slaughter was established as a standard to minimize the likelihood of microbial pathogens. Microbial pathogens can be transmitted to humans by consumption of contaminated meat and poultry. Compliance with zero tolerance of feces in meat processing establishments is currently verified by visual observation. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of visible, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a method to discriminate between uncontaminated poultry breast skin and feces, and to select key wavelengths for use in a hyperpspectral system. Feces (n = 102), uncontaminated poultry breast skin, and skin contaminated with fecal spots were analyzed from 400 to 950 nm. The spectra were reduced by principal component (PC) analysis. The first four PCs explained 99.8% of the spectral variation. PC 1 was primarily responsible for the separation of uncontaminated skin from feces and for the separation of uncontaminated skin from contaminated skin. A classification model was developed and evaluated to classify fecal-contaminated skin from the spectral data with a success rate of 95%. Key wavelengths were identified by intensity of loading weights at 628 nm for PC 1, 565 nm for PC 2, and 434 and 517 nm for PC 4. Discrimination was dependent on the spectral variation related to fecal color and myoglobin and/or hemoglobin content of the uncontaminated breast skin. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russel Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Windham, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russel Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 747 EP 751 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500016 ER PT J AU Han, S Schneider, SM Evans, RG AF Han, S Schneider, SM Evans, RG TI Evaluating cokriging for improving soil nutrient sampling efficiency SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cokriging; kriging; spatial variability; variogram ID OPTIMAL INTERPOLATION; STRATEGIES AB The spatial variability of soil texture and soil nitrate-N, P, and K was studied in two center-pivot irrigated fields (89 ha total). Two soil texture components (clay and silt) were found to be correlated with soil nitrate-N, P, and K, and were used as auxiliary variables in the cokriging procedure to estimate soil nitrate-N, P, and K at unsampled locations. With a sampling density of 2.7 sites/ha (61 X 61 m grid) as the baseline, removal of 50% of the sampling sites resulted in a normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) of 34.5%, 22.9%, and 15.3% for soil nitrate-N, P, and K, respectively. These numbers reduced to 32.8%, 20.7%, and 12.0% when only 25% of the sampling sites were removed. The study showed that the cokriging technique provided slightly better estimates than the ordinary kriging method for soil P and K at a higher sampling density (>2.1 sites/ha). However, when a variable has a large random variation, such as the soil nitrate-N, cokriging did not provide better estimates than ordinary kriging. The results of this study provide guidelines on the selection of kriging or cokriging in improving the soil nutrient sampling efficiency. C1 Deere & Co, Urbandale, IA 50322 USA. USDA ARS, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. USDA ARS, Sidney, MT USA. RP Han, S (reprint author), Deere & Co, 4140 114th St, Urbandale, IA 50322 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 845 EP 849 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500028 ER PT J AU Yang, C Greenberg, SM Everitt, JH Sappington, TW Norman, JW AF Yang, C Greenberg, SM Everitt, JH Sappington, TW Norman, JW TI Evaluation of cotton defoliation strategies using airborne multispectral imagery SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE airborne multispectral image; cotton; defoliation; reflectance spectrum; remote sensing AB Visual observations and ground measurements are commonly used to evaluate cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) harvest aids for defoliation, boll opening, and regrowth control. This article presents a remote sensing-based method for evaluating the effectiveness of different defoliation treatments. Field experiments were conducted on two cotton fields in south Texas in 2001, in conjunction with a study on the effects of defoliants alone and defoliants combined with insecticides on boll weevil mortality. Eight treatments (one control and seven combinations of defoliants and insecticides) with three replications were assigned across 24 experimental plots in a randomized complete block design in each of the two fields. Airborne color-infrared (CIR) digital images were obtained from the first field six days after chemical application and from the second field on four equally spaced dates beginning the day of application. Ground plant reflectance spectra and plant physical data such as number of leaves were collected on selected sites within each plot. The reflectance spectra effectively separated different levels of defoliation, but a large number of spectra were required to obtain reliable results. The airborne multispectral images permitted visual differentiation among the treatments as early as three days after chemical application, although the images collected six days after application revealed most significant differences among the treatments. For quantitative analysis, the green, red, and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the CIR images and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used as spectral variables to compare the differences among the treatments. Multiple comparisons showed that the four spectral variables detected significant differences among some of the defoliation treatments. These results indicate that remote sensing can be a useful tool for evaluating the effectiveness of cotton defoliation strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Graza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Weslaco, TX USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Graza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 869 EP 876 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 705CY UT WOS:000184379500031 ER PT J AU Bassett, CL Callahan, AM AF Bassett, CL Callahan, AM TI Characterization of a type II chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene (Lhcb2*Pp1) in peach. II. mRNA abundance in developing leaves exposed to sun or shade SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit trees; gene expression; leaf development; light regulation; photosynthesis ID LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEX; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; PHYTOCHROME CONTROL; MULTIGENE FAMILY; FRUIT ABSCISSION; TREE GROWTH; APPLE-TREES; EXPRESSION; PRODUCTIVITY AB Leaf development of shoots exposed to full sunlight and shoots shaded by the canopy was followed in field-grown, mature peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. Loring) during the first half of the 1995 growing season. The architecture and size of shaded shoots and sun-exposed shoots differed significantly. Total number of leaves produced on shaded shoots was significantly less than on sun-exposed shoots throughout the season, and differences in leaf number between light conditions increased as the season progressed. The overall patterns of leaf development along sun-exposed and shaded shoots were qualitatively similar. The expression pattern of the type II chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene, Lhcb2*Pp1, determined by RNA abundance in leaves at different positions along the shoot, was also similar between the two light conditions. The major difference between sun-exposed and shaded leaves was a lower abundance of Lhcb2*Pp1 RNA in mature, shaded leaves compared with sun-exposed leaves. Although the number of fruit per shoot was significantly lower on shaded shoots than on sun-exposed shoots, the rate of fruit drop was not substantially different during the growing season, indicating that quantitative differences in leaf initiation and growth caused by differences in light exposure did not adversely affect fruit retention. However, based on comparison with a previous study of leaf development in non-fruiting trees, reproductive development slowed the rate of vegetative growth without affecting the overall patterns of leaf development along the shoots. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bassett, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 7 BP 473 EP 480 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 676ZK UT WOS:000182782300005 PM 12670801 ER PT J AU Yuceer, C Kubiske, ME Harkess, RL Land, SB AF Yuceer, C Kubiske, ME Harkess, RL Land, SB TI Effects of induction treatments on flowering in Populus deltoides SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cottonwood; early flowering; girdling; juvenile; mature; paclobutrazol; precocious flowering; root pruning; water stress ID PACLOBUTRAZOL APPLICATION; GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHESIS; EUCALYPTUS-GLOBULUS; FLORAL INDUCTION; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; TOMATO; NITENS; STEM AB Stimulation of early flowering is required to shorten breeding cycles of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. var. deltoides), a commercially important and fast-growing hardwood species. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of various treatments on flowering in rooted cuttings from mature and juvenile trees. A combined treatment of water stress, root pruning and paclobutrazol was applied to 3-month-old rooted cuttings from mature trees. These cuttings had been subjected to root restriction and long days. All treated plants flowered, whereas no untreated plants formed flower buds. One-year-old rooted cuttings from juvenile trees did not flower when treated with either paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol plus water stress, paclobutrazol plus root pruning, or paclobutrazol plus girdling. This was true both under continuous or periodic growth. Assessment of the lack of flowering in juvenile trees may require an integrated approach that investigates environmental or physiological stimuli, assimilate shift, gibberellic acid type and concentration, and flowering-time gene activity in the new shoots of mature and juvenile cottonwood trees. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Land, SB (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Box 9681, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 8 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 7 BP 489 EP 495 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 676ZK UT WOS:000182782300007 PM 12670803 ER PT J AU Duke, SO AF Duke, SO TI Weeding with transgenes SO TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRATEGIES; HYPERVIRULENCE; EXPRESSION AB Transgenes promise to reduce insecticide and fungicide use but relatively little has been done to significantly reduce herbicide use through genetic engineering. Recently, three strategies for transgene utilization have been developed that have the potential to change this. These are the improvement of weed-specific biocontrol agents, enhancement of crop competition or allelopathic traits, and production of cover crops that will self-destruct near the time of planting. Failsafe risk mitigation technologies are needed for most of these strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0167-7799 J9 TRENDS BIOTECHNOL JI Trends Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 21 IS 5 BP 192 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00056-8 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 682XA UT WOS:000183116600004 PM 12727378 ER PT J AU Gause, WC Urban, JF Stadecker, MJ AF Gause, WC Urban, JF Stadecker, MJ TI The immune response to parasitic helminths: insights from murine models SO TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID T-CELL RESPONSES; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI INFECTION; HUMAN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; EGG GRANULOMA-FORMATION; TH2 EFFECTOR-CELLS; IN-VIVO; HEPATIC-FIBROSIS; B-CELLS; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; TH2-ASSOCIATED CYTOKINES AB Hellminth parasites are a large group of multicellular organisms that affect vast numbers of humans and are a major cause of disease. Several relevant experimental murine models, representing the spectrum of human diseases, have been helpful in analyzing and characterizing the host immune response to the different helminths. Although this response is largely defined by type-2 immunity, recent observations have identified important differences regarding the development and function of T helper and other effector cells that can mediate immunopathology and protection in response to infection with these important pathogens. