<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage[ND,SEQ,EQ,ML]{prftree}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{microtype}

\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}

\begin{document}
\title{Proof Trees in \LaTeX}
\date{}
\author{Marco Benini}
\address{Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia\\
  Universit\`a degli Studi dell'Insubria\\
  via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy}
\email{marco.benini@uninsubria.it}
\urladdr{http://marcobenini.wordpress.com}
\maketitle

% --------------------------

\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Writing proofs in natural deduction or in similar, tree-like calculi,
is always a challenge: from the typographical point of view, these
proofs are complex objects that cannot be simply typeset using the
standard \LaTeX{} commands. Thus, many packages have been developed:
Sam Buss's \texttt{bussproofs.sty},
\url{http://math.ucsd.edu/~sbuss/ResearchWeb/bussproofs/}; Makoto
Tatsuta's \texttt{proof.sty},
\url{http://research.nii.ac.jp/~tatsuta/proof-sty.html}; and
\texttt{prooftree.sty} by Paul Taylor,
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/generic/proofs/taylor}.

All these packages have their merits and weaknesses. For example,
Buss's package is extremely flexible but inference rules with more
than five assumptions cannot be directly typeset. On the other hand,
Tatsuta's package provides a very simple set of commands doing a
fine job, but customisation is very limited. Taylor's package provides
a natural syntax for writing proofs, but customisation is limited, and
the package has an expire date.

The package presented in the following provides most of the features
which are already present in Buss's package, coupled with some new
ones. This package uses a syntax which is closer to Tatsuta's one, but
almost all the typesetting process is parametric, so that each bit of
a proof can be customised at will.

The graphical appearance of a proof is similar to the one obtained
using Taylor's package, but the additional features allow to set up
the graphical output to follow the style of some of the standard
textbooks, e.g., A.S.~Troelstra and H.~Schwichtenberg, \textit{Basic
  Proof Theory}, Cambridge University Press (2000).

% --------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Basic Commands}\label{sec:basic_commands}
The package is invoked by putting \verb|\usepackage{prftree.sty}| in
the preamble of the document, and installation reduces to put the file
\texttt{prftree.sty} somewhere in the \LaTeX{} search
path.\vspace{2ex} 

A proof tree constructs a box with the following internal structure:
\begin{center}
  {\setlength{\unitlength}{1em}
  \begin{picture}(31,6)
    \put(7,4){\framebox(17,2){$\mbox{assumption}_1 \cdots
        \mbox{assumption}_n$}} 
    \put(6,3){\line(1,0){19}}
    \put(26,2){\framebox(5,2){rule name}}
    \put(0,2){\framebox(5,2){label}}
    \put(10,0){\framebox(11,2){conclusion}}
  \end{picture}}
\end{center}
In turn, each assumption is typeset as a box which has usually the
shape of another proof tree, while the rule name and the label are
typeset in a text box, and the conclusion in a math box. The aspect of
the proof line is controlled by suitable options, as is the presence
of the rule name and of the label. Options cover other aspects of the
graphical rendering of a proof tree, as it will be explained
later. The basic command to build a proof tree is \verb|\prftree|.

For example, the proof of $A \supset \neg\neg A$ in natural deduction
is:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
    {\prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
      {\prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{E}$}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{displaymath}
This proof is generated by the following \LaTeX{} code:
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{displaymath}
    \prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
    {\prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
      {\prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{E}$}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
  \end{displaymath}
\end{verbatim}

In general, the syntax of the \verb|\prftree| command is:
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prftree|[\mbox{options}] \cdots
  [\mbox{options}]\{\mbox{assumption}_1\} \cdots
  \{\mbox{assumption}_n\}\{\mbox{conclusion}\}
\end{displaymath}
Assumptions are optional and there may be any number of them. Each
assumption may contain a proof tree, which is typeset independently:
the order allows to use indentation to help reading the source. The
conclusion is mandatory, and it is supposed to be a
formula. 

Assumptions and the conclusion are typeset in a display style math
environment. Options control the way the proof is generated: in the
example, the \verb|r| option has been used to signal that the first
argument of \verb|\prftree| is the name of the inference rule.  

The available options are:
\begin{itemize}
\item\ [\textbf{r}], [\textbf{rule}], [\textbf{by rule}],
  [\textbf{by}], [\textbf{right}]: the first argument after the
  options is the rule name, which is typeset in text mode;
\item\ [\textbf{l}], [\textbf{left}], [\textbf{label}]: the first
  argument after the options is the label of the rule, which is
  typeset in text mode. If a rule name is present, the first argument
  is the rule name, and the second one is the label;
\item\ [\textbf{straight}], [\textbf{straight line}],
  [\textbf{straightline}]: makes the proof line solid;
\item\ [\textbf{dotted}], [\textbf{dotted line}],
  [\textbf{dottedline}]: makes the proof line  dotted;
\item\ [\textbf{dashed}], [\textbf{dashed line}],
  [\textbf{dashedline}]: makes the proof line dashed;
\item\ [\textbf{f}], [\textbf{fancy}], [\textbf{fancy line}],
  [\textbf{fancyline}]: the proof line will be fancy;
\item\ [\textbf{s}], [\textbf{single}], [\textbf{single line}],
  [\textbf{singleline}]: makes the proof line single;
\item\ [\textbf{d}], [\textbf{double}], [\textbf{double line}],
  [\textbf{doubleline}]: makes the proof line double;
\item\ [\textbf{noline}]: suppresses the proof line (prevails over all
  other line options);
\item\ [\textbf{summary}]: renders the proof line as the summary
  symbol (prevails over all other line options except \textbf{noline}).
\end{itemize}
By default the proof line is straight and single.  Options may be
written in sequence, as in \verb|[r,f,d]|, which means that the proof
tree will have a rule name, and the proof line will be fancy and
double, or separately, as in \verb|[r][f][d]|, or even as a
combination, like \verb|[r][f,d]|. Options are evaluated
left-to-right, so \verb|[d,s]| is the same as \verb|[s]|, while
\verb|[noline,straight,d]| is the same as \verb|[noline]|.

The conjunction introduction rule illustrates the various line
options:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{lcc@{\qquad}l}
    \mbox{default (single straight)} &amp;
    \prftree{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[straight]} \\
    \mbox{double straight} &amp;
    \prftree[d]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[d,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[double,straight]} \\
    \mbox{single dotted} &amp;
    \prftree[dotted]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[dotted,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[dotted]} \\
    \mbox{double dotted} &amp;
    \prftree[dotted,d]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[dotted,d,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[double,dotted]} \\
    \mbox{single dashed} &amp;
    \prftree[dashed]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[dashed,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[dashed]} \\
    \mbox{double dashed} &amp;
    \prftree[dashed,d]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[dashed,d,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[double,dashed]} \\
    \mbox{single fancy} &amp;
    \prftree[f]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[f,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[fancy]} \\
    \mbox{double fancy} &amp;
    \prftree[f,d]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[f,d,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[double,fancy]} \\
    \mbox{noline} &amp;
    \prftree[noline]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \prftree[noline,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}
    {A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;
    \texttt{[noline]}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
These examples are implemented in an array whose cells have the form
\begin{center}
  \verb|\prftree[|\emph{option}\verb|]{A}{B}{A \wedge B} &amp;|
  \verb|\prftree[|\emph{option}\verb|,r]{$\scriptstyle\wedge\mathrm{I}$}|
\end{center}
in which the option part is the one on the right of the
picture.\vspace{1ex} 

An assumption is a special proof tree, built by the command:
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfassumption|\{\text{formula}\}
\end{displaymath}
Similarly, a bounded assumption is produced by the command:
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfboundedassumption|\{\text{formula}\}
\end{displaymath}
as in the previous example.

Although it is possible to type assumptions directly as argument of
\verb|\prftree|, it is better to use the commands above: as explained
later, since a proof tree is a box with an internal structure, the
assumption commands take care of building this structure
appropriately, while the direct typing does not, which may produce
unexpected results.\vspace{2ex}

Similarly, axioms are produced by the commands
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfaxiom|\{\mbox{axiom}\}
\end{displaymath}
and
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfbyaxiom|\{\mbox{name}\}\{\mbox{axiom}\}
\end{displaymath}
For example, the axiom stating that equality is reflexive, is 
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{cc}
    \prfaxiom{\forall x\, x = x} &amp;
    \prfbyaxiom{refl}{\forall x\, x = x}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
and they are generated by the \LaTeX{} code
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{l}
    \verb|\prfaxiom{\forall x\, x = x}|\\
    \verb|\prfbyaxiom{refl}{\forall x\, x = x}|
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}\vspace{-.2ex}

Finally, a proof summary is used to summarise a proof. The
corresponding command is:
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfsummary|[\mbox{name}]\{\mbox{assumption}_1\} \cdots
  \{\mbox{assumption}_n\}\{\mbox{conclusion}\}
\end{displaymath}
The name of the proof is optional, while the assumptions and the
conclusion are treated as in \verb|\prftree|. When present, the proof
name is typeset in text mode.

