Literatur zu GRASS

Title: Multiscale Random Field Model for Bayesian Image Segmentation; Final 
  report 
Author(s): Shapiro, M. ; Bouman, C. ; Bagley, C. F. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-TR-EC-94/21 
Contract No: 4A162720A896 
Date: Jun 94  Pages: 53p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Army's Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) program collects 
  both space-based remotely-sensed data and ground-level data for natural 
  resource inventory and evaluation.  Coupling remotely sensed digital data 
  with traditional ecological ground data could help Army land managers 
  inventory and monitor natural resources.  This study used LCTA data sets to 
  test image segmentation algorithms that may be used to interpret remotely 
  sensed digital data.  Many approaches to Bayesian image segmentation have 
  used maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation in conjunction with Markov random 
  fields (MRF). This study developed a new approach to Bayesian image 
  segmentation that replaces the MRF model with a novel multiscale random 
  field (MSRF), and replaces the MAP estimator with a sequential MAP (SMAP) 
  estimator derived from a novel estimation criteria.  Together, the proposed 
  estimator and model result in a noniterative segmentation algorithm that can 
  be computed in time proportional to MN, where M is the number of classes and 
  N is the number of pixels.  Results show that the SMAP algorithm improves 
  classification accuracy when applied to the segmentation of multispectral 
  remotely sensed images with ground-truthed data, especially with the 
  introduction of mixed signatures to represent the spectral information about 
  the classes.  Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA), Multiscale Random Field 
  (MSRF), Bayesian image segmentation, GRASS. 
 
 
Title: Geographic Information Systems: Proceedings of the Annual GRASS Users 
  Conference (7th). Held in Lakewood, Colorado on March 16-19, 1992; Technical 
  report 
Author(s): Waggoner, G. S. 
Performing Organization: National Park Service, Denver, CO. Geographic 
  Information Systems Div. 
Notes: Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Also pub. as 
  National Park Service, Denver, CO. Geographic Information Systems Div. rept. 
  no. NPS/NRGISD/NRTR-93/13. See also AD-A213 823. 
Date: Aug 93  Pages: 288p 
Country: United States 
Document Type: Conference proceeding 
Abstract: This publication is the proceedings of the seventh annual 
  Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS) Geographic Information 
  Systems (GIS) users conference held in Lakewood, Colorado, on March 16-19, 
  1992. 29 technical papers are included dealing with specific applications of 
  GIS (GRASS) software to natural resource problems and issues.  Papers deal 
  with subjects including Yosemite National Park, wildlife in India, resource 
  mapping, water quality and watershed management, aircraft noise decision 
  support system, relational database management systems with GRASS, mobile 
  and portable communications, image processing, environmental impact 
  assessment and modeling on military reservations, ecological modeling, GIS 
  and videographic technology, and aircraft bird avoidance.  The document also 
  contains a list of names and addresses of attendees at the conference, 
  approximately 300 GRASS/GIS users. 
 
 
Title: GRASS Problem-Solving Manual; Final rept 
Author(s): Ressler, J. Q. 
Performing Organization: Central Washington Univ., Ellensburg. Graduate 
  Studies and Research. 
Report No: CERL-N-89/15 
Sponsoring Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
  Contract No: DACA88-87-D-0007 
Date: Oct 89  Pages: 100p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: GRASS is a geographic information system (GIS) software package 
  containing a variety of programs to perform and display geographic analysis 
  and digital image processing.  This report familiarizes users with the GRASS 
  analytical tools and shows how to use the tools to help solve resource 
  management problems.  GRASS, Geographic information systems. 
 
 
Title: ARC/INFO to GRASS Conversion Manual for the Upper Mississippi River 
  System Project Using the Sun SPARC Station 2 and GRASS Version 4.0. Long Term 
  Resource Monitoring Program; Special rept 
Author(s): Waltermire, R. G. 
Performing Organization: TGS Technology, Inc., Fort Collins, CO. 
Report No: EMTC-93/S001 
Sponsoring Organization: Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI. 
  Environmental Management Technical Center. 
Contract No: DI-14-16-0009-90-002 
Notes: See also PB94-112406. Sponsored by Fish and Wildlife Service, 
  Onalaska, WI. Environmental Management Technical Center. 
Date: Jan 93  Pages: 85p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The manual is based on the Geographic Resources Analysis and 
  Statistical System (GRASS) version 4.0 running on a Sun SPARC workstation. 
  All the commands described in the manual (GRASS or UNIX) can be used from 
  within GRASS.  There is no need to exit GRASS but use of other command tool 
  windows may increase work speed.  The user must be in GRASS to execute 
  GRASS-oriented shellscripts. 
 