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stadecker, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 31678, R01 AI 48736, R01 AI 47478] NR 82 TC 156 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-4906 J9 TRENDS IMMUNOL JI Trends Immunol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00101-7 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 685PV UT WOS:000183273200015 PM 12738422 ER PT J AU Cohen, JD Slovin, JP Hendrickson, AM AF Cohen, JD Slovin, JP Hendrickson, AM TI Two genetically discrete pathways convert tryptophan to auxin: more redundancy in auxin biosynthesis SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; INDOLE-3-ACETIC-ACID BIOSYNTHESIS; METABOLISM; TEMPERATURE; INVOLVEMENT; HOMEOSTASIS; CYP83B1; ENZYMES AB The answer to the simple question of how plants make auxin has proven to be inordinately complex. Recent in planta studies in Arabidopsis have uncovered additional complexity in auxin biosynthesis. Two distinct pathways from tryptophan to the intermediate indole-acetaldoxime were identified. Genic, as well as functional redundancy, appear to be characteristic for auxin biosynthesis and plants might have evolved many different solutions for making and regulating auxin. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cohen, JD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 18 TC 47 Z9 64 U1 5 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 8 IS 5 BP 197 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00058-X PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 689WK UT WOS:000183515800002 PM 12758033 ER PT J AU Hirschi, KD AF Hirschi, KD TI Insertional mutants: a foundation for assessing gene function SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SIGNALING SPECIFICITY; ARABIDOPSIS AB The abundance of Arabidopsis insert mutants portends the day when null alleles in every gene will be obtained. Once these are created, all plant scientists can become geneticists. However, this brief technical highlight of genetic concepts cautions against ascribing gene function based exclusively on phenotypic analysis of null alleles. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Human & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM 57427] NR 13 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 8 IS 5 BP 205 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00055-4 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 689WK UT WOS:000183515800005 PM 12758036 ER PT J AU Castiglione, P Mohanty, BP Shouse, PJ Simunek, J van Genuchten, MT Santini, A AF Castiglione, P. Mohanty, B. P. Shouse, P. J. Simunek, J. van Genuchten, M. Th. Santini, A. TI Lateral Water Diffusion in an Artificial Macroporous System: Modeling and Experimental Evidence SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In two-domain schematizations of macroporous soils or fractured rock systems, lateral mass exchange between macropores and the soil matrix is generally modeled as an apparent first-order process. With respect to lateral diffusion, the system is thus characterized by a single parameter, the transfer rate coefficient, which is difficult to estimate a priori. We conducted water infiltration experiments in a laboratory column with an artificial macropore. The novel design of the experimental setup allowed us to discriminate between matrix flow and macropore flow, from which we could estimate the water exchange flux between the two domains. Most of the parameters in a dual-permeability model could be determined independently of the experimental data. In particular, a theoretical expression for the transfer rate coefficient was derived by assuming lateral water and solute diffusion to be similar processes. Numerical analysis of the water exchange process revealed that the transfer coefficient depended also on the macropore conductivity. When this dependency was taken into account, the model reproduced the experimental data reasonably well. C1 [Castiglione, P.; Mohanty, B. P.; Shouse, P. J.; Simunek, J.; van Genuchten, M. Th.] ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA USA. [Santini, A.] Univ Naples Federico 2, Dept Agr Engn, Naples, Italy. RP Castiglione, P (reprint author), ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA USA. EM paoloc@uidaho.edu RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 FU University of Naples, Italy; NSF [EAR-0106956] FX The research was conducted at the George E. Brown Jr. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA. P. Castiglione would like to acknowledge the financial support from the University of Naples, Italy, during his stay at Riverside as part of his Ph.D. research. The authors also acknowledge the technical support of J. Fargerlund and J. A. Jobes. This study was partially supported by NSF grant EAR-0106956. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 2 IS 2 BP 212 EP 221 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UZ UT WOS:000207557800011 ER PT J AU Vaughan, PJ Suarez, DL AF Vaughan, P. J. Suarez, D. L. TI Constant Capacitance Model Computation of Boron Speciation for Varying Soil Water Content SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This work considered the aqueous speciation of B between a soil solution containing B and the tetrahedral surface B species (SH(3) BOH(4)(-) during drying of the soil. The aqueous B species were boric acid (H(3)BO(3)) and the borate anion B(OH)(4)(-). A computer program was written to calculate solution speciation of major ions using a matrix-type numerical solution including cation exchange and dissolution-precipitation of calcite. The B speciation was calculated separately but utilized the H(+) concentration as determined in the major ion speciation. Numerical simulations of soil drying were performed for 20 hypothetical soil textures with clay contents ranging from 10 to 60% and three solution compositions representing saline, salinesodic, and sodic soils. The effective K(d) (SH(3)BOH(4)(-)/total solution B) decreased with gravimetric water content (theta(g)) for the range theta(g) = 1.5 to 0.05. A decrease in H(+) concentration caused decreasing Kd consistent with earlier experimental work showing decreasing fractional adsorbed B with decreasing pH in the range 7 to 9. K(d) varied from 2.5 to 4.7 at theta(g) = 1.5 because of variation of the equilibrium constants in the constant capacitance model (K(+) and K(+)) with varying soil texture. Kd increased with increasing sodicity of the soil water. An application of this program would be prediction of adsorbed and solution B concentrations at field water content on the basis of experimental determinations of adsorbed and solution B concentration for saturated paste extracts. Such predictions would be useful to generate initial conditions for solute transport modeling and for determining whether solution B concentrations at field water contents would be beneficial or harmful to plants. C1 [Vaughan, P. J.; Suarez, D. L.] ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Vaughan, PJ (reprint author), ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM pvaughan@ussl.ars.usda.gov FU Agricultural Research Service, CRIS [5310-61000-012-00]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC07-991D13727] FX This work was supported by the Agricultural Research Service, CRIS project 5310-61000-012-00. Funding was also provided by the U.S. Department of Energy through contract DE-AC07-991D13727 with the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 2 IS 2 BP 253 EP 258 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UZ UT WOS:000207557800016 ER PT J AU Saravanan, BC Sreekumar, C Bansal, GC Ray, D Rao, JR Mishra, AK AF Saravanan, BC Sreekumar, C Bansal, GC Ray, D Rao, JR Mishra, AK TI A rapid MTT colorimetric assay to assess the proliferative index of two Indian strains of Theileria annulata SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Theileria annulata; replication index; MTT proliferation assay ID VIRULENCE; TRANSMISSION; CATTLE AB A study was undertaken to compare the proliferative index of macroschizont-infected lymphoblastoid cells of two Indian strains [Izatnagar (IZT) and Parbhani (PBN)] of Theileria annulata by an in vitro MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], colorimetric assay. Culture conditions were standardized to define the optimal cell concentration in 96-well microculture plates to yield nearly 100% living cells for measurement of the metabolized formazan activity. A cell concentration of 1.5 x 10(5) cells/ml was found to be optimal for effective discrimination of the parasite strains. On the basis of conversion of MTT by the actively proliferating lymphoblastoid cells, the PBN strain of T annulata stimulated a 2.5-fold increase in formazan activity in comparison to the IZT strain. The in vitro MTT assay was found to be a simple and convenient method for assessing the cell activation rate and growth, obviating the need for radioactive material for the assay. The results of the proliferation assay are discussed in relation to previously documented information on the biological characteristics of this important pathogen of cattle. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Indian Vet Res Inst, Div Parasitol, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rao, JR (reprint author), Indian Vet Res Inst, Div Parasitol, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. RI pasuvalingam, visha/B-5717-2012; OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 21 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 113 IS 3-4 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00062-1 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 677JW UT WOS:000182804700004 PM 12719135 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Paape, MJ Zhao, X AF Lee, JW Paape, MJ Zhao, X TI Recombinant bovine soluble CD14 reduces severity of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in mice SO VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mastitis; CD14; LPS; Escherichia coli; TNF-alpha ID LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BINDING-PROTEIN; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; CD14-DEFICIENT MICE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; MAMMARY-GLAND; SEPTIC SHOCK; ENDOTOXIN; LPS; GROWTH AB Endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is responsible for pathogenesis of infections induced by Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli. The cellular response to LPS is modulated by interactions among LPS, LPS-binding protein (LBP) and CD14. Accumulated evidence shows that the soluble form of CD14 (sCD14) competes with membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) for LPS and plays a pivotal role in regulating bacterial infection and septic shock caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Recombinant bovine sCD14 (rbosCD14) was produced by transfected insect sf/9 cells and its biological function was evaluated in mice. Eighty-one 8-week old BALB/cj female mice were randomly assigned to two groups, and injected intraperitoneally with either LPS (8 mug/g of body weight, n = 41) or LPS plus rbosCD14 (6.8 mug/g of body weight, n = 40). Survival rate at 24 h after injection for mice injected with either LPS or LPS plus rbosCD14 was 30 and 72%, respectively (P < 0.01). At 48 h survival rate was 7 and 37%, respectively (P < 0.01). To investigate the protective effect of rbosCD14 on experimentally induced mastitis in mice, two abdominal contralateral mammary glands of 7 lactating BALB/cj mice were injected through the teat canal with 10-20 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli. One gland simultaneously received rbosCD14 (6 mug) and the other saline. At 24 h after challenge, glands that received rbosCD14 had less swelling and hemorrhaging, significantly lower bacterial counts (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of TNF-α (P < 0.05). Results indicate that rbosCD14 is biologically functional and reduces mortality in mice from endotoxin shock and severity of intramammary infection by E. coli. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20901 USA. RP Zhao, X (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RI Zhao, Xin/M-4312-2015 OI Zhao, Xin/0000-0002-1078-7332 NR 45 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0928-4249 J9 VET RES JI Vet. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1051/vetres:2003006 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 696HA UT WOS:000183880500006 PM 12791240 ER PT J AU Lin, SL Tian, P AF Lin, SL Tian, P TI Detailed computational analysis of a comprehensive set of group a rotavirus NSP4 proteins SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE domain; enterotoxin; genotype; homology; NSP4; phylogeny; rotavirus ID NONSTRUCTURAL GLYCOPROTEIN NSP4; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GENETIC GROUPS; UNITED-STATES; MUTATIONS; STRAINS; SYSTEM; DOMAIN; JAPAN; CHINA AB Rotavirus infection causes diarrhea to humans, animals and birds. The NSP4 protein of Group A rotavirus has been recognized as a viral enterotoxin. This single protein plays important roles in viral pathogenesis and morphogenesis. Domains involved in structure and biologic functions have been proposed mainly based on the SA11 strain, a prototype of group A rotavirus. NSP4 has been classified into different genotypes based on sequence homology. These analyses are based on representative strains selected but not comprehensive. In this paper, we collected all NSP4 sequences in the GenBank and performed a detailed computational analysis. Our analysis of 176 NSP4 proteins in Groups A, B and C rotaviruses confirms that the recently published avian NSP4 sequences belong to a new genotype (Mori Y., Borgan M.A., Ito N., Sugiyama M. and Minamoto N., Virus Res 89, 145-151, 2002), besides the four known NSP4 genotypes of Group A mammalian rotaviruses. Significant differences were discovered in the physicochemical properties between the avian and mammalian NSP4 proteins. In particular, lack of a highly probable coiled-coil region in the avian sequences implies a diversion of the NSP4 quaternary structure from the latter, although the secondary and tertiary structures may be similar. Fourteen amino acids are found absolutely conserved in the Group A NSP4 sequences, regardless of genotype. Of the conserved residues, two are glycosylation sites, one is in the middle of the transmembrane segment, seven span the VP4 binding domain, and five are clustered in the middle of the toxic peptide region, indicating the functional importance of the conservation. C1 ARS, USDA, WRRC, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Wyeth Res, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA. RP Tian, P (reprint author), ARS, USDA, WRRC, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD MAY PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1023/A:1024451314534 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 694HJ UT WOS:000183768500006 PM 12876455 ER PT J AU Young, FL Yenish, JP Walenta, DL Ball, DA Alldrege, JR AF Young, FL Yenish, JP Walenta, DL Ball, DA Alldrege, JR TI Spring-germinating jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) produces viable spikelets in spring-seeded wheat SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE natural infestation; hand-sown infestation; cultural control; seeding date; vernalization ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; WINTER-WHEAT; FIELD; POPULATIONS; TILLAGE; HYBRIDS AB The most common strategy recommended for management of jointed goatgrass infestations is to rotate from winter wheat to a spring crop for several years. A field study was conducted at three locations in 1998 and 1999 to determine the effects of spring seeding date on the ability of jointed goatgrass to flower and produce viable seed in the presence or absence of spring wheat and to determine the effect of jointed goatgrass competition and crop seeding date on spring wheat grain yield. Spring wheat was seeded on four dates at each location in both hand-sown and natural jointed goatgrass infestations. Jointed goatgrass plants from hand-sown spikelets flowered and developed spikelets on all seeding dates except the last; viable seed was produced on the two earliest seeding dates. Jointed goatgrass plant densities from natural infestations were from 1 to 12 plants m(-2), and spikelet production ranged from 0 to 480 spikelets m(-2). Natural jointed goatgrass infestations produced spikelets containing viable seed on all seeding dates at one location in 1998, the driest location. Spring wheat yield was not affected by jointed goatgrass competition; however, jointed goatgrass spikelet production was reduced by spring wheat competition compared with that of monoculture jointed goatgrass. The last seeding date of spring 0 wheat was associated with 51% less crop yield compared with the recommended seeding date. The decision to manage jointed goatgrass infestations with a spring crop rotation should consider delayed seeding dates to minimize viable spikelet production by spring-germinating jointed goatgrass; however, the cost of this decision may include grain yield reduction. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Columbia Basin Agr Res Stn, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. Washington State Univ, Program Stat, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, FL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 51 IS 3 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0379:SJGACP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 682MA UT WOS:000183094600015 ER PT J AU Emmerich, WE AF Emmerich, WE TI Carbon dioxide fluxes in a semiarid environment with high carbonate soils SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rangeland; Bowen ratio; inorganic and organic carbon pools ID RATIO ENERGY-BALANCE; BOWEN-RATIO; CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; PRAIRIE; CALIFORNIA; WHEAT; HEAT AB Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere due to human activities. Over long time periods semiarid soils have sequestered inorganic carbon to accumulate the third largest global carbon pool. The hypothesis for this study was that these soils are maintaining this carbon pool under present climatic conditions and are a sink for some of the increasing atmospheric carbon. Bowen ratio systems were used to measure CO2 fluxes from a brush and a grass community with different soil types over 4 years in southeastern Arizona. Aboveground biomass and soil samples taken in spring and fall were analyzed to determine seasonal changes in carbon content. Contrary to the hypothesis, both sites were found to be losing carbon annually. Absence and presence of rainfall were important carbon flux driving forces. The brush site, with higher inorganic carbon in the soil, had an average annual loss of 144 g Cm-2 and the grass site a loss of 128 g Cm-2 from organic and inorganic sources. Average annual daytime CO2 flux from the brush site was a loss of 26 g Cm-2, while the grass site had a gain of 86g Cm-2. Based on measured average annual aboveground biomass data and estimates of belowground biomass, the brush site sequestered 80 g Cm-2 and the grass site 135 g Cm-2 into biomass during the growing season. Analysis of combined inorganic soil carbon data from both sites showed a significant seasonal difference with more in the fall season than in spring. The average annual fall season soil inorganic carbon was 22.5 g kg(-1) and the spring season was 19.4 g kg(-1) to a depth of 30 cm. This significant seasonal difference indicated that some of the measured CO2 fluxes were into and out of the inorganic carbon pool. The source of carbon for the measured annual losses from these sites was concluded to be from the large inorganic carbon pool with carbon cycling through both the organic and inorganic pools at the sites. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Emmerich, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 31 TC 127 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD APR 30 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 102 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00231-9 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00231-9 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666GP UT WOS:000182169200007 ER PT J AU Soppe, RWO Ayars, JE AF Soppe, RWO Ayars, JE TI Characterizing ground water use by safflower using weighing lysimeters SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; shallow ground water; lysimeters; soil water measurements; safflower; salinity ID IRRIGATION AB Decades of irrigation on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley without sufficient drainage have created large areas where shallow ground water (<1.5 in) has become a problem for agriculture. Because drainage outflow is restricted as a result of environmental concerns, reducing the amount of irrigation applied is a farm management solution for this situation. One option to reduce the amount of irrigation water is to include shallow ground water use as a source of water for crop production when scheduling irrigation. The objective for this study is to describe soil water fluxes in the presence of saline, shallow ground water under a safflower crop. Two weighing lysimeters, one with and one without shallow saline ground water were used to measure crop evapotranspiration of surface drip irrigated safflower. A saline water table (14 dS/m) was maintained in one of the lysimeters. Ground water use as part of crop evapotranspiration was characterized using hourly measurements of the water level in a ground water supply tank (Mariotte bottle). Ground water contribution of up to 40% of daily crop water use was measured. On a seasonal basis, 25% of the total crop water use originated from the ground water. The largest ground water contribution was shown to occur at the end of the growing season, when roots are fully developed and stored soil water in the root zone was depleted. The applied irrigation on the crop grown in the presence of a water table was 46% less than irrigation applied to the crop without a water table. The reduction of irrigation was obtained by using the same irrigation schedule as on the lysimeter without ground water, but through smaller applied depths per irrigation event. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Soppe, RWO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RI Soppe, Richard/A-9581-2010 OI Soppe, Richard/0000-0001-6751-8507 NR 17 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD APR 30 PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 59 EP 71 AR PII S0378-3774(02)00149-X DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00149-X PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 668PA UT WOS:000182301300005 ER PT J AU Schoenbaum, MA Disney, WT AF Schoenbaum, MA Disney, WT TI Modeling alternative mitigation strategies for a hypothetical outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE computer simulation; foot-and-mouth disease (FMD); economic consequences; producer surplus; consumer surplus ID GREAT-BRITAIN; EPIDEMIC; SPREAD; IMPACT; RISK AB Alternative mitigation strategies were compared during hypothetical outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the USA using a computer-simulation model. The epidemiologic and economic consequences were compared during these simulated outbreaks. Three vaccination and four slaughter strategies were studied along with two speeds of FMD virus spread among three susceptible populations of animals. The populations represented typical animal demographics in the United States. The best strategy depended on the speed of spread of FMD virus and the demographics of the susceptible population. Slaughter of herds in contact with known contagious herds was less costly than slaughtering only contagious herds. Slaughtering in 3 km rings around contagious herds was consistently more costly than other slaughter strategies. Ring vaccination in 10 km rings was judged more costly than slaughter alone in most situations. Although early ring vaccination resulted in lower government costs and duration in fast-spread scenarios, it was more costly when vaccinated animals were slaughtered with indemnity and other related slaughter costs. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Schoenbaum, MA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Mail Stop 2W4,2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg B, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM mark.a.schoenbaum@aphis.usda.gov NR 20 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD APR 30 PY 2003 VL 58 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0167(03)00004-7 PG 28 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 659TR UT WOS:000181794000003 PM 12628769 ER PT J AU Borucki, MK Krug, MJ Wayne, WT Call, DR AF Borucki, MK Krug, MJ Wayne, WT Call, DR TI Discrimination among Listeria monocytogenes isolates using a mixed genome DNA microarray SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Listeria monocytogenes; subtyping; microarray; virulence ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; UNITED-STATES AB Listeria monocytogenes can cause serious illness in humans, usually following the ingestion of contaminated food. Epidemiologic investigation requires identification of specific isolates, usually done by a combination of serotyping and subtyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). DNA microarrays provide a new format to resolve genetic differences among isolates and, unlike PFGE, to identify specific genes associated with the infecting pathogen. A 585 probe, mixed genome microarray was constructed and 24 strains of L. monocytogenes were hybridized to the array. Microarray analysis allowed discrimination among L. monocytogenes isolates within a serotype and obtained from similar geographic and epidemiologic sources. Importantly, the microarray results preserved previously described phylogenetic relationships between major serogroups and, in a limited comparison, agreed with PFGE subtypes. The association of individual probes with isolates allowed identification of specific genes. Sequencing of 10 polymorphic probes identified nine matches with previously described bacterial genes including several suspected virulence factors. These results demonstrate that mixed genomic microarrays are useful for differentiating among closely related L. monocytogenes isolates and identifying genetic markers that can be used in epidemiologic and possibly pathogenesis studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Animal Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Borucki, MK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Animal Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Muraoka, Wayne/A-2830-2009 NR 15 TC 50 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD APR 29 PY 2003 VL 92 IS 4 BP 351 EP 362 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00423-6 PG 12 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 648NE UT WOS:000181156800005 PM 12554104 ER PT J AU Lavine, BK Davidson, C Vander Meer, RK Lahav, S Soroker, V Hefetz, A AF Lavine, BK Davidson, C Vander Meer, RK Lahav, S Soroker, V Hefetz, A TI Genetic algorithms for deciphering the complex chemosensory code of social insects SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE nestmate recognition; chemical communication; genetic algorithms; pattern recognition analysis; feature selection; principal component analysis; boosting ID ANT CATAGLYPHIS-NIGER; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; POSTPHARYNGEAL GLAND; COLONY ODOR; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS AB Chemical communication among social insects is often studied with chromatographic methods. The data generated in such studies may be complex and require pattern recognition techniques for interpretation. Presently, we are analyzing gas chromatographic (GC) profiles of hydrocarbon extracts obtained from the cuticle and postpharyngeal gland (PPG) of 400 Cataglyphis niger ants using a genetic algorithm (GA) for pattern recognition analysis to identify the factors influencing colony odor. The pattern recognition GA identifies features (i.e., chromatographic peaks) whose principal component plots show clustering of the samples on the basis of class. Because the largest principal components capture the bulk of the variance in the data, the peaks chosen by the GA primarily convey information about differences between the classes in a data set. As it trains, the pattern recognition GA focuses on those classes and/or samples that are difficult to classify by boosting their class and sample weights. Samples or classes that consistently classify correctly are not as heavily weighted as samples or classes that are difficult to classify. Over time, the algorithm learns its parameters in a manner similar to a neural network. The proposed algorithm integrates aspects of artificial intelligence and evolutionary computations to yield a "smart" one-pass procedure for feature selection and pattern recognition. Utilizing the pattern recognition GA, two specific questions were addressed in this study: (1) Does the overall hydrocarbon profile of the colony change with time? (2) Does the queen influence the hydrocarbon pattern of the colony? (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. RP Lavine, BK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. EM bklab@clarkson.edu RI Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD APR 28 PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0169-7439(03)00006-6 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA 657ZJ UT WOS:000181696900005 ER PT J AU Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ AF Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ TI Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in eggs using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis CY JUN 04-07, 2002 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM DE fluoroquinolones; liquid chromatography; fluorescence; mass spectrometry ID LAYING HENS; RESIDUES; SARAFLOXACIN AB An efficient multiresidue method for determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in eggs has been developed, in which quantitation and confirmation are achieved simultaneously using fluorescence and MSn. With this method, eight fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified egg samples at levels of 10-100 ng g(-1). Recoveries for desethylene ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, sarafloxacin and difloxacin were generally in the range 60-100%, with excellent relative standard deviations. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 2 ng g(-1) in mixed egg. Confirmation was achieved by monitoring the ratios of two prominent product ions in MS2 (desethylene ciprofloxacin) or MS3 (all others). The method was found to be applicable to the analysis of egg whites and also egg yolks, with limits of quantitation ranging from 0.1 to 7 ng g(-1) (eggwhite) and 0.1-1.5 ng g(-1) (eggyolk). ENRO-incurred mixed eggs, egg whites and egg yolks were also successfully analyzed using this method. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr 0 408, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Schneider, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD APR 25 PY 2003 VL 483 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 49 AR PII S0003-2670(02)01378-8 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01378-8 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 673ZV UT WOS:000182612300005 ER PT J AU Gantverg, A Shishani, I Hoffman, M AF Gantverg, A Shishani, I Hoffman, M TI Determination of chloramphenicol in animal tissues and urine - Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry versus gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis CY JUN 04-07, 2002 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM DE chloramphenicol; antibiotics; urine; muscle; mass spectrometry ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; RESIDUES; MILK; THIAMPHENICOL; QUANTITATION; FLORFENICOL; VALIDATION; MUSCLE; MEAT; EGG AB A very sensitive method was developed for detection and confirmation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in equine, porcine and bovine muscle and urine. The method included ethyl acetate extraction of CAP followed by a two-step C18 solid-phase clean up; recovery was >80%. Extracted CAP was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. LC-MS/MS gave superior sensitivity and selectivity compared to that shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in electron impact mode. Even in a "dirty" matrix, such as urine, the estimated CAP detection limit for LC-MS/MS detection was 0.02 mug kg(-1) while the corresponding value for GC-MS was only 2 mug kg(-1). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Maxxam Analyt Inc, Mississauga, ON L4Z 1P1, Canada. United States Dept Agr, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Gantverg, A (reprint author), Maxxam Analyt Inc, 5540 McAdam Rd, Mississauga, ON L4Z 1P1, Canada. NR 16 TC 79 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD APR 25 PY 2003 VL 483 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01566-0 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 673ZV UT WOS:000182612300014 ER PT J AU Shishani, E Chai, SC Jamokha, S Aznar, G Hoffman, MK AF Shishani, E Chai, SC Jamokha, S Aznar, G Hoffman, MK TI Determination of ractopamine in animal tissues by liquid chromatography-fluorescence and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis CY JUN 04-07, 2002 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM DE ractopamine; animal tissues; beta-agonists; liquid chromatography; fluorescence detection ID HYDROCHLORIDE; SWINE AB A sensitive method was developed and validated for routine screening and confirmation of ractopamine residues in porcine and bovine muscle tissues. Muscle tissues were extracted with methanol and hydrolyzed with P-glucuronidase, followed by liquid extraction and solid-phase clean up. Ractopamine was quantified by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection, using ritodrine as internal standard and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of ractopamine ranged between 80 and 117% in porcine tissues and 85 and 114% in bovine tissues at 1-4 ng g(-1) ractopamine. This procedure is suitable for routine monitoring, screening and confirmation of ractopamine residues in edible meat tissues, as mandated by regulatory agencies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Maxxam Analyt Inc, Mississauga, ON L4Z 1P1, Canada. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Shishani, E (reprint author), Maxxam Analyt Inc, 5540 McAdam Rd, Mississauga, ON L4Z 1P1, Canada. NR 6 TC 99 Z9 115 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD APR 25 PY 2003 VL 483 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(03)0012-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 673ZV UT WOS:000182612300015 ER PT J AU Istanbulluoglu, E Tarboton, DG Pack, RT Luce, C AF Istanbulluoglu, E Tarboton, DG Pack, RT Luce, C TI A sediment transport model for incision of gullies on steep topography SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gully erosion; sediment transport; landscape evolution ID OVERLAND-FLOW; SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA; PHYSICAL EXPLANATION; DRAINAGE DENSITY; EVOLUTION MODEL; INITIATION; EROSION; CAPACITY; CHANNEL; CATCHMENT AB [1] We have conducted surveys of gullies that developed in a small, steep watershed in the Idaho Batholith after a severe wildfire followed by intense precipitation. We measured gully length and cross sections to estimate the volumes of sediment loss due to gully formation. These volume estimates are assumed to provide an estimate of sediment transport capacity at each survey cross section from the single gully-forming thunderstorm. Sediment transport models commonly relate transport capacity to overland flow shear stress, which is related to runoff rate, slope, and drainage area. We have estimated the runoff rate and duration associated with the gully-forming event and used the sediment volume measurements to calibrate a general physically based sediment transport equation in this steep, high shear stress environment. We find that a shear stress exponent of 3, corresponding to drainage area and slope exponents of M = 2.1 and N = 2.25, match our data. This shear stress exponent of 3 is approximately 2 times higher than those for bed load transport in alluvial rivers but is in the range of shear stress exponents derived from flume experiments on steep slopes and with total load equations. The concavity index of the gully profiles obtained theoretically from the area and slope exponents of the sediment transport equation, theta(c) = ( M - 1)/N, agrees well with the observed profile concavity of the gullies. Our results, although preliminary because of the uncertainty associated with the sediment volume estimates, suggest that for steep hillslopes such as those in our study area, a greater nonlinearity in the sediment transport function exists than that assumed in some existing hillslope erosion models which calculate sediment transport capacity using the bed load equations developed for rivers. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Istanbulluoglu, E (reprint author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 48-114, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008; Tarboton, David/G-8972-2011 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662; Tarboton, David/0000-0002-1998-3479 NR 79 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 25 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 AR 1103 DI 10.1029/2002WR001467 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 678CH UT WOS:000182847100002 ER PT J AU Holden, MJ Blasic, JR Bussjaeger, L Kao, C Shokere, LA Kendall, DC Freese, L Jenkins, GR AF Holden, MJ Blasic, JR Bussjaeger, L Kao, C Shokere, LA Kendall, DC Freese, L Jenkins, GR TI Evaluation of extraction methodologies for corn kernel (Zea mays) DNA for detection of trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; corn; genomic; DNA; extraction; polymerase chain reaction; PCR; PCR inhibition ID PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES; INHIBITION AB Sensitive and accurate testing for trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA from plant material requires pure, high-quality genomic DNA as template for subsequent amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six methodologies were evaluated for extracting DNA from ground corn kernels spiked with 0.1% (m/m) CBH351 (StarLink) corn. DNA preparations were evaluated for purity and fragment size. Extraction efficiency was determined. The alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adh1) and the CBH351 (cry9C, 35S promoter) genes in the genomic DNA were detected using PCR. DNA isolated by two of the methods proved unsuitable for performing PCR amplification. All other methods produced some DNA preparations that gave false negative PCR results. We observed that cornstarch, a primary component of corn kernels, was not an inhibitor of PCR, while acidic polysaccharides were. Our data suggest that amplification of an endogenous positive control gene, as an indicator for the absence of PCR inhibitors, is not always valid. This study points out aspects of DNA isolation that need to be considered when choosing a method for a particular plant/tissue type. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Grain Inspect Stockyards & Packers Adm, USDA, Tech Div, Kansas City, MO 64153 USA. RP Holden, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS-8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR 23 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 9 BP 2468 EP 2474 DI 10.1021/jf0211130 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 669CW UT WOS:000182335200006 PM 12696922 ER PT J AU Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS Akin, DE Evans, JD AF Morrison, WH Himmelsbach, DS Akin, DE Evans, JD TI Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of lignin in isolated flax fibers SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE flax; fiber; cuticle; spectroscopy; Mid-IR; Raman ID COMPONENTS; TISSUES; YARN AB The chemistry of pure flax fibers, free of contaminating nonfiber components, has not been determined. Fibers from the center sections of the stem of seed and fiber flax (Linum usitatissium L.), which had been retted after soaking in water and removal of the epidermis by hand, underwent chemical and spectroscopic analysis. Wet chemical analysis showed only trace indications of aromatics and no long chain fatty acids or alcohols in fibers. Pyrolysis mass spectroscopy (PyMS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) showed only trace amounts of aromatic constituents that could be attributed to the presence of lignin. Mid-infrared (Mid-IR) and Raman spectroscopy of these fibers showed no aromatic compounds present. This study suggests that earlier work reporting the presence of lignin ranging from 1 to 4% may be the result of residual shive or epidermis/cuticle material remaining after the retting process which may be responsible for the favorable properties desired by the composites industry. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Morrison, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR 23 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 9 BP 2565 EP 2568 DI 10.1021/jf020885t PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 669CW UT WOS:000182335200022 PM 12696938 ER PT J AU Smith, WP Carraway, LN Gavin, TA AF Smith, WP Carraway, LN Gavin, TA TI Cranial variation in Columbian white-tailed deer populations: implications for taxonomy and restoration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID HABITAT USE; PERSPECTIVE; ENDEMISM AB We examined variation in 18 cranial dimensions among three disjunct populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Pacific Northwest to test the hypothesis that they represent a single taxon. Previous allozyme analyses indicated considerable variation among the three populations, but genetic divergences were less than conventional benchmarks used to distinguish subspecies. We observed substantial variation in cranial dimensions among the three populations that graphically sorted into three distinct morphological groups and corresponded with east-west and north-south geographical gradients. Specimens of the northwestern white-tailed deer (O. v. ochrourus) from northern Idaho had longer and broader skulls than did Columbian white-tailed deer (O. v. leucurus) from the lower Columbia River or southwestern Oregon; specimens from southwestern Oregon had shorter rostra and narrower crania than those from the lower Columbia River. Even after controlling for differences in size related to age or sex, specimens from southwestern Oregon were relatively smaller animals with shorter faces and narrower posterior portions of the skulls than specimens in the other populations. These results do not support the hypothesis that the three groups represent a single taxon, nor do the results support the current taxonomy. Sample sizes were insufficient to fully evaluate if designating the three populations as distinct subspecies is warranted. Still, the three populations show considerable morphological and genetic variation, remain disjunct and isolated from each other, and likely are evolving along different trajectories because of geographical variation in habitat. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Smith, WP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD APR 23 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 672PH UT WOS:000182529200001 ER PT J AU Levine, JM Vila, M D'Antonio, CM Dukes, JS Grigulis, K Lavorel, S AF Levine, JM Vila, M D'Antonio, CM Dukes, JS Grigulis, K Lavorel, S TI Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE biological invasions; community structure; ecosystem processes; exotic plants; impact ID AFRICAN FYNBOS SHRUBLANDS; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; MYRICA-FAYA; MESEMBRYANTHEMUM-CRYSTALLINUM; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; GUILD STRUCTURE; GRASS INVASION; GLOBAL CHANGE; HAWAII; FIRE AB Although the impacts of exotic plant invasions on community structure and ecosystem processes are well appreciated, the pathways or mechanisms that underlie these impacts are poorly understood. Better exploration of these processes is essential to understanding why exotic plants impact only certain systems, and why only some invaders have large impacts. Here, we review over 150 studies to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions on plant and animal community structure, nutrient cycling, hydrology and fire regimes. We find that, while numerous studies have examined the impacts of invasions on plant diversity and composition, less than 5% test whether these effects arise through competition, allelopathy, alteration of ecosystem variables or other processes. Nonetheless, competition was often hypothesized, and nearly all studies competing native and alien plants against each other found strong competitive effects of exotic species. In contrast to studies of the impacts on plant community structure and higher trophic, levels, research examining impacts on nitrogen cycling, hydrology and fire regimes is generally highly mechanistic, often motivated by specific invader traits. We encourage future studies that link impacts on community structure to ecosystem processes, and relate the controls over invasibility to the controls over impact. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CREAF, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. ARS, Exot Invas Weeds Unit, USDA, Reno, NV 89511 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. RP Levine, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, 621 Charles E Young Dr S,Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jmlevine@obee.ucla.edu RI Dukes, Jeffrey/C-9765-2009; Levine, Jonathan/A-7167-2014; Vila, Montserrat/D-9339-2013 OI Dukes, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9482-7743; Vila, Montserrat/0000-0003-3171-8261 NR 71 TC 791 Z9 851 U1 55 U2 503 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD APR 22 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1517 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2327 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 670GZ UT WOS:000182400300001 PM 12737654 ER PT J AU Piva, A Meola, E Gatta, PP Biagi, G Castellani, G Mordenti, AL Luchansky, JB Silva, S Mordenti, A AF Piva, A Meola, E Gatta, PP Biagi, G Castellani, G Mordenti, AL Luchansky, JB Silva, S Mordenti, A TI The effect of dietary supplementation with trivalent chromium on production performance of laying hens and the chromium content in the yolk SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE laying hens; chromium; nutrition; overdose ID CARCINOGENICITY; METABOLISM; PICOLINATE; BROILERS; TRAITS AB The present study evaluated whether feeding laying hens high levels of trivalent chromium in different chemical forms modified egg production and egg quality or resulted in chromium accumulation in the yolk. The diets of 32 laying hens per each of four treatments were supplemented without chromium (control) or with chromium chloride (CrCl3), chromium yeast, or chromium aminoniacinate. After 5 weeks, health status, feed intake, egg deposition, egg and yolk weight, and Haugh unit score did not differ between experimental and control treatments. Chromium in the yolk did not increase regardless of the chromium source, and averaged 0.48 +/- 0.10 mg kg(-1) DM. At the end of the study, the chromium content of the excreta of birds fed the control diet or the diets supplemented with CrCl3, chromium yeast, or chromium aminoniacinate increased linearly as a function of the chromium intake, regardless of the chemical form used. These data indicate that short-term feeding of laying hens with a diet high in chromium does not influence egg production or egg quality and does not result in abnormal levels of chromium in the yolk. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Morofofisiol & Prod Anim DIMORFIPA, I-40064 Ozzano Dell Emilia, Italy. USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Chim Suolo, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. RP Piva, A (reprint author), Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Morofofisiol & Prod Anim DIMORFIPA, Via Tolara Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Dell Emilia, Italy. RI Gatta, Pier Paolo/C-5379-2012; OI Gatta, Pier Paolo/0000-0003-4012-6196; MORDENTI, ATTILIO/0000-0002-4162-6726 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD APR 21 PY 2003 VL 106 IS 1-4 BP 149 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00006-3 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 678FZ UT WOS:000182857000012 ER PT J AU Carlson, JD Burgan, RE AF Carlson, JD Burgan, RE TI Review of users' needs in operational fire danger estimation: the Oklahoma example SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Remote Sensing and GIS Application to Forest Fire Management CY MAY, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Eurpean Assoc Remote Sensing Lab, Special Interest Grp Forest Fire ID BOREAL FOREST-FIRES; WATER TRANSPORT; SATELLITE; VEGETATION; MOISTURE; INDEX; SENSITIVITY; WILDFIRES; ALGORITHM; ERS-1 AB This paper reviews users' needs in operational fire danger systems, that is, those systems which provide routine (e.g. daily) assessments of fire danger over broad geographical areas. We begin by discussing those elements comprising the fire environment: topography, fuels and weather. With respect to wildland fuels, we consider fuel models, live and dead fuels, and the role of remote sensing in this arena. Weather, both current and forecast, is seen to be crucial and the one element common to all operational systems. We then consider fire models, which utilize the environmental input and produce fire danger output related to either fire potential or behaviour. We end the review with a look at fire detection systems and the need for near-real-time accessibility of fire danger information. The paper then concludes with a specific example of an operational fire danger system from the state of Oklahoma (USA). Use of a mesoscale automated weather station network, the Oklahoma Mesonet, allows for a suite of near-real-time fire management products, and dissemination over the World Wide Web permits quick and easy access. These products have proved to be useful to the wildland fire management community in Oklahoma, both in terms of wildfire anticipation and suppression and in terms of prescribed fire activities. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Carlson, JD (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 67 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 20 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1601 EP 1620 DI 10.1080/01431160210144651 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 667LM UT WOS:000182233700002 ER PT J AU Kaufman, YJ Ichoku, C Giglio, L Korontzi, S Chu, DA Hao, WM Li, RR Justice, CO AF Kaufman, YJ Ichoku, C Giglio, L Korontzi, S Chu, DA Hao, WM Li, RR Justice, CO TI Fire and smoke observed from the Earth Observing System MODIS instrument - products, validation, and operational use SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Remote Sensing and GIS Application to Forest Fire Management CY MAY, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Assoc Remote Sensing Lab, Special Interest Grp Forest Fire ID BOREAL FOREST-FIRES; SCAR-B; SOUTH-AMERICA; EOS-MODIS; AEROSOL; EMISSIONS; TROPICS; RADIOMETER; PARTICLES; AIRBORNE AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrorachometer (MODIS) sensor, launched on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Terra satellite at the end of 1999, was designed with 36 spectral channels for a wide array of land, ocean, and atmospheric investigations. MODIS has a unique ability to observe fires, smoke, and burn scars globally. Its main fire detection channels saturate at high brightness temperatures: 500 K at 4 mum and 400 K at 11 mum, which can only be attained in rare circumstances at the 1 km fire detection spatial resolution. Thus, unlike other polar orbiting satellite sensors with similar thermal and spatial resolutions, but much lower saturation temperatures (e.g. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Along Track Scanning Radiometer), MODIS can distinguish between low intensity ground surface fires and high intensity crown forest fires. Smoke column concentration over land is for the first time being derived from the MODIS solar channels, extending from 0.41 mum to 2.1 mum. The smoke product has been provisionally validated both globally and regionally over southern Africa and central and south America. Burn scars are observed from MODIS even in the presence of smoke, using the 1.2 to 2.1 mum channels. MODIS burned area information is used to estimate pyrogenic emissions. A wide range of these fire and related products and validation are demonstrated for the wild fires that occurred in northwestern USA in Summer 2000. The MODIS rapid response system and direct broadcast capability is being developed to enable users to obtain and generate data in near real-time. It is expected that health and land management organizations will use these systems for monitoring the occurrence of fires and the dispersion of smoke within two to six hours after data acquisition. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Terr Phys 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Kaufman, YJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM kaufman@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549 NR 42 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 20 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1765 EP 1781 DI 10.1080/01431160210144741 PG 17 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 667LM UT WOS:000182233700011 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Timm, KI AF Hamir, AN Timm, KI TI Nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (Lama glama) from north-west USA SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD APR 19 PY 2003 VL 152 IS 16 BP 507 EP 508 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 675BE UT WOS:000182672500015 PM 12733562 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R TI Exercise and inflammatory disease SO ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM-ARTHRITIS CARE & RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CONTROLLED LONG-TERM; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; BODY-COMPOSITION; STRENGTH; EFFICACY; CACHEXIA; MASS C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIA NIH HHS [AG15797] NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRIT RHEUM-ARTHR JI Arthritis Rheum-Arthritis Care Res. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 49 IS 2 BP 263 EP 266 DI 10.1002/art.11008 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 666HM UT WOS:000182171700019 PM 12687521 ER PT J AU Chang, R Roubenoff, R Mayer, J Brandt, KD Schanberg, LE AF Chang, R Roubenoff, R Mayer, J Brandt, KD Schanberg, LE TI Work group recommendations: 2002 exercise and physical activity conference, St. Louis, Missouri - Session IV, exercise in the presence of rheumatic disease SO ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM-ARTHRITIS CARE & RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. RP Chang, R (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRIT RHEUM-ARTHR JI Arthritis Rheum-Arthritis Care Res. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 49 IS 2 BP 280 EP 280 DI 10.1002/art.11011 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 666HM UT WOS:000182171700022 PM 12687524 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC Walling, DE Peters, J AF Ritchie, JC Walling, DE Peters, J TI Application of geographic information systems and remote sensing for quantifying patterns of erosion and water quality - Special Issue SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOIL C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Exeter, Dept Geog, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England. USGS, Div Water Resources, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, W Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jritchie@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 885 EP 886 DI 10.1002/hyp.1167 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 660JG UT WOS:000181829600001 ER PT J AU Adams, KL Cronn, R Percifield, R Wendel, JF AF Adams, KL Cronn, R Percifield, R Wendel, JF TI Genes duplicated by polyploidy show unequal contributions to the transcriptome and organ-specific reciprocal silencing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RAPID GENOMIC CHANGES; NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AMPHIPLOIDS; ARABIDOPSIS ALLOTETRAPLOIDS; NUCLEOLAR DOMINANCE; HOMOSPOROUS FERN; COTTON GOSSYPIUM; DNA-SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; PRESERVATION; TRITICUM AB Most eukaryotes have genomes that exhibit high levels of gene redundancy, much of which seems to have arisen from one or more cycles of genome doubling. Polyploidy has been particularly prominent during flowering plant evolution, yielding duplicated genes (homoeologs) whose expression may be retained or lost either as an immediate consequence of polyploidization or on an evolutionary timescale. Expression of 40 homoeologous gene pairs was assayed by cDNA-single-stranded conformation polymorphism in natural (1- to 2-million-yr-old) and synthetic tetraploid cotton (Gossypium) to determine whether homoeologous gene pairs are expressed at equal levels after polyploid formation. Silencing or unequal expression of one homoeolog was documented for 10 of 40 genes examined in ovules of Gossypium hirsutum. Assays of homoeolog expression in 10 organs revealed variable expression levels and silencing, depending on the gene and organ examined. Remarkably, silencing and biased expression of some gene pairs are reciprocal and developmentally regulated, with one homoeolog showing silencing in some organs and the other being silenced in other organs, suggesting rapid subfunctionalization. Duplicate gene expression was examined in additional natural polyploids to characterize the pace at which expression alteration evolves. Analysis of a synthetic tetraploid revealed homoeolog expression and silencing patterns that sometimes mirrored those of the natural tetraploid. Both long-term and immediate responses to polyploidization were implicated. Data suggest that some silencing events are epigenetically induced during the allopolyploidization process. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wendel, JF (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Cronn, Richard/0000-0001-5342-3494 NR 48 TC 489 Z9 538 U1 10 U2 63 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 8 BP 4649 EP 4654 DI 10.1073/pnas.0630618100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 668RC UT WOS:000182306100057 PM 12665616 ER PT J AU Li, L Zhou, YH Cheng, XF Sun, JY Marita, JM Ralph, J Chiang, VL AF Li, L Zhou, YH Cheng, XF Sun, JY Marita, JM Ralph, J Chiang, VL TI Combinatorial modification of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; SIMULTANEOUS DOWN-REGULATION; O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; MONOLIGNOL BIOSYNTHESIS; FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; TRANSGENIC TREES; POPLAR PLANTS; QUAKING ASPEN; SYRINGYL AB Lignin quantity and reactivity [which is associated with its syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) constituent ratio] are two major barriers to wood-pulp production. To verify our contention that these traits are regulated by distinct monolignol biosynthesis genes, encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H), we used Agrobacterium to cotransfer antisense 4CL and sense CAId5H genes into aspen (Populus tremuloides). Trees expressing each one and both of the transgenes were produced with high efficiency. Lignin reduction by as much as 40% with 14% cellulose augmentation was achieved in antisense 4CL plants; S/G-ratio increases as much as 3-fold were observed without lignin quantity change in sense CAId5H plants. Consistent with our contention, these effects were independent but additive, with plants expressing both transgenes having up to 52% less lignin, a 64% higher S/G ratio, and 30% more cellulose. An S/G-ratio increase also accelerated cell maturation in stem secondary xylem, pointing to a role for syringyl lignin moieties in coordinating xylem secondary wall biosynthesis. The results suggest that this multigene cotransfer system should be broadly useful for plant genetic engineering and functional genomics. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Agr Res Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Chiang, VL (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 41 TC 228 Z9 270 U1 2 U2 22 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 8 BP 4939 EP 4944 DI 10.1073/pnas.0831166100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 668RC UT WOS:000182306100106 PM 12668766 ER PT J AU McNulty, ST Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ AF McNulty, ST Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ TI Streptococcus iniae infection and tissue distribution in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) following inoculation of the gills SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE gills; Streptococcus iniae; hybrid striped bass; infectivity; distribution; mortality ID TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS AB This study was designed to test the possibility that Streptococcus iniae enters through the gills and causes infection in hybrid striped bass. To determine the dose response, four groups of fish were inoculated with S. iniae via the gills with a dose of 5.0 x 10(5), 2.6 x 10(6), 5.0 x 10(6), or 1.0 X 10(8) CFU/fish. One group of fish was inoculated with tryptic soy broth (TSB) via the gills to serve as controls. The cumulative percent mortality was 13%, 27%, 100% and 100% for 5.0 x 10(5), 2.6 x 10(6), 5.0 x 10(6) and 1.0 x 10(8) CFU/fish, respectively. We also examined the tissue dissemination of S. iniae at 0.5, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after experimental gill inoculation. Fish were inoculated with 2.6 x 10(6) or 5.0 x 10(6) CFU/fish, which caused low and high mortality, respectively. Within 48 h, fish inoculated with the 2.6 x 10(6) dose were culture positive on the gill surface, blood of the first and second gill arches, blood of the third and fourth gill arches and the nares. However, for the dose of 5.0 x 10(6) CFU/fish, S. iniae was also isolated from the olfactory, optic and cerebellum regions of the brain, eye, head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen and liver at 48 h. For the 2.6 x 10(6) dose, S. iniae was not isolated until 48 h post-inoculation, but was isolated at 12 h for the 5.0 x 10(6) dose. The results of this study indicate that S. iniae can enter hybrid striped bass through the gills. However, mortality at similar S. iniae doses was lower than we previously observed by inoculation of the nares. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. USDA ARS, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. RP McNulty, ST (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 220 IS 1-4 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00633-6 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 665BE UT WOS:000182099100014 ER PT J AU Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Keen, JE Bono, JL Clawson, ML Fox, JM Miller, LC Laegreid, WW AF Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Keen, JE Bono, JL Clawson, ML Fox, JM Miller, LC Laegreid, WW TI Association on NOS2A haplotypes and bactericidal activity of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 CuraGen Corp, Branford, CT USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C282 EP C282 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367001315 ER PT J AU Eicher, SD Cheng, HW AF Eicher, SD Cheng, HW TI Toll-like receptor 2 and acute phase cytokine responses by genetically selected chickens following an LPS challenge SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C51 EP C51 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367000238 ER PT J AU Erf, GF Bersi, TK Lillehoj, HS AF Erf, GF Bersi, TK Lillehoj, HS TI Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and gender in the expression of autoimmune vitiligo in the mutant Smyth line chicken SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C273 EP C273 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367001272 ER PT J AU Gause, WC Xiao, SY Liu, ZG Liu, Q Zhan, B Goud, G Loukas, A Hawdon, J Urban, JF Hotez, P AF Gause, WC Xiao, SY Liu, ZG Liu, Q Zhan, B Goud, G Loukas, A Hawdon, J Urban, JF Hotez, P TI A human hookworm recombinant protein can function as a Th2 adjuvant in mice SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Loukas, Alex/B-7355-2014 OI Loukas, Alex/0000-0002-0896-8441 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C194 EP C194 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367000899 ER PT J AU He, HQ Kogut, MH AF He, HQ Kogut, MH TI Sequence dependent induction of nitric oxide by CpG-ODN is mediated through Clathrin-dependent endocytosis, endosomal maturation, and activation of PKC, MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and NF-kappa B pathways in avian macrophage cells (HD11) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C315 EP C315 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367001470 ER PT J AU Liu, Q Liu, ZG Whitmire, J Foster, A VanNoy, J Urban, JF Gause, WC AF Liu, Q Liu, ZG Whitmire, J Foster, A VanNoy, J Urban, JF Gause, WC TI B cells are not required for the development of IL-4-producing T cells during infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C194 EP C194 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367000900 ER PT J AU Liu, ZG Liu, Q Foster, A VanNoy, J Urban, JF Gause, WC AF Liu, ZG Liu, Q Foster, A VanNoy, J Urban, JF Gause, WC TI Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection can induce IL-4 production from naive Ag-specific CD4 T cells that is sufficient to drive Th2 cell differentiation and expansion SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C197 EP C197 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367000912 ER PT J AU Nishi, S Dawson, H Dubey, JP Urban, J Lunney, J AF Nishi, S Dawson, H Dubey, JP Urban, J Lunney, J TI An acute Th1-associated gene expression pattern in response to infection with Toxoplasma gondii in swine SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutr Requirement & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RI Nishi, Sandra /H-1373-2013; Dawson, Harry/H-8242-2013 OI Nishi, Sandra /0000-0003-1800-5451; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C195 EP C195 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367000903 ER PT J AU Pesce, JT Anthony, RM Chaussabel, D Urban, JF Gause, WC AF Pesce, JT Anthony, RM Chaussabel, D Urban, JF Gause, WC TI Comparative analysis of Th2 immune response initiation using high density oligonucleotide microarray analysis SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C228 EP C229 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367001062 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB Rasooly, R Jiang, XW Chandraratna, RAS Gregg, JP AF Stephensen, CB Rasooly, R Jiang, XW Chandraratna, RAS Gregg, JP TI Retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated gene expression during Th2 development SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Immunologists CY MAY 06-10, 2003 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP American Assoc Immunologists C1 USDA WHNRC, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Allergan Pharmaceut Inc, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 7 SU S BP C228 EP C228 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 669TR UT WOS:000182367001061 ER PT J AU De Vries, AC Kustas, WP Ritchie, JC Klaassen, W Menenti, M Rango, A Prueger, JH AF De Vries, AC Kustas, WP Ritchie, JC Klaassen, W Menenti, M Rango, A Prueger, JH TI Effective aerodynamic roughness estimated from airborne laser altimeter measurements of surface features SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; COMPLEX TERRAIN; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PARAMETERS; TOPOGRAPHY; FLUXES; FLOW; DRAG AB Aerodynamic roughness length (z(0)) and displacement height (d(0)) are important surface parameters for estimating surface fluxes in numerical models. These parameters are generally determined from wind flow characteristics using logarithmic wind profiles measured at a meteorological tower or by balloon release. It would be an advantage to use measurements of land surface characteristics instead of wind flow characteristics to estimate the z(0), and d(0) for large areas. Important land surface characteristics are the size and distribution of roughness elements (obstacles). This research evaluates the use of high resolution laser altimeter data to obtain these land surface characteristics. Data were collected at the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico, USA over a coppice dune dominated area. These dunes are covered by honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) with flat and mostly bare interdunal areas. For this analysis, three 450 m laser transects with a 2 cm measurement interval were used. The distribution and size of dunes were calculated from these laser transects and used to compute z(0). Analysis gave an average z(0) = 4.3 cm and d(0) = 70 cm for the three laser transects, which compares to z(0) = 7 +/- 4 cm and d(0) = 98 +/- 48 cm calculated from wind profile data measured at a 10 m tower near the laser transects. These results show that the estimation of z(0) and d(0) for a complex terrain is possible using simple land surface features computed from high resolution laser altimeter data. C1 Royal Haskoning, Dept Water Resources & Planning, Rotterdam, Netherlands. ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Strasbourg 1, Strasbourg, France. ARS, Jornada Expt Range, USDA, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP De Vries, AC (reprint author), Royal Haskoning, Dept Water Resources & Planning, Rotterdam, Netherlands. OI Menenti, Massimo/0000-0001-9176-4556 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1545 EP 1558 DI 10.1080/01431160110115997 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 666YG UT WOS:000182203600008 ER PT J AU Thro, AM Zankowski, P AF Thro, AM Zankowski, P TI Classical plant breeding is the route to food security - The right technology in uncertain conditions is one that can manage many subtle traits. SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20024 USA. Agr Mkt Serv, Plant Variety Protect Off, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Thro, AM (reprint author), Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, USDA, 800 9th St SW, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 10 PY 2003 VL 422 IS 6932 BP 559 EP 559 DI 10.1038/422559a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 665GN UT WOS:000182111400014 PM 12686972 ER PT J AU Baker, PJ Wilson, JS AF Baker, PJ Wilson, JS TI Coexistence of tropical tree species SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID FOREST C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Forest Management, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Baker, PJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. OI Baker, Patrick/0000-0002-6560-7124 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 10 PY 2003 VL 422 IS 6932 BP 581 EP 582 DI 10.1038/422581a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 665GN UT WOS:000182111400031 PM 12686991 ER PT J AU Cohen, WB Maiersperger, TK Gower, ST Turner, DP AF Cohen, WB Maiersperger, TK Gower, ST Turner, DP TI An improved strategy for regression of biophysical variables and Landsat ETM+ data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE regression analysis; biophysical variables; Landsat ETM ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TM TASSELED CAP; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; VEGETATION INDEXES; SPECTRAL RESPONSE; BOREAL FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; SATELLITE DATA AB Empirical models are important tools for relating field-measured biophysical variables to remote sensing data. Regression analysis has been a popular empirical method of linking these two types of data to provide continuous estimates for variables such as biomass, percent woody canopy cover, and leaf area index (LAI). Traditional methods of regression are not sufficient when resulting biophysical surfaces derived from remote sensing are subsequently used to drive ecosystem process models. Most regression analyses in remote sensing rely on a single spectral vegetation index (SVI) based on red and near-infrared reflectance from a single date of imagery. There are compelling reasons for utilizing greater spectral dimensionality, and for including SVIs from multiple dates in a regression analysis. Moreover, when including multiple SVIs and/or dates, it is useful to integrate these into a single index for regression modeling. Selection of an appropriate regression model, use of multiple SVIs from multiple dates of imagery as predictor variables, and employment of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to integrate these multiple indices into a single index represent a significant strategic improvement over existing uses of regression analysis in remote sensing. To demonstrate this improved strategy, we compared three different types of regression models to predict LAI for an agro-ecosystem and live tree canopy cover for a needleleaf evergreen boreal forest: traditional (Y on X) ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, inverse (X on Y) OLS regression, and an orthogonal regression method called reduced major axis (RMA). Each model incorporated multiple SVIs from multiple dates and CCA was used to integrate these. For a given dataset, the three regression-modeling approaches produced identical coefficients of determination and intercepts, but different slopes, giving rise to divergent predictive characteristics. The traditional approach yielded the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), but the variance in the predictions was lower than the variance in the observed dataset. The inverse method had the highest RMSE and the variance was inflated relative to the variance of the observed dataset. RMA provided an intermediate set of predictions in terms of the RMSE, and the variance in the observations was preserved in the predictions. These results are predictable from regression theory, but that theory has been essentially ignored within the discipline of remote sensing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forestry Sci Lab020, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cohen, WB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM warren.cohen@orst.edu NR 59 TC 255 Z9 274 U1 3 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD APR 10 PY 2003 VL 84 IS 4 BP 561 EP 571 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00173-6 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00173-6 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 658RN UT WOS:000181734400008 ER PT J AU Lagalante, AF Montgomery, ME AF Lagalante, AF Montgomery, ME TI Analysis of terpenoids from hemlock (Tsuga) species by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Adelges tsugae; chemosystematics; terpenoids; GC-MS; hemlock; hemlock woolly adelgid; SPME; Tsuga canadensis; Tsuga caroliniana; Tsuga diversifolia; Tsuga chinensis; Tsuga heterophylla; Tsuga mertensiana; Tsuga sieboldii ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; CONIFER NEEDLES; ESSENTIAL OIL; MONOTERPENES; APHID AB A sampling method for determining the volatile terpenoid composition from single needles of seven Tsuga species was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). A reproducible sampling method for the volatile components was generated by examination of sample storage, method of needle cutting, and headspace sampling duration. Following SPME collection of the volatile compounds from the seven Tsuga species, gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry was used to identify 51 terpenoids present in the needle headspace. A semiquantitative method was devised to express individual terpenoid amounts as a percentage of all of the identified peaks in the chromatogram. The semiquantitative results. permitted facile interspecies comparison using principal component analysis. Two components were able to account for 90% of the variance and were interpreted as a "species" component and a "resistance/susceptibility" component. Three interspecies