For example, \verb|\prfsummary{\forall x\, x = x}| produces
\begin{displaymath}
  \prfsummary{\forall x\, x = x}
\end{displaymath}
while
\verb|\prfsummary[name]{A(x)}{B(y)}{B(y) \wedge A(x)}|
gives
\begin{displaymath}
  \prfsummary[name]{A(x)}{B(y)}{B(y) \wedge A(x)}
\end{displaymath}\vspace{-.2ex}

In general, a proof tree is a \TeX{} box containing all the pieces of
the tree, with strict bounds: for example,
\begin{displaymath}
  \fbox{\prfsummary[name]{A(x)}{B(y)}{B(y) \wedge A(x)}}
\end{displaymath}

% --------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Parameters}\label{sec:parameters}
A number of parameters may be used to control the typesetting of proof
trees. They may be changed globally or locally, following the usual
scoping rules of \TeX{}. In this respect, remember that each
assumption is typeset independently, so parameters may be changed on a
sub-proof basis, as will be done in most examples.\vspace{2ex}

There are various \TeX{} dimensions that influence how proofs are
constructed:
\begin{itemize}
\item\ \verb|\prflinepadbefore| (default 0.3ex): the space between the
  bottom line of assumptions and the proof line
\item\ \verb|\prflinepadafter| (default 0.3ex): the space between the
  proof line and the top of the conclusion;
\item\ \verb|\prflineextra| (default 0.3em): the length which extends
  on the left and on the right the proof line so that it is slightly
  longer than the largest between the conclusion and the list of
  (direct) assumptions;
\item\ \verb|\prflinethickness| (default 0.12ex): the thickness of the
  proof line;
\item\ \verb|\prfemptylinethickness| (default 4 times the line
  thickness): in the rare case when the line is empty, but there are
  assumptions, this is the distance between the assumptions and the
  conclusion;
\item\ \verb|\prfrulenameskip| (default 0.2em): the space between the
  proof line and the rule name; 
\item\ \verb|\prflabelskip| (default 0.2em): the space between the
  proof label and the proof line; 
\item\ \verb|\prfinterspace| (default .8em): the space between two
  subsequent assumptions in the assumption list;
\item\ \verb|\prfdoublelineinterspace| (default 0.06ex): the space
  between the two lines of a double line.
\end{itemize}

For example, 
\begin{displaymath}
  \prflinepadafter=0ex
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
  {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
      {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
      {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
      {\bot}}
    {\neg\neg A}}
  {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{displaymath}
is typeset by
\begin{verbatim}
  \prflinepadafter=0ex
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{verbatim}

Similarly, \verb|\prflineextra=-.4em| and \verb|\prfrulenameskip=.8em|
produce: 
\begin{displaymath}
  {\prflineextra=-.4em
    \prfrulenameskip=.8em
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}}
\end{displaymath}

Also, \verb|\prflinethickness=3pt| and
\verb|\prfdoublelineinterspace=2pt| in the upper sub-proof generate:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prflinethickness=3pt
        \prfdoublelineinterspace=2pt
        \prftree[r,d]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{displaymath}
The corresponding code is
\begin{verbatim}
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prflinethickness=3pt
        \prfdoublelineinterspace=2pt
        \prftree[r,d]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{verbatim}

Line thickness does not affect dashed, dotted, and fancy lines, but
interline space does: in the example,
\verb|\prfdoublelineinterspace=4pt| on a fancy line produces
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prfdoublelineinterspace=4pt
        \prftree[r,d,f]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{displaymath}\vspace{.2ex}

Fancy lines are drawn by the \verb|\prffancyline| command. This can be
redefined: as a guideline, the package defines it as
\begin{verbatim}
  \def\prffancyline{\cleaders\hbox to .63em%
    {\hss\raisebox{-.5ex}[.2ex][0pt]{$\sim$}\hss}\hfill}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

Label spacing works exactly as rule name spacing. Actually, it is
possible to have a proof with both a label and a rule name:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prflabelskip=.7em
      \prftree[r,l]{$\supset$I}
              {[\textsl{$\bot\mathrm{E}$ will not work here!}]}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{displaymath}
which has been typeset by
\begin{verbatim}
  \prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prflabelskip=.7em
      \prftree[r,l]{$\supset$I}
              {[\textsl{$\bot\mathrm{E}$ will not work here!}]} 
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

The \verb|\prfinterspace| controls the distance between
assumptions. Specifically, this is the space between the \emph{boxes}
containing two assumptions. 

Consider the following example
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prftree
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B \rightarrow C}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow B}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B}}
        {C}}
      {A \rightarrow C}}
    {(A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)}}
  {(A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)) \rightarrow ((A \rightarrow B) 
    \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))} 
\end{displaymath}
Although the assumptions in the top line are well spaced, the two
sub-proofs on the top are too close. This can be corrected in two
different ways: by putting an explicit space, via \verb|\hspace|, in
front of the second sub-proof, or after the first
sub-proof---remember, they are just boxes
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prftree
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B \rightarrow C}\hspace{1.5em}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow B}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B}}
        {C}}
      {A \rightarrow C}}
    {(A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)}}
  {(A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)) \rightarrow ((A \rightarrow B) 
    \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))} 
\end{displaymath}
otherwise, putting $\verb|\prfinterspace|=1.5\mathrm{em}$ before the
sub-proof whose conclusion is $C$, one obtains the more pleasant
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prfinterspace=1.5em
        \prftree
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B \rightarrow C}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow B}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B}}
        {C}}
      {A \rightarrow C}}
    {(A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)}}
  {(A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)) \rightarrow ((A \rightarrow B) 
    \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))} 
\end{displaymath}\vspace{.2ex}

The \verb|Strut| option of the package controls a subtle point about
spacing around a proof line: assumptions and conclusion are usually
typeset so that the height and the depth of their box is at least the
one of \verb|\mathstrut|. In this way, adjacent proofs will have their
proof lines aligned (well, whenever they don't have huge
conclusions). But, as signalled by Dominic Hughes, sometimes one wants
the height and the depth to be the ``real'' ones, especially when
there are no characters/symbols with a positive depth: this forces the
perceived space above and below the proof line to be exactly the
values of \verb|\prflinepadbefore| and \verb|\prflinepadafter|. This
behaviour can be achieved by calling the package with the \verb|STRUT|
option. Alternatively, one may use the \verb|\prfSTRUToptionfalse|
command to locally force this behaviour, and
\verb|\prfSTRUToptiontrue| to return to the standard one. Similarly,
the \verb|STRUTlabel| package option, together with the pair of
commands \verb|\prfSTRUTlabeloptiontrue| and
\verb|\prfSTRUTlabeloptionfalse|, operate on rule names and rule
labels.\vspace{2ex}

The rendering of bounded assumptions is modified by
\verb|\prfboundedstyle|. When $\verb|\prfboundedstyle| = 0$, the
format of the assumption is $[\mbox{formula}]$, which is the default
behaviour; with $\verb|\prfboundedstyle| = 1$, the formula is
cancelled by a horizontal line; with $\verb|\prfboundedstyle| &gt; 1$,
the custom \verb|\prfdiscargedassumption| command is invoked:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{c@{\qquad}c@{\qquad}c}
    \prfboundedassumption{A(x)} &amp;
    {\prfboundedstyle=1\prfboundedassumption{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfboundedstyle=2\prfboundedassumption{A(x)}}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

The \verb|\prfdiscargedassumption| can be freely redefined. The
package provides a reference implementation:
\begin{verbatim}
  \def\prfdiscargedassumption#1{\left\langle{#1}\right\rangle}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

Proof summaries are drawn according to \verb|\prfsummarystyle|.  The
default value is $0$, which produces a vertical dotted line. Setting
$\verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 1$ produces a huge $\Pi$, while
$\verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 2$ produces a $\prod$. The value $3$ uses a
$\mathcal{D}$ as the derivation symbol. Values greater than $3$ force
the summary to be rendered by the \verb|\prffancysummarybox| command.
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{@{}c@{\quad}c@{\qquad}c@{\qquad}c@{}}
    \verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 0 &amp;
    {\prfsummary{\forall x.\, x = x}} &amp;
    {\prfsummary{B(x)}{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfsummary[name]{A(y)}{D(x)}{B(x) \wedge C(x)}} \\[2ex]
    \verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 1 &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle1\prfsummary{\forall x.\, x = x}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle1\prfsummary{B(x)}{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle1\prfsummary[name]{A(y)}{D(x)}{B(x) \wedge
        C(x)}} \\[1ex]
    \verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 2 &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle2\prfsummary{\forall x.\, x = x}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle2\prfsummary{B(x)}{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle2\prfsummary[name]{A(y)}{D(x)}{B(x) \wedge
        C(x)}} \\[1ex]
    \verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 3 &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle3\prfsummary{\forall x.\, x = x}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle3\prfsummary{B(x)}{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle3\prfsummary[name]{A(y)}{D(x)}{B(x) \wedge C(x)}}
    \\[1ex]
    \verb|\prfsummarystyle| = 4 &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle4\prfsummary{\forall x.\, x = x}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle4\prfsummary{B(x)}{A(x)}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle4\prfsummary[name]{A(y)}{D(x)}{B(x) \wedge C(x)}}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