 
Title: Comparison of Manual and Automated Methods for Delimiting Watersheds 
  for Use with GRASS/GIS Software; Final rept 
Author(s): Lockhart, J. J. 
Performing Organization: Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville. 
Report No: CERL-TR-N-91/34 
Sponsoring Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Contract No: DACA88-87-D-0008 
Date: Sep 91  Pages: 31p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a 
  geographic information and image processing system originally designed to 
  serve land managers and environmental planners at Army installations.  Among 
  the newer automated processes performed by GRASS is the digital computation 
  of watersheds.  This report compares the GRASS verstion 3.0a watershed 
  module with the manual delineation of watersheds, by applying the two 
  methods to installation data taken from Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, a facility 
  with other 72,000 acres of highly variable terrain.  This study showed that 
  both methods produced similar results, with some exceptions.  In areas of 
  pronounced relief, 7.5-minute data and 1-degree data did produce watersheds, 
  but did not indicate subtle saddle-based boundaries.  At the installation 
  scale, the 1-degree data produced adequate major watershed delineation, but 
  was not adequate to determine minor watersheds.  The more accurate 
  7.5-minute data produced a large number of subbasins.  The automated method 
  produced good subwatershed basin delineation in areas of greater relief, but 
  unsatisfactory delineation in areas of moderate to lower relief. 
 
 
Title: GRASS. Users and Programmers Manual for the Geographical Resources 
  Analysis Support System; Final rept 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-ADP-N-87/22; USDA/SW/MT-91/010B 
Sponsoring Organization: Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 
Notes: For system on magnetic tape, see PB91-506543.;  Sponsored by Soil 
  Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 
Date: Nov 89  Pages: 702p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The document introduces the reader to the Geographic Resources 
  Analysis Support System (GRASS).  It explains: What GRASS Is; its Current 
  Capabilities; its Hardware Options; and The Five Level Design.  GRASS is an 
  integrated set of programs designed to provide digitizing, image processing, 
  map production, and geographic information system capabilities to its users. 
 
 
Title: Cartographic Issues in the Development of a Digital GRASS Database; 
  Final rept 
Author(s): Ruiz, M. S. ; Messersmith, J. M. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-SR-N-90/16 
Date: Sep 90  Pages: 47p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The process of building a complete and useful database for the 
  Geographic Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS), a geographic 
  information system (GIS), is complex and costly.  If data are entered or 
  manipulated incorrectly, the result can be large, costly body of useless 
  geographic information.  The likelihood of such mistakes arises in part from 
  a user's misunderstanding of basic differences between digital map data and 
  conventional analog paper maps.  Additionally, a number of environmental 
  planners have been faced with the necessity of creating or editing GRASS 
  databases without substantial training in cartographic concepts or the use 
  of GIS.  This report provides information that will help minimize mistakes 
  commonly made in the creation and modification of GRASS databases.  GRASs is 
  now used widely at military installations, and by numerous other public and 
  private agencies. This report answers some of the questions most frequently 
  asked by GRASS users throughout the public and private sectors.  The 
  contents of this report are drawn largely from the collective experience of 
  researchers at the U.S.  Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory 
  (USACERL), where GRASS was developed.  Issues addressed include 
  software-specific matters, the characteristics of digital cartographic 
  databases, the relationship between digital and analog maps in general, and 
  the preparation of analog map information for conversion into digital data. 
  (Author) (kr) 
 
Title: Guidelines for Running GRASS Benchmarks 
Author(s): Johnson, M. O. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-N-89/23 
Date: Feb 89  Pages: 11p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a 
  geographic information and image processing system originally designed to 
  serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations.  GRASS 
  is public domain software distributed by several public and private 
  organizations. Consequently, there are many different hardware 
  configurations running GRASS. This guide documents current procedures used 
  to conduct system performance tests (benchmarks), to provide users 
  considering the acquisition of the system a reliable means to compare the 
  many systems that run GRASS.  Relevant data that accompany benchmark results 
  are: machine specifications; system environment; GRASS program environment; 
  GRASS graphics environment; operation descriptions; data description; and 
  benchmark execution notes.  (kr) 
 
