Literatur zu GRASS
Title: Multiscale Random Field Model for Bayesian Image Segmentation; Final
report
Author(s): Shapiro, M. ; Bouman, C. ; Bagley, C. F.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-TR-EC-94/21
Contract No: 4A162720A896
Date: Jun 94 Pages: 53p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Army's Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) program collects
both space-based remotely-sensed data and ground-level data for natural
resource inventory and evaluation. Coupling remotely sensed digital data
with traditional ecological ground data could help Army land managers
inventory and monitor natural resources. This study used LCTA data sets to
test image segmentation algorithms that may be used to interpret remotely
sensed digital data. Many approaches to Bayesian image segmentation have
used maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation in conjunction with Markov random
fields (MRF). This study developed a new approach to Bayesian image
segmentation that replaces the MRF model with a novel multiscale random
field (MSRF), and replaces the MAP estimator with a sequential MAP (SMAP)
estimator derived from a novel estimation criteria. Together, the proposed
estimator and model result in a noniterative segmentation algorithm that can
be computed in time proportional to MN, where M is the number of classes and
N is the number of pixels. Results show that the SMAP algorithm improves
classification accuracy when applied to the segmentation of multispectral
remotely sensed images with ground-truthed data, especially with the
introduction of mixed signatures to represent the spectral information about
the classes. Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA), Multiscale Random Field
(MSRF), Bayesian image segmentation, GRASS.
Title: Geographic Information Systems: Proceedings of the Annual GRASS Users
Conference (7th). Held in Lakewood, Colorado on March 16-19, 1992; Technical
report
Author(s): Waggoner, G. S.
Performing Organization: National Park Service, Denver, CO. Geographic
Information Systems Div.
Notes: Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Also pub. as
National Park Service, Denver, CO. Geographic Information Systems Div. rept.
no. NPS/NRGISD/NRTR-93/13. See also AD-A213 823.
Date: Aug 93 Pages: 288p
Country: United States
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Abstract: This publication is the proceedings of the seventh annual
Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS) Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) users conference held in Lakewood, Colorado, on March 16-19,
1992. 29 technical papers are included dealing with specific applications of
GIS (GRASS) software to natural resource problems and issues. Papers deal
with subjects including Yosemite National Park, wildlife in India, resource
mapping, water quality and watershed management, aircraft noise decision
support system, relational database management systems with GRASS, mobile
and portable communications, image processing, environmental impact
assessment and modeling on military reservations, ecological modeling, GIS
and videographic technology, and aircraft bird avoidance. The document also
contains a list of names and addresses of attendees at the conference,
approximately 300 GRASS/GIS users.
Title: GRASS Problem-Solving Manual; Final rept
Author(s): Ressler, J. Q.
Performing Organization: Central Washington Univ., Ellensburg. Graduate
Studies and Research.
Report No: CERL-N-89/15
Sponsoring Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Contract No: DACA88-87-D-0007
Date: Oct 89 Pages: 100p
Country: United States
Abstract: GRASS is a geographic information system (GIS) software package
containing a variety of programs to perform and display geographic analysis
and digital image processing. This report familiarizes users with the GRASS
analytical tools and shows how to use the tools to help solve resource
management problems. GRASS, Geographic information systems.
Title: ARC/INFO to GRASS Conversion Manual for the Upper Mississippi River
System Project Using the Sun SPARC Station 2 and GRASS Version 4.0. Long Term
Resource Monitoring Program; Special rept
Author(s): Waltermire, R. G.
Performing Organization: TGS Technology, Inc., Fort Collins, CO.
Report No: EMTC-93/S001
Sponsoring Organization: Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI.
Environmental Management Technical Center.
Contract No: DI-14-16-0009-90-002
Notes: See also PB94-112406. Sponsored by Fish and Wildlife Service,
Onalaska, WI. Environmental Management Technical Center.
Date: Jan 93 Pages: 85p
Country: United States
Abstract: The manual is based on the Geographic Resources Analysis and
Statistical System (GRASS) version 4.0 running on a Sun SPARC workstation.
All the commands described in the manual (GRASS or UNIX) can be used from
within GRASS. There is no need to exit GRASS but use of other command tool
windows may increase work speed. The user must be in GRASS to execute
GRASS-oriented shellscripts.