The fancy summary box is composed by the \verb|\prffancysummarybox|
command. This can be modified at will. The package defines it as
\begin{verbatim}
  \newbox\prf@@fancysummarybox\newdimen\prf@@fancysymmarylen
  \def\prffancysummarybox{%
    \sbox{\prf@@fancysummarybox}{\Huge$\bigtriangledown$}%
    \prf@@fancysymmarylen\ht\prf@@fancysummarybox%
    \advance\prf@@fancysymmarylen\dp\prf@@fancysummarybox%
    \sbox{\prf@@fancysummarybox}{%
      \raisebox{.25\prf@@fancysymmarylen}[.8\prf@@fancysymmarylen]%
      [0pt]{\usebox{\prf@@fancysummarybox}}}%
    \prf@@fancysymmarylen\wd\prf@summary@label%
    \ifdim\prf@@fancysymmarylen&gt;\z@\relax%
      \prf@@fancysymmarylen\wd\prf@@fancysummarybox%
      \wd\prf@summary@label.4em%
      \hbox to\prf@@fancysymmarylen{%
        \usebox\prf@@fancysummarybox}\kern-.4em%
        \box\prf@summary@label%
    \else\usebox\prf@@fancysummarybox\fi}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

The assumptions, conclusions, labels, and rule names are drawn using
the following commands, which may be redefined:
\begin{verbatim}
\def\prfConclusionBox#1{%
  \hbox{$\displaystyle\begingroup#1\endgroup%
\def\prfAssumptionBox#1{%
  \hbox{$\displaystyle\begingroup#1\endgroup%
    \ifprfSTRUToption\mathstrut\fi$}}
\def\prfRuleNameBox#1{\hbox{\begingroup#1\endgroup%
    \ifprfSTRUTlabeloption\strut\fi}}
\def\prfLabelBox#1{\hbox{\begingroup#1\endgroup%
    \ifprfSTRUTlabeloption\strut\fi}}
\end{verbatim}
It is not advisable to change these commands in a radical way, unless
one understands how the graphical engine works.

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Labels and References}\label{sec:references}
As discharged assumptions are often hard to track in a proof, the
package provides a mechanism to label them and to reference them
inside a proof tree. A reference is made up of three pieces: the
\emph{label}, which is the name to denote the reference inside the
text, the \emph{reference value}, which is the value denoted by the
label, and the \emph{anchor}, which is the graphical rendering of the
value aside the labelled point of the proof.

For example,
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \prftree[r]{$\supset\mathrm{I}_{\prfref&lt;assum:A&gt;}$}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset\mathrm{I}_{\prfref&lt;assum:not_A&gt;}$}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:A&gt;{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:not_A&gt;{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
is generated by the following code
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \prftree[r]{$\supset\mathrm{I}_{\prfref&lt;assum:A&gt;}$}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset\mathrm{I}_{\prfref&lt;assum:not_A&gt;}$}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:A&gt;{A}}
        {\prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:not_A&gt;{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg A}}
    {A \supset \neg\neg A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{verbatim}
The labels are \verb|assum:A| and \verb|assum:not_A|, the reference
values are $1$ and $2$, respectively, and the anchors are these values
on the discharged assumptions on the top of the proof. The references
to these labels are the values in the rule names.\vspace{2ex}

The \verb|prfenv| environment delimits the scope of labels: the
\verb|\end{prfenv}| declaration makes the labels still available
for reference, but numbering of new labels will restart from
$1$. Enclosing a proof tree in a \verb|prfenv| environment is not
mandatory: in such case, labels will be global to the
document.\vspace{2ex}

Sometimes, labels require two compilation steps to be correctly
generated: in fact, as \LaTeX{} labels, forward references may be
undefined in the first compilation step. The package issues a warning
in this case, and display a \verb|??| for the invalid reference. Also,
notice how the assumption reference mechanism is analogous to \LaTeX{}
labels, but it is independent from it.\vspace{2ex}

A reference to a label is made by the
$\verb|\prfref|\langle\mathrm{label}\rangle$ command: its argument is
a label, i.e., a string of text following the same rules as the
argument of the \LaTeX{} \verb|\label| command. As in the \verb|\ref|
command, the resulting value has no formatting.\vspace{2ex}

A labelled assumption is generated by the following commands:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{l}
    \verb|\prfassumption|\langle[\mathrm{option}]\mathrm{label}\rangle
    \{\mathrm{assumption}\}
    \\ 
    \verb|\prfboundedassumption|\langle[\mathrm{option}]
    \mathrm{label}\rangle\{\mathrm{assumption}\} 
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
The first one acts as \verb|\prfassumption| but also declares the
assumption label and decorates the assumption text with the
anchor. The second one does the same on bounded assumptions. 

The generation of labels is controlled by the option value:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{n}, \textbf{number}, \textbf{arabic}: generates a number
  (default);
\item \textbf{r}, \textbf{roman}: generates a lowercase roman number;
\item \textbf{R}, \textbf{Roman}: generates an uppercase
  roman number;
\item \textbf{a}, \textbf{alph}, \textbf{alpha}, \textbf{alphabetic}:
  produces a lowercase letter;
\item \textbf{A}, \textbf{Alph}, \textbf{Alpha}, \textbf{Alphabetic}:
  produces an uppercase letter;
\item \textbf{f}, \textbf{s}, \textbf{function}, \textbf{symbol},
  \textbf{function symbol}: produces a footnote symbol, as in
  Section~C.8.4 of Lamport's, \textit{\LaTeX: A document preparation
    system};
\item \textbf{l}, \textbf{label}: tells that the label has not to be
  defined. This is used to generate a labelled assumption sharing the
  label with another one, which declares the value and the format.
\end{itemize}

Except for \textbf{l} and \textbf{label}, all the options are used to
format the anchor following the standard \LaTeX{} way available for
counters. No multiple options are allowed.

For example, the disjunction elimination rule is a perfect way to
illustrate the reason behind the \textbf{label} option, i.e., the need
to discharge a pair of assumptions: 
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \prfinterspace=1.2em
    \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orE&gt;}$}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:orE&gt;{A}}{C}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orE&gt;{B}}{C}}{C}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{verbatim}
    \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orE&gt;}$}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:orE&gt;{A}}{C}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orE&gt;{B}}{C}}{C}
\end{verbatim}

If a label is declared more than once, a warning is issued when the
\textbf{label} option is not used: although this is not a mistake, it
may indicate that a label is reused when it should not.

The same example can be used to show how the other options work:
\begin{displaymath}
  \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{6}
  \begin{array}{@{}ccc@{}}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEn&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[n]assum:orEn&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEn&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEr&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[r]assum:orEr&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEr&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orER&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[R]assum:orER&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orER&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} \\
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEa&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[a]assum:orEa&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEa&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEA&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[A]assum:orEA&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEA&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfsummarystyle=2
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEf&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[f]assum:orEf&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEf&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

Also, as the \verb|\prfboundedstyle| varies, the resulting proof trees
are: 
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{ccc}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfboundedstyle=0
      \prfsummarystyle=4
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:AorE&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:AorE&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:AorE&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfboundedstyle=1
      \prfsummarystyle=4
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:BorE&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:BorE&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:BorE&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv} &amp;
    \begin{prfenv}
      \prfinterspace=.6em
      \prfboundedstyle=2
      \prfsummarystyle=4
      \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:CorE&gt;}$}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;assum:CorE&gt;{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
          \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:CorE&gt;{B}}{C}}
      {C}
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

The \verb|prfassumptioncounter| is the \LaTeX{} counter used to
generate the assumption values. It contains the last used value, and
initially, it is set to $0$. By modifying its value, e.g., to
\verb|\setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{1}|,
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{1}
    \prfsummarystyle=2
    \prftree[r]{$\vee\mathrm{E}_{\prfref&lt;assum:orEff&gt;}$}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;[f]assum:orEff&gt;{A}}{C}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma, 
        \prfboundedassumption&lt;[l]assum:orEff&gt;{B}}{C}}
    {C}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}

A labelled assumption box is graphically constructed by the package
command \verb|\prflabelledassumptionbox| which can be redefined if
needed. It takes two arguments: the assumption and the anchor. Its
standard definition is
\begin{verbatim}
  \def\prflabelledassumptionbox#1#2{%
    \setbox\prf@fancybox\hbox{${#1}$}%
    \prf@tmp\wd\prf@fancybox%
    \setbox\prf@fancybox\hbox{$\box\prf@fancybox^{#2}$}%
    \wd\prf@fancybox\prf@tmp%
    \prf@assumption{\box\prf@fancybox}}
\end{verbatim}

Moreover, also a labelled and bounded assumption is graphically
rendered by the same command. There is just one exception: when
$\verb|\prfboundedstyle| &gt; 1$. In fact, since that style is
controlled by a command that can be redefined, the same must hold for
references in that style. The command which is called in this case is
\verb|\prflabelleddiscargedassumption| which can be redefined if
needed; its standard definition in the package is
\begin{verbatim}
  \def\prflabelleddiscargedassumption#1#2{%
    \prflabelledassumptionbox{\left\langle{#1}\right\rangle}{#2}}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