 
Title: Testing Guidelines for GRASS Ports and Drivers; Final rept 
Author(s): Goran, W. D. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-N-89/22 
Date: Jan 89  Pages: 10p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a 
 geographic information and image processing system originally designed to 
 serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations.  GRASS is 
 public domain software distributed by several public and private 
 organizations.  The GRASS Inter-Agency Steering Committee represents the 
 organizations that want to ensure that GRASS software remain reliable, 
 consistent, and efficient, and that new versions of the code, new hardware 
 platforms, and new digitizer, monitor, and printer drivers be consistently 
 tested before distribution.  This report provides guidance for testing new 
 hardware platforms and drivers for GRASS.  To be fully supported, hardware 
 and software configurations must pass both alpha and beta testing.  Some 
 GRASS software distribution site must accept responsibility for support of 
 new hardware configurations or drivers.  Alpha testing is usually done 
 internally, after an initial port of GRASS, by an organization that has 
 created a new port or driver.  During alpha testing, a serious effort is made 
 to identify and correct problems resulting from new code by a coordinated 
 effort between the programmers and testers.  The test is initiated by the 
 test coordinator, conducted by the beta test sites, and verified by the GRASS 
 hardware coordinator.  The end product is fully documented computer code. 
 (kr) 
 
 
Title: GRASS Hardware Configurations Guide; Final rept 
Author(s): Brooks, D. ; Higgins, M. ; Johnson, M. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-ADP-N-89/21 
Date: Mar 89  Pages: 23p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a 
 geographic information and image processing system originally designed to 
 serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations.  GRASS is 
 written in C and operates on computers running UNIX.  Since its initial 
 development, GRASS has been used for many applications on a number of 
 different hardware configurations.  This Guide contains information to aid 
 the user in configuring a hardware system that will support the 
 implementation and use of GRASS software.  Included are minimum hardware 
 specifications that have been tested and are fully supported, and information 
 on systems currently supported by an authorized GRASS support center that 
 have successfully completed a beta test as outlined by the U.S.  Army 
 Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL).  Also included is 
 information on peripheral and performance options compatible with GRASS 
 hardware configuration, and a listing of GRASS support centers and the 
 computer systems and/or agencies that they support.  This Guide is not meant 
 as an endorsement of the products or tradenames listed within, but only as a 
 reference for the user considering hardware upon which to run GRASS. (kr) 
 
Title: Options for Acquiring Elevation Data; Final rept 
Author(s): Bradshaw, S. ; Thompson, P. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-TM-N-89/20 
Date: Jan 89  Pages: 11p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a 
 geographic information and image processing system originally designed to 
 serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations.  New 
 GRASS applications demand the ability to create useful, accurate, and current 
 digital map layers.  A digital elevation data file consists of a sampled 
 array of elevations for ground positions, generally at regularly spaced 
 intervals. Legal boundaries, roads, hydrography, soils, watersheds, and 
 elevation are only a few of the layers developed for GRASS databases by U.S. 
 government and private sources.  This report gives a short evaluative summary 
 of the digital elevation products available from: 1) The Defense Mapping 
 Agency, 2) The U.S. Geological Survey, and 3) private companies.  Keywords: 
 Information processing; Digital maps.  (edc) 
 
 
Title: GRASS/GIS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System/Geographic 
  Information System) Implementation Guide; Final rept 
Author(s): Martin, M. V. ; Goran, W. D. ; Lozar, R. C. ; Messersmith, J. M. ; 
  Ruiz, M. S. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-SR-N-90/02 
Date: Oct 89  Pages: 70p 
Country: United States 
Abstract: The GRASS/GIS Implementation Guide is a manual for the 
 implementation and use of the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System 
 (GRASS).  GRASS is a microcomputer based image processing and geographic 
 information system (GIS) used to develop, manipulate, analyze, and display 
 geographic datasets.  This Implementation Guide identifies procedures and 
 issues relevant to user sites preparing to receive and implement GRASS 
 software. Special attention is given to GRASS software capabilities, 
 supported data types, hardware selection and configuration, and staff 
 selection and training. Also included is a list of support structures and 
 current publications relating to GRASS. 
 
 
Title: Proceedings of the Geographical Resource Analysis Support System 
  (GRASS) User Group Meeting. Held in Champaign, Illinois, 1988; Final rept 
Author(s): Lozar, R. C. 
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army), 
  Champaign, IL. 
Report No: CERL-TM-N-89/18 
Contract No: IAO-22-MSS-88-088 
Date: Sep 89  Pages: 82p 
Country: United States 
Document Type: Conference proceeding 
Abstract: The Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a land 
 management support tool originally developed to help military installations 
 ensure realism in training while conserving the environment.Since its 
 successful implementation in the military community, GRASS has seen 
 widespread acceptance in both the Government and private sector.  This 
 proceedings contains papers from the 1988 Annual GRASS User Group Meeting 
 which was held at USACERL in Champaign, IL.  The papers represent a variety 
 of interests.  They have been grouped under three general topic areas: 
 Applications; Data Concerns, and Integration of Grass with Other Packages. 
 (KR)