Title: Comparison of Manual and Automated Methods for Delimiting Watersheds
for Use with GRASS/GIS Software; Final rept
Author(s): Lockhart, J. J.
Performing Organization: Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville.
Report No: CERL-TR-N-91/34
Sponsoring Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Contract No: DACA88-87-D-0008
Date: Sep 91 Pages: 31p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a
geographic information and image processing system originally designed to
serve land managers and environmental planners at Army installations. Among
the newer automated processes performed by GRASS is the digital computation
of watersheds. This report compares the GRASS verstion 3.0a watershed
module with the manual delineation of watersheds, by applying the two
methods to installation data taken from Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, a facility
with other 72,000 acres of highly variable terrain. This study showed that
both methods produced similar results, with some exceptions. In areas of
pronounced relief, 7.5-minute data and 1-degree data did produce watersheds,
but did not indicate subtle saddle-based boundaries. At the installation
scale, the 1-degree data produced adequate major watershed delineation, but
was not adequate to determine minor watersheds. The more accurate
7.5-minute data produced a large number of subbasins. The automated method
produced good subwatershed basin delineation in areas of greater relief, but
unsatisfactory delineation in areas of moderate to lower relief.
Title: GRASS. Users and Programmers Manual for the Geographical Resources
Analysis Support System; Final rept
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-ADP-N-87/22; USDA/SW/MT-91/010B
Sponsoring Organization: Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Notes: For system on magnetic tape, see PB91-506543.; Sponsored by Soil
Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Date: Nov 89 Pages: 702p
Country: United States
Abstract: The document introduces the reader to the Geographic Resources
Analysis Support System (GRASS). It explains: What GRASS Is; its Current
Capabilities; its Hardware Options; and The Five Level Design. GRASS is an
integrated set of programs designed to provide digitizing, image processing,
map production, and geographic information system capabilities to its users.
Title: Cartographic Issues in the Development of a Digital GRASS Database;
Final rept
Author(s): Ruiz, M. S. ; Messersmith, J. M.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-SR-N-90/16
Date: Sep 90 Pages: 47p
Country: United States
Abstract: The process of building a complete and useful database for the
Geographic Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS), a geographic
information system (GIS), is complex and costly. If data are entered or
manipulated incorrectly, the result can be large, costly body of useless
geographic information. The likelihood of such mistakes arises in part from
a user's misunderstanding of basic differences between digital map data and
conventional analog paper maps. Additionally, a number of environmental
planners have been faced with the necessity of creating or editing GRASS
databases without substantial training in cartographic concepts or the use
of GIS. This report provides information that will help minimize mistakes
commonly made in the creation and modification of GRASS databases. GRASs is
now used widely at military installations, and by numerous other public and
private agencies. This report answers some of the questions most frequently
asked by GRASS users throughout the public and private sectors. The
contents of this report are drawn largely from the collective experience of
researchers at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
(USACERL), where GRASS was developed. Issues addressed include
software-specific matters, the characteristics of digital cartographic
databases, the relationship between digital and analog maps in general, and
the preparation of analog map information for conversion into digital data.
(Author) (kr)
Title: Guidelines for Running GRASS Benchmarks
Author(s): Johnson, M. O.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-N-89/23
Date: Feb 89 Pages: 11p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a
geographic information and image processing system originally designed to
serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations. GRASS
is public domain software distributed by several public and private
organizations. Consequently, there are many different hardware
configurations running GRASS. This guide documents current procedures used
to conduct system performance tests (benchmarks), to provide users
considering the acquisition of the system a reliable means to compare the
many systems that run GRASS. Relevant data that accompany benchmark results
are: machine specifications; system environment; GRASS program environment;
GRASS graphics environment; operation descriptions; data description; and
benchmark execution notes. (kr)
Title: Testing Guidelines for GRASS Ports and Drivers; Final rept
Author(s): Goran, W. D.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-N-89/22
Date: Jan 89 Pages: 10p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a
geographic information and image processing system originally designed to
serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations. GRASS is
public domain software distributed by several public and private
organizations. The GRASS Inter-Agency Steering Committee represents the
organizations that want to ensure that GRASS software remain reliable,
consistent, and efficient, and that new versions of the code, new hardware
platforms, and new digitizer, monitor, and printer drivers be consistently
tested before distribution. This report provides guidance for testing new
hardware platforms and drivers for GRASS. To be fully supported, hardware
and software configurations must pass both alpha and beta testing. Some
GRASS software distribution site must accept responsibility for support of
new hardware configurations or drivers. Alpha testing is usually done
internally, after an initial port of GRASS, by an organization that has
created a new port or driver. During alpha testing, a serious effort is made
to identify and correct problems resulting from new code by a coordinated
effort between the programmers and testers. The test is initiated by the
test coordinator, conducted by the beta test sites, and verified by the GRASS
hardware coordinator. The end product is fully documented computer code.