Also proof summaries can be labelled and referenced. The syntax
extends the \verb|\prfsummary| command:
\begin{displaymath}
  \verb|\prfsummary|\langle[\mathrm{option}]\mathrm{label}\rangle
  [\mathrm{name}]\{\mathrm{assumption}1\} \cdots
  \{\mathrm{assumption}_n\}\{\mathrm{conclusion}\} 
\end{displaymath}
The reference argument works in the same way as the corresponding one
for assumptions, and the options are the same.

\begin{displaymath}
  \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
  \begin{array}{c@{\qquad}c@{\qquad}c@{\qquad}c@{\qquad}c}
    {\prfsummarystyle=0
      \prfsummary&lt;proof:a0&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prfsummary&lt;proof:a1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=2
      \prfsummary&lt;proof:a2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=3
      \prfsummary&lt;proof:a3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=4
      \prfsummary&lt;proof:a4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} 
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

These examples have been generated by the following code snippet:
\begin{verbatim}
  {\prfsummarystyle=X
   \prfsummary&lt;proof:aX&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
\end{verbatim}

The \verb|[option]| part of the label specification is optional, and
it works exactly as the option field of labelled assumptions. This is
best illustrated by an example:
\begin{displaymath}
  \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
  \begin{array}{cccc}
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[r]proof:b1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[R]proof:b2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[f]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[a]proof:b4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} \\ &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[A]proof:b5&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

These examples have been generated by the following code snippet:
\begin{verbatim}
  {\prfsummarystyle=1
   \prfsummary&lt;[r]proof:bX&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
\end{verbatim}
and the last line uses the \verb|label| option.\vspace{2ex}

The value of the summary labelling is controlled by the
\verb|prfsummarycounter| counter, which is initially $0$ and contains
the last used value.

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Simplified Commands}\label{sec:simplified_commands}
The basic commands illustrated so far allow to control proof trees in
all aspects, but they tend to be verbose in practise. Thus, a number
of abbreviations are provided to make handier the writing of proofs.
Since they may collide with other packages, these macros are activated
by suitable options. Multiple options can be used at the same time.

\subsection{Natural deduction}
By loading the package with the \verb|ND| option, the following
abbreviations are available, which correspond to the inference rules
of natural deduction calculi:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\NDA|: assumption;
\item \verb|\NDAL|: labelled assumption;
\item \verb|\NDD|: discharged assumption;
\item \verb|\NDDL|: labelled discharged assumption;
\item \verb|\NDP|: generic proof tree;
\item \verb|\NDAX|: a generic axiom rule;
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\NDAX{x = x}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDANDI|: conjunction introduction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\NDANDI{\NDA{A}}{\NDA{B}}{A \wedge B}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDANDER|, \verb|\NDANDEL|, \verb|\NDANDE|: conjunction
  elimination right, left, and unspecified, respectively
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\NDANDEL{\NDA{A \wedge B}}{\NDA{A}}} \quad
    \vcenter{\NDANDER{\NDA{A \wedge B}}{\NDA{B}}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDORIR|, \verb|\NDORIL|, \verb|\NDORI|: disjunction
  introduction right, left, and unspecified, respectively
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\NDORIL{\NDA{A}}{\NDA{A \vee B}}} \quad
    \vcenter{\NDORIR{\NDA{B}}{\NDA{A \vee B}}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDOREL|, \verb|\NDORE|: disjunction elimination, possibly
  labelled 
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDOREL{ndorel:1}{\NDA{A \vee B}}
        {\prfsummary{\NDDL{ndorel:1}{A}}{C}}
        {\prfsummary{\NDDL{[l]ndorel:1}{B}}{C}}{C}} \quad
      \vcenter{\NDORE{\NDA{A \vee B}}{\prfsummary{\NDA{A}}{C}}
        {\prfsummary{\NDA{B}}{C}}{C}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDIMPIL|, \verb|\NDIMPI|: implication introduction,
  possibly labelled
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDIMPIL{ndimpil:1}
        {\prfsummary{\NDDL{ndimpil:1}{A}}{B}}
        {A \rightarrow B}} \quad
      \vcenter{\NDIMPI{\prfsummary{\NDA{A}}{B}}{A \rightarrow B}}
      \enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDIMPE|: implication elimination
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDIMPE{\NDA{A \rightarrow B}}{\NDA{A}}{B}}\enspace; 
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDNOTIL|, \verb|\NDNOTI|: negation introduction, possibly
  labelled
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDNOTIL{ndnotil:1}
        {\prfsummary{\NDDL{ndnotil:1}{A}}{\bot}}{\neg A}}\quad
      \vcenter{\NDNOTI{\prfsummary{\NDA{A}}{\bot}}{\neg A}}\enspace; 
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDNOTE|: negation elimination
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDNOTE{\NDA{\neg A}}{\NDA{A}}{\bot}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDALLI|: universal quantifier introduction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDALLI{\NDA{A}}{\forall x.\, A}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDALLE|: universal quantifier elimination
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDALLE{\NDA{\forall x.\, A}}{A[t/x]}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDEXI|: existential quantifier introduction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDEXI{\NDA{A[t/x]}}{\exists x.\, A}}\enspace; 
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDEXEL|, \verb|\NDEXE|: existential quantifier
  elimination, possibly labelled
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDEXEL{ndexel:1}{\NDA{\exists x.\, A}}
        {\prfsummary{\NDDL{ndexel:1}{A}}{B}}{B}}\quad
      \vcenter{\NDEXE{\NDA{\exists x.\, A}}
        {\prfsummary{\NDA{A}}{B}}{B}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDTI|: truth introduction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDTI{\top}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDFE|: falsity elimination
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDFE{\NDA{\bot}}{A}}\enspace;
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\NDLEM|: law of Excluded Middle
  \begin{displaymath}
    \begin{prfenv}
      \vcenter{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}\enspace.
    \end{prfenv}
  \end{displaymath}
\end{itemize}

The labels, when present, are the first argument, the rest being the
assumptions and, finally, the conclusion. The rules do not have a
fixed format, so extensions are allowed, e.g., on conjunction
elimination or disjunction introduction.

For example, the proof
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \NDOREL{simp:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
    {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]simp:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\NDIMPIL{simp:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{simp:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDDL{simp:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
is typeset in abbreviated form by the following code
\begin{verbatim}
    \NDOREL{simp:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
    {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]simp:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\NDIMPIL{simp:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{simp:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDDL{simp:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

\subsection{Sequents}
Similarly, by loading the package with the \verb|SEQ| option, the
following abbreviations are available, which roughly correspond to the
inference rule of sequent calculi:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\SEQA|: assumption;
\item \verb|\SEQD|: bounded assumption (not normally used, but handy
  to have in case of fancy calculi);
\item \verb|\SEQP|: generic proof;
\item \verb|\SEQAX|: axiom rule
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQAX{A \Rightarrow A}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLF|: left falsity
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLF{\bot \Rightarrow {}}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLW|, \verb|\SEQRW|: left and right weakening
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLW{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{A, \Gamma \Rightarrow
      \Delta}}\quad 
    \vcenter{\SEQLW{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{\Gamma \Rightarrow
      \Delta, A}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLC|, \verb|\SEQRC|: left and right contraction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLC{A, A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{A, \Gamma
        \Rightarrow \Delta}}\quad
    \vcenter{\SEQRC{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A, A}{\Gamma
        \Rightarrow \Delta, A}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLAND|, \verb|\SEQLANDL|, \verb|\SEQLANDR|: left
  conjunction; the \verb|L| and \verb|R| variants specify which side
  of the conjunction is introduced
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLANDL{A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{A \wedge B, \Gamma
      \Rightarrow \Delta}}\quad
    \vcenter{\SEQLANDR{B, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{A \wedge B, \Gamma
      \Rightarrow \Delta}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQRAND|: right conjunction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQRAND{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A}{\Gamma \Rightarrow
      \Delta, B}{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A \wedge B}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLOR|: left disjunction
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLOR{A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{B, \Gamma
        \Rightarrow \Delta}{A \vee B, \Gamma \Rightarrow
        \Delta}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQROR|, \verb|\SEQRORL|, \verb|\SEQRORR|: right
  disjunction; the \verb|R| and \verb|L| variants specify which side
  of the disjunction is introduced
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQRORL{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A}{\Gamma \Rightarrow
        \Delta, A \vee B}}\quad
    \vcenter{\SEQRORR{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, B}{\Gamma \Rightarrow
        \Delta, A \vee B}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLIMP|: left implication
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLIMP{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A}{B, \Gamma
        \Rightarrow \Delta}{A \rightarrow B, \Gamma \Rightarrow
        \Delta}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQRIMP|: right implication
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQRIMP{A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, B}{\Gamma
        \Rightarrow, \Delta, A \rightarrow B}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLALL|: left universal quantification
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLALL{A[t/x], \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{\forall x.\,
        A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQRALL|: right universal quantification
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQRALL{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A}{\Gamma \Rightarrow
      \Delta, \forall x.\, A}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQLEX|:  left existential quantification
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQLEX{A, \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}{\exists x.\, A,
        \Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQREX|: right existential quantification
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQREX{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A[t/x]}{\Gamma
        \Rightarrow \Delta, \exists x.\, A}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\SEQCUT|: cut rule
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\SEQCUT{\Gamma \Rightarrow \Delta, A}{A, \Gamma'
        \Rightarrow \Delta'}{\Gamma \Gamma' \Rightarrow \Delta
        \Delta'}}\enspace.
  \end{displaymath}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Equality}
Invoking the \verb|EQ| option defines the following inference rules:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\EQREFL|: reflexivity
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\EQREFL{t = t}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\EQSYM|: symmetry
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\EQSYM{t = s}{s = t}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\EQTRANS|: transitivity
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\EQTRANS{t = s}{s = r}{t = r}}\enspace;
  \end{displaymath}
\item \verb|\EQSUBST|: the substitution rule
  \begin{displaymath}
    \vcenter{\EQSUBST{t = s}{A[t/x]}{A[s/x]}}\enspace.
  \end{displaymath}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Implication}
Since the implication symbol is usually represented either as
$\rightarrow$ or as $\supset$, the package allows to choose which
representation to use. By default, implication is $\rightarrow$, but
loading the package with the \verb|[IMP]| option switches to
$\supset$. The same effect is obtained by the commands
\verb|\prfIMPOptiontrue| (implication is $\supset$) and
\verb|prfIMPOptionfalse| (implication is $\rightarrow$).

