This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU
GPL'ed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS).
d.ask | Prompts the user to select a GRASS data base file from among files displayed in a menu on the graphics monitor. |
d.barscale | Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor. |
d.colorlist | Output a list of all available display colors with a configurable separator (default is comma). |
d.colors | Allows the user to interactively change the color table |
d.colortable | To display the color table associated with a raster map layer. |
d.erase | Erase the contents of the active display frame with user defined color |
d.extend | Set window region so that all currently displayed raster, vector and sites maps can be shown in a monitor. |
d.font.freetype | Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. |
d.font | Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. |
d.frame | Manages display frames on the user's graphics monitor. |
d.geodesic | Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set. |
d.graph | Program for generating and displaying simple graphics to the graphics display monitor. |
d.grid | Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.his | Displays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. |
d.histogram | Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster file. |
d.info | Display information about the active display monitor |
d.legend | Displays a legend for a raster map layer in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.linegraph | Generates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame. |
d.mapgraph | Generates and displays simple graphics on map layers drawn in the active graphics monitor display frame. |
d.measure | Measures the lengths and areas of features drawn by the user in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.m | |
d.mon | To establish and control use of a graphics display monitor. |
d.monsize | Selects/starts specified monitor at specified size |
d.nviz | Create fly-through script to run in NVIZ |
d.out.png | Saves active display monitor to PNG file in home directory |
d.paint.labels | Displays text labels formatted for use with GRASS paint (p.labels, p.map) output to the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.path | Find shortest path for selected starting and ending node |
d.profile | Interactive profile plotting utility with optional output. |
d.rast.arrow | Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map containing aspect data. |
d.rast.edit | d.rast.edit |
d.rast | Displays and overlays raster map layers in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.rast.leg | Displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window |
d.rast.num | Overlays cell category values on a raster map layer displayed to the graphics monitor. |
d.redraw | d.redraw |
d.resize | Resizes active display monitor |
d.rgb | Displays three user-specified raster map layers as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame. |
d.rhumbline | Displays the rhumbline joining two user-specified points, in the active frame on the user's graphics monitor. |
d.save | Create a list of commands for recreating screen graphics. |
d.slide.show | Slide show of GRASS raster/vector maps |
d.split | Divides active display into 2 frames & displays maps/executes commands in each frame. |
d.text.freetype | Draws text in the graphics monitor's active display frame using TrueType fonts. |
d.text | Draws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font. |
d.title | Outputs a TITLE for a raster map layer in a form suitable for display by d.text. |
d.vect.chart | Displays charts of GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.vect | Displays GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.what.rast | Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple raster map layers at user specified locations within the current geographic region. |
d.what.vect | Allows the user to interactively query a vector map layer at user-selected locations within the current geographic region. |
d.where | Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
d.zoom | Allows the user to change the current geographic region settings interactively, with a mouse. |
r.average | Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
r.basins.fill | Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins. |
r.bilinear | Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers. |
r.blend | Blends color components of 2 raster maps by a given % first map' |
r.buffer | Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values. |
r.cats | Prints category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers. |
r.circle | Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point. |
r.clump | Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories. |
r.coin | Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster map layers. |
r.colors | Creates/Modifies the color table associated with a raster map layer. |
r.composite | Combines red, green and blue map layers into a single composite map layer. |
r.compress | Compresses and decompresses raster files. |
r.contour | Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS raster map layer. |
r.cost | Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose cell category values represent cost. |
r.covar | Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s). |
r.cross | Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers. |
r.describe | Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer. |
r.digit | r.digit |
r.distance | Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps. |
r.drain | Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer. |
r.fill.dir | Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer |
r.fillnulls | Fills no-data areas in raster maps using v.surf.rst splines interpolation |
r.flow | Construction of slope curves (flowlines), flowpath lengths, and flowline densities (upslope areas) from a raster digital elevation model(DEM). |
r.grow | Generates a raster map layerwith contiguous areas grown by one cell. |
r.his | Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. |