(kr)
Title: GRASS Hardware Configurations Guide; Final rept
Author(s): Brooks, D. ; Higgins, M. ; Johnson, M.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-ADP-N-89/21
Date: Mar 89 Pages: 23p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a
geographic information and image processing system originally designed to
serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations. GRASS is
written in C and operates on computers running UNIX. Since its initial
development, GRASS has been used for many applications on a number of
different hardware configurations. This Guide contains information to aid
the user in configuring a hardware system that will support the
implementation and use of GRASS software. Included are minimum hardware
specifications that have been tested and are fully supported, and information
on systems currently supported by an authorized GRASS support center that
have successfully completed a beta test as outlined by the U.S. Army
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL). Also included is
information on peripheral and performance options compatible with GRASS
hardware configuration, and a listing of GRASS support centers and the
computer systems and/or agencies that they support. This Guide is not meant
as an endorsement of the products or tradenames listed within, but only as a
reference for the user considering hardware upon which to run GRASS. (kr)
Title: Options for Acquiring Elevation Data; Final rept
Author(s): Bradshaw, S. ; Thompson, P.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-TM-N-89/20
Date: Jan 89 Pages: 11p
Country: United States
Abstract: The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a
geographic information and image processing system originally designed to
serve land managers and environment planners at Army installations. New
GRASS applications demand the ability to create useful, accurate, and current
digital map layers. A digital elevation data file consists of a sampled
array of elevations for ground positions, generally at regularly spaced
intervals. Legal boundaries, roads, hydrography, soils, watersheds, and
elevation are only a few of the layers developed for GRASS databases by U.S.
government and private sources. This report gives a short evaluative summary
of the digital elevation products available from: 1) The Defense Mapping
Agency, 2) The U.S. Geological Survey, and 3) private companies. Keywords:
Information processing; Digital maps. (edc)
Title: GRASS/GIS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System/Geographic
Information System) Implementation Guide; Final rept
Author(s): Martin, M. V. ; Goran, W. D. ; Lozar, R. C. ; Messersmith, J. M. ;
Ruiz, M. S.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-SR-N-90/02
Date: Oct 89 Pages: 70p
Country: United States
Abstract: The GRASS/GIS Implementation Guide is a manual for the
implementation and use of the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System
(GRASS). GRASS is a microcomputer based image processing and geographic
information system (GIS) used to develop, manipulate, analyze, and display
geographic datasets. This Implementation Guide identifies procedures and
issues relevant to user sites preparing to receive and implement GRASS
software. Special attention is given to GRASS software capabilities,
supported data types, hardware selection and configuration, and staff
selection and training. Also included is a list of support structures and
current publications relating to GRASS.
Title: Proceedings of the Geographical Resource Analysis Support System
(GRASS) User Group Meeting. Held in Champaign, Illinois, 1988; Final rept
Author(s): Lozar, R. C.
Performing Organization: Construction Engineering Research Lab. (Army),
Champaign, IL.
Report No: CERL-TM-N-89/18
Contract No: IAO-22-MSS-88-088
Date: Sep 89 Pages: 82p
Country: United States
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Abstract: The Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a land
management support tool originally developed to help military installations
ensure realism in training while conserving the environment.Since its
successful implementation in the military community, GRASS has seen
widespread acceptance in both the Government and private sector. This
proceedings contains papers from the 1988 Annual GRASS User Group Meeting
which was held at USACERL in Champaign, IL. The papers represent a variety
of interests. They have been grouped under three general topic areas:
Applications; Data Concerns, and Integration of Grass with Other Packages.
(KR)