\subsection{Martin-L{\"o}f Type Theory and Homotopy Type Theory}
Invoking the package with the \verb|ML| option enables the support for
these type theories. This part is derived from Roberta Bonacina's PhD
dissertation, which used this package in an essential way to develop
proof trees in Homotopy Type Theory.

Enabling the option \verb|ML| defines a number of symbols which are
useful to have. However, since they may conflict with other packages,
they can be disabled invoking the option \verb|MLnodef|. These
operators are
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\type|: the symbol $\type$ correctly spaced as a
  mathematical binary operation;
\item \verb|\universe|: the symbol for universes;
\item \verb|\judgementaldef| and \verb|\propositionaldef|: the symbols
  $\judgementaldef$ and $\propositionaldef$ spaced as mathematical
  binary operations;
\item \verb|\emptytype| ($\emptytype$), \verb|\unittype|
  ($\unittype$), \verb|\booleantype| ($\booleantype$): these symbols
  are ordinary operators typeset in mathematical boldface font;
\item \verb|\context| ($\context$), \verb|\identitytype|
  ($\identitytype$), \verb|\refl| ($\refl$), \verb|\axiomofchoice|
  ($\axiomofchoice$), \verb|\accessibility| ($\accessibility$),
  \verb|\ap| ($\ap$), \verb|\apd| ($\apd$), \verb|\basepoint|
  ($\basepoint$), \verb|\biinv| ($\biinv$), \verb|\cardtype|
  ($\cardtype$), \verb|\cocone| ($\cocone$), \verb|\cons| ($\cons$),
  \verb|\contr| ($\contr$), \verb|\equivtype| ($\equivtype$),
  \verb|\ext| ($\ext$), \verb|\fiber| ($\fiber$), \verb|\funext|
  ($\funext$), \verb|\glue| ($\glue$), \verb|\happly| ($\happly$),
  \verb|\hom| ($\hom$), \verb|\id| ($\id$), \verb|\idtoeqv|
  ($\idtoeqv$), \verb|\im| ($\im$), \verb|\idtoiso| ($\idtoiso$),
  \verb|\ind| ($\ind$), \verb|\inj| ($\inj$), \verb|\inl| ($\inl$),
  \verb|\inr| ($\inr$), \verb|\iscontr| ($\iscontr$), \verb|\isequiv|
  ($\isequiv$), \verb|\ishae| ($\ishae$), \verb|\isotoid|
  ($\isotoid$), \verb|\isprop| ($\isprop$), \verb|\isset| ($\isset$),
  \verb|\ker| ($\ker$), \verb|\LEM| ($\LEM$), \verb|\linv| ($\linv$),
  \verb|\listtype| ($\listtype$), \verb|\loopcons| ($\loopcons$),
  \verb|\Map| ($\Map$), \verb|\merid| ($\merid$), \verb|\nil|
  ($\nil$), \verb|\ordtype| ($\ordtype$), \verb|\pair| ($\pair$),
  \verb|\pred| ($\pred$), \verb|\pr| ($\pr$), \verb|\Prop| ($\Prop$),
  \verb|\qinv| ($\qinv$), \verb|\rec| ($\rec$), \verb|\rinv|
  ($\rinv$), \verb|\seg| ($\seg$), \verb|\Set| ($\Set$), \verb|\Succ|
  ($\Succ$), \verb|\sup| ($\sup$), \verb|\total| ($\total$),
  \verb|\transport| ($\transport$), \verb|\ua| ($\ua$), \verb|\Wtype|
  ($\Wtype$), \verb|\transportconst| ($\transportconst$): these
  symbols are ordinary operators, typeset in the mathematical
  sans-serif font; their graphical appearance is in brackets.
\end{itemize}