r.in.arc | Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a (binary) raster map layer. |
r.in.ascii | Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary) raster map layer. |
r.in.bin | Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer. |
r.info | Outputs basic information about a user-specified raster map layer. |
r.in.gdal | Import GDAL supported raster file into a binary raster map layer. |
r.in.gridatb | Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS raster map |
r.in.mat | Import a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster. |
r.in.poly | Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files in the current directory. |
r.in.srtm | Import SRTM HGT files into GRASS |
r.kappa | Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result. |
r.le.patch | |
r.le.pixel | |
r.le.setup | r.le.setup |
r.le.trace | |
r.los | Line-of-sight raster analysis program. |
r.mapcalc | r.mapcalc |
r.mapcalculator | r.mapcalculator - Calculates new raster map from r.mapcalc expression |
r.median | Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
r.mfilter | Raster file matrix filter. |
r.mode | Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
r.neighbors | Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. |
r.null | The function of r.null is to explicitly create the NULL-value bitmap file. |
r.out.arc | Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file. |
r.out.ascii | Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file. |
r.out.bin | Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array. |
r.out.gdal | Exports GRASS raster data into various formats (requires GDAL) |
r.out.gridatb | Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) |
r.out.mat | Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File. |
r.out.mpeg | Raster File Series to MPEG Conversion Program. |
r.out.png | Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image format. |
r.out.pov | Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POVRAY. |
r.out.ppm3 | Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. |
r.out.ppm | Converts a GRASS raster file to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. |
r.out.tiff | Exports a GRASS raster file to a 8/24bit TIFF image file at the pixel resolution of the currently defined region. |
r.param.scale | Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM. Uses a multi-scalar approach by taking fitting quadratic parameters to any size window (via least squares) |
r.patch | Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer. |
r.plane | Creates raster plane map given dip (inclination), aspect (azimuth), and one point |
r.profile | Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s). |
r.proj | Re-project a raster map from one location to the current location. |
r.quant | This routine produces the quantization file for a floating-point map. |
r.random | Creates a raster map layer and vector point map containing randomly located sites. |
r.random.surface | Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence. |
r.reclass.area | Reclasses a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares) |
r.reclass | Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the user's reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer. |
r.recode | Recode raster maps. |
r.region | Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map. |
r.regression.line | Calculates linear regression from two raster maps: y = a + b*x |
r.report | Reports statistics for raster map layers. |
r.resample | GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability. |
r.resamp.rst | Reinterpolates and computes topographic analysis from input raster file to a new raster file (possibly with different resolution) using regularized spline with tension and smoothing. |
r.rescale.eq | Rescales histogram equalized the range of categoryvalues in a raster map layer. |
r.rescale | Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer. |
r.series | Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers. |
r.shaded.relief | Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM). |
r.slope.aspect | Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east. |
r.spread | Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread on a graphics window and generates a raster map of the cumulative time of spread, given raster maps containing the rates of spread (ROS), the ROS directions and the spread origins. It optionally produces raster maps to contain backlink UTM coordinates for tracing spread paths. |
r.spreadpath | Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined. |
r.statistics | Category or object oriented statistics. |
r.stats | Generates area statistics for raster map layers. |
r.sum | Sums up the raster cell values. |
r.sun | Computes direct (beam), diffuse and reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. sunrise, sunset times, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are saved in the map history file. Alternatively, a local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. |
r.sunmask | Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and DEM. Either A: exact sun position is specified, or B: date/time to calculate the sun position by r.sunmask itself. |
r.surf.area | Surface area estimation for rasters. |
r.surf.contour | Surface generation program from rasterized contours. |
r.surf.fractal | GRASS module to create a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension. Uses spectral synthesis method. Can create intermediate layers showing the build up of different spectral coefficients (see Saupe, pp.106-107 for an example of this). Use this module to generate naturally looking synthetical elevation models (DEM). |
r.surf.gauss | GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of gaussian deviates whose mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the user. It uses a gaussian random number generator. |
r.surf.idw2 | Surface generation program. |
r.surf.idw | Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers. |
r.surf.random | Produces a raster map layer of uniform random deviates whose range can be expressed by the user. |
r.terraflow | Flow computation for massive grids (Float version). |