groupings were evident from the principal component analysis: (1) Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga caroliniana; (2) Tsuga chinesnsis, Tsuga diversifolia, Tsuga heterophylla, and Tsuga sieboldii, and (3) Tsuga mertensiana. The finding that T. mertensiana was grouped alone and far removed from the other species adds to the morphological evidence that this species should be segregated from other Tsuga. C1 Penn State Univ, Dunmore, PA 18512 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Lagalante, AF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, 120 Ridgeview Dr,Worthington Scranton Campus, Dunmore, PA 18512 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR 9 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 8 BP 2115 EP 2120 DI 10.1021/jf021028s PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 663ZJ UT WOS:000182037000003 PM 12670144 ER PT J AU Boue, SM Wiese, TE Nehls, S Burow, ME Elliott, S Carter-Wientjes, CH Shih, BY McLachlan, JA Cleveland, TE AF Boue, SM Wiese, TE Nehls, S Burow, ME Elliott, S Carter-Wientjes, CH Shih, BY McLachlan, JA Cleveland, TE TI Evaluation of the estrogenic effects of legume extracts containing phytoestrogens SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE legume; MCF-7; estrogen; flavonoid; isoflavonoid; phytoestrogens; estrogen receptor (alpha and beta) ID BREAST-CANCER CELLS; RED-CLOVER; ANTIESTROGENIC ACTIVITIES; MCF-7 CELLS; FLAVONOIDS; ISOFLAVONES; GROWTH; PHYTOCHEMICALS; INHIBITION; RECEPTORS AB Seven legume extracts containing phytoestrogens were analyzed for estrogenic activity. Methanol extracts were prepared from soybean (Glycine max L.), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), alfalfa sprout (Medicago sativa L.), mung bean sprout (Vigna radiata L.), kudzu root (Pueraria lobata L.), and red clover blossom and red clover sprout (Trifolium pratense L.). Extracts of kudzu root and red clover blossom showed significant competitive binding to estrogen receptorbeta (ERbeta). Estrogenic activity was determined using an estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation assay. Kudzu root, red clover blossom and sprout, mung bean sprout, and alfalfa sprout extracts displayed increased cell proliferation above levels observed with estradiol. The pure estrogen antagonist, ICI 182,780, suppressed cell proliferation induced by the extracts, suggesting an ER-related signaling pathway was involved. The ER subtype-selective activities of legume extracts were examined using transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. All seven of the extracts exhibited preferential agonist activity toward ERbeta. Using HPLC to collect fractions and MCF-7 cell proliferation, the active components in kudzu root extract were determined to be the isoflavones puerarin, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein. These results show that several legumes are a source of phytoestrogens with high levels of estrogenic activity. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Xavier Univ, Coll Pharm, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. Tulane Canc Ctr, Sect Hematol & Med Oncol, Dept Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Tulane Canc Ctr, Sect Hematol & Med Oncol, Dept Surg, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Boue, SM (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM sboue@nola.srrc.usda.gov RI Burow, Matthew/D-6351-2013 OI Burow, Matthew/0000-0002-0642-6630 NR 41 TC 125 Z9 146 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR 9 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 8 BP 2193 EP 2199 DI 10.1021/jf021114s PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 663ZJ UT WOS:000182037000014 PM 12670155 ER PT J AU Loughrin, JH Kasperbauer, MJ AF Loughrin, JH Kasperbauer, MJ TI Aroma content of fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves is affected by light reflected from colored mulches SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE basil; Ocimum basilicum; aroma; colored mulch; herb; photomorphogenesis; phytochrome; terpenoid; volatile ID FAR-RED-LIGHT; SWEET BASIL; FIELD CONDITIONS; ESSENTIAL OIL; GREEN LEAVES; PLANTS; END; MONOTERPENES; EMISSION; GROWTH AB Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herb that is used to add a distinct aroma and flavor to food. Volatile compounds emitted from fully expanded fresh leaves grown in drip-irrigated plots that were covered with six colors of mulch were compared. The colors reflected a range of photosynthetic photon flux, far-red, red, and blue light from the soil surface to developing leaves. Our objective was to determine whether reflection from the different colors could influence concentrations of volatile compounds emitted from the fresh leaves. Volatile compounds were isolated by headspace sampling and quantified by gas chromatography. Twenty-six compounds were identified, of which the terpenoids linalool and 1,8-cineole comprised more than 50% of the total yield. Concentrations of volatile compounds from leaves that developed over green, blue, yellow, white, and red mulches followed the same patterns as they did for air-dried leaves of the same cultivar. However, the concentration of volatile compounds from fresh leaves was about 50-fold higher than those found in the previous study of air-dried leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Kasperbauer, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD APR 9 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 8 BP 2272 EP 2276 DI 10.1021/jf021076c PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 663ZJ UT WOS:000182037000028 PM 12670169 ER PT J AU Miller, JW Selhub, J Nadeau, MR Thomas, CA Feldman, RG Wolf, PA AF Miller, JW Selhub, J Nadeau, MR Thomas, CA Feldman, RG Wolf, PA TI Effect of L-dopa on plasma homocysteine in PD patients relationship to B-vitamin status SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARKINSONS-DISEASE; PSYCHOGERIATRIC POPULATION; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; VASCULAR-DISEASE; SERUM; ACID AB Background: The antiparkinsonian drug L-dopa causes increased cellular synthesis of homocysteine and consequent hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. This effect Of L-dopa on plasma homocysteine is accentuated under conditions of impaired homocysteine metabolism such as folate deficiency. Objective: To investigate the effect Of L-dopa administration and B-vitamin status on plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans with PD. Methods: Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations were determined in 40 individuals diagnosed with idiopathic PD who were being treated as outpatients at the Boston University Medical Center Neurology Clinic. Twenty of the patients were on L-dopa therapy (treatment group) and 20 were L-dopa-naive (control group). Results: The mean plasma homocysteine concentration was higher in the treatment group than in the controls (p = 0.018). Plasma homocysteine was correlated with plasma folate, vitamin B-12, and PLP concentrations in the treatment group (p less than or equal to 0.007) but not in the controls. Conclusion: L-Dopa can cause hyperhomocysteinemia in PD patients, the extent of which is influenced by B-vitamin status. The B-vitamin requirements necessary to maintain normal plasma homocysteine concentrations are higher in L-dopa-treated patients than in those not on L-dopa therapy. B-Vitamin supplements may be warranted for PD patients on L-dopa therapy. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Dept Med Pathol, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Tufts Univ, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA USA. RP Miller, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Dept Med Pathol, 4645 2nd Ave,Res Bldg 3,Rm 3200A, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [5 R01 AG08122-12] NR 46 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 12 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD APR 8 PY 2003 VL 60 IS 7 BP 1125 EP 1129 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 675EP UT WOS:000182680300014 PM 12682318 ER PT J AU Johansson, RC Randall, J AF Johansson, RC Randall, J TI Watershed abatement costs for agricultural phosphorus SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; phosphorus; abatement cost ID POLLUTION ABATEMENT; MANAGEMENT; INDEX; SCALE AB [1] Agricultural, nonpoint pollution has increasingly become the focus of state and federal water quality mitigation efforts. However, this pollution is spatially dispersed and temporally uncertain, making regulatory efforts aimed at its abatement difficult. For these reasons, policymakers have concentrated on reducing the potential of agricultural, nonpoint sources to emit pollutants. Because the majority of the nonpoint pollution originates from a minority of U. S. cropland, these efforts have often been targeted using indices, such as the phosphorus index. This paper develops the concept of a phosphorus index to explicitly include heterogeneous productivity, which is necessary to efficiently target nonpoint pollution efforts. Such targeting can improve cost effectiveness and increase the scope of voluntary conservation programs designed to mitigate agricultural phosphorus pollution. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. URS Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Johansson, RC (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 8 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 AR 1088 DI 10.1029/2001WR001096 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 669PJ UT WOS:000182359400001 ER PT J AU Fekedulegn, D Hicks, RR Colbert, JJ AF Fekedulegn, D Hicks, RR Colbert, JJ TI Influence of topographic aspect, precipitation and drought on radial growth of four major tree species in an Appalachian watershed SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE slope-aspect; radial growth; precipitation; PDSI; hardwood species ID WHITE OAK; DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; WEST-VIRGINIA; BIOMASS; VALLEY; SITE; RESPONSES; FOREST; INDEX; OHIO AB This study used dated and measured tree-ring data to examine relationships between radial growth, topographic aspect, and precipitation for four hardwood species, yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubum L.), growing on contrasting aspects in north-central West Virginia (39degrees39'43"N, 79degrees45'28"W). The main objectives of the study were to determine variation in growth between northeast and southwest aspects, examine changes in annual growth related to changes in precipitation and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and test for the existence of an interaction between species' growth response to drought and topographic aspect. The study found that all species except northern red oak showed significant differences in growth between the northeast and southwest aspects (P < 0.05). Where significant differences were found, all except chestnut oak exhibited higher growth rates at the northeast aspect. The largest and the least difference in growth between the northeast and southwest aspects were found for yellow-poplar and northern red oak, respectively. Among the four species studied, yellow-poplar showed a sharp decline in growth from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, which was evidently caused by several years of below-average precipitation. The more conservative species, red oak, chestnut oak and red maple, showed a mild response to the drought compared to yellow-poplar which experienced 30-40% less growth relative to its peak growth in the late 1950s. A rapid growth recovery, in the early 1970s, following the decline in the late 1960s was associated with wetter than average conditions of the early 1970s. Analysis of drought effects in 1953, 1966, 1988 and 1991 indicated that most species experienced below-average growth although drought-related growth declines lasted only for a few years and recovery following drought was rapid. Regarding the interaction of aspect and response to drought, yellow-poplar displayed greater response to periodic droughts at the southwest aspect while the oaks showed little evidence of an aspect-related interaction with drought response. The results of this study are logical in terms of the ecological strategies of the species; yellow-poplar is widely known to be site specific and exploitive, whereas oaks and maples are more conservative. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Fekedulegn, D (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 50 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 7 PY 2003 VL 177 IS 1-3 BP 409 EP 425 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00446-2 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00446-2 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 664BL UT WOS:000182041800032 ER EF