The large number of inference rules is listed below: they cover the
structural part of the theories, plus most of the usual inductive
types, comprehending also some higher-order inductive types. To each
rule is associated a rule name, which is available as a command: the
convention is that the rule name is obtained appending \verb|rule| to
the name of the inference rule. In general, the command to typeset a
rule conforms to the standard name in the book \emph{Homotopy Type
  Theory}. The name as typeset, is shown in brackets:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\MLctxEMP| $(\scriptstyle\MLctxEMPrule)$,\\ \verb|\MLctxEXT|
  $(\scriptstyle\MLctxEXTrule)$: context manipulation;
\item \verb|\MLVble| $(\scriptstyle\MLVblerule)$: variable
  introduction;
\item \verb|\MLSubst| $(\scriptstyle\MLSubstrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLWkg|
  $(\scriptstyle\MLWkgrule)$: substitution and weakening;
\item \verb|\MLEQrefl| $(\scriptstyle\MLEQreflrule)$,
  \verb|\MLEQsym| $(\scriptstyle\MLEQsymrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLEQtrans| $(\scriptstyle\MLEQtransrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLEQsubst| $(\scriptstyle\MLEQsubstrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLEQsubsteq| $(\scriptstyle\MLEQsubsteqrule)$: structural
  rules about judgemental equality;
\item \verb|\MLUintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLUintrorule)$, 
  \verb|\MLUcumul| $(\scriptstyle\MLUcumulrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLUcumuleq| $(\scriptstyle\MLUcumuleqrule)$: type universe;
\item \verb|\MLpiform| $(\scriptstyle\MLpiformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpiformeq| $(\scriptstyle\MLpiformeqrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLpiintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLpiintrorule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpiintroeq| $(\scriptstyle\MLpiintroeqrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLpielim| $(\scriptstyle\MLpielimrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpielimeq| $(\scriptstyle\MLpielimeqrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLpicomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLpicomprule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpiuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLpiuniqrule)$: dependent function
  types;
\item \verb|\MLKintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLKintrorule)$: generic rule for
  constant introduction;
\item \verb|\MLsigmaform| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmaformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLsigmaintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmaintrorule)$, 
  \verb|\MLsigmaelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmaelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLsigmacomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmacomprule)$, 
  \verb|\MLsigmauniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmauniqrule)$: dependent pair
  types;
\item \verb|\MLplusform| $(\scriptstyle\MLplusformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLplusintrol| $(\scriptstyle\MLplusintrolrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLplusintror| $(\scriptstyle\MLplusintrorrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLpluselim| $(\scriptstyle\MLpluselimrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpluscompl| $(\scriptstyle\MLpluscomplrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLpluscompr| $(\scriptstyle\MLpluscomprrule)$, \\ 
  \verb|\MLplusuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLplusuniqrule)$: coproduct types;
\item \verb|\MLzeroform| $(\scriptstyle\MLzeroformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLzeroelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLzeroelimrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLzerouniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLzerouniqrule)$: the empty type;
\item \verb|\MLunitform| $(\scriptstyle\MLunitformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLunitintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLunitintrorule)$, 
  \verb|\MLunitelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLunitelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLunitcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLunitcomprule)$, 
  \verb|\MLunituniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLunituniqrule)$: the unit type;
\item \verb|\MLnatform| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatformrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLnatintrozero| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatintrozerorule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLnatintrosucc| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatintrosuccrule)$, 
  \verb|\MLnatelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLnatcompzero| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatcompzerorule)$, 
  \verb|\MLnatcompsucc| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatcompsuccrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLnatuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLnatuniqrule)$: the natural number
  type;
\item \verb|\MLidform| $(\scriptstyle\MLidformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLidintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLidintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLidelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLidelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLidcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLidcomprule)$,
  \verb|\MLiduniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLiduniqrule)$: identity types;
\item \verb|\MLwform| $(\scriptstyle\MLwformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLwintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLwintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLwelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLwelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLwcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLwcomprule)$,
  \verb|\MLwuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLwuniqrule)$: $\mathsf{W}$ types;
\item \verb|\MLListform| $(\scriptstyle\MLListformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLListintron| $(\scriptstyle\MLListintronrule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLListintroc| $(\scriptstyle\MLListintrocrule)$,
  \verb|\MLListelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLListelimrule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLListcompn| $(\scriptstyle\MLListcompnrule)$,
  \verb|\MLListcompc| $(\scriptstyle\MLListcompcrule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLListuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLListuniqrule)$:
  $\mathsf{List}$ types;
\item \verb|\MLfunext| $(\scriptstyle\MLfunextrule)$: function extensionality;
\item \verb|\MLuniv| $(\scriptstyle\MLunivrule)$: univalence;
\item \verb|\MLSform| $(\scriptstyle\MLSformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLSintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLSintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLSelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLSelimrule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLScomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLScomprule)$,
  \verb|\MLSuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLSuniqrule)$,
  \verb|\MLSpeqintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLSpeqintrorule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLSpeqcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLSpeqcomprule)$: the
  $\mathbb{S}^1$ circle type;
\item \verb|\MLIform| $(\scriptstyle\MLIformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLIintroa| $(\scriptstyle\MLIintroarule)$,
  \verb|\MLIintrob| $(\scriptstyle\MLIintrobrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLIelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLIelimrule)$,
  \verb|\MLIcompa| $(\scriptstyle\MLIcomparule)$,
  \verb|\MLIcompb| $(\scriptstyle\MLIcompbrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLIuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLIuniqrule)$,
  \verb|\MLIpeqintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLIpeqintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLIpeqcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLIpeqcomprule)$: the interval
  type; 
\item \verb|\MLsigmaintroa| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmaintroarule)$,
  \verb|\MLsigmaintrob| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmaintrobrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLsigmacompa| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmacomparule)$,
  \verb|\MLsigmacompb| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmacompbrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLsigmapeqintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmapeqintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLsigmapeqcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLsigmapeqcomprule)$:
  suspensions;
\item \verb|\MLPOform| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOintroa| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOintroarule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOintrob| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOintrobrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLPOelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOelimrule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOcompa| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOcomparule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOcompb| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOcompbrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLPOuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOuniqrule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOpeqintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOpeqintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLPOpeqcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLPOpeqcomprule)$: pushouts;
\item \verb|\MLTform| $(\scriptstyle\MLTformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLTintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLTintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLTelim| $(\scriptstyle\MLTelimrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLTcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLTcomprule)$,
  \verb|\MLTuniq| $(\scriptstyle\MLTuniqrule)$,
  \verb|\MLTpeqintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLTpeqintrorule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLTpeqcomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLTpeqcomprule)$: truncations;
\item \verb|\MLtorusform| $(\scriptstyle\MLtorusformrule)$,
  \verb|\MLtorusintro| $(\scriptstyle\MLtorusintrorule)$,
  \verb|\MLtoruselim| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruselimrule)$,\\
  \verb|\MLtoruscomp| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruscomprule)$,
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqintroa| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqintroarule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqintrob| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqintrobrule)$,
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqintroc| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqintrocrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqcompa| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqcomparule)$,
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqcompb| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqcompbrule)$, \\
  \verb|\MLtoruspeqcompc| $(\scriptstyle\MLtoruspeqcompcrule)$:
  the torus type.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Defining new inference rules}
Of course, the reader is encouraged to develop her own abbreviations
starting from the provided ones. To this aim two commands are
provided. They share the same syntax: \verb|\prfMakeInferenceRule| and
\verb|\prfMakeInferenceRuleRef| take two arguments, the first one is
the name of the command associated to the inference rule, and the
second one is used to write the rule name. For example,
\begin{center}
  \verb|\prfMakeInferenceRule{NDANDI}{\mathord{\wedge}\textup{I}}| 
\end{center}
is how the conjunction introduction rule is defined, and
\begin{center}
  \verb|  \prfMakeInferenceRuleRef{NDOREL}{\mathord{\vee}\textup{E}}|
\end{center}
is how the disjunction elimination rule is defined. The rules
generated by the \verb|Ref| variant use their first argument as the
reference to the assumption(s) they discharge.

\subsection{Stacking proofs and assumptions}
Sometimes, a proof is too large to fit into the text width. Although
some strategies could be implemented to compress it, see the next
section, they fail in extreme cases. For example, the elimination rule
for the circle in Homotopy type theories is:
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
  {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
  {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
typeset by
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
  {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
  {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}
It is clear that on an A5 paper, there is not enough space to write it
down. In these cases, the package provides a way to \emph{stack} the
premises of a rule, obtaining
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
    {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]} }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
    {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
The corresponding \LaTeX{} code is
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
    {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]} 
  }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
    {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1} 
  }
  {\Gamma \vdash 
    \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint) \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}
The command
\verb|\prfStackPremises{|$a_1$\verb|}{|$\ldots$\verb|}{|$a_n$\verb|}|
takes the arguments $a_1, \ldots, a_n$ and typeset them as a proof
tree with no lines with $a_1$ on the top.

Actually, stacking proofs is possible:
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
        \universe_i}} 
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
has been typeset by
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
        \universe_i}} 
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} 
  }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint}}
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}} 
  }
  {\Gamma \vdash 
     \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint) \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}

Since a stack is a proof tree, the parameters could be locally changed
to control its appearance. For example
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfemptylinethickness20\prflinethickness
    \prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
    {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]} }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
    {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
makes the lines in the left stack far apart. 
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfemptylinethickness20\prflinethickness
    \prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash C \type \universe_i}
    {\Gamma \vdash b \type C[\basepoint/x]} }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type b =_{\loopcons}^{C} b}
    {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}

Spacing in stacks of proofs is normally difficult to control: if
really sophisticated formatting is needed, it is better to consider
the following option:
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfassumption{
      \begin{array}{@{}c@{\quad}c@{}}
        {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
          {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
            \universe_i}} &amp;
        {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint} \\
        {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
          {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} &amp;
        {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}
      \end{array}}}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
which uses the \verb|array| environment
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfassumption{
      \begin{array}{@{}c@{\quad}c@{}}
        {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
          {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
            \universe_i}} &amp;
        {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint} \\
        {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
          {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} &amp;
        {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}
      \end{array}}}
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}
or similar ones, using the multitude of packages to format tables. By
the way, the obvious solution using stacks is
\begin{displaymath}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
        \universe_i}} 
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\prfStackPremises
    {\prfassumption
      {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint}}
    {\prfassumption
      {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{verbatim}
  \MLScomp
  {\prfStackPremises{\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma, x \type \mathbb{S}^1 \vdash \mathbb{S}^1 \type
        \universe_i}} 
    {\prfsummary{\Gamma\;\context}
      {\Gamma \vdash \basepoint \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\prfStackPremises{\prfassumption
      {\Gamma \vdash \ell \type \basepoint = \basepoint}}
    {\prfassumption
      {\Gamma \vdash p \type \mathbb{S}^1}} }
  {\Gamma \vdash \ind_{\mathbb{S}^1}(x.\, C, b, \ell, \basepoint)
    \type C[p/x]}
\end{verbatim}

%-------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Hints and Tricks}\label{sec:hints_and_tricks}
This section shows a few hints and tricks to use the package at its
best.\vspace{2ex}

Consider the proof:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
    {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
the space between the axiom and the sub-proof of the positive case is
visually much less than the space between the positive and the
negative cases. Looking at boxes, the space is exactly the same, but
the perception is that spacing is wrong.

We can correct this perception in two distinct ways: by adding space
between the axiom and the positive case; or, conversely, by moving the
negative case closer to the positive one.

The first strategy yields:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}\hspace{.8em}}
    {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
and this effect is given by adding an appropriate \verb|\hspace| after
the axiom, as in
\begin{verbatim}
  \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}\hspace{.4em}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
    {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{verbatim}

Adding the same space in front of the positive case is equivalent.

The second strategy yields:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
    {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\hspace{-.4em}\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}
Again, this is obtained by adding a negative \verb|hspace| after the
positive case, or, equivalently, before the negative one:
\begin{verbatim}
  \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\hspace{-.8em}\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
    {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{verbatim}

In general, to make a wide proof \emph{compact}, one can appropriately
add negative spaces in front of sub-proofs so to make them closer and
letting them to overlap as boxes, but not visually, thus \emph{tiling}
the space.\vspace{2ex}

Since proof trees are boxes, it is easy to align them on need. For
example the following proof tree, with the bounding box put in
evidence
\begin{displaymath}
  \fbox{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
\end{displaymath}
can be used wherever a box may appear. In the flow of text, it will
look like \fbox{\prfsummarystyle=1\prfsummary{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}, so
that the conclusion is aligned with the baseline. This makes easier to
align proof trees, as in
\begin{center}
  \fbox{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary{f}{g}{f \wedge g}}\qquad
  \fbox{$\begin{prfenv}
      \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
      {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
      {\hspace{-.4em}\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
        {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
            {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
        {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}
    \end{prfenv}$}
\end{center}
since this is the natural way to put proofs side by side:
\begin{verbatim}
  \fbox{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary{f}{g}{f \wedge g}}\qquad
  \fbox{$
  \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\hspace{-.4em}\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
    {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}$}
\end{verbatim}

But, if really one has to include a proof tree in the flow of text, it
is slightly better to vertically centre the box, as in
\fbox{$\vcenter{\prfsummary{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}$}. This is obtained by
\begin{verbatim}
  $\vcenter{\prfsummary{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}$
\end{verbatim}

Of course, the result is not pleasant, because rows are far apart,
which is unavoidable because of the height of the proof tree.