r.texture | Generate images with textural features from a raster map |
r.thin | Thins non-zero cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer. |
r.timestamp | Print/add/remove a timestamp for a raster map. |
r.topidx | Creates topographic index, ln(a/tan(beta)), map from elevation map. |
r.topmodel | Simulates TOPMODEL which is a physically based hydrologic model. |
r.to.vect | Converts a raster map into a vector map layer. |
r.transect | Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s). |
r.univar | Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a raster map. |
r.univar.sh | calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster map |
r.water.outlet | Watershed basin creation program. |
r.watershed | Watershed basin analysis program. |
r.what | Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels. |
v.buffer | Create a buffer around features of given type (areas must contain centroid). |
v.build.all | v.build.all |
v.build | Creates topology for GRASS vector data. |
v.build.polylines | Build polylines from lines. |
v.category | Attach, delete or report vector categories to map geometry. |
v.clean | Toolset to clean vector topology. |
v.convert.all | |
v.convert | Imports older versions of GRASS vectors. |
v.db.connect | prints/sets DB connection for a vector map |
v.db.select | Print vector attributes |
v.delaunay | Create a Delaunay triangulation from an input vector of points or centroids. |
v.digit | |
v.distance | Find the nearest element in vector 'to' for elements in vector 'from'. Various information about this relation may be uploaded to the attribute table of input vector 'from' or printed to stdout. |
v.external | Create a new vector as a read-only link to OGR layer. Available drivers: |
v.extract | Selects vector objects from an existing vector map and creates a new map containing only the selected objects. If 'list', 'file' and 'where' options are not specified, all features of given type and layer are extracted, categories are not changed in that case. |
v.hull | Uses a GRASS vector points map to produce a convex hull vector map |
v.in.ascii | Convert GRASS ascii file or points file to binary vector. |
v.in.db | Create new vector (points) from database table containing coordinates. |
v.in.e00 | Import of E00 file into a vector map. |
v.info | Outputs basic information about a user-specified vector map layer. |
v.in.garmin | Upload Waypoints, Routes, and Tracks from a Garmin GPS receiver into a vector map. |
v.in.ogr | Convert OGR vectors to GRASS. Available drivers: |
v.in.region | Create a new vector from current region. |
v.in.sites.all | |
v.in.sites | Converts a GRASS site_lists file into a vector file. |
v.kcv | Randomly partition points into test/train sets. |
v.kernel | Generates a raster density map from vector points data using a moving 2D isotropic Gaussian kernel or optionally generates a vector density map on vector network with a 1D kernel |
v.label | Create paint labels for GRASS vector file and attached attributes. |
v.mkgrid | Creates a (binary) GRASS vector map of a user-defined grid. |
v.neighbors | Makes each cell value a function of the attribute values assigned to the vector points or centroids around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. |
v.net.alloc | Allocate subnets for nearest centres (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation |
v.net | Network maintenance. |
v.net.iso | Split net to bands between cost isolines (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation |
v.net.path | Find shortest path on vector network. Reads start/end pointsfrom standard input in 2 possible formats: |
v.net.salesman | Create a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem). Note that TSP is NP-hard, heuristic algorithm is used by this module and created cycle may be sub optimal. |
v.net.steiner | Create Steiner tree for the network and given terminals. Note that 'Minimum Steiner Tree' problem is NP-hard and heuristic algorithm is used in this module so the the result may be sub optimal. |
v.normal | tests for normality for points. |
v.out.ascii | Convert a GRASS binary vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector map |
v.out.dxf | Exports GRASS vector files to DXF file format. |
v.out.ogr | Convert to OGR format. |
v.out.pov | Convert to POV-Ray format, GRASS x,y,z -> POV-Ray x,z,y |
v.overlay | Overlay 2 vector maps. |
v.patch | Creates a new binary vector map layer by combining other binary vector map layers. |
v.perturb | Random location perturbations of GRASS sites. |
v.proj | Allows projection conversion of vector files. |
v.qcount | indices for quadrat counts of sites lists |
v.random | Randomly generate a GRASS vector points map. |
v.reclass | Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries or a value in attribute table column. |
v.sample | Sample a raster file at site locations. |
v.segment | Create points/segments from input lines, and positions read from stdin in format: |
v.select | Select features from ainput by features from binput. |
v.surf.idw | Surface interpolation from sites data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting. |
v.surf.rst | Interpolation and topographic analysis from given point or contour data in vector format to GRASS floating point raster format using regularized spline with tension. |
v.to.db | Load values from vector to database. In uploaded/printed category values '-1' is used for 'no category' and 'null'/'-' if category cannot be found or multiple categories were found. |
v.to.points | Create points along input lines. |
v.to.rast | Converts a binary GRASS vector map layer into a GRASS raster map layer. |
v.transform | Transforms an vector map layer from one coordinate system into another coordinate system. |
v.type | Change the type of geometry elements. |
v.univar | Calculates univariate statistics for attribute. Variance and standard deviation is calculated only for points. |
v.vol.rst | Interpolates point data to a G3D grid volume using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm |
v.voronoi | Create a Voronoi triangulation from an input vector of points or centroids. |
v.what.rast | Upload raster values at positions of vector points to the table. |