The same principle applies also to arrays of proof trees:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{lcccc}
    \text{some text} &amp;
    \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
    \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{0}
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
which has been typeset by
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{array}{lcccc}
    \text{some text} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
  \end{array}
\end{verbatim}
vertically aligns the cells to their baselines.

On the contrary
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{array}{lcccc}
    \text{some text} &amp;
    \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
    \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{0}
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
is much better, and it is obtained by
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{array}{lcccc}
    \text{some text} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b1&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b2&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b3&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}} &amp;
    \vcenter{\prfsummarystyle=1
    \prfsummary&lt;[l]proof:b4&gt;{A}{B}{A \wedge B}}
  \end{array}
\end{verbatim}\vspace{2ex}

The labelling of proof summaries is useful when a proof is very large
and there is the need to split it. The strategy is to select some
sub-proofs and to show them as summaries: instead of writing
\begin{displaymath}
  \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
  \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{0}
  \NDOREL{a:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\NDIMPIL{a:notnotA}
    {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]a:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDDL{[l]a:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{displaymath}
we may consider to define
\begin{displaymath}
  \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
  \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{0}
  \mbox{Let }
  \left(\vcenter{\prfsummary&lt;[f]s:abbrev&gt;
      {\NDDL{s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
      {\NDAL{s:notA}{\neg A}}
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}\right)
  \equiv
  \left(\vcenter{\NDIMPIL{s:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDAL{[l]s:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}\right)
\end{displaymath}
allowing to abbreviate the whole proof as
\begin{displaymath}
  \NDOREL{s:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]s:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\hspace{-1em}\prfsummary&lt;s:abbrev&gt;
    {\NDDL{[l]s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
    {\NDDL{[l]s:notA}{\neg A}}
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{displaymath}

The corresponding \LaTeX{} code is
\begin{verbatim}
  \setcounter{prfsummarycounter}{0}
  \setcounter{prfassumptioncounter}{0}
  \mbox{Let }
  \left(\vcenter{\prfsummary&lt;[f]s:abbrev&gt;
      {\NDDL{s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
      {\NDAL{s:notA}{\neg A}}
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}\right)
  \equiv
  \left(\vcenter{\NDIMPIL{s:notnotA}
      {\NDFE{\NDIMPE{\NDDL{[l]s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
          {\NDAL{[l]s:notA}{\neg A}}{\bot}}{A}} 
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}\right)
\end{verbatim}
for the definition of the proof summary, and
\begin{verbatim}
  \NDOREL{s:notA}{\NDLEM{A \vee \neg A}}
  {\NDIMPI{\NDDL{[l]s:notA}{A}}{\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\hspace{-1em}\prfsummary&lt;s:abbrev&gt;
    {\NDDL{[l]s:notnotA}{\neg\neg A}}
    {\NDDL{[l]s:notA}{\neg A}}
      {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{verbatim}
for its use.

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{More Examples}\label{sec:examples}
This section shows a number of examples illustrating the package. See
the previous sections for the description of the features.\vspace{2ex}

The disjunction elimination rule, with various line options:
\begin{displaymath}
  \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{3.7}
  \begin{array}{@{}ccc@{}}
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[d]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r][d]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l][d]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[dotted]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r,dotted]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l,dotted]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[d,dotted]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r,d,dotted]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l,d,dotted]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[dashed]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r,dashed]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l,dashed]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[d,dashed]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[d,r,dashed]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[d,l,dashed]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[f]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[r,f]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[l,f]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} \\
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[noline]{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[noline][r]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}} &amp;
    {\prfsummarystyle=1
      \prftree[noline][l]{$\vee$E}{\prfsummary{\Gamma}{A \vee B}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{A}}{C}}
      {\prfsummary{\Gamma, \prfboundedassumption{B}}{C}}
      {C}}
  \end{array}
\end{displaymath}

Proof that the Law of Excluded middle implies $\neg\neg A \supset A$:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prfIMPOptiontrue
  \NDORE
  {\NDLEM
    {A \vee \neg A}\hspace{.4em}}
  {\NDIMPI
    {\NDD{A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\NDIMPI
    {\NDFE
      {\NDIMPE
        {\NDD{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDD{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
  \prfIMPOptionfalse
\end{displaymath}

Proof that the Law of Excluded middle implies $\neg\neg A \supset A$
with labels instead of rule names, except on axioms:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree[l]{$\scriptstyle\vee\mathrm{E}$}
  {\NDLEM
    {A \vee \neg A}\hspace{.6em}}
  {\prftree[l]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
    {\NDD{A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\prftree[l]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{I}$}
    {\prftree[l]{$\scriptstyle\bot\mathrm{E}$}
      {\prftree[l]{$\scriptstyle\supset\mathrm{E}$}
        {\NDD{\neg\neg A}}
        {\NDD{\neg A}}
        {\bot}}
      {A}}
    {\neg\neg A \supset A}}
  {\neg\neg A \supset A}
\end{displaymath}

Another simple proof in natural deduction:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prftree
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B \rightarrow C}\hspace{2em}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfboundedassumption{A \rightarrow B}}
          {\prfboundedassumption{A}}
          {B}}
        {C}}
      {A \rightarrow C}}
    {(A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)}}
  {(A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)) \rightarrow ((A \rightarrow B) 
    \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))} 
\end{displaymath}

The same proof, under the proposition-as-types interpretation:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prftree
        {\prftree
          {\prfassumption{u\colon A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)}}
          {\prfassumption{w\colon A}}
          {u w\colon B \rightarrow C}\hspace{2em}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfassumption{v\colon A \rightarrow B}}
          {\prfassumption{w\colon A}}
          {v w\colon B}}
        {u w(v w)\colon C}}
      {\lambda w.\, u w(v w)\colon A \rightarrow C}}
    {\lambda v w.\, u w(v w)\colon (A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A
      \rightarrow C)}}
  {\lambda u v w.\, u w(v w)\colon (A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C))
    \rightarrow ((A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))}
\end{displaymath}

A deduction in a sequent calculus:
\begin{displaymath}
  \prfinterspace=1.2em
  \prftree
  {\prftree
    {\prftree
      {\prftree
        {\prfassumption{A \Rightarrow A}}
        {\prftree
          {\prfassumption{A \Rightarrow A}}
          {\prftree
            {B \Rightarrow B}
            {C \Rightarrow C}
            {B, B \rightarrow C \Rightarrow C}}
          {A, A \rightarrow B, B \rightarrow C \Rightarrow C}}
        {A, A \rightarrow B, A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)
          \Rightarrow C}}
      {A \rightarrow B, A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C) \Rightarrow A 
        \rightarrow C}}
    {A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C) \Rightarrow (A \rightarrow B) 
      \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)}}
  {\Rightarrow (A \rightarrow (B \rightarrow C)) \rightarrow ((A
    \rightarrow B) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C))}
\end{displaymath}

Proof trees can be coloured, as kindly pointed out by Dominic Hughes:
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \color{green}\NDIMPIL{ex6:1}
    {\NDANDI
      {\color{red}\NDNOTIL{ex6:2}
        {\NDNOTE
          {\NDDL{ex6:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
          {\NDORIL
            {\NDDL{ex6:2}{A}}
            {A \vee B}}
          {\bot}}
        {\neg A}}
      {\color{blue}\NDNOTIL{ex6:3}
        {\NDNOTE
          {\NDDL{[l]ex6:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
          {\NDORIR
            {\NDDL{ex6:3}{B}}
            {A \vee B}}
          {\bot}}
        {\neg B}}
      {\neg A \wedge \neg B}}
    {\neg (A \vee B) \supset \neg A \wedge \neg B}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}\vspace{.2ex}

Also. all the standard box manipulation commands can be freely applied.
The following examples are not significant for doing mathematics, but
the mechanics behind can be occasionally useful, for example, to
shrink a large proof to fit the page length:
\begin{displaymath}
  \rotatebox{15}{\begin{prfenv}
    \NDIMPIL{ex5:1}
    {\NDANDI
      {\NDNOTIL{ex5:2}
        {\NDNOTE
          {\NDDL{ex5:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
          {\NDORIL
            {\NDDL{ex5:2}{A}}
            {A \vee B}}
          {\bot}}
        {\neg A}}
      {\NDNOTIL{ex5:3}
        {\NDNOTE
          {\NDDL{[l]ex5:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
          {\NDORIR
            {\NDDL{ex5:3}{B}}
            {A \vee B}}
          {\bot}}
        {\neg B}}
      {\neg A \wedge \neg B}}
    {\neg (A \vee B) \supset \neg A \wedge \neg B}
  \end{prfenv}}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
  \begin{prfenv}
    \NDIMPIL{ex7:1}
    {\NDANDI
      {\reflectbox{\NDNOTIL{ex7:2}
          {\NDNOTE
            {\NDDL{ex7:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
            {\NDORIL
              {\NDDL{ex7:2}{A}}
              {A \vee B}}
            {\bot}}
          {\neg A}}}
      {\resizebox{20em}{!}{\NDNOTIL{ex7:3}
          {\NDNOTE
            {\NDDL{[l]ex7:1}{\neg (A \vee B)}}
            {\scalebox{.7}[1]{\NDORIR
              {\NDDL{ex7:3}{B}}
              {A \vee B}}}
            {\bot}}
          {\neg B}}}
      {\neg A \wedge \neg B}}
    {\neg (A \vee B) \supset \neg A \wedge \neg B}
  \end{prfenv}
\end{displaymath}

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Fonts}\label{sec:fonts}
The package works with any font. It uses the current math fonts for
typesetting proofs, while it uses the current text font to typeset
labels and rule names. 

Care has been taken to ensure that the various dimensions and
parameters in Section~\ref{sec:parameters} are relative to the current
font, that is, technically, they are expressed with units \texttt{ex}
for vertical lengths, and \texttt{em} for horizontal lengths. Dashes
are \TeX\ rules with thickness \verb|\prflinethickness|.

For unknown reasons, the \texttt{fontenc} package modifies slightly
the values for \texttt{ex} and \texttt{em}, thus the graphical
appearance of proof trees may vary when comparing the results obtained
by compiling with and without this package.
 
In most cases, the graphical appearance of proofs is acceptable, even
changing font and size. But using fonts whose body is particularly
heavy, may result in proof lines which are too thin. In this case, the
user of the package should increment the value of
\verb|\prflinethickness|.

The package, up to version 1.5, was designed to work with the Computer
Modern family of fonts. It worked also with other fonts, without any
major problem, but, as kindly signalled by D{\'e}mi Nollet at ENS Lyon
and universit{\'e} Paris-Diderot, dashed and dotted lines do not
behave correctly, as dashes overlap. Please, update to the latest
version of the package if you plan to use fonts different from
Computer Modern.

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Internals}\label{sec:internals}
A proof tree is typeset as a \TeX{} box in horizontal mode. This means
that wherever a character can stay, so does a proof: in principle,
there is no need to put the proof in a math environment. Also, the
width of a proof is exactly the width of the box; the height of the
proof is the height of the conclusion plus the total height of all the
matter above it; the depth of the proof is the depth of the
conclusion. The proof is aligned so that the current baseline is the
baseline of the conclusion.

For example, the proof of $g \supset \neg\neg g$ in natural deduction
is:
\begin{displaymath}
  \mbox{proof} \equiv 
  \fbox{\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
    {\prftree[r]{$\supset$I}
      {\prftree[r]{$\supset$E}
        {\prfboundedassumption{g}}
        {\prfboundedassumption{\neg g}}
        {\bot}}
      {\neg\neg g}}
    {g \supset \neg\neg g}}
\end{displaymath}
The proof has been surrounded by a framebox to make evident its
bounds. Also, since the letter $g$ has a depth, the example shows how
depth in the conclusion influences the alignment of the proof with
respect to the preceding text.\vspace{2ex}

Actually, the fundamental command in the package is \verb|\prftree|:
the commands to construct assumptions (\verb|\prfassumption| and
\verb|\prfboundedassumption|), those to generate axioms
(\verb|\prfaxiom| and \verb|\prfbyaxiom|), and \verb|\prfsummary| are
just appropriate instances.\vspace{2ex}

The \verb|\prftree| command is composed by a parser, which takes care
of reading the various options and parameters, and by a graphical
engine, \verb|\prf@draw|, which calculates and draw the box containing
the proof tree.

It may be useful to understand how the graphical engine works. In the
first place, each proof tree is a box with a structure:
\begin{center}
  {\setlength{\unitlength}{1em}
  \begin{picture}(27,6)
    \put(0.8,0){\framebox(26.2,6){}}
    \put(5,4){\framebox(18,1.8){$\cdots$}}
    \put(5.2,4.2){\framebox(6,1.4){$\mbox{assumption}_1$}} 
    \put(16.8,4.2){\framebox(6,1.4){$\mbox{assumption}_n$}} 
    \put(7,3){\line(1,0){14}}
    \put(22,2.3){\framebox(4.8,1.4){rule name}}
    \put(1,2.3){\framebox(4.8,1.4){label}}
    \put(8.5,0.2){\framebox(11,1.8){conclusion}}
  \end{picture}}
\end{center}

The conclusion, the proof line, and the \emph{assumption line} are
centred. The assumption line is the line whose first element is the
conclusion of the first assumption, and whose last element is the
conclusion of the last assumption, properly spaced so that all the
assumptions fit in between. The width of the proof line is calculated
as the maximum of the width of the assumption line and the conclusion,
with the rule name and the label, if present, hanging on the right and
the left, respectively.

To calculate the assumption line, the engine keeps track of the
position of the conclusion within a proof tree, which reduces to
remember how far is the conclusion from the left margin
(\verb|Lassum|), and how far it is from the right margin
(\verb|Rassum|). So, the assumption line starts from the value of
\verb|Lassum| of the first assumption, and finishes at \verb|Rassum|
of the last assumption. 

Thus, with these values it is not difficult to figure out the
mathematics to place the various boxes around, so to combine them into
a proof tree. This is exactly what the graphical engine does.

Unfortunately, when one writes assumptions as simple formulae, without
the \verb|\prfassumption| command, the corresponding \verb|Lassum| and
\verb|Rassum| are not set to $0$, which is the right value. In fact,
the recursive expansion of the \verb|\prf@draw| macro follows the
\emph{natural} order in the construction of the proof box, which is
extremely useful because it allows to locally modify parameters in
sub-proofs; but this order conflicts with proper rendering of
assumptions which are not proof trees.

Also, the hints on how to put space between assumptions, see
Section~\ref{sec:hints_and_tricks}, may have strange effects: if space
is added in front of the first assumption or behind the last one, this
space makes invalid the values of \verb|Lassum| and \verb|Rassum|,
respectively, yielding hard to predict results.

It is worth remarking that the mathematics of the graphical engine is
sound, which means that zero or negative values for the various
dimensions specified as parameters, or using \emph{bizarre} boxes in
the fancy commands, yields the expected results, as far as boxes do
not have parts which extends beyond the bounds.\vspace{2ex}

The implementation of references mimics the implementation of
\verb|\label| and \verb|\ref| in \LaTeX. Whenever a reference is
defined, through a command with the $\langle \mathrm{label}\rangle$ as
the first argument, the reference value is created according to the
options, and it gets stored in the \texttt{.aux} file, by writing
$\verb|\prfauxvalue|\{\mathrm{label}\}\{\mathrm{value}\}$ in the
file. Then, when the source code will be recompiled, and the
\texttt{.aux} file read, this command will be executed before any
occurrence of a reference, which can be resolved.

Most difficulties in the implementation of references lie in the way
to construct the boxes to be used in the proof tree. But, the tricky
part is the interaction with the \LaTeX{} and \TeX{} kernel for error
reporting. A small hack has been introduced to force recompilation
when the references in a proof change.

% -------------------------------------
\clearpage
\section{Future Features and Bugs}\label{sec:future_features}
Essentially, all the features of Buss's package have been implemented
but one: alignment of proofs according to the $\vdash$ (or equivalent)
sign. While this feature is occasionally useful in the writing of
sequent proofs, it requires some trickery in the graphical engine, so
it has been postponed for the moment.\vspace{2ex}

Moreover, automatic compact proofs have been analysed, but not
implemented. A compact proof minimises the amount of space between
subsequent assumptions, eventually making the upper trees to overlap
as boxes, but not as typed text. 

The algorithm to obtain this result is not immediate: one should keep
track of the left and right \emph{skylines} of a proof. Comparing the
left skyline of an assumption with the right skyline of the next one,
one can calculate what is the distance between the boxes so that the
distance between the closest points in the skylines is exactly
\verb|\prfinterspace|. 

It is not simple to code such an algorithm in \TeX{}, but the real
difficulty is how to represent skylines and how to store them, since
\TeX{} provides no abstract data structures. Hence, the implementation
of this feature has been postponed to a remote future, or to the will
of a real \TeX{} magician.\vspace{2ex}

The abbreviated commands reflect their use by the author. It is quite
possible that you want to define your own commands for inference rules
of your interest. If you think they could be of general interest, send
them by email to the author (see below) who will include them in a
future release of the package, acknowledging your contribution.
\vfill

Although the package has been tested for a long time by now, it is
possible that a few bugs are still present. To signal a bug, please,
write an email to the author (see below), possibly attaching a sample
document which exhibit the misbehaviour, to help tracking and fixing.
\vfill
\end{document}

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